Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Prepared under
QIP-CD Cell Project
Engine Friction
The frictional processes in an engine can be
classified into three categories viz.,
(a) the mechanical friction,
friction which includes
friction between internal moving parts such
as crankshaft, piston rings, valve train etc.
(b) the pumping work,
work that is the work done
during the intake and the exhaust strokes,
(c) the accessory work, which is required for
the operation of engine accessories such as
oil pump, fuel pump, fan etc.
2
Mechanical Friction
Motion between engine
components,
highly
magnified to show the
surface roughness
(a)
Dry
or
nonlubricated
surface
showing friction caused
by high spots.
(b) Lubricated surface
showing reduction of
friction by hydraulic
floating.
3
Mechanical Friction
Three important characteristics
needed in a lubricating fluid are:
that
are
Engine Friction
Friction can be expressed as a loss using
the power terms:
fp = ip bp
Further, mechanical efficiency can be
defined as
bp bmep
m =
=
ip imep
(1)
where,
fmep = work lost to internal friction
imep = net work generated in the combustion chamber
bmep = work available at the crankshaft
amep = work required to drive auxiliaries
cmep = work required to drive supercharger/turbocharger
tmep= work recovered from the exhaust gas in a turbocharger turbine
7
(1)
amep = 0
cmep = tmep
Motoring Method
In this method, initially the engine is run in a
normal fire mode. When the engine reaches a
steady-state condition with all temperatures, is
is turned-off and immediately tested using an
electric motor.
10
Figure
gives
typical results for
the percentage of
friction contributed
by various engine
components.
11
The components
that contribute a
major part of total
friction are the
pistons and piston
rings.
12
13
Forces on a piston
14
Forces on a piston
dU p
Fx = m dt
2
cos
F
P
=
r
B F f (2)
4
where
=angle between the connecting rod
and cntreline of thecylinder
m=massof piston
dU
=acceleration of piston
dt
Fr = force of the connecting rod
P = pressure in the combustion chamber
B =bore
Ff = friction force between the piston
and cylinder walls
p
15
= 0 = Fr sin Ft (3)
2
Ft = m
+ P B F f tan (4)
4
dt
16
Forces on a piston
To reduce friction, modern engines use
pistons that have less mass and shorter skirts.
Less mass lowers the piston inertia and
reduces the acceleration term (equation 4).
Shorter piston skirts reduce rubbing friction
because of smaller surface area contact.
17
21
Conclusions
Because of friction, engine brake power is
less than the power generated in the
combustion chambers. The loss of useful
power is mainly due to two types of friction
viz., mechanical friction that occurs between
the moving parts, and fluid friction resulting
from the intake and exhaust systems, flow
through valves, and fluid motion within the
cylinders. More often operation of engine
accessories, powered directly or indirectly,
also forms a part of friction load, and this
reduce the final power output.
22
References
Crouse WH, and Anglin DL,
DL (1985), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Eastop TD, and McConkey A, (1993), Applied Thermodynamics for Engg.
Technologists, Addison Wisley.
3. Fergusan CR, and Kirkpatrick AT, (2001), Internal Combustion Engines, John
Wiley & Sons.
4. Ganesan V, (2003), Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Gill PW, Smith JH, and Ziurys EJ, (1959), Fundamentals of I. C. Engines, Oxford
and IBH Pub Ltd.
6. Heisler H, (1999), Vehicle and Engine Technology, Arnold Publishers.
7. Heywood JB, (1989), Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill.
8. Heywood JB, and Sher E, (1999), The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine, Taylor & Francis.
9. Joel R, (1996), Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison-Wesley.
10. Mathur ML, and Sharma RP, (1994), A Course in Internal Combustion Engines,
Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi.
11. Pulkrabek WW, (1997), Engineering Fundamentals of the I. C. Engine, Prentice Hall.
12. Rogers GFC, and Mayhew YR,
YR (1992), Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison
1.
Wisley.
Web Resources
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
http://www.mne.psu.edu/simpson/courses
http://me.queensu.ca/courses
http://www.eng.fsu.edu
http://www.personal.utulsa.edu
http://www.glenroseffa.org/
http://www.howstuffworks.com
http://www.me.psu.edu
http://www.uic.edu/classes/me/ me429/lecture-air-cyc-web%5B1%5D.ppt
http://www.osti.gov/fcvt/HETE2004/Stable.pdf
http://www.rmi.org/sitepages/pid457.php
http://www.tpub.com/content/engine/14081/css
http://webpages.csus.edu
http://www.nebo.edu/misc/learning_resources/ ppt/6-12
http://netlogo.modelingcomplexity.org/Small_engines.ppt
http://www.ku.edu/~kunrotc/academics/180/Lesson%2008%20Diesel.ppt
http://navsci.berkeley.edu/NS10/PPT/
http://www.career-center.org/ secondary/powerpoint/sge-parts.ppt
http://mcdetflw.tecom.usmc.mil
http://ferl.becta.org.uk/display.cfm
http://www.eng.fsu.edu/ME_senior_design/2002/folder14/ccd/Combustion
http://www.me.udel.edu
http://online.physics.uiuc.edu/courses/phys140
http://widget.ecn.purdue.edu/~yanchen/ME200/ME200-8.ppt 24