i Tt) at KREYSZIG ADVANCED a ENGINEERING MATHEMATICSPart A. CHAPTER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 1 First-Order Differential Equations Major Changes Direction fields are now discussed much earlier, in See, 1,2, This “geometrical” and “qual- itative” approach to differential equations may provide a better conceptual understanding of equations and solutions. The graphical power of aCAS will be helpful in this context The second major change concerns the combination of related solution methods. Solu- tion by separation and solution by reduction to separable form now appear in a single sec~ tion (See. 1.3). Similarly, exact equations and integrating fuctors are both discussed in the saine section (See. 1.5). ‘Team Projects and CAS Projects are included in most problem sets SECTION 1.1. Basic Concepts and Ideas, page 2 Purpose. To give the student & first impression of what a differential equation is and what we mean by solving it Background Material. For the whole chapter we need integration formulas and tech- niques, which the student shoud review. General Comments ‘This section should be covered relatively zapidly to get quickly to the actual solution meth- ods in the next sections, If an example of a partial differential equation is wanted in passing, Laplace’ equa- tion ray be best because of its great physical importance. Problem Set 1.1 is supposed to help the student with the tasks of Solving y" = f(x) by calculus, Finding particular solutions from given general solutions, Setting up a differentitl equation for a given function as solution, Gaining a first experience in modeling, by doing one or two problems, Gaining a first impression of the importance of differential equations, ‘without wasting time on matters that can be done much faster, once systematic methods are available, ‘Comment on “General Solution” and “Singular Solution” Usage of the term “general solution” is not uniform im the literature, Some books use the term (o mican a solution that includes ail solutions, that is, both the particular and the sin- gular ones, We do uot adopt this definition for two reasons, First, it iy frequently quitelnstructor’s Manual Jiffieult to prove that a formula includes alf solutions, hence this definition of a general solution is rather uscless in practice. Second, linear differential equations (satisfying rather general conditions on the coetficients) have no singular solutions (as mentioned ir che {exb, s0 that for these equations a general solution av defined does include all solutions. For the latter reason, seme books use the term “general solution” for linear equations only: dur this seems very unfortunate. ‘Comment on Example 2 Theoretically inclined students may show (a) by differentiation, (b) directly fram the differential equation, that the solution cannot be continued to the closed interval x 1, where thy function is still continuous, but no longer differentiable. ‘This also illustrates that open intervals generally are the appropriate domains of defin- ition of solutions. SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 4.1, page & 2. —(cos Bx) + © 4 he be 10, x ~ ys" = O by implicit differentiation and division by 2 12, From the solution and the intial condition, 0 + 1 = Answersat + y* = L(y > 0), The figure shows the portion Of this curve in the first quadrant, (ogether with a ‘quarter-circle for comparison. 1 os i oa} ow 0 02 04 08 08 I Section 1.1. Problem 12 M4. y = 16, y = (ni2) see x 18. We get an etfipse with semi-axes !al and b = al/2; that is, x/a” + y?al2® 20, «98 — 1/2, k = 0,192 541, 7 * = 0.825 after 1 day, 3.012 (0 after 365 days. 22, y" = g. By two integrations y” = gr + cy with c, = O because the stone stats from rest, s = y= gi + ey with cy = O hecatie s(0) = 0, the stone starts at s = 6, 2A. k follows from eM" = 1/2, & = ta t/2V18000 = ~0,000038 508, Answer °° = 8.26 yo, Sinve the decay Is exponential, 36000 = 2+ 18000 would give (22 = 0.25 yo, 26. 9" where r = 0,08; (2) equals 1080.00, 1082.93, 1083.28, 1083.29 and (5) equals 1469.33, 1485.95, 1491.76, 1491.82, ‘The last two amber in each Tine differ only slightly from each other, as claimed,