Lecture-27

Prepared under
QIP-CD Cell Project

Internal Combustion Engines

Ujjwal K Saha, Ph.D.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

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What Causes Air Pollution Today?

Stationary Sources
Combustion of fuels
for power and heat
Other burning such
as incineration or
forest fires
Industrial/commercial
processes
Solvents and aerosols

Mobile Sources
Highway vehicles: cars,
trucks, buses and
motorcycles

Off-highway vehicles such

as aircraft, boats,
locomotives, farm
equipment, construction
machinery & lawn mowers
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Primary Types of Air Pollutants

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Particulate Matter (PM10)
Lead (Pb)
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Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Odorless, colorless gas
Caused by incomplete combustion of
fuel and air
Most of it comes from motor vehicles
Reduces the transport of oxygen through
the blood stream
Affects mental functions and visual
acuity, even at low levels
Improvements are being made but there
are still problems in some urban areas
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Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

1. General term for a wide
hydrocarbon compounds

range

of

2. VOCs result from combustion processes

and evaporation of gasoline vapors,
solvents, etc.
3. They contribute to Global Warming
4. In sunlight, they combine with NOx to form
ozone (smog)
5. Ozone irritates eyes, aggravates respiratory
ills, damages crops
6. The ozone problem is the one affecting the
most people today
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Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

Nitrogen dioxide is the prominent one (it's

the yellow-brown color in smog)

NOx results from high temperature

combustion processes, e.g. cars and utilities
They affect the respiratory system
They play a major role in atmospheric
reactions
Overall levels unchanged but transportation
sources are cleaner
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Lead (Pb)
Long known as one of the worst toxics in
common use
Emitted from gasoline additives, battery
factories and non-ferrous smelters
Affects various organs and can cause
sterility and neurological impairment, e.g.
retardation and behavioral disorders
Infants and children especially susceptible
Control of mobile sources has been
exceptionally successful
7

Particulate Matter (PM10)

PM10 is a general term for tiny airborne
particles (under ten microns), e.g., dust, soot,
smoke

Primary sources are fuel-burning plants and

other industrial/ commercial processes
Some are formed in the air
They irritate the respiratory system and may
also carry metals, sulfates, nitrates, etc.
Some overall decreases seen but trends
may be masked by meteorological changes
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Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

This term is used for a number of compounds
containing sulfur
Primarily caused by burning of coal, oil and
various industrial processes
They can affect the respiratory system
They react in the atmosphere to form acids,
sulfates and sulfites
Substantial reductions due to controls at the
sources and through use of low sulfur fuels
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Other Air Pollutants

Carbon dioxide

Asbestos

Chlorofluorocarbons

Manganese

Formaldehyde

Dioxins

Benzene

Cadmium

Still others which are yet to

be fully characterized

10

Global Warming
Certain gases in the troposphere absorb
some of the infrared radiation reflected
from the earth
Carbon Dioxide is the major one (50%).
Others include methane (18%) and CFCs
(14%). CFCs also are responsible for
destroying the stratospheric ozone layer
The United States produces over 20% of
the world's "greenhouse" gases
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The Combustion Process

(theoretical)
Gasoline

-------- Air ---------

C 7 H13 + 10 O2 + 39 N2
Energy!!

7 CO2 + 6.5 H2 O + 39N2

Carbon
Dioxide

Water
(Steam)

Nitrogen
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The Combustion Process

(actual)

Today's Air

Exhaust:
Nitrogen
Water (steam)
Carbon Dioxide
Pollutants

Real Fuel

Pollutants:
Unburned
Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide
Oxides of Nitrogen
Other elements or
compounds
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Other
Emissions
from
Motor
Vehicles

Evaporative Emissions
(diurnal, running losses, hot soak)
Refueling Losses
(displaced vapors)

Miscellaneous Emissions
(due to other evaporation
Crankcase Losses
and wear of brakes,
(due to "blowby")
tires, etc.)
14

The Motor Vehicle as

a Source of Air Pollution
Refueling
Losses

Exhaust
Emissions

Evaporative
Emissions

Crankcase
Losses, etc.
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How Emissions are Formed

In the engine
- incomplete combustion
-"wall quench"
- high pressure and temp
-"Blowby"
Due to evaporation of fuel
-"breathing"
- hot engine and fuel
- displacement of vapors

16

The Effect of Air-Fuel Ratio

Fuel Economy
Higher

NOx

HC
CO

Lower
Rich
(too much fuel)

Stoichiometric
(14.7 to 1)

Lean
(too much air)
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Typical Emission Control

Devices
Positive Crankcase Ventilation
(PCV) Valve
Air Pump
Evaporative Emissions Canister
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)
Valve
Catalytic Converter
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Efficiency of the Three-way Catalyst

100%
90%
80%

The "Window"

50%
HC

NOx
CO
0%
Rich
Stoichiometric
(too much fuel)
(14.7 to 1)

Lean
(too much air)
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Catalytic Converter
A catalytic converter is a device that

uses a catalyst to convert three harmful

compounds in car exhaust into harmless
compounds. The three harmful compounds
are:
Hydrocarbons (in the form of
unburned gasoline)

Carbon monoxide (formed by the

combustion of gasoline)

Nitrogen oxides (created when

the heat in the engine forces nitrogen

in the air to combine with oxygen)
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Catalytic Converter
In a catalytic converter, the catalyst (in

the form of platinum and palladium) is

coated onto a ceramic honeycomb or
ceramic beads that are housed in a mufflerlike package attached to the exhaust pipe.

The

catalyst helps to
convert carbon monoxide
into carbon dioxide. It
converts the hydrocarbons
into carbon dioxide and
water. It also converts the
nitrogen oxides back into
nitrogen and oxygen.
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Catalytic Converter

22

References
Crouse WH, and Anglin DL,
DL (1985), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Eastop TD, and McConkey A, (1993), Applied Thermodynamics for Engg.
Technologists, Addison Wisley.
3. Fergusan CR, and Kirkpatrick AT, (2001), Internal Combustion Engines, John
Wiley & Sons.
4. Ganesan V, (2003), Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Gill PW, Smith JH, and Ziurys EJ, (1959), Fundamentals of I. C. Engines, Oxford
and IBH Pub Ltd.
6. Heisler H, (1999), Vehicle and Engine Technology, Arnold Publishers.
7. Heywood JB, (1989), Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill.
8. Heywood JB, and Sher E, (1999), The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine, Taylor & Francis.
9. Joel R, (1996), Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison-Wesley.
10. Mathur ML, and Sharma RP, (1994), A Course in Internal Combustion Engines,
Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi.
11. Pulkrabek WW, (1997), Engineering Fundamentals of the I. C. Engine, Prentice Hall.
12. Rogers GFC, and Mayhew YR,
YR (1992), Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison
1.

Wisley.

13. Srinivasan S, (2001), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.

14. Stone R, (1992), Internal Combustion Engines, The Macmillan Press Limited, London.
15. Taylor CF, (1985), The Internal-Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice, Vol. 1 & 2,
The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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