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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Issued - January 2015
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SA Power Networks 2015
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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Revision Notice:
Details
Author
Authorised
01 October 2014
New document.
F. Hall
J. Ali
16 January 2015
A. Lee
J. Ali
To obtain an electronic copy of this technical standard document, please click here to get to our website:
http://www.sapowernetworks.com.au/centric/industry/contractors_and_designers/technical_standards.jsp.
SA Power Networks:
SA Power Networks, ABN 13 332 330 749, a partnership of:
Spark Infrastructure SA (No.1) Pty Ltd, ABN 54 091 142 380
Spark Infrastructure SA (No.2) Pty Ltd, ABN 19 091 143 038
Spark Infrastructure SA (No.3) Pty Ltd, ABN 50 091 142 362
each incorporated in Australia
CKI Utilities Development Limited, ABN 65 090 718 880
PAI Utilities Development Limited, ABN 82 090 718 951
each incorporated in The Bahamas
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Issued - January 2015
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Date
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
1.
Purpose .......................................................................................................6
2.
Scope ..........................................................................................................6
3.
Background .................................................................................................6
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4.
Code Compliance.........................................................................................7
5.
Protection Systems......................................................................................8
5.1
6.
7.
Anti-Islanding ...................................................................................................... 9
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
Under/Over Voltage........................................................................................11
5.2
5.3
5.4
Voltage Unbalance.............................................................................................. 12
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.7.2
5.7.3
6.2
8.
9.
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
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Contents
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
13.1.2
Non Export Above 5MW or Large Solar PV Above 1MW and Below 5MW .........20
13.1.3
Any Export Generating System or Large Solar PV 5MW and Above ...................22
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Appendices ....................................................................................................... 40
Appendix A: Preferred Connection Arrangements ........................................................ 40
A.1: Above 200 kW and 1MW LV Connected Export Solar PV Gen-System ....................40
A.2: 1MW-1.5MW LV or 1MW-5MW HV Connected Export Solar PV Gen-System ............41
A.3: 1MW LV Connected Non Export Rotating Gen-System ..........................................42
A.4: 1MW-1.5MW LV or 1MW-5MW HV Connected Non Export Rotating Gen-System ....43
A.5: Up to 5MW HV Connected Export Rotating Gen-System ..........................................44
A.6: 5MW-10MW HV Connected Export Rotating Gen-System ........................................45
A.7: Over 10MW Gen-System (33kV Connection) ...........................................................46
A.8: Over 10MW Gen-System (66kV Connection) ...........................................................47
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Purpose
This technical standard has been prepared to provide designers, contractors and consultants with
an understanding of SA Power Networks technical connection requirements for large embedded
generating systems that are solar PV above 200kW or rotating generating systems.
This document should be read in conjunction with NICC 270 Connection of large embedded
generation, which outlines the commercial and contractual aspects of SA Power Networks
connection requirements and is available on the SA Power Networks website.
2.
Scope
This technical standard is intended to provide a description of the technical connection
requirements for large embedded generating systems that are solar PV above 200kW or rotating
generating systems.
For SA Power Networks technical requirements for generating systems that are large solar PV up
to 200 kW, customers should refer to the document TS 130 - Technical standard for large solar PV
up to 200kW, available on our website.
This technical standard also outlines SA Power Networks requirements for closed transition
transfer switches. The technical requirements outlined in this technical standard, other than those
detailed in Section 16, do not apply to embedded generating systems that are connected via
compliant closed transition transfer switches.
It is not intended that these technical requirements limit or prohibit the connection of any
embedded generation. If a generating system is proposed that does not fit into any of the criteria
outlined in this document, it will be examined on its merits in line with the general requirements
for safety, security of supply and functionality that form the basis for this technical standard.
This document lists technical and information requirements that if met will allow safe and reliable
connection of generation capacity, subject to the power transfer capability at the point of
connection. It is not intended to form a guide on power system studies that may be required to
evaluate generation performance.
This technical standard does not constitute a detailed description of SA Power Networks or the
generators obligations under the Essential Services Commission of South Australias (ESCOSA)
Electricity Distribution Code (EDC) and the National Electricity Rules (NER). It is the responsibility
of the customer to ensure that their installation is compliant with the NER and the EDC.
3.
Background
3.1
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
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1.
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
3.3
3.4
4.
Code Compliance
The general installation must comply with all relevant Australian Standards, including but not
limited to those listed in Appendix C - References. All other relevant government and statutory
requirements must be adhered to, such as the Technical Regulations under the Electricity Act
1996, Electricity (General) Regulations 2012 and the WHS&W Act and Regulations 2012.
The generator and installation must comply with the following Standards, Codes, Regulations,
guides and technical standards:
National Electricity Rules (NER), as applicable;
Essential Services Commission of South Australia (ESCOSA) Electricity Distribution Code (EDC);
SA Power Networks Service & Installation Rules; and
SA Power Networks Technical Standards, as applicable to the generating system type and
nameplate capacity.
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
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3.2
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Protection Systems
This section outlines the protection systems that may be required by SA Power Networks. If a
protection scheme is proposed that does not fit into any of the criteria outlined in these sections,
it will be examined on its merits in line with the general requirements for safety, security of
supply and functionality.
The protection scheme shall be designed in accordance with the applicable regulations and SA
Power Networks standards, which require a protection system that detects all credible fault types.
No later than three months prior to the commencement of commissioning, the embedded
generator must submit to SA Power Networks for review and agreement any protection system
details that have not been provided at the connection application stage. This may include but not
be limited to protection and control system settings.
Protection design at the connection point between the embedded generator and the SA Power
Networks distribution network will be capable of reliable discrimination between faults on the
generating system and the network, to ensure the security and reliability of supply to all SA Power
Networks customers.
In addition, the dispatch of embedded generation must not cause cycling of network protection or
control systems and consideration will be given to the co-ordination of plant and equipment
settings. Most of SA Power Networks distribution feeders are programmed for automatic reclosing 1.5 to 5 seconds after successful clearance of a feeder fault. Therefore, failure of the
customers equipment to rapidly disconnect during an SA Power Networks loss of supply event
may result in damage to embedded generators equipment.
The size and characteristics of the proposed embedded generation determines the type of
protection system that must be installed. Table 1 provides a summary of the protection
requirements applicable to your project. Examples showing different types of generation and the
protection schemes required for different capacities are shown in Appendix A.
Non Export
Protection Scheme
Export
1 MW
> 1MW
1 MW
> 1MW
Minimum Import
Yes
Yes
No
No
Inter-Tripping
No
No (1)
Yes (2)
Yes (2)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Under/Over Frequency
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Under/Over Voltage
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Synchronisation (3)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Generator Over-current
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Voltage Unbalance
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
HV only
Yes
HV only
Yes
No
Yes (3)
No
Yes (3)
Anti-Islanding
Customer CBF
Pole Slip
Set 1& 2 Protection(4)
No
No
No
Table 1: Generating system protection requirements
No (1)
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Issued - January 2015
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5.
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Notes:
(1) May be required depending on generating system size and location
(3) Subject to NER S5.2 process outcome
(4) Refer examples in Appendix A
5.1
Anti-Islanding
This section describes the types of anti-islanding protection that may be required for Generating
Systems connecting to the SA Power Networks distribution network, as outlined in AS 4777. The
extent and type of anti-islanding protection will depend on the size and characteristics of the
proposed Generating System. Table1 provides a summary of the anti-islanding protection
requirements applicable to your project.
The embedded generating system must be disconnected whenever the distribution network is deenergised. For example, whenever the SA Power Networks substation circuit breaker and / or
recloser controlling the feeder that supplies the embedded generating systems connection point
operates either for a fault or switching operation, then the embedded generating unit must
automatically disconnect from the distribution network.
Anti-islanding protection schemes are required to operate within the reclose time of the
applicable SA Power Networks protection device. Generation installations should not be
reconnected to the network after restoration of grid supply without verification that normal
conditions have been restored for a minimum of 2 minutes.
The anti-islanding protection settings must be designed to ensure generator fault ride through
capability for remote network faults and reliable operation for islanding events. Anti-islanding
protection must not trip for fault ride through events unless agreed otherwise with SA Power
Networks. It should be noted that unscheduled tripping of generation capacity following system
fault events can produce significant voltage variations and may impact on SA Power Networks
quality of supply to other customers.
5.1.1
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
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(2) Typically not required for generation where all Generating Units are inverters
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Where a Customer proposes to utilise minimum import protection and also plans to
return to SA Power Networks supply with a seamless or bumpless transfer, special
consideration must be given to the minimum import protection arrangement.
Under this scenario, and if determined feasible by SA Power Networks, the minimum
import protection may be temporarily inhibited for a short duration to allow the
seamless transfer of the customers facility to SA Power Networks supply. This
temporary inhibit is allowed to ensure the generating system is able to be unloaded to a
level that ensures correct operation of the uninhibited minimum import protection
scheme. The inhibit must be of fail-safe design.
Where SA Power Networks has agreed to a temporary inhibit of the minimum import
protection, reverse power protection must be installed to detect and prevent islanding
operation. The reverse power protection must be set as low as practical, taking into
account the protection relay, CT accuracy and generating unit synchronisation
characteristics. Typically, such protection will be set at 5% of the agreed connection
point capacity with a 1 second delay. The design of control systems will need to
minimise reverse power flow immediately following synchronisation.
5.1.2
Inter-Trip Protection
Inter-trip protection is required for any exporting embedded generator that does not
comply with AS 4777. Inter-trip protection may also be required in other cases where
the combined generation capacity represents a significant portion of the total area load,
or implementation of a minimum import protection scheme is not feasible.
The inter-trip protection scheme shall be installed so that the embedded generator is
disconnected from the Network when the distribution network is de-energised via SA
Power Networks network protection. The inter-trip scheme is in addition to other SA
Power Networks embedded generating unit network protection requirements.
Where an intertrip protection scheme has been deemed necessary, SA Power Networks
will, at the customers expense, install a communication link between the embedded
generator and the relevant SA Power Networks substation. Under some circumstances,
SA Power Networks may require diversity or duplication of these communications links.
The SA Power Networks communication link will be continuously monitored for
integrity. In the event that the communication link fails, the embedded generating will
be automatically disconnected from the distribution network until the communications
link is restored.
SA Power Networks will provide the inter-trip signal to an agreed interface panel
installed at an agreed location on the customers site. It will be the responsibility of the
customer to trip the agreed circuit breaker(s) on receipt of the inter-trip signal. The
intertrip signal from the interface panel to the agreed circuit breaker, including the
communications link, must be of fail safe design.
The customer must also include tripping of the generating facility in the even that DC
supply to the protection scheme is lost.
Further details on the interface requirements can be found in Section 14.
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Issued - January 2015
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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
5.1.4
Under/Over Frequency
Under and over frequency protection must be installed to ensure the generating system
is disconnected from the Network when the system frequency varies outside the
nominated range. The frequency protection settings must be based on the embedded
generators proposed distribution network connection arrangement and operating
requirements.
In those scenarios where inter-trip or minimum import protection is not required, if the
generating system uses inverters that have internal under and over frequency
protection this scheme can be used as the main protection and a single back-up under
and over frequency protection scheme applied as the back-up protection.
5.1.5
Under/Over Voltage
Under and over voltage protection must be installed to monitor all three phases at the
connection point. This protection is set to ensure the generating system is disconnected
from the Network when the voltage varies outside predetermined values.
In the event that the generating system is located remote from the connection point, SA
Power Networks may accept use of a local voltage reference source for use with under
and over voltage protection.
The under and over voltage protection will be a two staged protection scheme,
incorporating short term (less than 1 second) and long term (10 minute) voltage
measurements. The customers protection relays must be capable of at least a two stage
protection scheme.
In the scenarios where inter-trip or minimum import protection is not required, if the
generating system uses inverters, that have internal under and over voltage protection,
this scheme can be used as the main protection and a single back-up under and over
voltage protection scheme applied as the back-up protection.
5.2
Synchronising Facilities
Synchronisation is the act of matching, within allowable limits, the voltage magnitude, phase
angle, and frequency of an embedded generator prior to closing the connecting circuit breaker. In
order to minimise disturbances to adjoining customers, all three quantities must be closely
matched across the connecting circuit breaker before closure.
In the case of synchronous generator units, automatic synchronising facilities must be installed at
the circuit breaker that interfaces with the distribution network and / or where ever else that it is
proposed to synchronise the embedded generating system with the distribution network.
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5.1.3
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Synchronisation controls must provide for "clean" connection without potential for large reactive
power flows in or out of the embedded generating unit following network connection.
Synchronisation must produce voltage variations less than +/- 4% of the prevailing network
voltage at the network connection point and comply with the assigned flicker levels (refer to
Section 10 of this Technical Standard).
Automatic synchronising controls will operate inside the limits shown in Table 2:
Aggregated capacity
(kVA)
Frequency difference
(f, Hz)
Voltage difference
(V, %)
Phase angle
difference
(, O)
0 -500
0.3
10
20
>500 - 1,500
0.2
15
>1,500
0.1
10
5.3
5.4
Voltage Unbalance
A voltage unbalance (or negative phase sequence) protection scheme must be installed for all
embedded generators. These schemes must be designed to protect the generator against
unbalance of system operating conditions and ensure the rapid disconnection of all embedded
generators.
Protection settings will be coordinated with and trip the generator for voltage unbalance
conditions greater than the values show in Table 3.
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Synchronising facilities are to include a dead bus check system to prevent the customer closing
the embedded generating unit onto the distribution network when it is de-energised.
Table 3: Generating system voltage unbalance requirements (source: NER Table S5.1a.1).
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.7.1
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
5.7.3
Protection Redundancy
In the case that the protection and control schemes outlined in this section are already
incorporated internally within those schemes employing inverters, the internal inverter
protection schemes can be used as the main protection but back-up protection (external
to the inverter protection) will also be required.
The overall protection scheme must include sufficient redundancy to ensure that a
faulted element within the protection zone is disconnected from the distribution
network within the applicable fault clearance time with any single protection element
(including communications upon which that protection system depends) failing or being
out of service.
6.
Fault Level
6.1
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5.7.2
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
6.2
As the Network fault levels are subject to change, the Network ultimate fault level should be used
for sizing any customer equipment for the customers proposed installations high voltage and low
voltage plant and switchgear.
SA Power Networks responsibility will be to ensure fault levels do not exceed these ultimate fault
levels. Table 4 provides indication of safe network fault rating design requirements.
Supply voltage
Fault level
400 V
Refer to NICC 802 11kV and 7.6kV to Low Voltage Mk7 Pad-Transformers
7.6 kV or 11 kV
20 kA
33 kV
25 kA
66 kV
31.5 kA
Table 4: Network fault rating design requirements
7.
7.1
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
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The SA Power Networks system operates using a range of distribution voltages and the associated
fault levels may vary significantly depending on the network connection points nominal voltage.
When the site is exporting electricity, the generating system would typically be expected to be
capable of continuously supplying or absorbing reactive power to achieve a power factor of +/0.93 as measured at the connection point. Subject to the appropriate network studies, generating
system not able to meet the typical reactive power capabilities may still be considered
acceptable.
When the sites supplied load is greater than 30% of the maximum demand at the connection
point, irrespective of whether the generating system is generating electricity, the reactive power
requirements will be as per Section 6.5.3 of SA Power Networks Service and Installation Rules.
When the supplied load is less than 30% of the maximum demand at the connection point, SA
Power Networks will accept a power factor at the connection point outside the allowed range
provided this does not cause the system standards to be violated or plant limits (ie OLTC) to be
exceeded.
8.
9.
Quality of Supply
Generating systems must not impact on the quality of supply to SA Power Networks other
network users. The generating system must comply with all applicable requirements of the NER,
the EDC and the Service and Installation Rules, including but not limited to:
Network voltage control;
Voltage fluctuations;
Harmonics; and
Voltage balance.
As part of any Application to Connect, SA Power Networks will undertake the required network
studies to determine compliance or otherwise based on assigned power quality of supply limits.
The results of the studies, and any associated operational constraints will be advised within either
the engineering report or Offer to Connect.
SA Power Networks assessment and allocation of power quality limits for generators will generally
be in accordance with the AS/NZS 61000 series. Subject to existing power quality limitations at
the proposed network connection point, SA Power Networks will give consideration to
establishing negotiated access standards in accordance with NER S5.2.5.2 -Quality of Electricity
Generated.
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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
The development of negotiated access standards for power quality, are analogous to the AS/NZS
61000 Stage 3 process and reflect acceptance of emissions levels on a conditional basis. It should
be noted therefore, that SA Power Networks may rescind the allocation of Stage 3 emission levels
as a result of changes in network configuration or connection of additional customers. In the
event that a reallocation of emission levels is required, SA Power Networks will advise the
generator at the earliest possible time.
It is the responsibility of the embedded generator to ensure ongoing compliance with their
assigned power quality obligations and undertake appropriate tests as required.
Unscheduled or scheduled disconnection of embedded generator capacity must not results in
changes to customer supply voltages (at the end of feeders) in excess of those defined in the NER
and EDC technical requirements. Detailed studies may be required to identify the extent of
customer voltage variations following tripping of an embedded generator.
The operation of an embedded generator must not cause any cycling of network protection or
control systems. This dispatch of generator capacity must not result in a material increases in the
number of transformer tap changer operations in the adjoining network.
10.
Transfer Capacity
The embedded generator transfer capacity into the distribution network will depend on a number
of factors including:
1. The network connection voltage;
2. Thermal and fault rating of network plant and equipment;
3. Characteristics of the network plant and equipment;
4. Proximity and capacity of adjoining loads and generating systems; and
5. Generation capacity.
Also depending on the capacity of the embedded generating system, dynamic stability studies
may be required to assess stability issues and identify the maximum generation capacity that can
be dispatched under normal and contingency operating conditions.
The thermal rating of the distribution assets must not be overloaded beyond acceptable limits
under any of the operational scenarios of the embedded generator. The distribution plant
affected may include the feeder conductors (both underground and overhead), line voltage
regulators, reclosers, circuit breakers, disconnectors, instrument transformers and power
transformers. Detailed investigations will be required to confirm the binding thermal limits that
may constrain generation transfer capacity.
Equally, the fault rating of any and all distribution network assets must not be exceeded under
any operational scenario of the generator.
Importantly, generating systems must comply with the provisions of NER clause S5.2.5.12 - Impact
on network capability, and as a minimum, must not restrict the ability to supply customer load or
power transfer capacity to an area by more than the embedded generator capacity.
Additional control systems may be required to support the management of embedded generator
dispatch under contingency operating conditions.
The sudden disconnection of embedded generation capacity should not produce network voltage
changes that impact on other network users and must be below levels specified under the NER.
Typically, the following maximum generating system connection capacities may be possible under
favourable conditions, but may be less depending on the individual distribution network
configuration:
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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
11.
12.
Reclosing Co-Ordination
SA Power Networks commonly use automatic reclosing on distribution networks to limit the
duration of interruptions to customers for momentary fault events. Reclosers and circuit breakers
can be automatically reclosed after a fault condition. Typically, 70% to 90% of faults on overhead
distribution network are transient in nature and by de-energising supply for a short time, the arc
will extinguish and supply can be restored if the initial fault does not result in equipment damage.
In effect, automatic reclosing allows immediate testing of a previously faulted portion of the
network and makes it possible to restore supply if the fault is no longer present. Typically, SA
Power Network reclose times vary between 1 and 5 seconds and are programmed to attempt to
reclose 1 to 3 times before permanently opening (locked out).
The connection of embedded generation to a distribution network means that the network can
potentially be energised after the network recloser or circuit breaker is opened. Unless the
embedded generating system is rapidly disconnected, the arc may not extinguish and result in
unsuccessful recloser or circuit breaker operations. This may lead to an extended supply outage to
many customers rather than a short term supply interruption.
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Up to 1.5MW via a dedicated transformer, with a 400V connection point. Note: In weak areas
a dedicated 11kV feeder may be required;
Assuming the arc was extinguished, the "islanded" feeder may drift in synchronism from the main
grid. If the network recloser or circuit breaker was to reclose, while the "islanded network" was
still supplied via the embedded generator, significant voltage transients may be generated. This
event will produce out of phase voltages that may result in:
1. Damage to the embedded generating system;
2. Transient over-voltages on the connecting network resulting in damage to customer
equipment and failure of surge arrestors;
3. Transformers and motors may experience high magnetic inrush and cause maloperation of
protection systems; and
4. Rapid changes in the out of phase voltages may cause damage to customer equipment over a
wide area.
For the above reasons, it is important to co-ordinate the tripping of Generating Systems with
feeder reclosing to prevent out of phase supply events. The protection requirements outlined in
Section 5 of this document have been designed to address these issues. However, it is the
responsibility of the customer to ensure the functional operation of all generation protection and
control system systems.
Depending on the capacity of the embedded generation facility and proximity of other embedded
generating system, SA Power Networks may require the installation of Inter-trip protection using
a reliable communications medium to automatically disconnect the generator in the event of a
reclose operation. SA Power Networks inter-trip requirements are listed in Section 5.1.2 of this
technical standard.
Long distribution networks, multiple sources of supply, multiple reclosers and voltage regulators
may contribute to the complexity of secure inter trip protection schemes. It should be noted that
the cost of designing, maintaining and installing these inter trip schemes will be borne by the
embedded generating system.
13.
13.1
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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
all equipment within the customers plant (isolators, circuit breakers, CTs, VTs),
the interface for all inputs and outputs required for the protection scheme,
the control room,
auxiliary supplies, and
generating system SCADA monitoring and control.
The customer is to provide and maintain a PSTN (public switched telephone network) telephone
facility for the purposes of backup operational communications between the Generator's
responsible operator and the SA Power Networks Network Operations Centre.
13.1.2 Non Export Above 5MW or Large Solar PV Above 1MW and Below 5MW
The solution shown in Figure 1 is only applicable for the following generating systems:
Non-exporting greater than 5MW; or
Large solar PV above 1MW and below 5MW.
Figure 1: Block Diagram of SCADA/Tel solution for non export above 5MW, or solar PV above
1MW and below 5MW
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To facilitate connection of this size and type of generating system, the following
requirements must be met by the customer:
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
13.1.3 Any Export Generating System or Large Solar PV 5MW and Above
This solution is only applicable for the following generating systems:
Any export generating system; or
Any large solar PV greater than or equal to 5MW.
To facilitate connection of this size and type of generating system, the following
requirements must be met by the customer:
Accommodation and Requirements for SA Power Networks Equipment
The cubicle shall be located inside a suitable building, and any special environmental
consideration shall be identified (eg IP56 rating, temperature/climate control).
Allow for 800 mm (W) x 600 mm (D) x 2100 mm (H) floor space.
Allow for 1000 mm clearance for front and rear access to open doors.
Provide an earth bonding point back to customer common earth bar.
Figure 2: Block diagram of SCADA/Tel solution for any export or large solar PV 5MW and
above
Serial Interfaces
Provide an interface panel as a demarcation point within the customer site.
Provide serial RS232 as interface standard (compliant V24 and V28).
Provide serial DNP3 protocol for SCADA interface between Customer PLC and SA
Power Networks RTU.
Fail-safe contact arrangement with SA Power Networks digital I/O.
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Site Access
Escorted site access to SA Power Networks equipment for faults and maintenance
must be provided.
DC Power System
Provide 12, 24, 48 or 110 VDC from customers DC battery bank, connected to SA
Power Networks DC/DC converters.
Provide 2 x individual protected (circuit breaker) feeds to dual isolators located
adjacent or above SA Power Networks cubicle.
Each feed to be able to provide 100W of load.
The total back-up time for the DC feeds no less than 24 hours.
AC Supply
Provide 230V AC supply for commissioning purposes.
Circuit Breaker(S) (Disconnecting Generator(S))
The trip circuit to be a normally closed circuit.
Fibre/Radio Connection To Customer Control Room
Allowance for entry of fibre or coaxial cable into the customer control room and
access to SA Power Networks cubicle (eg cable ladder).
Allow for installation of external radio antenna.
Permissive Signalling Fail-Safe
With SA Power Networks RTU present in the SA Power Networks substation
(compulsory requirement), a 60-second watchdog pulse arrangement will be in place
which the customer PLC will initiate an automatic controlled shutdown of the
generating system in the event of a communications failure (either via customer PLC
or SA Power Networks RTU).
SCADA Input/Output
Customer to liaise with SA Power Networks to provide a list of SCADA inputs/outputs
for the generating system.
Prior to beginning SA Power Networks SCADA works on site, the customers PLC
must be brought into SA Power Networks offices for factory acceptance testing and
confirmation that the PLC communicates correctly with SA Power Networks
equipment.
Control room Temperature
With air-conditioning, temperature range to be below +30C.
Site Access
24-hour site access to SA Power Networks equipment for faults and maintenance
(escorted or non-escorted).
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Interface Signals
A detailed list of interface signals will be prepared as the embedded generator project progresses.
However, the following tables are intended to provide an indication of the typical SCADA interface
requirements for two generator units connected via a single HV connection point.
The control interface may need to include provision for a Generation Dispatch Limiter (GDL) that
provides for secure dispatch of embedded generation capacity and SA Power Networks will
confirm these requirements on a site specific basis.
SA Power Networks SCADA requirements are shown in Tables 5 to 8:
Digital Outputs (From SA Power Networks to
Generator)
Signal Condition
Permission to Connect
Granted/ Denied
Signal Condition
Analogue Signal
Analogue Signal
Analogue Signal
Network Voltage
Analogue Signal
Table 6: SCADA Analogue Output Requirements
Analogue Signal
Analogue Signal
Analogue Signal
Analogue Signal
Analogue Signal
Analogue Signal
Analogue Signal
Analogue Signal
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13.2
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Signal Condition
Normal/ Failed
Normal/ Failed
Normal/ Failed
Granted/ Denied
Yes/No
Normal/ Fault
Normal/ Fault
Open/ Closed
Available/ Unavailable
Available/ Unavailable
Generator 1 Status
Running/ stopped
Generator 2 Status
Running/ stopped
14.
14.1
General Requirements
The use of synchronous generators will impose out-of-phase switching duty on the circuit breaker
that is opened to disconnect the facility from the distribution system. Potentially, this circuit
breaker may see twice the normal phase-to-ground voltage under some system operating
conditions.
Other system events may produce higher voltages across the circuit breaker and the customer
should give consideration to these issues and the selection of plant having appropriate ratings.
For this reason, embedded generator circuit breakers will be capable of withstanding 220% of the
connecting rated voltage.
SA Power Networks circuit breakers and reclosers will not be used to separate, switch, serve as
breaker failure backup or isolate a customers network that the embedded generation is
connected to from the remainder of the network unless these devices are rated and tested as per
applicable standards for such an application.
14.2
Means of Isolation
The embedded generator must provide a means of isolation capable of disconnecting the whole
of the customers electrical system from the distribution network. This means of isolation must be
lockable, in the open position only, using an SA Power Networks padlock. The customer must
provide SA Power Networks safe and unhindered access to the means of isolation, at any
reasonable time.
The means of isolation must comply with SA Power Networks Service and Installation Rules.
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14.4
14.5
Insulation Co-ordination
The customer must ensure that the insulation level of its equipment downstream of the
connection point is appropriate for the normal and expected voltage range in accordance with the
provisions of AS 1824.1.
All equipment must be capable of withstanding, without damage, power frequency voltage and
impulse levels as nominated in Table 9. The lightning impulse withstand voltage level is under fullwave dry conditions using the standard 1.2/50 microseconds wave shaped.
Voltage
of
system
(kV)
Application
Minimum power
frequency withstand
voltage (kV rms)
Minimum lightning
impulse withstand voltage
(kV peak) [1]
3.3
All applications
16
40
6.6
All applications
20
60
7.6
All applications
28
95
11
All applications
28
95
33
All applications
70
170
66
All applications
140
325
Equipment connected to
neutrals
70
170
Transformer bushings
230
550
275
650
132
Equipment connected to
38
110
neutrals
Table 9: Insulation coordination requirements
Note 1: Where equipment meeting these impulse levels is not available, the use of surge
arresters should be considered.
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14.3
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Precautions should be taken to prevent transient voltages generated by the connecting loads,
capacitor banks and /or the distribution system for causing damage to generator components.
14.6
15.
16.
Generator Earthing
The embedded generator is required to ensure that their generation and/or substation facilities
have an effective earthing system to limit step and touch earth potential rise to safe values and
ensure compliance with the requirements of Australian Standards.
In addition, generating systems supplied via a HV connection point must ensure they are
compliant with Section 9.11 of SA Power Networks Service and Installation Rules.
Suitable measures will be applied to ensure that remote earths cannot present a hazard to
telecommunication facilities and comply with the requirements of AS/NZS 3835 - Earth Potential
Rise - Protection of Telecommunications Network Users, Personnel and Plant.
In order to support co-ordinated neutral earthing outcomes, the following sections define
generator neutral earthing requirements:
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The customer must provide adequate lightning protection on their equipment in accordance with
AS/NZS 1768, such that the effect of a lightning strike anywhere within the customers electrical
installation is not transferred to SA Power Networks equipment.
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
16.2
17.
18.
Modelling Data
18.1
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16.1
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The customer may also be required to complete post commissioning tests (R2) to validate their
original generator models in accordance with the AEMO generating system Model Guidelines.
Table 10: AEMO Data and model requirements for generating systems less than 30MW, as per
AEMO website
AEMO Table notes:
1. Transmission connected generating systems of less than 30MW would need to apply for a
Variation Request in order to reduce this requirement.
S = Standard Planning Data; D = Detailed Planning Data; R = Registered Data
(R1 pre-connection, R2 post-connection)
2. To include functional block diagram of the system and encrypted model source code (ie PSSE
object code).
3. The model can be of a generic type that must fully describe the control systems and plant. For
example a participant with a synchronous machine must provide models of the synchronous
machine, AVR and PSS if applicable. Other models such as limiters and governor/turbine
modelling may also be requested.
4. Any detailed model should be provided according to AEMO's generating system modelling
guideline specifications.
5. Additional tests may be required to confirm performance standard requirements, which may
include test to confirm or calibrate the models.
6. Functional block diagrams provided with the data sheets must be for the model provided for
studies (eg generic model) and, if different, the actual block diagram for the installed plant.
7. Data to be provided with a connection application and to be confirmed at the time of
registration.
8. Only required if the plant requires negotiation of generator performance standards.
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For generating systems 5MW and above but where SA Power Networks have determined that no
dynamic studies are required, the data and model requirements are listed in our Application to
Connect forms, available from our website.
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
19.
Metering
Revenue or NEM metering is required for the connection of all embedded generators (as outlined
in NICC 270 Connection of large embedded generation; section on metering) and is in addition to
the SCADA and remote monitoring requirements outlined in Section 13 of this technical standard.
If required, it is the obligation of the customer to ensure that the connection point has a metering
installation and that the metering installation is registered with AEMO.
The metering installation, including any current and voltage transformers required for metering
and/or protection of high voltage installations must be fully compliant with the NER, AEMO
Metrology Procedure, ESCOSAs Electricity Metering Code EMTC/08, and SA Power Networks
Service and Installation Rules.
Current and voltage transformers are always required for the purposes of metering services in
excess of 100 Amps and 400 Volts respectively.
It is a requirement that the metering installation is located on the customers side of the
connection assets and as close as practicable to the connection point. This arrangement will
eliminate the need for external service providers to work on live SA Power Networks equipment.
It shall be located on the customer's side of the connection point and comply with the NER,
ESCOSAs Electricity Metering Code and SA Power Network Service and Installation Rules.
Copies of NER compliant type test and routine test results as applicable must be provided for all
instrument transformers to SA Power Networks before the installation can be connected to the
distribution network.
The customer should note that the NER may require installation of check metering facilities
depending on the number of MW hours proposed to be generated.
The operational requirements of the generating system and national grid metering must be
addressed, with the role of Responsible Person / Metering provider / Meter data agent to be
decided by the embedded generator.
SA Power Networks will offer to undertake the roles of metering provider and Responsible Person
in accordance with the NER on a fee for service basis.
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18.2
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Project Completion
Embedded generators connecting to SA Power Networks distribution network have an obligation
to permit and participate in the inspection, testing and commissioning of the generation facilities.
These requirements are outlined under NER Clause 5.7 - Inspection and testing and Clause 5.8 Commissioning and the generator customer should make themselves familiar with these
requirements.
The information provided in this technical standard complements the information AEMO have
published for registered participants, available at the following site:
http://www.aemo.com.au/Electricity/Network-Connections/NEM_Generator_Distribution_NewConnection/Stage-6.
The SA Power Networks project completion stage is comprised of three distinct parts:
Part A:
Part B:
Part C:
The following flow diagram provides an overview of the roles of SA Power Networks and the
customer in the project completion stage.
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20.
Customer
Time from
compliance test
3 months prior
SA Power Networks
Review settings
Submit commissioning plan
1 month prior
Refer Note 1
Compliance Test
Review commissioning
documents
Compliance
tests passed?
In parallel
Fail
Pass
Connect generator to network
Refer Note 1
Commissioning
tests passed?
Pass
Fail
End
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No
1MW or
non export
Yes
Export
No
Power quality or
fault level issues
1MW or
non export
Post connection commissioning (refer Note 2)
No
Yes
Export
No
Power quality or
fault level issues
No
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20.1
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21.
21.1
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20.2
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Protection test certificates (either type test results and injection test results as required);
A copy of the ESCOSA Generating Licence or correspondence from ESCOSA showing that
exemption has been granted; and
For generating systems greater than 5MW, evidence of registration with (or exemption from)
AEMO is required.
22.
Compliance Testing
Prior to connection of the generating system to the Network, SA Power Networks is entitled to
inspect and where necessary, require the customer to test those parts of the generating system
that may have a direct effect on the distribution network. This is to enable us to satisfy ourselves
that the generating system is acceptable for connection and complies in all respects with the
requirements of the engineering report and the applicable standards and regulations.
Compliance tests must be undertaken by suitably accredited parties having appropriate skills and
competencies. Depending on the generation type, capacity and location, either SA Power
Networks representatives or a suitably qualified third party will witness the compliance tests.
The extent of compliance testing will vary depending on the generation capacity and connection
configuration, but may include:
1. Injection testing: Simulation of system events by applying test signals to protection and
control systems and confirming the correct response of the generator unit control system; or
2. Controlled testing: Controlled testing of the protection and control systems by manipulating
relevant settings and confirming the correct response of the generating system circuit breakers
or isolation facilities.
Table 12 provides an indication of the compliance tests that may be required for given protection
and control elements. Where tests are nominated as required by both injection testing and
controlled testing, compliance can be undertaken based on either test method or a combination
of both.
Please note that this table is intended to be a guide only. The actual extent of pre-commissioning
testing and commissioning will vary depending on the type, size and connection location of the
embedded generating system and will be advised in the engineering report for your project.
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Written statement from a competent protection technician certifying that the system is
installed as per engineering report and/or Connection Offer;
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Notes:
Where minimum import testing is proposed through controlled testing this must occur
when the site load is at or near the agreed maximum demand.
Any deficiencies detected during the compliance tests must be resolved before making the final
network connection and a revised commissioning plan must be submitted. SA Power Networks
will not connect an embedded generating system that is unsatisfactory for reliable connection to
the distribution network.
23.
Other
Synchronisation
No
Yes
Ramp rate
Yes (1)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Quality of supply
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Notes:
(1)
Ramp rate tests will most likely not be required for solar PV installations;
(2)
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(1)
The customer must compile the commissioning test results in a commissioning report and submit
this report to SA Power Networks for review within 20 Business Days of undertaking the tests. The
commissioning report must confirm that all protection and control systems are functional and
settings are consistent with information provided to SA Power Networks. If required, a report
confirming compliance with the assigned Generator Performance Standards must also be
provided.
Any deficiencies detected during the post connection tests must be resolved in a timeframe to be
agreed between the customer and SA Power Networks. SA Power Networks will not allow the
ongoing connection of an embedded generator that has demonstrated unsatisfactory
performance testing in order to maintain the integrity of the distribution network.
23.1
AS/NZS 61000.4.30
Class of measurement
Class S
AS/NZS 61000.4.30
Sample rate
AS/NZS 61000.4.7
AS/NZS 61000.4.7
AS/NZS 61000.4.15
(10min Pst & 2hr Plt)
AS/NZS 61000.4.30
Enabled
Table14: Power quality measurement requirements
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24.
24.1
Operating Protocols
Joint operating protocols are required to ensure co-ordinated management of the operation and
dispatch of generation capacity. When required, the joint operating protocols will be developed in
conjunction with the customer.
The requirement for a joint operating protocol will be determined as part of the engineering
report for your project, however in general the following types of generating system will require
the development of a joint operating protocol:
Export generating systems, excluding large solar PV generating system 1MW or less;
SCADA controlled generating systems (ie permission granted/Denied);
Set point controlled generating system; and
High voltage connected generating systems.
The principles within the joint operating protocol will include, but not be limited to:
The embedded generator must gain permission from SA Power Networks Operations Centre
(NOC) prior to the connection and disconnection of any generator to the network;
An authorised embedded generator representative must be available at all times when the
generating plant is operating to receive communications and directions from the SA Power
Networks NOC so that emergencies can be address and dispatch limits applied if required; and
The embedded generator will ensure that appropriately trained operators are available as
required, consistent with the operating protocol.
These protocols will be revised at regular intervals giving consideration to any changes in system
operating conditions and generation dispatch arrangements.
24.2
Operating Procedures
Prior to completion of the project, operational procedures must have been developed and
adopted for the day to day operation of the installation. These procedures must complement the
joint operating protocols to be developed.
The operating procedures will be designed to protect the network and to maximise the
customers access to and use of the network within the agreed limits. The operating procedures
and protocols will need to include, amongst other things:
details of the operating procedures and nomenclature standards to be adopted in relation to
the interface between SA Power Networks NOC and the customer;
details of the procedures to be adopted by both parties in relation to the NOC oversight,
monitoring, control and operation of the Network and generating system access;
contact details for both parties authorised persons available on a 24 hours, 7 days a week
basis;
Permission to connect / Denied procedures; and
High Voltage and Isolation switching procedures.
The agreed operating procedures once developed, will need to take into account the existing
operating procedures used by SA Power Networks NOC for the operation of the entire Network.
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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
25.1
Frequency of Testing
The compliance program must include the frequency at which the tests will be undertaken in
order to prove ongoing compliance with the applicable performance standards or requirements in
the engineering report.
The actual frequency of testing should include consideration of all relevant factors including:
The technology of the plant;
Experience with the particular generation technology;
Manufacturers advice with respect to the particular model; and
The level required to provide reasonable assurance of compliance.
For most performance standards or requirement in the engineering report, the tests undertaken
shall include, but not limited to:
All protection systems (circuit breakers, relays, trip signals, generator protections and DC
supply);
Reactive power capability;
Active power control;
Voltage and reactive power control;
Quality of electricity;
Response to disturbances (frequency, voltage, contingency events);
Power station auxiliary transformers/supplies; and Fault level/current mitigation devices.
The minimum recommended frequency of testing is:
Every 3 years; After any plant change; and after any disturbance event.
For communications equipment (comm. links including backup), remote monitoring capability
(SCADA) and UPS systems, the recommended frequency of testing is:
Annually; After any equipment change; and After any disturbance event.
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25.
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Appendices
A.1: Above 200 kW and 1MW LV Connected Export Solar PV Gen-System
Figure 1 - Example 1: Above 200 kW and 1MW LV connected export solar PV generating system
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Issued - January 2015
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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Figure 2 - Example 2: 1MW 1.5MW LV or 1MW 5MW HV connected export solar PV generating system
Note: For the HV example, the customer would own the 11/0.4kV transformer
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Issued - January 2015
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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Figure 4 - Example 4: 1MW 1.5MW LV or 1MW 5MW HV connected non export rotating generating system
Note: For the HV example, the customer would own the 11/0.4kV transformer
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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Issued - January 2015
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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Issued - January 2015
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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Issued - January 2015
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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
AC:
Alternating current.
AEMO:
Applicant:
AS/NZS:
Stands for Australia and New Zealand Standards published by Standards Australia.
Applicable inverter:
Means inverters which have been tested by an authorised testing laboratory and
certified as being in compliance with AS 4777 and issued with an accreditation
number.
Applicable
regulations:
Connection Point:
Contractor:
Customer:
DC:
Direct current.
Distribution
network/system:
Has the meaning given to that term in the Electricity Act 1996, namely the whole or
a part of a system for the distribution of electricity, but does not include anything
declared by regulation not to be a distribution network or part of a distribution
network. For the purposes of these rules references to Distribution Network means
the network poles, wires, underground cables, transformers, substations etc,
operated by SA Power Networks, which transports electricity from the transmission
system to a customers Connection Point.
DNSP:
Electricity
Distribution Code
(EDC):
Embedded
generating unit:
A generating unit connected within a distribution network and not having direct
access to a transmission network.
Embedded
generator:
ESCOSA:
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Appendix B: Definitions
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Generating system:
All embedded generating units and the associated control and protection
equipment that is located on the embedded generator's side of the connection
point.
Generating unit:
The actual generator of electricity and all related equipment essential to its
function as a single entity.
Generator:
Inverter:
The device that forms part of the generating system which uses semi conductor
devices to transfer power between a dc source and an ac source or load.
Large embedded
generation
installation:
Must:
Is to be understood as mandatory.
Nameplate capacity:
National Electricity
Rules (NER):
Means the rules as defined in the National Electricity Law as set out in the
Schedule to the National Electricity (South Australia) Act 1996.
NEM:
NOC:
NSP:
PV:
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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
Retailer:
Means the holder of an electricity retail licence granted under the Electricity Act,
1996, who is contracted to sell electricity to the customer at the Supply Address.
ROCOF:
Shall:
Means mandatory.
Should:
Small embedded
generation
installation:
Supply:
Supply address:
The address at which SA Power Networks supply the generator and / or customer
with electricity.
Terms and
Conditions:
TNSP:
Transmission
network:
UV: Voltage
Unbalance:
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TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
The following listed documents are for additional information. It is advisable to refer to the current
publications before implementing them. Other documentation may be required on a project specific basis.
Essential Services Commission of South Australia (ESCOSA) Codes:
SA Electricity Distribution Code (EDC)
SA Electricity Metering Code (EMTC)
Energy Networks Association (AUS) Publications:
ENA NENS 03 National Guidelines for Safe Access to Electrical and Mechanical Apparatus
ENA NENS 04 National Guidelines for Safe Approach Distances to Electrical and
Mechanical Apparatus
Australian Energy Market Commission Publications:
National Electricity Rules Version 64
South Australian Legislation:
This technical standard is based on AS/NZS Standards Australia Publications.
SA Electricity Act 1996
Electricity (General) Regulations 2012
WH&S Regulations 2012
Standards Australia Publications:
AS 1359.0-1998
Rotating Electrical Machines - General Requirements
AS 1824.1-1995
Insulation co-ordination Definitions, principles and rules
AS/NZS 1768:2007
Lightning protection
AS 1931.1-1996
High voltage - Test techniques - General definition and test
requirements
AS 2067-2008
Substations and high voltage installations exceeding 1 kV a.c.
AS/NZS 3000:2007
Electrical Installations (known as the wiring rules)
AS/NZS 3010.1:2005
Electrical Installations Generating sets
AS/NZS 3017:2007
Electrical installations Testing User Guides
AS/NZS 3100:2009
Approval and test specification - General requirements for electrical
equipment
AS/NZS 3439.1:2002
Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Type-tested
and partially type-tested assemblies
AS/NZS 3947.6.1:2001 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Multiple Function
equipment - Automatic transfer switching equipment
AS 4777.1:2005
Grid connection of energy systems via inverters
AS 5033:2005
Installation of photovoltaic (PV) arrays
AS/NZS 3835.1:2006
Earth Potential Rise - Protection of Telecommunications Network
Users, Personnel and Plant Code of practice
AS/NZS 3835.2:2006
Earth Potential Rise - Protection of Telecommunications Network
Users, Personnel and Plant Application guide
AS 2467-2008
Maintenance of Electrical Switchgear
AS 60038-2012
Standard voltages
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Appendix C: References
TS 131: Technical Standard for Large Solar PV above 200kW or Rotating Generating Systems
IEC Standards:
IEC60068-2
IEC60255
IEC60529
TR IEC 61000.3.6:2012
Environmental Testing
Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment
Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Limits - Assessment of
emission limits for distorting loads in MV and HV power
systems
TR IEC 61000.3.7:2012 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Limits - Assessment of
emission limits for fluctuating loads in MV and HV power
systems
IEEE Publications:
IEEE C37.90.1
Standard Surge Withstand Capability Tests for Relays and
Relay Systems Associated with Electric Power Apparatus
AEMO Documents:
Version 28 June 2013
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