General Certificate of Secondary Education

Welsh Joint Education Committee and OCR

(former Midland Examining Group) syllabus

GEOGRAPHY SYLLABUS B (Avery Hill) 1987/2

PAPER 2 HIGHER TIER
SPECIMEN PAPER FOR JUNE 2003 1 hour 30 minutes

Additional materials:
OS Map Extract (1987/M) Scale: 1 : 50 000
Resource Sheet (1987/1/2/RS)
Answer Paper

TIME 1 hour 30 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Write your name, Centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of the separate
Answer Paper.
This question paper is in three sections (Sections A, B and C). Each section contains two questions.
Answer only one question from each section.
Answer all parts of the question on your Answer Paper. Make sure each answer is clearly numbered.
Begin each question on a new page of your Answer Paper.
At the end of the examination complete the grid on your Answer Paper.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

You are strongly advised to read through each section carefully before answering a question. The
number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
Credit will be given for relevant use of sketch maps and diagrams.
You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in answers.

This question paper consists of 19 printed pages and 1 blank page.

SB (KN) 35574/3
© OCR 2003 [Turn over
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SECTION A

CLIMATE, THE ENVIRONMENT AND PEOPLE

Answer EITHER Question A1 OR Question A2.

Question A1

(a) Study the weather map below. It shows a depression (low pressure weather system) over the
east coast of North America in 1993. It also shows the locations of weather stations A and B.

West
Virginia
Virginia

964
North
Carolina Y

B
South
USA Carolina 972 1
A
-8

0
98 Atlantic
X Ocean
Georgia
8
98
6
99

Florida
Gulf of
Mexico
10
04

0 km 250
Weather map for 13th March 1993

Source: based on data provided by the United States Weather Service

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Weather map symbols

CLOUD PRECIPITATION WIND
Symbol Cloud Symbol Precipitation Symbol Wind
amount speed
(oktas) (knots)
0 Drizzle Calm
1 or less Rain and
2 drizzle 1-2
3 Rain 3-7
4 Rain and
5 snow 8-12
6 Snow
7 13-17
8 18-22
For each
additional
half-feather
add 5 knots
Station model Pressure
Cloud cover 992
Temperature 4 Isobars are drawn
(°C) at intervals of
4 mb
Precipitation Wind speed
and direction

Warm front Cold front

(i) Describe the location of:

• the centre of low pressure;

• the warm front;

• the cold front. [3]

(ii) Describe four features of the weather at weather station A. Use the key to help. [2]

(iii) Give three ways in which the weather at weather station B is different from the weather
you have described at weather station A. [3]

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(b) Study the diagram below. It shows a cross-section from X to Y through the depression.

Cold
front
Direction of weather system movement

Warm
Cold air front
Warm Air
Weather Weather
Station Station Cold
A B air

X Km Y
0 250 500 750 1000

Key
Snow Drizzle Rain Cloud

Use the diagram and map to:

(i) describe the location of weather station A and weather station B; [2]

(ii) explain the differences between the weather at station A and station B. [4]

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(c) Look at the map below. It shows the route of the depression between 12th and 14th March
1993.

Canada 14th March a.m.

Record low temperature
in east USA and south of
Canada Canada
New York
State 12 metre high waves at sea
Lake 14th a.m.
Ontario 963

Lake
New York
Pennsylvania
Erie
13th March p.m.
Heavy snow 1 metre deep
Winds at 80 kph
13th p.m.
USA 964

Virginia 13th March p.m.

13th a.m. High tides and freezing
967 temperatures
North
Carolina Atlantic
South Ocean
Carolina

Georgia
13th-15th March
13th a.m. Giant waves Route of depression
973 at sea
13th a.m. Date and pressure
N 973 (millibars)
state boundaries
international boundaries
Gulf of
Flo

Mexico 12th p.m. 0 km 250

rid

989
a

13th March a.m.

Position of low Thunderstorms and
pressure centre on tornadoes
12th March 1993

Source: based on continuous satellite images (NASA)

(i) Describe the route of the centre of the depression between 12th and 14th March. [1]
(ii) Use evidence from the map to describe how the pressure at the centre of the
depression changed between 12th and 14th March. [2]
(iii) Explain how the extreme weather events labelled on the map could have affected
people and environments. [5]

(d) CASE STUDY: A type of climate and its effects on people and the environment.

(i) Name and locate a type of climate you have studied.

(ii) Describe the main features of the climate type.
(iii) Explain how it affects or has affected people and the environment. [8]
Total mark 30
End of Question A1

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Answer EITHER Question A1 OR Question A2.

Question A2

The distribution of major world ecosystems (biomes)

Tropic of Cancer

Equator

Tropic of Capricorn

Location of Pitea (Sweden)

Key: Source: World Vegetation map (Internet)

Arctic tundra Deciduous forest Tropical rain

and mountains and scrub forest
Coniferous Grassland Desert
forest

(a) Study the world map above. It shows the distribution of major ecosystems (biomes).

Describe the distribution of coniferous forest. [2]

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(b) Study the climate graph and information below. It is for the town of Pitea which is in Sweden.
Pitea is located on the world map opposite.

A climate graph for Pitea in Sweden

15 15

Temperature (°C) 10 10

5 5

0 0

-5 -5
Precipitation (mm)

Total precipitation = 600 millimetres

100 100

50 50

J F M A M J J A S O N D
Growing season temperatures above 6°C

Coniferous trees grow well around Pitea. They have

thin needles and a thick bark. They use cones for
spreading seeds and have long roots.
Their tall, thin shape is also an advantage.

(i) Describe how the temperature changes through the year at Pitea. [2]

(ii) Explain how temperature changes affect the growing season near Pitea. [2]

(iii) Give two reasons to explain how coniferous trees have adapted to grow in this type of
climate. [4]

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;;;;
;;;
(c) Study the map below. It shows the distribution of acid rain over Scandinavia. Acid rain is
measured using the pH scale.

;;;;
;;;
Acid rain over Scandinavia
(numbers show the pH)
N 0 200 400km 5.0

4.8 4.7
Pitea
4.5

;;;
;;;;;;;
;;
; ;;
4.2 Finland
Sweden
4.4
4.5 Norway
4.0 4.5

;;;
;;
;
g
d ilin

4.8
w eva
Pr

Denmark
in

4.2

;;
United
Kingdom 4.5

Scandinavia = Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark

Key:
Net importers of acid rain
Net exporters of acid rain

(i) Why is acid rain an issue of international concern? [1]

(ii) Scandinavia is a ‘net importer’ of acid rain. What is meant by this? [1]

(iii) Study the map above and the diagram below. Explain how the United Kingdom (UK)
may cause acid rain in Scandinavia. [4]

How the United Kingdom causes acid rain in Scandinavia

Prevailing wind

Acid rain
Sulphur and nitrogen
emissions

Lake
North Sea

UNITED KINGDOM SCANDINAVIA

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(d) Study the diagram below. It shows a food web for the ecosystem near Pitea.

A food web for the area around Pitea

Secondary Lynx Arctic fox Snowy owl Arctic wolf Woodpecker

and tertiary
consumers
Arctic hare Lemming Reindeer Crossbill Insects
Primary
consumers

Producers Moss, lichen Coniferous trees Shrubs

& grasses

Decomposers

(i) What is meant by the term ‘a sustainable ecosystem’? [2]

(ii) Suggest how acid rain may be making this ecosystem near Pitea unsustainable. [4]

(e) CASE STUDY: The sustainable management of an ecosystem.

(i) Name and locate an ecosystem you have studied.

(ii) Describe how the ecosystem has been managed for sustainability.

(iii) Explain how successful this management has been. [8]

Total mark 30

End of Question A2

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SECTION B

WATER, LANDFORMS AND PEOPLE

Answer EITHER Question B3 OR Question B4.

Question B3

(a) Study the diagram below. It shows part of a drainage basin.

;;;;
Cloud

Condensation
Transpiration
Precipitation

;;;;
Evaporation

;;;;;;;;
Infiltration
Soil

(i)
Ground water
flow
River
channel

Name two stores and two flows from the diagram.

Throughflow
Rocks

[2]

(ii) Explain how the cutting down of the trees may affect the water cycle. [3]

(b) Study the map on the separate Resource Sheet. It shows an area of China which
flooded in 1997.

(i) Describe the locations of the areas that were flooded. [2]

(ii) Suggest two reasons for the flooding. Use evidence from the map to help. [4]

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(c) Study the flood hydrograph below. It shows rainfall and river flow at Harbin City which is
located on the map.

River discharge in cubic metres per second (cumecs)

40
Peak 1 Peak 2

30
Level above which river will flood

20

10

0
Rainfall in millimetres
100 Peak 1

80 Peak 2

60

40

20

0
11th 13th 15th 17th 19th 21th 23th 25th 27th
Rainfall and river flow at Harbin City, July 1997

(i) Describe the pattern of river discharge shown by the graph. [3]

(ii) Suggest reasons for the time lag between the peaks of rainfall and river discharge. [4]

(d) Suggest two measures that people or organisations might take to protect property when
given a flood warning. Explain your choices. [4]

(e) CASE STUDY: A water shortage and its effects on people and places.

(i) Name a place which has been affected by a water shortage.

(ii) Describe how the water shortage caused problems for people and the environment.

(iii) Explain what is being done or could be done to prevent a water shortage in future. [8]
Total mark 30
End of Question B3
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Answer EITHER Question B3 OR Question B4.

Question B4

(a) Study the Ordnance Survey (OS) Map Extract provided. It shows part of the Yorkshire
coast.

(i) Give a six figure grid reference for point D. [1]

(ii) Use evidence from the map to describe what might happen to material eroded at point
D. [2]

(b) Photograph A on the Resource Sheet shows point D on the map.

(i) Describe the appearance of the coast shown in the photograph. [2]

(ii) Suggest and explain the processes that may be affecting this coast. [3]

(iii) Give two ways in which the changes to the cliff may affect the owners of the house in the
photograph. Explain your choices. [4]

(c) Study the OS map between point S and point T and study Photograph B on the Resource
Sheet. They show a part of the coast at Hornsea which has been protected by the local
council.

Describe and explain how the coast has been protected in this area. Use both map and
photograph evidence. [4]

(d) Only some areas of this coast have been protected by the local council from erosion. Suggest
reasons for this decision. You may use map evidence to help. [6]

(e) CASE STUDY: A landform created by a river and its use by people.

(i) Name and locate a landform created by a river.

(ii) Describe how it was formed. Use maps and diagrams if you wish.

(iii) Explain how it has been used by people. [8]

Total mark 30

End of Question B4

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SECTION C

PEOPLE, WORK AND DEVELOPMENT

Answer EITHER Question C5 OR Question C6.

Question C5

(a) The line D-D on the world map below divides the world into MEDCs (More Economically
Developed Countries) and LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries). A table of
indicators comparing France (an MEDC) and Senegal (an LEDC) is also shown.

More Economically
Developed Countries
(MEDCs)

France

Tropic of Cancer

Senegal
Equator
Less Economically
Developed Countries
(LEDCs)
Tropic of Capricorn

Children per Life expectancy Gross National Percentage of

woman (years) Product per head population with
(Dollars) access to safe water

France 1.9 77 22,260 96

Senegal 6.2 50 780 47

(i) Describe two ways in which LEDCs are different from MEDCs. [2]

(ii) Give a reason for each of the differences you have described. [4]

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(b) Study the map below. It shows life expectancy in part of Africa.

Life expectancy in North Africa (1996)

Tunisia
Morocco

Algeria
Western Libya Egypt
Sahara Tropic of Cancer
23 °N
1
2 23 12°N

20°N Mauritania 20°N

Senegal
Mali Niger
Eritrea
Gambia Chad
Sudan Djibouti
Guinea Guinea Burkina
10°N Bissau Faso 10°N
Benin

lia
Nigeria
Ethiopia

ma
Sierra Ivory Ghana
Leone Coast Central African

So
Republic
Liberia Togo
Equator Cameroon
Zaire Kenya Equator
0° Uganda 0°
Key
km
66 years or more
0 500 1000 1500
61-65 years
56-60 years
51-55 years
50 years or less

(i) Name a country with a life expectancy of:

• 50 years or less;

• more than 65 years. [2]

(ii) Describe the distribution of countries with a life expectancy of 55 years or less. [2]

(iii) Suggest two reasons to explain why some countries in this part of Africa have a higher
life expectancy than others. [4]

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(c) Look at the information in the table below. It shows the population structure and the
employment structure for Senegal and for France.

Population structure in Senegal Population structure in France

an LEDC an MEDC
Age group
70+

61-70

51-60

41-50

31-40

21-30

11-20

;;
;;; ;;
0-10

20% 15% 10% 5% 0 5% 10% 15% 20% 10% 5% 0% 5% 10%

Male Female Male Female
(43%) (57%) (47%) (53%)

;;;; ;;
Employment structure Employment structure
in Senegal in France
;;
;;

;;
;;
8%
15%

;;;
5% 20%

72%
80%
;;

Primary industry Secondary industry Tertiary industry

(i) Compare the two countries under the following headings:

• population structure;

• employment structure. [4]

(ii) Suggest how trade and aid from MEDCs could help Senegal develop its economy and
improve the quality of life of its people. You may use evidence from the table to help. [4]

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(d) CASE STUDY: A country or region outside the United Kingdom (UK) where changing
employment opportunities are affecting people and the area.

Choose a country or region outside the UK where employment opportunities are changing.

(i) Name the country or region.

(ii) Describe how employment opportunities are changing.

(iii) Explain how these changes are affecting people and the area. [8]

Total mark 30

End of Question C5

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Answer EITHER Question C5 OR Question C6.

Question C6

(a) Study the graphs below. They show how employment structures have changed in South
Korea, an LEDC (Less Economically Developed Country) and the United Kingdom, an MEDC
(More Economically Developed Country).

Employment structure in the United Kingdom

1950-1996
70

60
y
Ter tiar
50
Secondary
Percentage

40

30

20

10 Primary

0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year

Employment structure in South Korea

1950-1996
70

60
Pr i
ma
50 ry
Percentage

40
Ter tiary
30

20 ry
c o nda
Se
10

0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year

(i) Describe the trend in secondary employment in the UK between 1950 and 1996. [1]

(ii) Compare the changes in employment structure in South Korea with the UK between
1950 and 1996. [3]
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(b) Samsung is a multi-national company based in South Korea. The map below shows the
distribution of Samsung factories and offices across the world.

Where Samsung factories and offices are located

More Economically
Developed Countries
North
(MEDCs)
America Europe
South
Korea
Asia

Tropic of Cancer
Africa

Equator

South Less Economically

America
Tropic of Capricorn Developed Countries
(LEDCs) Australasia

Key Samsung is a multi-national company.

Factories It is one of the world's leading companies
Offices in manufacturing electronic goods.

(i) What is ‘a multi-national company’? [1]

(ii) Compare the global distribution of Samsung factories with the Samsung offices.
[4]

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(c) Look at the two maps below.

Map 1: Links to European countries from Map 2: The Samsung site in

Teesside ports North East England

Sunderland

United Sweden
Kingdom North
Durham Sea
Teesside
A1(M) Hartlepool
C.I.S. A19
Samsung
Germany Wynyard Park
Republic of
Ireland A689

Billingham

France Stockton
Hungary
-on-Tees Middlesbrough
Italy
Darlington

✈
es
A1(M) r Te
ve A19
Ri

Spain
Samsung will employ over 3000
local people here by 2001 Key:
Motorway/roads
0 5 10 15 20 Settlement with a university
European Union members 1996 International airport

✈
Main distribution centres/towns km Settlement

Acknowledgement: Tees Valley Development Company

(i) Use Map 1 to help suggest two reasons why Samsung have located a factory in the UK.

[2]

(ii) Use Map 2 to suggest advantages for Samsung of locating the factory at Wynyard Park
in north-east England. [3]

(d) Study Photograph C on the Resource Sheet. It shows the Samsung factory at Wynyard Park.

(i) Suggest disadvantages that the building of this factory may have on the environment.
[2]

(ii) Suggest advantages and disadvantages that the building of this factory may have on
the local economy and people. [6]

(e) CASE STUDY: The effect of the location of a primary or tertiary economic activity on
people and the environment.

(i) Name and locate a primary or tertiary economic activity you have studied.

(ii) Describe the location of the economic activity. (Use maps or diagrams if you wish).

(iii) Explain how this location has affected people and the environment. [8]

Total marks 30

End of Question C6

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