Oral sex

This article is about oral sex among humans. For oral sex transmitted infections (STIs/STDs). However, the transamong other animals, see Animal sexual behaviour#Oral mission risk for oral sex, especially HIV transmission, is
sex.
signicantly lower than for vaginal or anal sex.[4][5][6]
Oral sex is often regarded as taboo,[1] but most countries do not have laws which ban the practice. Commonly, people do not regard oral sex as aecting the
virginity of either partner, though opinions on the matter
vary.[7][8][9][10] People may also have negative feelings or
sexual inhibitions about giving or receiving oral sex, or
may atly refuse to engage in the practice.[1]

1 Practice
Oral sex may be practiced by people of any sexual orientation.

1.1 Sexual variants

Facesitting is a form of oral sex in which the receiver sits
on the givers face and pushes into it with his or her genitals. Oral sex can also be performed by both partners at
the same time in the so-called sixty-nine position. Spitting and/or swallowing of the ejaculatory uids or giving
a pearl necklace may cause dierent sexual stimulations.
Autofellatio is a possible but rare variant; autocunnilingus
may also be possible for women with extremely exible
spines.
An act of group sex restricted to one woman giving oral
sex to several men is referred to as a gangsuck, blowbang
or lineup, all derivatives of the slang term gang bang for
group sex. Bukkake and gokkun may also involve oral
sex.

A furtive act of oral sex performed on a woman while a formal

party is in progress

Oral sex or oral intercourse is sexual activity involving

the stimulation of the genitalia of a person by another person using the mouth (including the lips, tongue or teeth)
or throat. Cunnilingus is oral sex performed on a female, while fellatio is oral sex performed on a male.[1][2]
Anilingus, another form of oral sex, is oral stimulation of
a persons anus.[1] Oral stimulation of other parts of the
body (as in kissing and licking) is usually not considered
oral sex.

1.2 Preserving virginity

Oral sex is commonly used as a means of preserving
virginity, especially among heterosexual pairings; this
is sometimes termed technical virginity (which additionally includes anal sex, mutual masturbation and other
non-penetrative sex acts, but excludes penile-vaginal
sex).[7][8][9][11] The concept of technical virginity or
sexual abstinence through oral sex is popular among
teenagers.[12][13] Additionally, gay males may regard oral
sex as a way of maintaining their virginities, with penileanal penetration dened as resulting in virginity loss,
while other gay males may dene oral sex as their main

Oral sex may be performed as foreplay to incite sexual

arousal before other sexual activities (such as vaginal or
anal intercourse),[1][3] or as an erotic and physically intimate act in its own right.[1][2] Like most forms of sexual
activity, oral sex can pose a risk for contracting sexually
1

2 HEALTH RISKS AND OTHER STUDIES

seen as preferable; this is because real dental dams cover
a larger area, avoid accidents caused by slipping outside the covered area, and avoid the risk that makeshift
versions may be accidentally damaged or poked with the
scissors during the cutting procedure. Plastic wrap may
also be used as a barrier during oral sex, but there exists
no conclusive scientic research regarding how eective
it may or may not be at preventing disease transmission.
Certain kinds of plastic wrap are manufactured to be microwaveable and are designed to have pores that open
when heated, but there also exists no scientic research
on what eect, if any, this has on disease transmission
when used during oral sex.[24] Some people complain that
the thickness of the plastic dulls sensation.

1.4 Prevalence
A late 19th century Beijing hand scroll depicting oral sex

form of sexual activity.[7][14] By contrast, lesbian pairings

commonly view oral sex or ngering as resulting in virginity loss, though denitions of virginity loss vary among
lesbians as well.[7][10][15]

1.3

Contraception and safe sex

Oral sex alone cannot result in pregnancy and heterosexual couples may perform oral sex as their method
of contraception.[2][16][17] For conception to take place,
sperm from the penis must enter the uterus and fallopian
tubes and fertilize the females egg. In humans, there
is no connection between the gastrointestinal system and
the reproductive system,[nb 1] and sperm ingested by the
woman would be killed and broken down by acids in her
stomach and proteins in the small intestine. The breakdown products are then absorbed as a negligible quantity
of nutrients. However, there is a potential risk of pregnancy if semen comes in contact with the vaginal area
in some way, such as semen in the ejaculate nding its
way onto ngers, hands, or other body parts, which then
comes in contact with the vaginal area.

A report issued in September 2005 by the National Center for Health Statistics was the basis of an article in the
September 26, 2005 issue of Time magazine. The report comes from the results of a computer-administered
survey of over 12,000 Americans between the ages of 15
and 44, and states that over half the teenagers questioned
have had oral sex. While some headlines have interpreted
this as evidence that oral sex among teenagers is on the
rise, this was the rst comprehensive study of its kind
to examine the matter.[25] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated in 2009: Studies indicate that oral sex is commonly practiced by sexually
active male-female and same-gender couples of various
ages, including adolescents.[13] Research also indicates
that males are more likely than females to have received
oral sex, whereas equal proportions of men and women
have given oral sex.[1]

2 Health risks and other studies

2.1 Sexually transmitted infections
Chlamydia, human papillomavirus (HPV), gonorrhea,
herpes, hepatitis (multiple strains), and other sexually
transmitted infections (STIs), can be transmitted through
oral sex.[4][5][26] Any sexual exchange of bodily uids
with a person infected with HIV, the virus that causes
AIDS, poses a risk of infection. Risk of STI infection,
however, is generally considered signicantly lower for
oral sex than for vaginal or anal sex, with HIV transmission considered the lowest risk with regard to oral
sex.[5][6][27][28]

Oral sex is not necessarily an eective method of preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs), although some
forms of STIs are believed to be less commonly spread in
this way, and oral sex has been recommended as a form of
safe sex.[18][19][20] In the United States, no barrier methods for use during oral sex have been evaluated as eective by the Food and Drug Administration.[21] However,
a barrier protection like a condom for fellatio or dental There is an increased risk of STI transmission if the redam for cunnilingus can oer some protection from con- ceiving partner has wounds on his or her genitals, or if
tact when practicing oral sex.[13]
the giving partner has wounds or open sores on or in
Oral sex should be limited to the protected areas. A his or her mouth, or bleeding gums.[5][6][13] Brushing the
makeshift dental dam can be made out of a condom[22] or teeth, ossing, undergoing dental work soon before or afa latex or nitrile glove,[23] but using a real dental dam is ter performing oral sex can also increase the risk of trans-

3
mission, because all of these activities can cause small
scratches in the lining of the mouth.[5][6] These wounds,
even when they are microscopic, increase the chances
of contracting STIs that can be transmitted orally under
these conditions.[5][6] Such contact can also lead to more
mundane infections from common bacteria and viruses
found in, around and secreted from the genital regions.
Because of the aforementioned factors, medical sources
advise the use of condoms or other eective barrier methods when performing or receiving oral sex with a partner
whose STI status is unknown.[4][5][6][26]

2.2

3 Cultural views

HPV and oral cancer link

Links have been reported between oral sex and oral cancer with human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected people.
In 2005, a research study at Malm University's Faculty Fellatio in 69 position.
of Odontology suggested that performing unprotected
oral sex on a person infected with HPV might increase
the risk of oral cancer. The study found that 36 percent See also: Cunnilingus and Fellatio
of the cancer patients had HPV compared to only 1 percent of the healthy control group.
Cultural views on oral sex range from aversion to high
[1]
[34]
has been considered
Another study in The New England Journal of Medicine regard. It, especially fellatio,
suggests a correlation between oral sex and throat cancer. taboo, or at least discouraged, in many cultures and parts
[1]
It is believed that this is due to the transmission of HPV, a of the world. Laws of some jurisdictions regard oral
virus that has been implicated in the majority of cervical sex as penetrative sex for the purposes of sexual oenses
cancers and which has been detected in throat cancer tis- with regard to the act, but most countries do not have
sue in numerous studies. The study concludes that people laws which ban the practice itself, in contrast to anal sex
who had one to ve oral sex partners in their lifetime had or extramarital sex.
approximately a doubled risk of throat cancer compared In Ancient Rome, fellatio was considered profoundly
with those who never engaged in this activity and those taboo.[35] Sexual acts were generally seen through the
with more than ve oral sex partners had a 250 percent prism of submission and control. This is apparent in
increased risk.[29][30]
the two Latin words for the act: irrumare (to penetrate
orally), and fellare (to be penetrated orally). Under this
system, it was considered to be abhorrent for a male
to perform fellatio, since that would mean that he was
2.3 Miscarriage reduction
penetrated (controlled), whereas receiving fellatio from
a woman or another man of lower social status (such as
Fellatio may reduce the risk of miscarriages by induc- a slave or debtor) was not humiliating. The Romans reing immunological tolerance in the woman by exposure garded oral sex as being far more shameful than, for exto the proteins in her partners semen, a process known ample, anal sex known practitioners were supposed to
as paternal tolerance. While any exposure to a part- have foul breath and were often unwelcome as guests at a
ners semen appears to decrease a womans chances for dinner table.[35]
the various immunological disorders that can occur during pregnancy, immunological tolerance could be most In contrast to historical views on fellatio, cunnilingus
quickly established through the oral introduction and gas- is revered as a spiritually fullling practice in Chinese
regards it as having the ability to entrointestinal absorption of semen.[31][32] Recognizing that Taoism, which [36]
hance
longevity.
In modern Western culture, oral sex
some of the studies potentially included the presence of
is
widely
practiced
among
adolescents[25] and adults.[1]
confounding factors, such as the possibility that women
who regularly perform fellatio and swallow semen also People give various reasons for their dislike of oral sex.[1]
engage in more frequent intercourse, the researchers also Some state that since it does not result in reproduction, it
noted that, either way, the data still overwhelmingly sup- is therefore unnatural.[37] Others nd it less intimate beports the main theory behind all their studiesthat re- cause it is not a face-to-face practice,[1] or believe that it is
peated exposure to semen establishes the maternal im- a humiliating or unclean practice;[1][38] that it is humiliatmunological tolerance necessary for a safe and successful ing or unclean are opinions that are, at least in some cases,
connected with the symbolism attached to dierent parts
pregnancy.[32][33]

REFERENCES

of the body.[38] Opposite these views, people also believe

that oral sex is one of the most intimate behaviors that
a couple can engage in because it requires total trust and
vulnerability.[1]

Cunnilingus is also sometimes referred to as mu

diving, eating out or poon-job, a slang term and a
cunnilingus variant of blow job, where poon is short
for poontang or punani.

While commonly believed that lesbian sexual practices involve cunnilingus for all women who have sex
with women, some lesbian or bisexual women dislike
cunnilingus due to not liking the experience or due
to psychological or social factors, such as nding it
unclean.[39][40][41][42] Other lesbian or bisexual women
believe that it is a necessity or largely denes lesbian sexual activity.[41][42] Lesbian couples are more likely to consider a womans dislike of cunnilingus as a problem than
heterosexual couples are, and it is common for them to
seek therapy to overcome inhibitions regarding it.[41]

Additionally, in lesbian culture, several common

slang terms used are carpet munching, giving lip, lip
service or tipping the velvet (a faux-"Victorian expression invented by novelist Sarah Waters).

Other slang terms for oral sex include going down on

(male or female), licking out and mu diving (female),
blow job (male), dome (male or female), sucking o
(male), playing the skin ute (male recipient), rolling
cigars (male recipient), lolly-gagging (gay male-on-male),
gaining knowledge (male recipient) and bust down (male).
Oral sex has been observed in the animal kingdom among Forced fellatio is often called Egyptian rape or simply
many species.[43][44][45] It has been suggested that there Egyptian; this goes back to the time of the Crusades when
is an evolutionary advantage due to the tendency of pri- Mamluks were alleged to force their Christian captives to
mates, non-primates and humans to have oral sex.[46]
do this.[48]

5 See also
6 References
Explanatory notes
[1] However, this has happened in bizarre circumstances involving a stabbing.

Citations
A 19th-century depiction of cunnilingus.

Terminology and slang

There are many words which refer to oral sex, including

euphemisms and sexual slang. Like all aspects of sexuality, there exists a large number of variations on a theme,
a few common ones being:
Giving head A common slang term for giving oral
sex to either a man or woman is giving head, from
the term head job (in contrast to hand job, manual
stimulation). A play on the slang term head resulted
in the slang term brains, or brain salad surgery,
domes or getting domes.
Plate A once common British rhyming slang for
fellate that arose in the gay slang language of Polari
that spread in the 1960s. The term is less common
today.[47]

[1] Janell L. Carroll (2009). Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity. Cengage Learning. pp. 265267. ISBN 978-0495-60274-3. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
[2] Wayne Weiten; Margaret A. Lloyd; Dana S. Dunn; Elizabeth Yost Hammer (2008). Psychology Applied to Modern
Life: Adjustment in the 21st century. Cengage Learning. p.
422. ISBN 978-0-495-55339-7. Retrieved February 26,
2011.
[3] What is oral sex?". NHS Choices. NHS. 2009-01-15.
Archived from the original on 2010-09-20.
[4] Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually
transmitted infections: 20062015. Breaking the chain of
transmission (PDF). World Health Organization. 2007.
Retrieved November 26, 2011.
[5] Dianne Hales (2008). An Invitation to Health Brief
2010-2011. Cengage Learning. pp. 269271. ISBN
0495391921. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
[6] William Alexander; Helaine Bader; Judith H. LaRosa
(2011). New Dimensions in Womens Health. Jones &
Bartlett Publishers. p. 211. ISBN 1449683754. Retrieved August 29, 2013.

[7] See here and pages 47-49 for views on what constitutes virginity loss and therefore sexual intercourse or
other sexual activity; source discusses how gay and lesbian individuals dene virginity loss, and how the majority of researchers and heterosexuals dene virginity
loss/"technical virginity by whether or not a person
has engaged in penile-vaginal sex. Laura M. Carpenter
(2005). Virginity Lost: An Intimate Portrait of First Sexual
Experiences. NYU Press. pp. 295 pages. ISBN 0-81471652-0. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
[8] Bryan Strong; Christine DeVault; Theodore F. Cohen
(2010). The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate
Relationship in a Changing Society. Cengage Learning. p.
186. ISBN 0-534-62425-1. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
Most people agree that we maintain virginity as long as
we refrain from sexual (vaginal) intercourse. But occasionally we hear people speak of 'technical virginity' [...]
Data indicate that 'a very signicant proportion of teens
ha[ve] had experience with oral sex, even if they haven't
had sexual intercourse, and may think of themselves as
virgins [...] Other research, especially research looking
into virginity loss, reports that 35% of virgins, dened
as people who have never engaged in vaginal intercourse,
have nonetheless engaged in one or more other forms of
heterosexual sexual activity (e.g., oral sex, anal sex, or mutual masturbation).
[9] Sonya S. Brady, PhD and Bonnie L. Halpern-Felsher, PhD
(2007). Adolescents Reported Consequences of Having
Oral Sex Versus Vaginal Sex. Pediatrics 119 (2): 229
236. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1727. PMID 17272611.
[10] Blank, Hanne (2008). Virgin: The Untouched History.
Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 253. ISBN 1-59691011-9. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
[11] Ken Plummer (2002). Modern Homosexualities: Fragments of Lesbian and Gay Experiences. Routledge. pp.
19201921. ISBN 1134922426. Retrieved August 24,
2013. The social construction of 'sex' as vaginal intercourse aects how other forms of sexual activity are evaluated as sexually satisfying or arousing; in some cases
whether an activity is seen as a sexual act at all. For example, unless a woman has been penetrated by a mans penis
she is still technically a virgin even if she has had lots of
sexual experience.
[12] Jayson, Sharon (October 19, 2005). "'Technical virginity'
becomes part of teens equation. USA Today. Retrieved
August 7, 2009.
[13] Oral Sex and HIV Risk (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). June 2009. Retrieved August
30, 2013.
[14] Joseph Gross, Michael (2003). Like a Virgin. The Advocate/Here Publishing. pp. 4445. 0001-8996. Retrieved
2011-03-13.

Retrieved August 30, 2012. Noncoital forms of sexual

intimacy, which have been called outercourse, can be a
viable form of birth control. Outercourse includes all avenues of sexual intimacy other than penilevaginal intercourse, including kissing, touching, mutual masturbation,
and oral and anal sex.
[17] Feldmann, J.; Middleman, A. B. (2002). Adolescent sexuality and sexual behavior. Current opinion in obstetrics
& gynecology 14 (5): 489493. doi:10.1097/00001703200210000-00008. PMID 12401976.
[18] Geen Testing Centers HIV, Syphilis, and Hepatitis C Information Sheet. Accessed November 4, 2006. Archived
October 19, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
[19] University Health Center, University of Georgia, Oral
Sex. Accessed November 4, 2006.
[20] Fulbright, Yvonne K. (2003). The Hot Guide to Safer Sex.
Hunter House. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-89793-407-7.
[21] HIV/AIDS among Women Who Have Sex With
Women. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
October 17, 2006. Retrieved September 20, 2009.
[22] How to Make a Dental Dam Using a Condom, UCSB
SexInfoOnline, February 7, 2008.
[23] How to Make Your Own Dental Dam From a Condom.
Retrieved October 8, 2011.
[24] Plastic Wrap and Oral Sex. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
[25] Lemonick, Michael D.,A Teen Twist on Sex, Time, New
York, September 19, 2005.
[26] Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance (PDF).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2008.
Retrieved December 6, 2011. Also see Fact Sheet
[27] Robert J. Pratt (2003). HIV & AIDS: A Foundation for
Nursing and Healthcare Practice. CRC Press. p. 306.
ISBN 0340706392. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
[28] Marshall Cavendish Corporation (20092010). Sex and
Society, Volume 1. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. p.
61. ISBN 0761479066. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
[29] D'Souza G; Kreimer AR; Viscidi R et al. (2007). Casecontrol study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 356 (19): 19441956.
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa065497. PMID 17494927.
[30] New Scientist: Oral sex can cause throat cancer - 09
May 2007. Newscientist.com. Retrieved 2010-03-19.

[15] Karen Bouris (1995). The rst time: what parents and
teenage girls should know about losing your virginity.
Conari Press. pp. 133134. ISBN 0-943233-93-3.

[31] Koelman CA, Coumans AB, Nijman HW, Doxiadis II,

Dekker GA, Claas FH (March 2000). Correlation between oral sex and a low incidence of preeclampsia: a role
for soluble HLA in seminal uid?". Journal of Reproductive Immunology 46 (2): 155166. doi:10.1016/S01650378(99)00062-5. PMID 10706945.

[16] Robert Crooks, Karla Baur (2010). Our Sexuality.

Cengage Learning. pp. 286289. ISBN 0495812943.

[32] Fox, Douglas (February 9, 2002). Gentle Persuasion.

New Scientist. Retrieved June 17, 2007.

[33] Robertson SA, Bromeld JJ, Tremellen KP (August

2003). Seminal 'priming' for protection from preeclampsia-a unifying hypothesis. Journal of Reproductive Immunology 59 (2): 253265. doi:10.1016/S01650378(03)00052-4. PMID 12896827.
[34] The History of Fellatio, Salon.com, May 22, 2000.
[35] Irrumation. Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
[36] Octavio Paz (1969) Conjunctions and Disjunctions; trans.
Helen R. Lane. London: Wildwood House; p. 97
[37] Buschmiller, Rev. Robert. Oral Sex in Marriage. Presentation Ministries. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
[38] Pina-Cabral, Joao de (1992). Tamed Violence: Genital
Symbolism is Portuguese popular culture. Man. N.S 28
(1): 101120. doi:10.2307/2804438. JSTOR 2804438.
[39] Belge, Kathy. Do All Lesbians Like Oral Sex?".
About.com. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
[40] Naomi B. McCormick (1994). Sexual Salvation: Arming Womens Sexual Rights and Pleasures. Greenwood
Publishing Group. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-275-94359-2.
Retrieved 18 April 2012.
[41] Ginny Vida, Karol D. Lightner, Tanya Viger (2010). The
New Our Right to Love: A Lesbian Resource Book. Simon and Schuster. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-684-80682-2.
Retrieved 18 April 2012.
[42] Jerry J. J. Bigner; Joseph L. L. Wetchler (2012).
Handbook of LGBT-Armative Couple and Family Therapy. Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-136-34032-1. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
[43] Woods, Stacey Grenrock (1 Oct 2004). Do animals have
oral sex?". Esquire.
[44] Min Tan; Gareth Jones; Guangjian Zhu; Jianping
Ye; Tiyu Hong; Shanyi Zhou; Shuyi Zhang; Libiao Zhang (October 28, 2009). Hosken, David, ed.
Fellatio by Fruit Bats Prolongs Copulation Time. PLoS
ONE 4 (10): e7595. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7595T.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007595.
PMC 2762080.
PMID 19862320. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
[45] Spain. Valencia. Oceanograco.
[46] Brooks, Cassandra (30 Oct 2009). A Little Fellatio Goes
a long way. ScienceNOW. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
[47] Polari
[48] Edwardes, Allen; Masters, Robert E. L. The cradle of erotica, New York: Julian Press, 1963.

Bibliography
Adams, James N., The Latin Sexual Vocabulary
(Johns Hopkins, 1990) ISBN 0-8018-2968-2
Franklin, Jacqueline, The Ultimate Kiss: Oral Lovemaking, A Sensual Guide for Couples (Los Angeles:
Media Press, 2001) ISBN 0-917181-17-4

EXTERNAL LINKS

7 External links
Discovery Health on Cunnilingus
Oral sex and HIV (from CDC)

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

Oral sex Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_sex?oldid=659962462 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, AxelBoldt, Mav, The Anome,
Taw, Alex.tan, Fubar Obfusco, Ortolan88, Sean, Apollia, Formulax~enwiki, Jaknouse, Fonzy, Montrealais, R Lowry, Someone else, Chuq,
Stevertigo, Nealmcb, Patrick, Infrogmation, Paul Barlow, Cprompt, Dante Alighieri, Jtdirl, Vera Cruz, Tannin, Ixfd64, Cyde, AlexR,
Karada, Kosebamse, CesarB, Ronabop, Ams80, Ahoerstemeier, Snoyes, TUF-KAT, Den fjttrade ankan~enwiki, Kingturtle, Bueller 007,
Arthur Frayn, Glenn, Kwekubo, Cimon Avaro, Evercat, Rob Hooft, Conti, Schneelocke, Arteitle, Jengod, Emperorbma, Crissov, Dcoetzee, Dino, Ike9898, Dysprosia, Fuzheado, Rednblu, WhisperToMe, Wik, IceKarma, DJ Clayworth, CBDunkerson, Tpbradbury, Furrykef, Hyacinth, Jjshapiro, Saltine, Fibonacci, Omegatron, Ed g2s, Snarl, Samsara, Rls, Fvw, Raul654, AnonMoos, Jerzy, Flockmeal,
David.Monniaux, Finlay McWalter, Frazzydee, Palere, Branddobbe, Nufy8, Zz, Sander123, Astronautics~enwiki, KeithH, Aldohead, Jwpurple, Jredmond, Donreed, Moncrief, ZimZalaBim, Sam Spade, Mirv, Wjhonson, FredR, Academic Challenger, Meelar, Yacht, Hadal,
JackofOz, Widsith, Seth Ilys, MikeCapone, Dina, Adam78, Centrx, Christopher Parham, Gtrmp, J heisenberg, Nadavspi, Tom harrison,
Lupin, Ferkelparade, Cool Hand Luke, Ich, Peruvianllama, Alterego, Everyking, No Guru, Curps, Henry Flower, Frencheigh, Rpyle731,
Starsong, Guanaco, Proslaes, Siroxo, Matt Crypto, Kmsiever, Jrdioko, Coldeye~enwiki, Erich gasboy, Gadum, Utcursch, MikeX, Slowking Man, Antandrus, Beland, J3, PDH, ShakataGaNai, Jossi, DNewhall, Phil Sandifer, DragonySixtyseven, Vanguard, Scott Burley,
F13nd, Atemperman, Rlcantwell, Asbestos, Aramgutang, Neutrality, Tsemii, Joyous!, Mschlindwein, Klemen Kocjancic, Adashiel, Trevor
MacInnis, Reex Reaction, Esperant, Ta bu shi da yu, R, Freakofnurture, DanielCD, RedWordSmith, Limeheadnyc, Hayford Peirce,
Trypa, Rich Farmbrough, Rama, Jonnny, Kenwarren, Barista, Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters, Notinasnaid, Antaeus Feldspar, SocratesJedi, Paul
August, Bender235, ESkog, Martinman11, FrankCostanza, Steerpike, Violetriga, Brian0918, GordyB, *drew, El C, Koenige, Shanes, RoyBoy, Mairi, SS451, Jpgordon, Drmagic, Causa sui, Bobo192, Longhair, Superking, BrokenSegue, .:Ajvol:., Adrian~enwiki, Kappa, Toh,
La goutte de pluie, Sasquatch, Nk, The Recycling Troll, Rje, LostLeviathan, Vanished user 19794758563875, James Foster, Sam Korn,
(aeropagitica), Haham hanuka, Pearle, 198, SPUI, HasharBot~enwiki, Jcrocker, Jumbuck, Danski14, JYolkowski, Polarscribe, Babajobu,
Hipocrite, NyaR, Andrewpmk, Davenbelle, Ashley Pomeroy, Sade, AzaToth, Lectonar, Kurt Shaped Box, Lightdarkness, Flata, Fawcett5,
Alex '05, CiaraBeth, Malo, Bart133, MoraSique, Mononoke~enwiki, BanyanTree, Helixblue, Harej, Tony Sidaway, Gpvos, Sadpickle,
H2g2bob, Deathphoenix, Sfacets, Computerjoe, Kusma, GabrielF, Rotring, Versageek, Redvers, Weaponofmassinstruction, Nightstallion, LukeSurl, Johntex, KTC, Markaci, April Arcus, Kznf, RyanGerbil10, Kenyon, Mahanga, Brookie, B1mbo, Gmaxwell, Haverton,
Weyes, Ian Moody, Thryduulf, OleMaster, Simetrical, Apollomelos, Woohookitty, 2004-12-29T22:45Z, TigerShark, Mathmo, Spettro9,
Madchester, Erikdhanson, Bratsche, TheresaMO, -Ril-, Trapolator, Ilyusha, Ledouche, Bbatsell, Tejastheory, SDC, Wayward, Jon Harald Sby, Dick Suck, Essjay, MarcoTolo, Silverwood, Zpb52, X3~enwiki, Stevey7788, Dysepsion, Behun, Nollij, Graham87, WBardwin,
Magister Mathematicae, Kalmia, Cuchullain, Anarchivist, Bunchofgrapes, FreplySpang, RxS, Bikeable, Reisio, Jdcooper, Sjakkalle, Behemoth, Rjwilmsi, Parzival~enwiki, Seidenstud, OU812, Nkedcondo, WCFrancis, Strait, Bill37212, Carbonite, Tangotango, Wahkeenah,
Specialfriedrice, Tawker, Vegaswikian, Zozza~enwiki, Chakravyuh, Klonimus, Mongoosey, Sango123, Yamamoto Ichiro, Dionyseus, FuelWagon, Titoxd, Dan Guan, Doc glasgow, Margosbot~enwiki, El Cid, Winhunter, JdforresterBot, Crazycomputers, Alhutch, Harmil, Pope
John Paul II, Nivix, Chanting Fox, Hottentot, RexNL, Ewlyahoocom, Jimbo D. Wales, RobyWayne, Wikipedia Admin, ZScout370, Clockwork Soul, Alphachimp, Bmicomp, Noitall, BMF81, Valentinian, King of Hearts, Chobot, Deyyaz, Dbc100, Zargon71, Bornhj, Voodoom,
Digitalme, Skoosh, Gwernol, Reggaedelgado, Coldark418, YurikBot, Cathalgarvey, Extraordinary Machine, Kinneyboy90, Sceptre, Blightsoot, Jachin, StuOfInterest, Hans51, Daverocks, RussBot, FrenchIsAwesome, Crazytales, Hornandsoccer, Icarus3, Splash, Lexi Marie,
Richjkl, Eyeon, Gims, CanadianCaesar, Lord Voldemort, Cate, Gaius Cornelius, Legomancer, Theelf29, Wimt, Lusanaherandraton, Big
Brother 1984, Royalbroil, EngineerScotty, Shanel, Friday, NawlinWiki, Pornmonster, Doctor Whom, Wiki alf, Robertvan1, The Ogre, Orioneight, Jaxl, DarthVader, 7121989, Catamorphism, OOZ662, Robchurch, Rson-W, Journalist, Derex, Jhurlburt, Irishguy, Retired username, Aaron Brenneman, Anetode, Chemshadow, Tiemannl, Krakatoa, Luis1972, Veracious Rey, Denihilonihil, Emersoni, Alex43223,
Bucketsofg, Aaron Schulz, Deckiller, Kyle Barbour, Brat32, Psy guy, R jayz, Private Butcher, Haemo, Acetic Acid, Cavan, Dodgethisx,
Wknight94, Caroline Sanford, Ncsaint, MrGooGah, Mtze, --Ril--, Ke6jjj, FF2010, Scheinwerfermann, Theodolite, Zzuuzz, Djramone,
Ali K, Lt-wiki-bot, Coqsportif, TheMadBaron, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Theda, Jwissick, Fang Aili, Endomion, Little Savage,
Dspradau, BorgQueen, GraemeL, JoanneB, Vicarious, Ntrobrn, Nae'blis, LeonardoRob0t, Cjwright79, Anclation~enwiki, Jaranda, Spliy,
Fourohfour, Black Scorpion, Garion96, Kungfuadam, RG2, Lawyer2b, Donovier, Suboy, GrinBot~enwiki, Airconswitch, EdgarAllanToe,
Nippoo, Babij, Dispan, Barry Wells, Luk, Roland Longbow, Attilios, Phinnaeus, Joshbuddy, Scolaire, SmackBot, Looper5920, FocalPoint,
Amcbride, YellowMonkey, Eric-Albert, Jeppesn, KnowledgeOfSelf, Royalguard11, Cavenba, Pgk, Gary Kirk, Blue520, XU HANHUI,
TenaciousT, Rmzy717, Ifnord, Slamorte, Darklock, Monz, PJM, Rastapopoulos, TheDoctor10, Edgar181, HalfShadow, VSquared, Master
Deusoma, Ga, Xaosux, Gilliam, Portillo, Ohnoitsjamie, Solar.plexus, Betacommand, Afa86, Lapsus Linguae, Tv316, Izehar, Cjohnson139, Persian Poet Gal, Salvo46, Theone256, Green meklar, Fuzzform, SB Johnny, MalafayaBot, Neosmitty, Victorgrigas, The Rogue
Penguin, WeniWidiWiki, DHN-bot~enwiki, Roy Al Blue, Kitetop, The Moose, Fromgermany, Mangolo, Jcp2o06, Alexander Bogdanov,
Gracenotes, Verrai, Nintendude, Yanksox, John Reaves, Barry Dingal, Zsinj, Kotra, Superdix, Jayanthv86, Can't sleep, clown will eat
me, AntiVan, Kp7, Jere, OrphanBot, Onorem, Racklever, Nima Baghaei, TheKMan, Matchups, Xyzzyplugh, Rsm99833, JesseRafe,
Maelbrigda, SundarBot, J.R. Hercules, Nonforma, COMPFUNK2, Jmlk17, Menklog, Krich, BadgerBadger, Ahodes1, Shhhsplain, Cybercobra, Downtown dan seattle, Nakon, VegaDark, Jiddisch~enwiki, Kntrabssi, Nick125, Hoof Hearted, Dreadstar, Daniel bg, Msp0,
Weregerbil, Hayzone, Wisco, Jklin, Henning Makholm, Kotjze, Quarkington, Hrimfaxi, Bodben, Ck lostsword, Pilotguy, Kukini, Gamsarah, Ohconfucius, Hmoul, The undertow, RosaSausiza, SashatoBot, Mr.Badlands, HeavyMetalManiac, Rory096, Vriullop, Srikeit, Molerat, Kuru, Acidburn24m, Buchanan-Hermit, Neufchatel, Ascend, Heimstern, SilkTork, Ram2006~enwiki, Shadowlynk, This user has left
wikipedia, Edwy, Interestingstuadder, Goodnightmush, Mr. Lefty, Cielomobile, Junbee1977, FreshBulletTime, Bana76, MarkSutton,
BrianGCrawfordMA, Agathoclea, Hvn0413, Tasc, Beetstra, EddieVanZant, Waggers, Jcollura, Mets501, Neddyseagoon, Dhp1080, Ryulong, Big Smooth, Pseudoanonymous, Avant Guard, JacobShape, Peyre, Wwagner, Zepheus, JeK1971, Seqsea, Fan-1967, Simon12, Theproles, King Vidor, Benpay, Sam Li, Cain47, Aperiodic, The Doom Merchant, V0rt3x, Adambiswanger1, Dpeters11, Brian G. Crawford,
Tawkerbot2, Daniel5127, Shot-caller8, Davidbspalding, Rat-Bastard, The Haunted Angel, EatsWontons, Zotdragon, JForget, Cj139, Rustavo, Didimos, Mattbr, Wafulz, Scohoust, Booyeah8, SupaStarGirl, Thisisstupid, Marlowe523, Augurr, R9tgokunks, Im.a.lumberjack, Banzaimonkey, Epistemophiliac, Rgrin 3, Itaqallah, Cerealwriter, Shandris, Shizane, Perkyville, Andy.naylor, Jedidiesel, Jtmaxey, Chris83,
TJDay, Crisbastap, Atomaton, Abeg92, Treybien, Mike Christie, Milo52c, Steel, JFreeman, Llort, Anonymous44, ST47, Adolphus79,
Karimmerchant, Pascal.Tesson, Benjiboi, Fifo, EnemyOfTheState, Karaas, Tawkerbot4, Christian75, Roberta F., DumbBOT, Mallanox,
Mcmachete, Ghostexorcist, JGabbard, Bikoyski, Ivko, GassyGuy, NMChico24, Omicronpersei8, JodyB, Bulmabriefs144, Jopgaard, EvocativeIntrigue, This is ridiculous!, SummonerMarc, Idiot103, Univer, ClintonGJohnson, NickLee808, LeeG, Ultimus, Chitomcgee, Theblob,
Daniel, Josue aguilera, Kablammo, Zoomzoomzoom, Pampas Cat, Vincentvivi, LightningHD, SurR3AL, Vertium, Bobblehead, Merbabu,

8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Parsiferon, The consultant, Donum dei, Sethdoe92, Nico23~enwiki, Enginer Scottie, Abdelkweli, Kaaveh Ahangar~enwiki, AgentPeppermint, DaveJ7, CharlotteWebb, Cooljuno411, Dezidor, Srose, Chrisser, Isaacman, Natalie Erin, Wolfchild, Scottandrewhutchins, SnoBladerCAN, CerealBabyMilk, KrakatoaKatie, AntiVandalBot, Majorly, Gage14x, Luna Santin, Nylax143, Chubbles, EternalBlackFire, IGOTSHOTsAfAG, IGOTSHOTLIKESMEN, Sonnetar, TheLorax, Fatguy321, The Young Grasshopper, Quintote, TimGillespie, Doc Tropics,
Superkunt, Jayron32, Popiszzy, TimVickers, RogueNinja, Postlewaight, Remi1992, Rettto, Anna De Vries, LibLord, Accordionman,
Ozgod, Vonjobi, C56C, SorcerousWolf, Myanw, Xnuiem, Canadian-Bacon, Towelie55, Darrenhusted, JAnDbot, Mrar, Kaobear, TigerK
69, MER-C, WikipedianProlic, Salilk, Crispytd13, Honette, GurchBot, Dfranks77, East718, PacicBoy, VoABot II, Johnpawl, Dentren,
Goobjulia, RMN, Selmprovement, Hippydave, Appraiser, Frip1000, Romper, Yoyomama, Mr. Foxhound, Scissorxinxheart, Scoobydew,
TARBOT, Mybattlecry, Rivertorch, AngLee, Busey, RamsesII~enwiki, LadyLucky, Porchmonkey Fan69, Dantheman733, Y0kai, KerryWoods11, Noppix9, Sippen, LarryCable, Timashea, BrianGV, Indon, JustCause99, Killer the Clown, Simonxag, Sandboxer45, OlliePeers,
Robotman1974, SwigmoreU, TRWBW, Fidox, Edward321, Lvovsky, Mysteryquest, 1gamegirl3, Joshua4, Fantastic4boy~enwiki, Patstuart, Caitlain, Grand Am, Gundato, MartinBot, CliC, F17~enwiki, Monkeyjunky, Rettetast, Dutchman Schultz, Alro, Joie de Vivre, CommonsDelinker, Doctorcoy, ObtuseAngle, Marhault, Siliconov, Potkettle, Rutvikj, Slugger, Matt57, EscapingLife, Nasmformyzombie, TyrS,
Tikiwont, Brest, Alowprole, AFhammer, Century0, Davidprior, Acalamari, Power level (Dragon Ball), Gruk, Nsigniacorp, DarkFalls, Stellaartois~enwiki, Samtheboy, Skier Dude, Chriswiki, AntiSpamBot, Berserkerz Crit, Margareta, Belovedfreak, Velps, Aar, Dardardar, SJP,
MeatSpinster, Mufka, Wikifan0028, Jackacon, Jackaranga, Smfairlie, WJBscribe, Bobdocus, Action Jackson IV, U.S.A.U.S.A.U.S.A.,
Nakidrummer, Hj, Amvolia, Andy Marchbanks, Szell92, HWInc, Ronbo76, Zak773, CropTillDawn, Vinateri00, Idioma-bot, Huj jebany, Pi 107 gu, Echosmoke, AncientGreek~enwiki, Littleolive oil, Vranak, Abs Like Jesus, Deor, VolkovBot, Milnivlek, Gooseinoz,
I'mDown, AlnoktaBOT, KindGoat, Naysie, 8thstar, TXiKiBoT, Splitlife, Erik the Red 2, KevinTR, Bud2me, Tameeria, Zrb, Jsn wr,
Den4, ElinorD, Sankalpdravid, Qxz, Littlealien182, Diskowithpie, Cunnilingus1, Blimfark, DennyColt, Brich14, Leafyplant, Ikar00000,
BotKung, Wtt, Pooh-winnie, OneTH, Hannes Rst, Person45, Mychemicromance22, BGizzles, Scubasteve63, KalimdorNZ, Briank93,
Y, Adv06d, Gillyweed, Meeeeep, Sr charles2, Vector Potential, Jamesbond2, Purgatory Fubar, Bigzul, Rod1234, AjitPD, AgentCDE,
Muohara, Ebonyskye, Darius4, Kewlhand, Ilikecookiesnice, Theghtkeepsgoingon, Hayleyhayley, Zeniththealbino, Tringalicks, Chrisbak,
Johnsonja, Danc137, Matty613, Xooshawtyoox143, Daveabbandando, Hanommeren, Bigguyjim, JJHeart, SoPremarital, PAntoni, Are and
um purse sun, Pdotmur, Saingmusic, Jamescho~enwiki, Rugbyhelp, Smellslikegrrrl, Rypcord, Florida06911, BongHitz4Musa, Shaunmulligan, Iamthekenzo, Mtbowhunter2006, Entoaggie09, VelvetSecret, Lat45hi, Xxshpkerxx, SieBot, Levitt, Madman, Gibby3xx, Cabbage
worshiper, Dreamafter, Dezinegomoh, Rshiet, Rustysteel, Timtomtomtim, Dglick21, RollanT, Ilywugowm, Abbstami, Andrewjlockley,
Bombsoverwill, Keith80, Flyer22, Laodeabdul, Rana Ammar Mazhar, Duy Huu Nguyen, Dan947, Barnes1982, Tomk6, Jeangagnon, Lara
bran, Son of the right hand, Daverose31, Nixie77, Escape Orbit, Mr. Granger, Ian.Bendtsen, MBK004, ClueBot, Tikitiki-tikito, Cretino,
Nnemo, Ewawer, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Paulcmnt, Withouthavingseen, Sun Creator, 0XQ, Kaiba, C.columbus, Goodsadmit, Canadianpaddy, Gik, DumZiBoT, Bridies, Gdr05a, JasonHockeyGuy, 21stCenturyGreenstu, The Rationalist, Youngcody, Felix Folio Secundus, Addbot, JBsupreme, DOI bot, Linkinaha, Ronhjones, Gentlelife, Eivindbot, CarsracBot, Ccacsmss, Richmediasolutions, Sheroz2,
Numbo3-bot, Kasjanek21, Lightbot, Tigmic, Jarble, Leovizza, Chaldor, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Yngvadottir, AnakngAraw, AnomieBOT, Nutriveg, Cptnono, Onewiseman90, Dendlai, Ericnotderek, StewartNetAddict, BalajiRamasubramanian, Xqbot, Drummeryan, VanCity99,
Dou Gweler, Willdw79, Moby-Dick3000, FrescoBot, Surv1v4l1st, LucienBOT, Alarics, Aleister Wilson, Chrisgeldof, Citation bot 1,
Xxglennxx, Chatfecter, Mutinus, Fui in terra aliena, Barras, TobeBot, Sheogorath, Dinamik-bot, Tdstom, Boxounch93, Tbhotch, Kory207,
Beyond My Ken, EmausBot, Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili, HealthGal, Checkingfax, BSW BV, H3llBot, Wikignome0530, Valknuter,
Galactic Traveller, Incompetence, Helpful Pixie Bot, Formarcster, BG19bot, Vagobot, Ananke01, NotWith, Xdon elias, GlennMorrissey99,
BattyBot, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Moscowsky, Hmainsbot1, Lordofpyrus, Bishal Khan, L'Origine du monde, Monkbot and Anonymous:
1247

8.2

Images

File:Achille_Devria_erotism.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Achille_Dev%C3%A9ria_erotism.

jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:ChinaScrollPN3_detail,_left,_threesome.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/ChinaScrollPN3_
detail%2C_left%2C_threesome.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ChinaScrollPN3.jpg
Original artist: Unknown
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Detail_of_douard-Henri_Avril_(23).jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Detail_of_
%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_%2823%29.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_(23).jpg Original artist: douard-Henri Avril
File:Fellatio.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Fellatio.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: http:
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Fellatio.png , Author Original artist: User:WikipedianProlific
File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Sexual_orientation_
-_4_symbols.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector image includes elements that have been taken or
adapted from this:
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HeteroSym.svg' class='image'><img alt='HeteroSym.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/HeteroSym.svg/17px-HeteroSym.svg.png'
width='17'
height='20'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/HeteroSym.svg/26px-HeteroSym.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/HeteroSym.svg/35px-HeteroSym.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='525' data-le-height='600' /></a>
HeteroSym.svg. Original artist:
<img alt='UserIconMail.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/UserIconMail.svg/24px-UserIconMail.svg.
png' width='24' height='24' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/UserIconMail.svg/36px-UserIconMail.
svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/UserIconMail.svg/48px-UserIconMail.svg.png 2x' data-lewidth='700' data-le-height='700' />I would appreciate being notied if you use my work outside Wikimedia.

8.3

8.3

Content license

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0