hng III

Rle v c cu in t chp hnh

1 khi nim chung v rle
1.1. Cng dng :
Rle in l mt loi thit b in t ng, thng c lp t mch in nh th, dng
iu khin ng ct hoc bo tn hiu, bo v an ton trong qu trnh vn hnh ca thit b in
mch nht th trong h thng in.
1.2. Cc b phn chnh ca rle :
a. C cu tip nhn tn hiu (khi tip nhn tn hiu vo) c nhim v tip nhn tn hiu
lm vic khng bnh thng hoc s c trong h thng in t BU, BI hoc cc b cm bin in,
bin i thnh i lng cn thit cung cp tn hiu cho khi trung gian.
b. C cu trung gian (khi trung gian) lm nhim v tip nhn tn hiu a n t khi tip
nhn tn hiu, bin i n thnh i lng cn thit cho rle tc ng.
c. C cu chp hnh (khi chp hnh) Lm nhim v pht tn hiu cho mch iu khin.
V d : cc khi trong cu to rle in t.
Khi tip nhn tn hiu vo l cun dy in t.
Khi trung gian l mch t.
BU,B

Khi chp hnh l h thng tip im.

1.3. Phn loi rle in :
C nhiu loi rle in vi nguyn l v chc nng lm vic rt khc nhau c phn thnh
cc nhm sau :
a. Phn loi theo nguyn l lm vic : Gm
Rle in c (rle in t, rle cm ng, rle t in, rle phn cc ...)
Rle t
Rle nhit
Rle in t, bn dn, vi mch.
Rle s
b. Phn loi theo nguyn tc tc ng ca c cu chp hnh :
Rle c tip im : ng ngt mch bng tip im.
Rle khng c tip im (rle tnh) tc ng ng ct mch bng cch thay i tham s in
tr, in cm hoc in dung.
c. Phn loi theo tn hiu u vo :
Rle dng in
Rle in p
Rle cng sut
Rle tng tr
d. Phn loi theo v tr lp t :
Rle nht th lp t trc tip mch ng lc
Rle nh th lp t mch nh th thng qua BU, BI, cm bin.
e. Phn loi theo tr s v chiu ca tn hiu u vo :
Rle cc i
Rle cc tiu
Rle cc i, cc tiu

 Rle so lch
Rle nh hng chiu tip nhn tn hiu u vo.
1.4. Cc thng s k thut c bn ca rle in
K dk =

Pdk
Ptd

a. H s iu khin :
Trong : Pk l cng sut iu khin nh mc ca rle (chnh l cng sut ca tip
im Rle).
Pt l cng sut tc ng (cng sut khi tip nhn tn hiu vo) loi rle in
t chnh l cng sut ca cun dy in t.
b. Thi gian tc ng :
Tt l thi gian k t khi khi tip nhn c tn hiu n khi khi chp hnh lm vic, v d
i vi loi rle in t l qung thi gian t khi cun dy rle c in n khi tip im ca n
ng hoc m hon ton.
c. H s tr v :
Trong : Itv l tr s dng in tr v xc nh bng cch sau khi tip im thng m
rle ng hon ton, th nghim gim t t dng in khi ng n khi tip im rle m ra, ti
thi im s o c Itv. Ktv cng gn 1 th rle cng chnh xc.
Kn =

IR
I kd

d. nhy ca rle :
Trong : IR l dng in chy qua rle khi ngn mch cui vng bo v. Yu cu k
thut i vi s bo v chnh Kn >= 1,5 v i vi s bo v d tr (d phng) Kn >= 1,2.

2 rle in t
2.1. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic :
4
3

Xt mt Rle nh hnh v: khi cho dng in i vo cun dy nam chm in th np s

chu mt lc ht F.
F=

K .i 2

2
Lc ht in t t vo np :
Vi : khe h
I : dng in
K : h s
Khi dng in vo cun dy i > It (dng in tc ng) th lc ht F tng dn n khe h
gim lm ng tip im (do tip im c gn vi np).
Khi dng in i Itv (dng tr v) th l xo F l xo > F (lc in t) v rle nh. T
s
c gi l h s tr v.
Rle dng cc i Ktv < 1

Rle dng cc tiu Ktv > 1

Rle cng chnh xc th Ktv cng gn 1.. H s iu khin rle :
K dk =

Pdk
Ptd

Vi Pk l cng sut iu khin.

Pt l cng sut tc ng ca rle.
Rle cng nhy th Kk cng ln
Khong thi gian t lc dng in i bt u > It th n lc chm dt hot ng ca rle gi l
thi gian tc ng tt.
Rle in t phn ra lm hai loi :
I=

2
U
' U

F
=
K
.
2
R'

+ Rle mt chiu th
c U l in p t vo cun dy.
F = K '' .

I2

2
+ Rle xoay chiu : lc F = 0 (tn s 2f) khi I = 0. Gi tr trung bnh ca lc ht s l :
nu cun dy t song song vi ngun U th
Ftb = K '' .

U2

2
Nam chm xoay chiu khi lc F = 0 l xo ko np ra do vy rle loi ny khi lm vic c rung
ng gy ting ku, hn ch ngi ta s dng vng ngn mch .
Rle in t c :
- Cng sut iu khin Pk t vi (W) n vi nghn (W).
- Cng sut tc ng Pt t vi (W) n vi nghn (W).
- H s iu khin Kk = (5 - 20).
- Thi gian tc ng tt = (2 - 20)ms.
2.2. Nhc im ca rle in t :
Cng sut tc ng Pt tng i ln, nhy thp, Kk nh.
Loi mi tng c Kk.

3 rle dng in
K hiu
3.1. Cng dng :
Rle dng in c chc nng bo v qu dng trong h thng in
3.2. Phn loi :
a. Phn loi theo nguyn tc tc ng :
Rle dng in kiu in t
Rle dng in kiu cm ng
Rle dng in kiu khng tip im.
b. Phn loi theo chc nng bo v :
Rle dng in cc i
ri
Rle dng in th t khng

 Rle dng in th t nghch

Rle dng in so lch
Rle dng in xung
Rle dng in tn s cao
Rle dng in nh hng.
3.3. c im cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca rle kiu in t :
a. Cu to : nh hnh v
- Phn tnh gm : mch t s 10. Trn hai na mch t c qun hai na cun dy dng in s
1, tip xc tnh 3, bng chnh nh s 6 v gi trc quay 7.
Phn ng gm : trc quay 9 trn c gn tip im ng 4, l thp ng s 2 v l xo
phn khng s 8.

1. Cun dy dng in.

2. L thp ng
3. Tip xc tnh
4. Tip xc ng
5. Cn chnh nh
6. Bng chnh nh
7. Gi trc quay
8. L xo phn khng
9. Trc quay
10. Mch t.

b. Nguyn l lm vic :
Khi b phn no trong h thng in b qu dng, th dng in th cp ca bin dng
in BI chy qua cun dy rle tng ln ln hn tr s dng khi ng ca bo v c chnh
nh sn IR > Ikbv lm cho lc in t rle sinh ra ln hn lc cn l xo phn khng s 8, ko l
thp ng s 2 quay i mt gc, lm cho trc 9 a tip xc ng 4 ng cht vo tip xc tnh 3
ni lin mch cho rle thi gian hoc trung gian khi ng.
- Cch chnh nh : gt cn chnh nh s 5 thay i sc cng l xo 8 nhm thay i moment
cm, tc l thay i c tr s dng khi ng ca rle. Khi Mq > Mc th rle s tc ng. Hoc
cng c th thay i cch u ni hai na cun dy dng in (u song song hoc ni tip).
3.4. c im cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca rle dng in kiu so lch :
cc my bin p cng sut t 1000 KVA tr ln thng c lp t nhiu hnh thc bo
v trong c 3 hnh thc bo v chnh l : bo v dng in cc i, bo v bng rle hi, bo
v so lch. Mi loi bo v c chc nng v nhim v ring.

mc1

Tn hiu ci
ri

ibi

wt

wt
ws

ibi
wh

mc2

wh

bo
v

Hnh thc bo v so lch my bin p, c chc nng ch yu bo v khi xy ra ngn mch

u ra ca my bin p v hnh thc bo v d tr cho bo v rle hi. Trong hnh thc bo v
so lch, ngi ta thng s dng trong hai s : tun hon v s cn bng p. Loi rle dng
in kiu so lch t trong s bo v so lch tun hon c cu to nh hnh v : rle dng in
c ch to gn lin vi bin dng bo ho t trung gian to thnh rle dng in kiu so lch.
Bin dng bo ho t trung gian thc cht l my bbin p t s 1:1, li t l loi bo ho
t nhanh. Bi v dng in ngn mch qu gm hai thnh phn chu k v t do, bin dao
ng ln. Bin dng bo ho t trung gian th c tc dng lc b thnh phn t do v vy tng c
nhy v tin cy cho bo v.
V IR = IBI1 - IBI2. Nu khng c bin dng bo ho t trung gian th khi xy ra ngn mch
ngoi vng bo v, rle vn c th tc ng nhm do tng tr trong v ngoi vng bo v chnh
lch nhau khng nhiu.
Khi lp t phi chn sao cho t s BI2 ph hp vi t s ca bin p m bo cho IR =
IBI1 - IBI2 ch lm vic bnh thng c tr s cng nh cng tt.
Khi xy ra ngn mch trong vng bo v th IR >=IKBV do rle s tc ng iu
khin my ct MC1 v MC2.
Trong hnh thc bo v so lch, nu khng dng bin dng bo ho t trung gian th phi
s dng loi rle c cun hm, mi m bo tinh chn lc cho bo v.

4 rle nhit

4.1. Khi nim v cng dng :

10
11
7

12
8

4
5
6
NGUYN L CU TO CA RLR NHIT

Rle nhit l
mt loi thit b in dng bo v ng cv mch in khi b qu ti. Thng dng km vi
khi ng t, cng tc t. Dng in p xoay chiu n 500V, tn s 50 Hz, loi mi Im n
150A in p mt chiu ti 400V. Rle khng tc ng tc thi theo tr dng in v c qun
tnh nhit ln phi c thi gian pht nng. Thi gian lm vic khong vi giy n vi pht,
nn khng dng bo v ngn mch c. Mun bo v ngn mch thng dng km cu ch.
4.2. Nguyn l lm vic :
Da trn tc dng nhit ca dng in, ngy nay s dng ph bin rle nhit c phin kim
loi kp, nguyn l lm vic da trn s gin n di ca hai kim loi khi b t nng.
Phn t c bn ca rle nhit l phin kim loi kp cu to t hai tm kim loi, mt tm
h s gin n b, mt tm c h s gin n ln hn. Hai
tm kim loi c ghp li vi nhau thnh mt tm bng phng php cn nng hoc hn.
Khi t nng do dng in phin kim loi cong v pha kim loi c h s gin n nh
hn, c th dng trc tip cho dng in qua hay dy in tr bao quanh. un cong ln yu
cu phin kim loi phi c chiu di ln v mng. Nu cn lc y mnh th ch to tm phin
rng, dy v ngn.

5 rle thi gian

5.1. Cng dng :
Rle thi gian c chc nng nh thi gian hot ng ca s rle bo v, chng tc
ng nhm, m bo yu cu chn lc cho cc loi s bo v.
5.2. c im cu to :
- Phn tnh gm : tip xc tnh s 1, mch t v cun dy in t, bng chnh nh s
12.
- C cu thi gian gm h thng trc v bnh rng truyn ng, thanh hm 4, l xo 10,

tip xc ng 11.
- C cu con lc gm bnh rng cc hm v qu rung s 3 c tc dng lm cho tip xc
ng 11 quay t t v u.
- Tip im 6 v 7 iu khin ng ct khng cn thi gian tr.
1. Tip xc tnh
2. Bnh rng truyn ng
3. C cu con lc
4. Thanh hm
5. Con i
6. Tip im thng ng
7. Tip im thng m
8. Li thp non
9. Cun dy in t
10. L xo
11. Tip xc ng
12. Bng chnh nh thi gian
5.3. Nguyn l lm vic :
Khi cun dy in t s 9 c in s sinh ra lc in ht li thp ng s 8 tt xung, a
con i 5 ln tip xc ng lm m tip im thng ng s 6 v ng tip im thng m s
7 (tip im ng ct khng cn thi gian) ng thi thanh hm 4 c gii phng t do, cho nn
khi l xo 10 ko bnh rng truyn ng s 2 quay, lm cho ton b c cu thi gian v tip xc
ng quay theo. Do c c cu con lc cho nn c cu thi gian v tip xc ng 11 quay u t
t, cho n khi tip xc ng 11 ng vo tip xc tnh s 1 th mch iu khin c ni lin,
lm cho cun dy rle trung gian c in, khi ng ng tip im ca n, a in i iu khin
ct my ct v bo hiu s c cho nhn vin vn hnh bit.
Chnh nh thi gian tc ng rle bng cch chnh nh v tr tip xc tnh s 1 trn
thang tr s 12.
5.4. V tr lp t rle thi gian :
Ngun iu khin thao tc thng l in mt chiu ly t h thng c quy.
Cun ct my ct

rt

rg

6 c cu in t chp hnh
6.1. Khi nim chung :
Trong c cu in t chp hnh nam chm in l b phn ch yu. N sinh ra lc in t
cn thit cho cc c cu lm vic. Nam chm in mt chiu c cun dy in p c dng
rng ri hn c bi n c nhng u im sau:
Khi lm vic khng gy ra rung, n v lc in khng thay i heo thi gian
Mch t khng b pht nng do tn hao st gy ra, lc in t ln hn gp hai ln so vi lc

in t mch in t xoay chiu c cng kch tht v cng mt t cm.

Dng in trong cun dy khng ph thuc vo kch th mch t v khe h khng kh ca
mch t.
C th dng ngun c quy thay th khi mt in li
C nhiu dng, loi c cu in t chp hnh khc nhau vi nhng chc nng khc nhau.
6.2. Nam chm in nng :
Namdng
chmtrong
invic
nngbc d, vn
a. Cu to : l mt b phn ca cn cu in t, n c
chuyn hng ho bng st. Nam chm in nng gm cc b phn sau :
- Cun dy
- Li st
- Mt cc
- Dy dn a in vo
- Vnh bo v bng vt liu khng dn t.
Nam chm in mt chiu c li st v cun dy, np chnh l hng ho cn bc d. Khi
a in vo cun dy lc in t sinh ra s gi cht hng ho. Dch chuyn nam chm dch
chuyn hng ho, mun tch ra ch cn ngt in.
b. c im :
- Khi mc hng khng cn ngi mc v dy buc.
- Bc d u iu khin t xa.
- C th vn chuyn thp nng.
- Ti trng c ch ca cn cu ph thuc vo kch tht hng ho. Nu hng ho ln th ti trng
c ch ca nam chm in s ln gp nhiu ln khi hng ho c kch tht b.
- Lc ht in t ph thuc vo thnh phn ho hc v kch tht ca hng ho
- khc phc s c (hng b ri khi mt in) thng dng ngun in c quy ni song song.

7 khp ly hp in t
7.1. Khi nim :
Khp ly hp in t l c cu gip qu trnh truyn lc t trc ny sang trc kia bng lc
in t. Hin nay vn cn dng nhiu trong t ng ho v iu khin t xa thay i tc
ca trc dn. Khp ly hp in t gm :
- Khp ly hp in t kiu ma st.
- Khp ly hp in t kiu bm.
- Khp ly hp in t kiu t tr.
a. Khp ly hp in t kiu ma st : mo men c truyn t trc dn sang trc b dn nh
cc a ma st khi chng b p cht vo nhau. Cn ly v hp th c iu khin bng thao tc
ngt v ng ca cun dy nam chm.
Nhc im ca loi ly hp ny l khng iu chnh c tc trc b dn v nu gim lc
ht in t th a s b trt di ph hng b mt ma st.
b. Khp ly hp in t kiu bm : moment truyn lc nh lc bm gia hai mt quay ca
trc dn v trc b dn c trn bt sn v bt than, du nhn gim ma st. Khi c t trng do
cun dy sinh ra mt lp bt ny s tr nn cng v ni hai mt quay ca trc dn. Khi
khng c dng bt dng lng trt (cho php iu chnh tc bng cch thay i dng in cun
dy nam chm in). Nu mment cn ca trc b dn ln s dn n trt so vi trc dn nhng
khng s hng mt quay.

2
3

6
khp ly hp in t kiu bm
1 trc dn
4. mch t

2. tang trng
3. cun dy
5. trc b dn 6. mt st

8 van in t

Dng ng m cc ng dn cht lng hoc kh, phn ng mch t gn vi c cu lm

vic ca van. Khi a in vo cun dy NC lc ht in t lm phn ng c cu chuyn ng
lm van ng hoc m.
Cn thit k sao cho p lc ca cht lng dn cng chiu lc in t iu khin van c d dng.
1. ng vo
2. b phn cng tc
3. l xo
4. phn ng
5. cun dy
6. mch t

7. ng dn ra

9 phanh hm in t
Phanh hm in t l c cu in t dng hm cc thit b ang quay. N l b phn
khng th thiu ca cn cu, thang my hay ti in.
Thng thng nht l loi phanh hm bng m v bng ai, cc loi ny lc hm v nh
c khuch i qua h thng n by. Ngoi ra cn b m v b chn bc in t.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

mch t
cun dy
phn ng
l xo
m phanh
a hm
trc quay
m da

Hnh dng chung ca nam chm in hm

a) dng in mt chiu b) dng in xoay chiu
1- li thp c nh 2- cun dy nam chm 3- li thp
ng