Chapter 3 Jet theory and jet propulsion

Momentum equation
Applications of the momentum equation

Applications

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qg14dKSByM8&feature=related

Momentum Equation (1/2)

The momentum equation is a statement of Newton's Second Law
Rate of change of momentum of a body = Resultant force acting on the body

Momentum is the product of mass and velocity mu

d (mu) m2 u 2 m1u 1

m2 u 2 m1u1
dt
t
-subscript 1 and 2 represents the moment before and after the time interval t
-m (dot) represents the mass flow rate (kg/s)

Steady flow

2 m
1 m

Momentum equation becomes F m
( u 2 u1 )
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Momentum Equation (2/2)

x-direction momentum equation

(u 2x u1x )
Fx m
Similarly, y-direction momentum equation

(u 2y u1y )
Fy m
Fx and Fy here are total force or net force in x and y direction
Application of momentum equation

The force of a liquid jet on a normal surface

Force caused by flow round a pipe bend
Jet propulsion

A force exerted on a pipe bends (1/3)

Why do we want to know the forces here ?
This force can be very large in
the case of water supply pipes.
If the bend is not fixed it will
move and eventually break at
the joints.
we need to know how much
force a support (thrust block)
must withstand.

Force of a liquid jet on a normal surface

x-direction momentum equation

(u 2x u1x )
Fx m

u 2x 0

u1x u

u
Fx m

y-direction momentum equation

(u 2y u1y )
Fy m
u1y 0

Control volume

u
X

Because of symmetry in y direction Fy 0

The force on the plate is opposite to the F applied on fluid by plate

u Au u Au 2
F m
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A force exerted on a pipe bends (2/3)

x-direction momentum equation Control volume
Fx m (u 2x u1x )

u 2x u 2 cos

u1x u1

(u 2 cos u1 )
m

u 1 P1
Aa11

Aa2

u2

P2

y-direction momentum equation

Fy m (u 2y u1y )

u 2y u 2 sin

u1y 0

(u 2 sin )
m
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A force exerted on a pipe bends (3/3)

Control volume

The resultant force on the fluid

P2

FRx Fpx ;

Fpx p1 A1 p2 A2 cos

Y Aa2 2

FRy Fpy ;

u2

u 1 P1
A a1

Fpy p2 A2 sin
FR FRx2 FRy2

The direction of force

tan 1 ( FRy / FRx )

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Jet Propulsion
x-direction momentum equation

Boat front

Boat motion

m (u 2x u1x )

m (u 2 u1 )
Power obtained by ship

u1
Velocity of water
(relative to the ship)

u2
Velocity of jet
(relative to the ship)

(u2 u1 )u1
Power Force velocity u1 Fx m
Power input to ship (energy provided to ship)
1
1
1
u22 m
u12 m
(u22 u12 )
m
2
2
2

Propulsion efficiency

power gained
m (u u )u
2u1
1 2 2 1 21

power input
u2 u1
2 m(u2 u1 )
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Example Momentum equation application change in flow direction

A horizontal water exits a

nozzle with a uniform speed of
V1=3m/s, strikes a vane, and
is turned through an angle .
Determine the anchoring force
needed to hold the vane
stationary if the gravity and
viscous effects are negligible.

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FAx 54(1 cos ) N

FAz 54(sin ) N

90 deg
180 deg
In example, exerting a force on
a fluid flow resulted in a
change in its direction only !

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