wall azul jgi4 allRb ABRLISBIe Gal a! y (2007/2/486) pb algal sae / alae Ssleig gE ipl yey) he 2007 sSyyetll gla lee mi ylinll yo w= (352) 2007/2/486 (Faille // Shit sotinal ISBN 978 - 9957 - 00 - 306-7 (ess) 2006/12/4141 (gtst Yes) + Dylow Sally gi: poll gyi! Gell @ cage gob dad yy igh @ «2007 yt Jaeyt: yl Kell Ek @ +O Byinu GA Ear giglly pa 5g 25 jlo 4610065 : SU 4624321 / 4618191 / 4618190; tle cell gle TITIBs gall 5a) 926468 : ne Gass Aa by A) sto pl 5 ila Sua — a gly etal 6 UE sell ely 022965319 sti 2975633 - 2991614 - 2975632 sla A sh layla Bold GU opBUD ya Gea es All rights reserved. No Part of this book may be reproduced. or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage retrieval system, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. SLUSH Ha glanel Bulely gas Y iligins Ggfall ques cays JISEY) ge JS gly GLE gi 2 WW OPM jy etal 1 S91 esielly dal Sunil lo / alas yloyle ‘i5,¥ (11110) dint 926463. 0 / 4610065 5 401819011: ite Email’: shorokjo@nol.com.jo24 36 ... 40... 41... lea Glue Add: JY) Jucill soseeeeeessneeee Age) Aalll's Gbidl ¢ gage 1.1 seccssssseees Glued le Cldeally ULaill 2 6] ssssseererssesssvees cgi Alla 1,2,1 sreesnecees Sua gll Sa 2.2.1 seesssessecassssesasecasesscesscesseesvesnusseureeneecateeseeenetens ceaill Na 3.2.1 sesseeeesssseee She yl) al sli! 2 4.2.1 sesssveneessennsee gill al SHAY! la 5.2.1 secrsssceeeee(Seeagl git) Gat 413 6.2.1 sreeenenerses (Cacll & A puke) (dill Aa 7.2.1 ceweeresee bead Glut 4 je yf Sell 3 1 (Sonal! ly 2018) Yooh oles 48) (ga5) OS $4 «1101 113 LS) hued utes) GLY 2 itil) uci svsssersessee ({gi1S3) MDLally (Qi) DLN 2 woe Ginna GU yy daall sy pa 3. seseeeseeeer Ape By gaa Ld Gls 4. secsrseveves GQUBAY) 201 8S sesseessseeeee daily MASI Cle gana 6 seteeeeeseneeee Ay geall Gash ll 7. sessed) guall Qual yd el gl 8 sescsseeseneees jotluall Gla gd 1.8. tevsssssseseeeeees (Gh) ogbe pall gla yd 2.8 - sone (EG) pele 2d gla yl 3.8.2 seeseeeeeeee GUY pate y GLSY! 9.2 Any srall Coal sal cl} deo sill Lata egateall 10.2 Ay geall Qual pall GL2as! 11.2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Yea lat Ay y gual aLudy) CNN) Jud) Agbuaay! Gall 1.3 seseseesssssesunneseeneseseesnnsssesses AAAI patil Ze gone s] V4 sceccssscessasteccsssseesunsseeessesesnsensse L1G cesesssessssseensesssseactesnsetseeeneeen sessssssssennes Colagaaall de gana .2 seesssssssnaentg sual Guill 2.3128 eons Pg gguall Guill 3.3 P Guill Aagaoall SISAY) Dua 4.3 133 coesssessssseee P jus dul 5.3 142 csssssnennes .P Guill GLtt 6.3 142 aeccccseessssssssseseeccenssstsusssnnseesssunssssssseeenen Al aype Ghd 7.3 CY paral Gls Ay did ray) uci) 149 eeccssserietecseeneecsesssneenness Yell Glue 4d quis d yy pe | - Bho BRB BR BR BR Bb all Cl psktiall y 3 yall GU petal 8 4 OY send! Glus Us 9.4 oe GY geod) cilse (ob panel pants 1.9.4 176. seessssssssssesssseessnsee CY gamall Gilus op Auuall GIS s Gave 2.9.4181 185 187 187 188 195 seesesseseeeee GIS 10.4 CY ganal) Gilad aubll GAY) squall Quail) LAY yanall Galan (By geal cual ll 115 sevseseneernneeees (GIS) aS) bald 1 ssessssseeuessnsoseeecetunnnseeensnenseeseuanaceeenant igdsasll apSill sacld 2 3 seers GO 52S GAG 3c 4 sessenseseeesessnssseceessanneesesenseeeed goal yya lbs (le diay 2.5 226 228 230 secserenees Angel De GUAM! acl § 1.4.5 sesseseneee Ce 55S CN gama) hud Ay) gual Gl :quclad! juaill OY gall Cilsad (gy geal Gud GL Se 1.6 Guall add rahul) Juaill juall lott ely 1.7 seesseeees deal lath glad! set 8 2.7Grol) lath alight 3.7 2 OY ganall Golan od Gall olaal 4.7 sescessesseeee Agel Gaea ltl 5.7 sesaseeenene CEILS 6.7 a JU) Sl soseesessessnneee Bb gallAa t&all OUI Al gle Leal 5) Lil jalad aght gs SI Nhe Ange 54 NSay cunt Go JSY Aye Glade tue od Gwily Sede 4d pple Gillis Vp Ghidl Gua sall Gueclall AUbM epulul JS 4g Wedel 8 US Gly Gluck od sl Ghidl (5 ee Ghyhs OS) Ob ye fH Cle sonal 4585 ye Uy MDs y Cihkee sy psslie slyale al Lush Aromas’ IS el ges Yule belles tg tal 69983 Ch leas Bale ani a USI Iba jJacat Go Lbs QS al Cady Le guad ileaall dit Jo Ge dalS JS GLE ALE YS! Ul sine Seay og ¢peasll Yeas Auta y dy ell CS abbas Gl gyi Vio ob pb he Gay i cd Liyad Gf LS Albi oY ga slits 3 obi (fs Glel Balad (le 3 jb polos Oke Ob ad glial ol Aad Youadill, nary Le ce pout day yell Aellly Sale paid gf «Latti GUSH Mags Lai As M MSL pata GySty Apne Gallery Gull Ge abi Iba sl AB Gf -pbll Waa cb Ciel) patil 531.5 pgilalles acd aly ab 18S Quill Oe GM Ralleall ¢ pny Oe Cay Lgelasiad lealall Galle ub dale Armagh M Ullal Sic 5 shall 4S ylue {IS isa G4 ANDI OSs yh US cs sine Ga Al Upast Lat Le of Ws Le je Gpaiill) al Les Geall 4) poll Gus! ull 40S, LS! Gl as G68 (5 find Aut ol GIS YI gan} had (Al) GURY! Aled Fagarall coll Ou Suill 98 Glaiall 458 yall Glas! gas! Gly aia 11Ghidl cliy Ld GUA! duke Ge tll USs Gi ayy -AtbLII, DAM! gS pall hagll Thy gills Gah US le 4nd jel Glad Glos Aad oa dane ajay Aad JY) deal Gd Jat al ode ge Dal Giles (Sl) Gsalh Gill Gos Ge Jal QU Anal Aall Qe Yea 8 Gaal AKA) Ge anal! Lesa slvailh bua! 4 jo lh A Gosall besa a stil eat y SEY Gerad (gitlll Grail! Seed) JOS (GAS) 5 (SR) CHL Gd stl Gledl ha cho) ott RDU A gual Gaal jd gb Leaded) GLEAY! ao 8 tial! pasty Gus AGLI coolly dosscall gasll Jas. pill ye pce y deal GLE! eygie US das -aaall (ba lay stud bag) AISI y DU) Le pA ba jay Legs a 9 si Cus Lgl yest ag Gloill Ghel sj ge Gui ely eis GIN ual sel 8 egal oly self cjuill yaad (gb AB ogy gecall Gull Oli Se MSs sy seall Guill cli py cGudll Gligu Cle panes GLELY! Ayla: Guill Gal sa Lad gays Guill Cilia ie Ge Gary elke DELAY «GLY! ob ee gee OY penal Glee UY eh jl deal Yared cgi Real Atle Git) Ge ad Qu ily GY yond) Glas lated Gf Ol peal (pb Gara) y GSS pe yee GLE Yall ha Grewal ple alos Vated ag Ce aarely Aull US oe Cue sede Quis qgltil Gail) 6 Waal GRAY! act gh 12Capedill toa base GULL sold de Clic Gusti alll 3 Tear VSay pasa gh ppeSilly asa gl Lah «ASI pei) «lsh bob asi SY geal Glee od geal Ay ye Gaal ye ele} YL seal og ga I qeall Lyne cathy Lis Gel gl le Dal Wg sob gf gland Cun Aa gqll ABDLay anil 1a As saga sly (ISI) Ag Aygo Ol» Lit ey Cus SY gona Glas) 4p y gual GLY Quslull Guaill alley HY gonad Glas! go pe Gui elk eo ALS A LS Guo ad! Aas Glut) uaill jad: Yaa py LgSLGLy Qucell GHG c@oall dove dual ¢.gi amet: dal Ghee Gi Goel gad Judy & 3 bball Gle (3 Ay! sepa dae saad GY yan Cue ail: GUSH yuad JS (hss (ill Gy slall oy Lid Ghia of Le pal) AU GS Ssh ge Vey ede Guild plat cles AMA eat g0 1s Gye Laas Gs pysSll aanll Ves Gu yballl Yl Gans ne USS GUSH 638 gle Gleslall (8 SLY Stet Aakatal le alll ge He gy ygSa Sts of asi I asl GAY dab Ge LonS Jaga Gb a dd (th je Aus) 1aS y GAGS Naa od eed! 38) cefliat) sesi/s 2006gi) Quail Language of Propositional (lund) Gils de} Calculus Ay jah Aallly glatall ¢ page 1.1 AMS 36h Lenin’ Le Aned pec) Gilusl Cush LS Analaall Gast eilsy 4518 Aneill ods Lact UiYo sf Ulad pay Hat Vasil of Apad AWS yo Of Anak (polo S852 Latied Alte (Sty Agate pasta! Apaloal pading allhy afb Quill ods Lecla alas hal pairs ens: pp Abas; oll QDlad Lagi Apolaall ceclaally alld) padtaw Late cell Ayal ala J pea al oe ty Cy iad de gene | dnc gems Antil Ap ploall Abul 5 de seaall Anal candid ASL Gla wGleidl Aagill pod Apalad § Aesdtod) Gla J Aysil (Apsll) AalS cine Gf pall cout Annis Cilesball aust ill de pend SF SVlaat we wale ysl Al Gah yale Gall Gd olin ye CUES Ls Led Gad Raat tS (5 Laas Gall daily Glas) Od cl otudl ce Ke gape cot Anal! Gb May RY! I glut Ge Ali Cledde (ceadd GL SY Ld dad aud Ulan) «bli feat pod Ath idly demic gaa ng al qual Ye MS IY egg AT Ryley sh Magill posh ed Glas Gils $3) dagoue 15AEG Y Cilesial Cols 13) ALLS deat gaudy asi ya Qi dacill lst) Go SG Y dail Gauls 1 as 8h oyle J) aac Aasane da GS ltl Utell gb Glut de gens ea a YI Gb Guatll Sgo yy Ge YI cals 13 (1) -osadd) Ss> 995 Ua YI (2) +a Ue YI (3) Aatall (5 (3) 9 losdall DS oe! Stall <5 (2) 5 (1) ean HALLS dae GS cll Uthall (3 YL de yeas Aja GEN! Gb Guat de 355 GeV! culls 131 (1) -ja UY! (2) suet! Uso 55th ue JY! (3) Aga (gs (3) 5 Colas (ELS all 3 (2)_5 (1) Sail Cal gell ga Gbatall ogy Le ol easll ca yu Gall plall go Ghidll OS Leste at a gl Sola ye itt dactll ol Ue tiga) (de gall GIS IY fll dite gS dacilld AsLe Gaps Glad OS Hy Lagan AY SAY! Sil ff done deal) of lid spas CF DGS AMS Anil Foe Clade 9965 Leste all gh OG Gi sal ob Las tb Neh pbs Say Sal Gf Ste J Able apall 16plea! saa!) of le dls.us 835 DVS Sal fd Cony Ghia! P(N golly daeall cast Ga jul pA Ghia 45S yall Sal gb come col al ap US Wels Sell (3 o put any Sail Gl OSH Gf ARB by SUSAN lis ply Molwal Sass gl Aaa Gea cll gles) had Apt) 2a gf ge pb tly AY Lassa! GU pty dally SG pb Aled YALE Ge coe HSL gall OST QG Gd Lake Jal og; bop (3 Geled! cial gly Lgl die c pusll Mal EVA ok Leta Dal Gye Auld NSS y Ce gail Lyiey Ue Go pets (ly CH geil Liga y pladiinls Aibcall p shell ob cy slvitiall ald afb i Ils Site ask Gye a slell Se gill sei! pets sbi Hy ja gM alll Ady GY ally eGlaiell | yey Oy9S ph Abe JS Ags dal Lady YY Guy (dbaiall CaS sll eu st Sal Ge pall ga cSalill (mal) Lendl) (Ae gape WLI JUS, dill Ge sjele OS Aagill of Glasiall Uaail (GY) Cures Cums saeal Guus Uf (I) «geld seal weld Gree Ul ig’ sadcal Gua Ul (Q) 21976 cepted 3S yn edgta Shc SF Say aga tbl Gab lial) sed a? * Haack, S.- Philosophy of logics, Cambridge University Press, 1999, Ch. 1.«alll Glas gle Ji pts alll claw de J 5 Guna bl «yf ce ab shy Agata) Aallh Is Age 5 ce SSA Quid Legh lie yamall libs oot pend og sill SA Gi! () 4b bid eee OS Natal Sa Gj DS yy pe col) apie Mae Of lal Legs fs ae Lilie Qu Glands NYS Ge puuill (Sed) ut Ge cues Cues qjlaial) ALS 4 Jal 8 oll i) BLEYL agg gill USA Gadil Ghia Os ll dates CH OSS Say AES) loluers Aegis Coad 550) ap Zi ode ALdSiall oe Alggull oda y clylasd (aI YVAN! dane Gyo Gia bag eu 4s yo) Gal) Uaal yy WSS ras Cally Soh USy Agalell dad (68 Aisa MN Gone Mya dhuly Woe Wi yyy! (3 Ulisy! c Glial 4p sla Mga Ayuda! dalled! jlo dal Ge byy ne Anjos} VytS Cats WAY 7 5 yey a yae Guy LIS) stl Coal kal LS Ba o® Gall ype weal ype Uy wales! gal Ghidl Gees Sygate) BA Gaal Gye uel bey LAs 52 jee oils Poy geall Quid dls ills Al) AO wall sal * Copi, I. M.-Symbolic logyc,Macmillan publishing co.Inc.New York, 1979, P. 7 ? Susane K. Langer- An Introduction tosymbolic fogic, Dover pulication, 1976, P. 60. * John, N. And Dennis, R. - Logic, McGraw-Hill co., New York, 1988, P.15. 18Albsall tly ash gd pball tha Yo «hadi Sha Alaa ety weal Od) -AB=A,B, OB AIBIC) 5 ABC citbball 5.065 13) .2 -ArBiC) 9 ABC yitiiall Us + AB = A:By «od eB f 3a) da ya Clb Gaeall da 14.3 Chall Ss eB 5 all da po td Baal Qa ceral ily ABU by guall go ADU gaol ay yal Le of : tJgagll aladtuly Wala! L of K ols 13) K Lol 4 95 Gly Leash Css peill (Say 5p gual ode GL K Otnaill EIS axe Gh Lary .olosie Ly K oh ol ole dpe le Jaa Lusi Gell oe eal SAY ase Sid os Gaal sy ye old tle Y lod Cf ASS aa all y SLasiall GS 6 seeds cS sll Gait Led (aly Rab Aas (yfiesigy Bass 3 phd 9 DV shal 5 3 5 Sell 3 pealPropositions and Gllealls Luad) 2 1 Operations on Propositions baat} LB Hy gull Lssigl puslin duty Ghia (6 Lua a see Alea) Ugily Ausnill hee gs cay yet Gygay abi fg ginuall csi! Adal 52 asa gy GV! a sdie AUS J) Make G9 of Sy All 4 yl! | 13 (de Aad) Se Y 6 sal see hud 50S Adal 4s) seeall devale eleina OF J cots AU, 228 Gta of ABI ode (b ba AF gles Aad Gh f AMS Sg¥) Apa) TP Legis US Guo ind Jad Cys Gl} Gaail Jay) AladiGh ally ble gle Glued Qu yaks Al eal 2d Tass J gall Galas Sigh bead Gla! je elas Azad Le Auda gh Us pad col UEIYE G59 Ag 50 pl) Aalto AGM) oka pat AS Aut ya gl lel PAlVall Gailey pSigias 13S 5 Gull pail AS jo Guols (Abe) 49 Gued Ql} bball putt AS pa Apso Ld Acad tete oj ol hy Y (ol Anal 2 A all WLS 50 gaud g y8l Yad oll Let jad CS 1. Syntax ?~ Semantics 20Sagal Haat gs joy Yoaalll Gland da joy 4) Cy sil las WBYoy Ciysall olay (Fy T lac U) A, B, Cy. SS pl Goad, Gy YLaill Ge jal Aj, A, ..., Bi, Bz... AgsLuaill Function of Negation cgi! Aa 1.2.1 cole bane Aad (is a far Lyall le Laat Aleall (ga il WY GS Gy sSiy GUNS sUaed Aud! Cals 1) ddl G85 Aya’ al Whey] K Aaa: K Apcaill pil pe yas ditties sUaeall dusaill Cuts vi (Kh) 1 TK old Sued Keats 13) ttt Cy ill ele} geil Gl gal Aste K Cals 14 20S TK piety 4S K Cuts 13) 4ste event Last ye oY ca) sled cos day yd! All od (Ul) (] Ley wee Wels Saaly Awed gle yy al Ge pb lb Udy 7) jay soy Us2> «Garall Dylan ob Youll Gre ad AUS wid) Ge Lola) Unt) » od SSA le OS) TK Ganall K OB dae K cals 1Y 43 Uyaall Ge Gade T | F VK of aus K cals 1, 48S og TK Fut s\Goea ka gaat Ye Ca yay ISA y Asbo ATIF ) He pagal La tinny Gane pS OLN coe Ugg al Ke pane Cy s6Si ll NH a Gaia alla = + 21TH Ta ch 2 Grol) Alla Gy yd de sens ” at > (gud Ae ganall gi La tive Lil {TE} T > < Grall Ao Ye jueill GSy .{T\F} shbadl pf mays ps LS ode sgt WI Gey TE Cae T£)HaT LC) =F OsSa Tf Abad ys ill AU je IY cust Ghias Gl iy YY Ll dual uly Gre US (iil) Lee! gf HK Ug) 4S yall Apcalll Guo ded Brey dlls 1K Gre ded F Conjunctive Function duagl 4a 2.1.2 Apia pond Asti) Apcadlld cf 9) Jas) Alaa gs Ginn’ Calas 5 13) Ls (tal sto seal) dycill K Abul Wie) 13) ofall gals dhay Qube LE cA Adal gs (9) bY Gays (Argo SIS: (gle) April Vo gills KA L Se (Auge SI) ley shall Jala real) Abs (RAL Apzill GAS all Goncll) Ls K Oe US end .(L Ueay k) Ad shelly Ly K Ge ad le KAL Gio Ag8 aed GAS GY! Gui Hidhe Musa ops ((ga.g) ote y dsl ase a 2 osall) Hall Ayal Fydalll Ul gy thle (Giga) tl G&S rd Gsmaill Go IS GY ABUM AB glaall GY ds 45S gd (Aygal Ugas aye Uyo Usisl) sglttlh ay pall oLlac] WSs AIS (Ayal Ags Ud) Gas 22KAL 503 Ls K (dees) GE KAL dé ofpad Ly K GIS 1 Va od oy sisls Ly K Latdls Glslll GS 1) LB Adto AGUH Ab ghedl Ly GIA) dgbadl K jad ASS KAL pods AY! (G+ ABIL) (Sl) the GUUS ay pl dally Lend deol Ye yay wo yaad) 8 Geeagll iy yet anny GSary (ulld yo 85h) KAL | cpl) dapat (Say eer glh dnad Cy yc T t dhagl bball yo 23 cl F Jog: dale gilly My A Mz A...A My F n Fo [ge BS cu IY Wale GS A Mal i=l 7a 3 4] 7% 7a A717 30 Cala pbanall ys COBY) (cle Sarl y Ai shane CUS 13) LS 65 95 Adal My, Mzy..-)Mn AGUS Culd glaaall Ula yay deal Ape Ge Vote LE Udy A jeg gy 1 Ae geal) ie AMall ode iy pei Ae pene Gy) Gaee fe gone $f (TFY= (TF}x{TF}= (1,7), (TF), FT), (FP) AATF} de gene) se Us pies Lal ¢ TT, TF, FT, FF Geol) ad GUM. AMlal W5o) 13) oltsl Lbasall Abul gods Gacall Aa Ge juxdll oSay TO SSBAL Abad gs ee sll +AL(T,T) =T, Af (T.F)=F, Af (F,T) = F, Af (F, F)=F 23Wa gia AY eels dyad ally Gare AUS Gras! ylicl yf YES jo Ge dad Ma pew aly KA L Gre ded aust Qbis “LsK Disjunctive Function uci! 42 3.2.1 Galle Cusine Ape gall Glial (68 padty (si) Lad cle NS N53} ise AS pall Aucaill sie 2(Tatall se sUiall) cine (I Aiahie Led GS yall Cysts) (gas) EY) Gas} GIS NY Gale TS yall Ayal) sat Poti sbiall) (pine (2 Uhaal gi AMM ode (6b LMS Cyul GS y AdalLe Lgl CyfiS yall Gtcaill (ate sh eCaS Luatal 138) Gace 2 (gl) a pa 1... ghd) gle GUIS 13) Mitkas (9S ode ail Spat Gf plill ye altel pee (gd Bh eCAS Sahil Se GIS HY ch dale Ld GtsS pall Gmail gas} JVI + Inclusive 2. Exclusive 24Baz COS 13) LH LUIS Gadd QySry wiley eS HLAMS J abe (ners e0iS xe Spat) GIS IY csh equtsils Loldls GIRS pal (ilsie sf Lies 6 shun sess) dull 4 (sf) Led yt pad 1 Ll Gas} lS WY Abbe ji Anaill ode cfd (lil! atid) JAY) ied J Cfibse Las GES poll Cus 1) SIS yy UNS GAS pal deal Gass Whe cplih alia! had ye ulldS just (a) Le) Al) ss aed eam yo sey yaa col candy pb be 7 punall ol clad toe Lol (V) atl jab aid) eal So yy ep sleall eaill tli) atti tell saad ali jue lial aad go elect LS) Lay VAL jap il laa cs gage aad s LytAsl Gf LS pti ue eal) 4a (gint'y aad ducal eal Aaah gb GAS ah Ge US gen Aaja ll Wis dds gle Abs! Cablgsell gb Lagann y (Sey alll 528 y pill atid) had Cig psd UU pucaiall od "77 Ow rn sam ale 4 a ocul Adal yy (Gf GIS 1) Lt W je ly (L ca K wet KL (KL) JSAN cle WARS (Sey Apa ods Gf (> jell AL esta K) $ (LOB K GS 13) sity Ly K Gt (Gab) js L cl lS bya K of eit alts. tell asad L Ud pall K Genny US gray Se (Ke ll) K ol goss bot Ly(L ae GH) (che) 5h gue y uly deb ph duns JSS le Ly sib Ayal dis jue gl a jell castes Lod ou (al) Quays (WIS 1B) any Ha ual eel GSAN Ne Op LNG Aaa peal Gu glee y Lasis Ai pall bed ey eee Al JSD peasy La juall Ye 27RNS GIS hey Mabe Ab pill dual GS (ae Gat ie all K > L pasta be Lille Azo gall Blaal) of Galadtl ais (ye Dasias Bog ete Lil qs 58h bole -K Aualll Ge ett L Quail of dis Ge Agke 2 Anca IS 5 pale Gye Aue De aga g cole Ae gall Les plaall ste AM abe yA blz Gl Hel seas Laale (gs 3st G4 = 2 +2 ISI (1 seas Aemale (oo hes Gl = 2 + 2 GIS 1H (2 sees Lewale (8 3 ali ol 4 x 2 +2 GIS 1 (3 spas duale gs Gha G4 #2 +2 oS 1H (4 Ce Lebel 5a at! LEIS Lins Gyuel Ie USI y Cure pany cine Gy gad Apical @ Nall ginal ye VY gah 8) (gh (all Guall clya shi deny Aged (ye AL be Ape Gf ppb Ve Gy Aesth ball od ub 2) SSL G36 L gb Mstee K cals 1 acl date Ge 18 Gt SK sal AMS Ly Misha K cals IY col Actual) AL (8 Le) Let date CB H3Say LSS GSS L gi K Oa) Ol Uslll jy Mat pb dipes dal Gey AHS Ly disba K os Late 446 Se Ko L cee sly AUS K YS Lie KL Sl gyal KL Guo AC Gg bill of (K) Ge ABCD ebosil ofS 15) Agualll pasa alld ABCD 1 5bi of Stil (Sa Mb LUIS K Gals 13) -((L) Glackie BD Fal gby paella Lead Legis Sih Se Y LS -gyrckie GUS 28aaleis le thi Sly Clive Cuyd GLely ans AM ag ee gp LSy KL ite Ge fy Mabe Ly M6 K ed Go dle ang al gl ail cl boas Coad We Uaily Slee Coad Ghely apg Alls Adsl Ale KL lich Gp sry GUS Ly US K Led GS ill aay OSS K > L Aah pt Auch of cls Ue Geol alt alt jek fey ARIS K G9 Laric Aisle Lela Apel Gone ab BLY Ae gall shall Ye 8) Gace gf Ye hei clus GES GY oWASy Ba cg ph LS 5 yuSll Uytnesl Guy dab tll OB GAY! gay Ab yl Aycall Ga je pedll gl) ays Ghia! Galo hg WIA Log Libis agile gta (ade Ape ata Ul GLY! Gd ei 1) ul aul Ul, xy ZH) Bh ads KL pl jal Ut le 2 sll Ibe Ge oui ol Se H ((L) ee Ast Ge pli GAN) s pail we ((K) GLY! GN! 14) Gah GY! ttl call Gyo Asal liad Gay Wala K of gl ulae¥t od wat cA’ (1 KL Joes (a) Gs FMS Os Ub o& Qf Abe L Absa ANS L cAzaglt alia ol Gly We K Of gael gf aad GI (2 ASK L oF gl (5S) ose 59 all gl Gs ol Ulett oda (8 29Ms! Ge Adobe L Asal abil Gly L168 K Gl osl eat al wal (3 ABLE KL of gl clas or 93 ody S L Asal atic ol cay ASK Gh al Glue Gd wou ol vl (4 Able KL tose gs 685 of all gil Ga AIS HE OS) ASEAYI ya Uf odlel oli ygl Le Use YI lay gyal Leste LB LIS 5 KL SAY ob stall Ge Guts olisl Sau Male GS KL ASL CYL ay AUIS Ly We K (gated) pl 5a!) aul al SAY! Ibe ele! le sala! cs ya ail K L | KL | dose -iS hd, > bd ey T T Fe yenes Alla ay pl gh! Guo TYR) F tage Wall Ga Fi T T {T,F}= {T.F}x {TF} FF T ={(T,7), (TF), (FT), (FLF)} HAT,F} Ae ganall ged Us Sue Ld oda Gauall Alla Ge puseill (Say TE Cue chbidl Qd mange gt LS eal Stal Wad ja yp 30bu LS TE AjBAYI Ul Ge ppt! Lise TEC.) =T, TE(T.F)= F, Tf (FT) =T, TF, F)=T Wal (hy WY deals dual lly Gare las pl sha! Slee! of “La K WBS yo Gave ed Ue ely KL Gave ded aut Ghins ey K Gao pl gle LB ui KL Gus ad uff asl soley sL Gua Biconditional Function ltt al Sta Asa 5.2.1 13) Lai 1S) geal oo iI she Oss ABCD gel yll) 14S pall Aust Anaad cl clos yo Cals 1Y AdsLe gS (BC = ADs CD = AB GS CD = AB) 4usills (K) gral wilse os ABCD clo) OHS Lalls J} life Lalils ((L) BC = AD 5 Ads 13) Lat Legian bg K Gieted (ye 4 gStall 45 pall Aue wee Se Ko L hal gy Ad Segay Alt AI SRAY Gand (GIS 1 + SU pl SAY) Gane yan Hey (GIS 1 LH HY) Ge > EI KL | Obs yu dy oel 45 yal Aull Gl ys oy K/L [* TTT [tbl tS IS) teieSletall ystia_pall TIF F | CD =AB of gal gjls ABCD FIT F CD = AB of I), (BC = ADs FF T og ABCD cho ot BC = ADs (eres og Sse 31VQ) SAM gle Ly Sey GuSletall Gytia all Gf 18a. + N3Sa 05 Jad s ott plaaael (KO L ols 1d) 5 (L of KalS (KL) A(L>K) ASbAY) 5 0s hash Amad of ols oie! Gauls ghins Agralls Aunt ginal bag Ob gl lgadi Gorell af Legh KO L tl wold MS Cay K] LI] K>oLI/L5K “lok KOL TIT) T T T T tlrl F T F F F/T] + F F F FilF| T T T T lia A os Ail) COIS 13) Deby LY sant, Ll le 9 SA, B,C, tal Coll B Gas B GWA Gye itludl & same GLC oll Cagay (AL pl SBAY) Gua Uys LS Lat oo Last eu tA AM al) ay px Ae genes Atle {TLF}?= (TF }x{TF}= {(1,1), (LF), (FT), FP} ode Garall Ua Qe juxill Ghar {TF} de ganall 5¢4 Le ius Ld woal Gaal Lhas dbus 32OSS T f Abad 5: SUA al SHUNT allal bj 1 - Tf (7,1) =T, TECTLF)= F, DER.) =F, DEF, F)=T coy AY Acals Ayeah alley Gre US ALO al shun sisel of K BS ye Guia dad pee dy K OL Ge dad gost Ghis Ll K Ge aS gle LB aad Keo L due af ol ss! takes Ly +L Gra ads Stroke (Non- (Seas! coli) culad Ats 6 -2.1 Conjunctive) Function SeY Ua) LAW placa lds cyinad ye AS yo Aund 4 55 Va ayers (L) Ab Sores (Least i) sh (aw) ay Gilly (..-¥ wolist Jydal! Zul y Ja)! K ] LY KIL fos KIL od dosed oe cae T | T FoYLs K cals 13 ba ass TPF] Tb | coset Sab ithe Les pyle Fi] r| ot ; F F t ans Calle acai sles 44%, oa real 33ual lls seal gl Lf) teas ib day alasinls Sued ofS 92 Ob CS Y 4k aii Quail ode (cls 485 vay Y seal gh sh one Geog ogi Awad Gf Cag Cadi (gb cle tly sayy lane Lib asl te} GES pall Ghpaill Gre Ula 6 16 OG yr hag! (gid ated Gare Jyte otal Ua, | List paw tog’ GMlall Cay yeh Fe game la AT,F}?= {T,F}x{T,F}= {(7,T), (TF), (F,T), (FLF)} 23h Gacall Ula ye juxtll Sa {TF} de gonad 548 Ls pfs Ll wea gl oid al [Pf jay Cue colisl Gorell bbss dau! 5: US [f dag it Ulal ge just Ly tk apt, [er =T, 1f, R=T | ¢(T,T) =F dls Gua US Qa gb tel ol aps gbis th je ay dak dal cag gl Bylnay Ly K UetiS ps Gina Led Mee alld KIL Gre Aad -L Ge aby K Ge aS de LB ade KIL Gus ad ob 34Joint-Denial (Non- —— (Juaill ci) el ficial cell 437 22.1 Disjunctive) Function (Yge¥) blo plasiul olay gia Ge US pe Maal gS Adal 52 al jl tae Cayesy (LY) I joys (Adal ill) Gog Gills sols Jgaall [x L] Ket Joss KYL od dps oe on aE TE css Ly K cas 1 Sib t= TP] FY a geiy cutis Qin Salt sdthe FUT F TAs Acai) Lag be F | F T say Yo dealy lane Ut Gad rol els Ay ONS Loge SH Gill Ghacadl Cals 13) LH Adsle ¢y SS Ancol ole Cay deal) di Aunt Gre Jyte LAU Ub Lb bit poy tgg Alall aed Ae gene dla ATF} (T,F}x{T,F}= {(7,7), (1,P), (FT), OF} ode Gaall Wa Ge jusill Se {TF} de yepall sed Le pfs Ld volt Guall bse huts tgSab Lf Aba ge Seed (83 ANA boy 13) eh Sltet of LE (7,7) =F, LE CTP)= F, Lf (FT) = F, Ue (F, F) =T Ag anes Gbus Gl Qi ay Lats Qual Ly gare WS Gaal egal shes Ls K UGS po Guo ded re uly KEL Gane 35+L Gace ay K ee pd gle Leif ates KYL Gane pd fd Usbey ab ol ogee bg [cabal ge dS aladial ltt ase Gf ble east Lil Lb | Abul gy KL UGS Ga 1 Dead algal aca (KEK) 4 (LIQ LLY Dd (KL RQ LLY LY (LLL) laa) heed 4a pet Aaa 3.1 of opt Aol pI Aad) joey Gd x, y, 2 Gaszall pad bell ge jualll +, =x, + Sys) pad GIS goal) GI eid ually .oaea go Le col} Ady Le Mili! cgay + ja id alae YI (le Cag yall MS pb OS Gad Oy Gye tl ods Gad daa Gos WAG BLS Sle genall Ge gull Sle gapall Ahi 3 A, B,C... had stile genall (le Shbell ge uel A, U, ... Jgeull psdtady dls odes ill do peaall ae dind cl do goal eb ie jl sh OM Syl ode. 5 yell Ait (oll Analy Say 36Lag gall Ulsnlll Glas dal gd Cul hy hie eg gh bts JSS olay tyie CHESS Gilly Al, An... UbYas Lay yall odes A, B,C... Jal Sal 8 QS Aslandll Cl yet Ye pysill Alea) Cay JS pho Lasly LAL V, >, bisa Sper ce obs Ajo Be gone Yeni Glee 4 iad gf gba Lily -queailll )e(onl {A,B At, Azur LA, Vi CF PUIG 5 gat Fe gene 8 P jo gly Alina Cl pki j ya) de gonad joy 19 Heats Ube Glas 550) PU{LAYV. 2.0} UG Ce LegDGAY Lesa gl de gene Gb), ( Cael) Ley OLB AY Coie penal Syntax (Grammer) of languge 434 (9) us 4 for prepositional calculus Lu sat) Glaus (Gea ety 1 (4854) lade BS) Gl juss gle ASL! Cl pit Gs Les all 3 SSA (de cls y bay tl alas alld y dS Ge JS Gi Say TK, KAL, KVK,K OL, KOL Fie Sli al Stal cal jth «Jaed «Shay tc thee " Cori, R. Mathematical Logic, Oxford University Press, 2000. 37oy IKAL (KAL) VMK OL)AM, (KOOL) 9M Leste Jad ES) Sly le Spall 38M) obs Ge Lik; 48 ph Al Adana CIS of gar Cl pusill obec 18a yg 2S jpop de gad ely 201d Abul ys Got He Asall agede GQ) lime Gjreuie baine a gid ell LLet Glas gb Quali oly LES oud QS Qual! + BY g dad golly Cl yall ob Lay yoy sLuaill (glyas Gy yall odes 0,8,7,5,.-. Stiga) Gay jad pads Ch ges OL dapall pastns Wed deme AI Ge secill oy, O2...,B1, Bo... t vast A BS(K OL) M asc By « K denall uo pil 4 (503) S85 A hei bi oi (KOOL) 9 MAK Adel 52 lls Glial Glas Gee dyed be Chad 4s gl Lhe) Glee Sophy dual eld SIGN ac salt Aisa OSs agile pate JS (1) (fame B so cals 13 (2) Rane iS ily lee IS GS ‘Ta, (aA B), (a VB), (a > B), (a © BY we GV 5523) Ga al at yl (3) Gus JG Abad gy Abyaall Gall Gye 4S yall Gamal Cy 9S stems Ly K oh op (1) Seti Abul gs Wad 18s 5 .(2) sacle! Abas: Gly Aime (K AL) of (2) src Gauls laa ge iy Socldl) Abt gs ab 8) SS Aine (KAL) O59 Leva (2) sae tal 38Byeg Aenea TK 38 (2) Saclill Raul gy callillss dtue K 3S (1) Jey Vilsaly Myce quia) dine 7] 1K 5% (2) dbuly sal Aane G9 T1T111K old ads (G38 gill sally ill Aaj Ml anh led JSa 32 US (i be its (2) saci g| bods OO G35 Cilbally Leal Saas (> > eV oA that ash esl) Sut OS) Aine Coad K ATL Leip Stee (K ATL) he (5S 1Say ol SY BiB 8 Og Y Rauall gd Sl eek US pens UY Oo 55 Bias Hi yb (isd Say dopey isl depall cies chal Loy pe a of colt g dy pte Ue (8 bhal de lll Gol ga! Lau y cand GH Kael ly acl Ge agli! gs ds jb) Ul gy! s((K @ L) > M) Ge Lea ye (K © L) > M Sind 1388 9 24 UB 2y sya obs y 0,875... Antillas sall of ll tt ce Ley (LUE les 4a!) Atul Aa) Gye Cuul O11, 2.81, Bo... Wpbaadll Gees Ad C35 (CN Aa (gay cba Glee dat el yy Le O38 GY 592s) lS Ge Susi Go USS oDhel RUM set sill of awe Sty Y gill alti ee ide “KV (LOK IK OAL Aine ig ¥ hy Lea 5 gah coe at US 1 _ Metalanguage. 39Site (cy sal Saal Akuaall) clos yyotdng Aibbial Yo p88 seal! Gal yo gad olead! gill (Anal!) Aine he Y sills dine dhe gil jst at Ge Guill ol ASS gh gall seh B cae Lal) eats LIS Ga Gill ley ese 0 YI) is gies bed Goad cll ay yall tS lea dy pel) Lied Ss Leal Gd Gotll A type i of Ube! Gays (oS rel Go Hl Bay Quid Uy Ata A gd inal Aagne Claally (inal Glad) (ob Rane Sig Y (gl aul y Mien Sha gill still gay Tree of Formula dewall Syed 5 Apleadlh Sl yall Go Genel ells 4S 2305 Gall ol scl sf gf ASLaadll Oh ysl (yo WU Fae ISS (6 pad) oly cabin els (KL) V (KAM) 1M) Adgeall 5 pad (cites te 4 (KL) V((KAM)—> 1M) 1. aN 5 3 K A a) - Z——0 5a>0 clbab>0 YS IY (8 -b>0 ga<0 J b<0 ya>0 gBab<0 GIS 14 (9 e<=b QS 19 bis b1K (2 K>L(t (K2M)V(IM>L) (5 (KVL) M (4 HYMAN Qual Ge US Gare dye itl (¢) (KVL) > (LVK) (2 WkK=«K(I (K>L)ATL (4 (KVL) > (IKAIL) (3 (K-(L-»M))}((KAL)>M) (6 KL (lk vb (5 taal ad add Leg AW) Geeall Oe & 95 US ol Ow (4) VKAL.AKVIL) (3) KALLAK(2 11K.K(I KL, VKVL(5 TKVL,AKAT) (4 K>(L>M) (KAL) 9M (6 42GBA oyna Go WS Bat etl (2) T(KAL)V(M>L) AK @(LV 1M) (2. (KAL) 91K (1 FI YLadll ge yd M aL «K OS (3) oi xe 9M 20=4x6:L 8=2K col Lei Boa WIS gf Hse Gltth gull ge JS Cals LY Legh ote gah Aa MK VIJAM (36 IL 1K (¢+ LAM(ae 1KVIL (I as QS AM Gncell oly i} Ge AS of Garall dla plstal os» (J) + Guall ad 1K, KVR) (i (KAL) (KYR)Y LLL) (G 1K, IK) (¢ Kv KIKI LIL) (2 bhad Ge Oluai Ny M 4 Mise List ye dai L 5K oft (C) WANS 2 Aga Qual ye US Guo igi oe TK A KLvM) (46 |v M3 «Ky M(L (2. TK (1 T@vM) > N(66 INV (kK Al v Ms TKAL @ (Kv ILS « Kel>loKy7 43Rese Ties oly Les US GIS 1 Lad ane egavall oly ach lastly (I) wll! ata y Leni Giles (6d TK VL) (5« Kv Lb) (4« KLG« IK 2. TKO KLM (8« (K) OL) (7 « 1KKA IL (6 44cellit) Jucail Natural Deduction of Ghul tub) glitiwy propositional calcalus . Luni! pball Ali 4B gh ye 8 Game Geely Gas clic) Le ail Azle Ag Sal Gyles od Gopadll day gles callll le poh tl seals jaa) Obs ye cob Cue ll Ais gh tt Gail 7 Say hall y Ul (GAY! sch d Gye de pene Ge BLE Qauhll - BEY! 4b “aSf Ah ay Gomall olay psede sed led cg Sal spiel ANY Me sal G58 Gopeall Gls all ave Ce Gisill (Sad) Yad a Le Vas y LIYD Cy gS sof gill ods GLY) OSIy «la pall Nae 68 ALI all 5 po pI aly Ay gall cusloal chsh Lund Ga yaks Ube AGT Gusdll (9b Aine seseiall Ves Ab pall Gy lel pen dvall eigi 1.2 Tautology Asi Faull 1 Grad od qua dal Ga Ube ails 1 AG dimall YS Alcoa (gil pria 1aSecll KV IK TR ATK) 2308 G3 OIE otinall Yo JS ide "Syntactic 45K] 1k] KVIKT Talk T 4 7 4 FUT T T Fhe gy (KA TK) KV 1K oS oh adysal) Go Oat Mane Led VSa5 K suai beets Ue) Gall oS qual “LS Ghia gb Gets gills gosh pall CULM Gil yaad KV TK Signal bh US (eal S12) gost ANN Azawall Lol WIG byl 2 Cady Als gh Addl Aycalll (yt Y Apa! of cle Gab gills Lailiill pre 4 sli bale padi 1(K AK) CS abd AAMC, Gals OS Gf Sy Contradiction Aube dial) 2 Gra) ad auen dal Ge UNS GIS IY Linde all caat Agleaill YI pitied Sell a=l(K VL) O(LVK)) sAcailite 4g Sewell ste K]|L {KVL (KVL) eo (LVK) a T/T T T F T |) F T T F FLT T T F FF F T F 468 qual 486 5 1K VL) 2 (LV K)) ol distal Ge ont Acie Gane Uell gl Astkadll Uy etal Sed) Gull Contingency Aut jel) Aewall 3 CME & gh aa gy AL Lili) Guay LGN deal ll MLEYL a shal) Gamal cay Aaabliin Vy A JSS Cone ot sills Qemall Ye Gell 8 Gan dal gs dithe Gus I Aa te dene) Gad Al pd dal ye GUS, Aslandll Ul pti ical (KVL)->M the gle Ast Senco: lbs Kk | ulm] Kyte | KVLD>M TTT] T T T tr] Tv] Fr T F Til F lt T T T) Pe T F ri tlt T T ry} TF T F Pi] F|T F T FLFIP F T Grell od vad dbbe SK VL)» Mob otal Oo ont +68) all GUUS, AsLaalll (SI wud AG ph ods joni y Gauall Syloa UES os jsh db JS3s Gig Aly hall obs cata ys olth hall Jaded Guall Jsloa 4408 ale Sent (KD) ATL) > 1K Aapeall Gare Syae ght tothe 47(l]>|Hlal li yloi ii xk T/T/T/FlrelTt|T{|Fl + TPFPFlFi/tT TTF] T F{/T/T|FlF T/T| F {|| Fi T{[F/T{/Ttl]/Fltl{ti F (1) | (5) li (8) | (6) | G)} 9) |) TAG ot shal Cuan Syaall Lisl ob ff daa Bac (oy Asha! Gl peially Lola Guall ad sacl ela sy) (4) <3) «(2) (1) co} Seal) Ge Gee! Ulead Lalis 5) eolall Gaal ad saseh eLtal 118 0 shy Cus ch ((5) asenll) It gs > Ll 5S) Atal ode 5 quell ((7)5 (6) hoger) ai) te GYIall gl VI gly B28 AN AAU BBY! Ly lb Lala Garo ad Uyap oliy} 8 Game aS Ua Coe caus) dla Gl Geet) lad) Ge elu) Ws y eltaly Jyaall US tasty «((8) aged!) Thy (K > L) On A LAL! ce a Gl ((9) aye) > gay dle aaah Gell Lys! Ata: gle TK 5 eyhu Ge (KL) A IL) 3 Ld ogee hy Gall Upto Gd galt aged) of Bou egltlyy Lid T Gaull 48 gle os soy (et LI 3) Qala! ASS Aine gs al Gi tlhe dena ol 48(cits) Adlets (Gi) Added 2 .2 OV! psig GLeal guy (gti) SDL (4.2.1) 3a) gb Lae Gall On td yd elo Kane ao P GY B deol eta deal ye oh Ug => PAS B aia Ge UL Lay ounilly AILS Ke L.KoOLsKVLKAL # 4st dual! ay 5 Salt rite + git Jae oll K/L | KeL K>L KVL KAL T|T T T T T TIF F F T F F/T F T T F F|F T T F F AsLe KL Of Hla kK ob cols 1 al Sysall Ge Cush Fane tol ol Leta Able oS (K © L) > (KK > L) oli 1Say Leal col tel UE KL SS KOOL oe al Jol USy dy 4S KVL G83 2 casa gle at Jyrll oo aid KAL GK VL A NGS cual (KVL) (KAL) ob MSey AS KA L Sly Able Y Keak Ge td Sgall oe ou KAL 2h Y KVL Ge atl sity -KAL G@YKOL y AS, KVL eis wold Jad) Sib st fF oSmad ge dead eit gf WE Guay 49tOteaall Ge oa eM Ge uedll Uya 5st a YI cals 14 (1 Jj soe) Us 555 va Yl (2 oat Ga NI a ycaill git ab Us ce dated) Ge sae cal ol (4) ADL a sede pues OY sie egal ay psa SMS IY cy, G2, 2, On deal Ge SiS BP dene Gh Jw Lge BUS HY eld SSE: Ay 1S dare (a) A a2 ...Adn)> B cipal) G2 AMS Fe gone Go gb Kil JS OY ahs K > Ls TL Otte Ge et TK depot Jt Ag S Aenea (K> L) ATL) 91K > B CAE NY (GU Led I) B LS a Mell ob dt AP AS by jey AIS deme Fane (KATO T (KL) oY 1(K > L) tal K ATL Aeqeell rdtin 2 SHAD Ade Gay (ll Syapll 2 I Ss K LI Koc [1K >] KATL | (Kat) @ KA TL) T T F F T T|FL F T T T F|T| T F F T F/F|] T F F T 50SOG gate pall olay OY! galstns 1A ju + BiS> oy 501 => By Ob (yiieme on, Br) on <> By BIS Ny da ay die ad I sl ALS Aine a By Oar Br ol le Fytleaill CI yall L262! Gasall ad geen dal oo Br Gre ad ysl ily LG dene a> Br dy Hay Br 9 cr ool! HS Bre e901 = Br Gs ry BAS Be Broa Prec wer) oy > Br GE By => paso => By Cals 13) sll Gla pull Silas Gla pal Agrument Form = and a CBs deal a 3.2 Proving its Validity Fate cau Lalas) deal Ge Agits de pene Gt Aaall type Chadds (aud GS y Geel ye Alte Qa Fast tyme Sb dg ol Udy ullis Aa (8 Cty g Caleta (68 01, 25. -sOlnet CMD © O15 Clay. -o9 On Gi Os Latie Hole dasa) Cals 13) dasaie dna by po 9S lish ANS Bae or A a2 ALA Op) > B Gh Jf Aisle Clara) 4(B Gian clea say Ge 1H) oy Aon A.A => B St