Operating Manual

HAYS BRIDGE
TRAINER
KMS-704

Salicon Nano Technology Pvt. Ltd

111, 1st Floor, Laxmi Deep Tower, Laxmi Nagar District Center,
Delhi 110092, INDIA
Tel: 91-11-22525940, 40618940, Fax; 91-11-22525941

Salicon Nano Technology Pvt. Ltd.

Operating Manual
E-mail: info@salicontech.com Web: www.salicontech.com

Table of Contents

Specifications

Introduction ....

Experiment: To Study Hays Bridge Circuit..

Block Description

12

Warranty

13

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Operating Manual

SPECIFICATION
HAYS BRIDGE TRAINER KMS-704
Bridges Circuits
- Hays Bridge
On-board features
- Potentiometer of 1K.
- 10K. Potentiometer is a helical 10 turn pot mounted with
dial for
Easy measurement.
- Fixed Resistance10M.,1M.,100K.,10K.,1K.,100. & 10.
Available
through Selector Switch
- Fixed Capacitance of 100f,10f,1f,100kpf,10kpf,1kpf &
100pf
available through Selector Switch
- Block Description Screen printed on glassy epoxy PCB
Display
- One LED indicator to indicate Power input.
Sine wave Generator
- OUTPUT Waveform - Sine
- Fixed 10 KHz sine wave 3Vp-p is provided directly to H1
and
GND is connected to H10
Interconnections
- All interconnections are made using 2mm banana Patch
cords.
Bare board Tested Glass Epoxy PCB is used.
Test points are provided to analyze signals at various
points.
Set of 2mm Patch cords for interconnections
Users Manual

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Operating Manual

INTRODUCTION
KMS 704 is a trainer in which one can understand the concept of
Hays Bridge
DISCUSSION ON FUNDAMENTALS:
Measurement of unknown electronic passive components like
resistant, capacitance and inductance is possible using various
bridge circuits. Bridge in basic form consists of four resistance or
impedance
arms in a close loop. Two junctions out of four are connected to
DC current or AC source and remaining two junctions are
connected to a null detector (A bridge circuit compares unknown
components to standard known value component) zero reading of
null detector indicates bridge balance condition when energized by
DC or AC source. Thus calibration or any other characteristics of
null detector device does not affect.

Also it should be appreciated that this is a

bridge training equipments and not a test &
measurement instrument. Therefore there is
no
point
in
specifying
range
of
the
instrument/bridge as it is not verified by our
QC department. We base our readings/
observations regarding working of bridge on a
typical sample/ component. And that is all in
the scope of this trainer.
Measurement accuracy of any bridge circuit:
Measurement accuracy is totally dependant on accuracy
of standard components used for comparison in bridge
circuit and their calibration. Different bridge circuits are
used to measure resistance, capacitance and inductance.

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Operating Manual
A Wheat stones bridge is used to measure medium
range resistance (few ohms to Mega ohms), a Kelvins
bridge is used to measure resistance of the order of few
milli-ohms to few ohms (wheastone bridge is not capable
to measure few resistance because of internal wire and
contact resistances.), a Maxwells bridge is used to
measure inductance, a Hays bridge is modified version
of Maxwells bridge, an Owens bridge is used to measure
inductance in terms of capacitance, An Andersons
bridge is used to measure inductance and its resistance.
For capacitance measurements DC Sautys bridge,
Schering Bridge can be used.
For reactive components like capacitance and inductance,
bridges are excited with AC signal instead of DC. NULL
DETECTOR should be a device or instruments that can
sense small AC signal. Hence null detector may be head
phone, vibration galvanometer, tunable amplifier AC mill
voltmeter or a CRO.Head phones are sensitive to 200 Hz
to 4 KHz; Vibration galvanometers are used at low
frequencies.Tuneable amplifier may be used in the range
of 10Hz to 100 KHz, for higher frequencies AC mill
voltmeter or CRO may be used.
To use CRO, we need DUAL CHANNEL with MONO, ADD,
and INVERT facility to determine potential difference
between two opposite arms with a view to achieve
balance. You cannot use just one channelof CRO as
detector as usually it shares common ground with that of
function generator, therefore shorting part of bridge. Of
course do not forget to keep same volt/cm (attenuator)
setting on both channel for ADD INVERT facility to work
correctly, typically 50mV/cm, seek balance condition by
observing on the same range. The balance condition can
be defined as minimum voltage below one big division on
the selected range of CRO. You can also use regular
stereophony Ear plug (typically available in market for use
in walkman/CD based music players) in place of CRO for
AC Bridge. As the balance is achieved the sound intensity
will drop. You need to train your ears a few times for habit
of using earphone plug.
Balancing of a bridge circuit:

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Operating Manual

Fig A
Step I: Identify 4 impedance one in each arm. This 4-arm
impedance construction is called a bridge.
Step II: Balancing of bridge
a)
b)

Observe VIN connections & VO output terminals.

VO = VA - VB - 0 (1)

This is bridge balance condition

Assuming that current drawn by measuring device (CRO in
this case) is eligible then
VA = VIN Z2 / (Z1+Z2)
VB = VIN Z4 / (Z3+Z4)
Thus,VO = VA - VB
= VIN [Z2 / (Z1+Z2) - Z4 / (Z3+Z4)]
Now to achieve bridge balance you need to adjust the
values of 4 impedance such that
Z2 / (Z1 + Z2) = Z4 / (Z3+Z4) ...
(2)
c) Hence adjust /set / select proper values of the
impedances to
archive above equality.

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Operating Manual
Step III: Typically your unit will specify values of 3 arms
while the
4 arm will be unknown component. Hence
properly
Selecting other three arms, you can archive
balance and
Therefore determine the value of the unknown
following
above equation no.2.
th

Step IV: For AC bridges you should look for sine wave
minimized
in amplitude as the zero condition. A true Zero
condition
is that whenever one of the settable arm
impedance is
varied in either direction away from zero position
the VO
output should increase.
This is an important criterion for distinguishing a false
zero position from correct bridge or zero position.

HAYS BRIDGE
A Hay Bridge is an AC bridge circuit used for measuring
an unknown inductance by balancing the loads of its four
arms, one of which contains the unknown inductance. One
of the arms of a Hay Bridge
has a capacitor of known characteristics, which is the
principal component used for determining the unknown
inductance value. Figure 1 below shows a diagram of the
Hay Bridge.

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Figure 1 The Hay Bridge

As shown in Figure 1, one arm of the Hay bridge consists
of a capacitor in series with a resistor (C1 and R2) and
another arm consists of an inductor L1 in series with a
resistor (L1 and R4). The other two arms simply contain a
resistor each (R1 and R3). The values of R1and R3 are
known, and R2 and C1 are both adjustable. The unknown
values are those of L1 and R4.
Like other bridge circuits, the measuring ability of a Hay
Bridge depends on 'balancing' the circuit. Balancing the
circuit as in Figure1 means adjusting R2 and C1 until the
current through the ammeter
between points A and B becomes zero. This happens when
the voltages at points A and B are equal.
When the Hay Bridge is balanced, it follows that
Z1/R1 = R3/Z2
Where, Z1 is the impedance of the arm containing C1 and
R2
And Z2 is the impedance of the arm containing L1 and R4.
Thus,
And

Z1 = R2 + 1/ (2fC)
Z2 = R4 + 2fL1.

Mathematically, when the bridge is balanced,

[R2 + 1/ (2fC1)] / R1 = R3 / [R4 + 2fL1];
[R4 + 2fL1]

= R3R1 / [R2 + 1/ (2fC1)];

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Operating Manual
R3R1
L1/C1.

= R2R4 + 2fL1R2 + R4/2fC1 +

R3R1
L1/C1 (1)

= R4 (R2 + 1/2fC1) + 2fL1R2 +

When the bridge is balanced, the reactive components are

equal, so
2fL1R2 = R4/2fC1,
R4 = (2f)

L1R2C1.

Substituting R4, one comes up with the equation (1):

R3R1
+ L1/C1

= (2f) 2 L1R2C1 (R2 + 1/2fC1) + 2fL1R2

R3R1
= (2f) 2 L1R2C1 R2 + (2f) L1R2) +
2fL1R2 + L1/C1
R3R1/ L1
1/C1

= (2f) 2 R2C1 R2 + (2f) R2) + 2f R2 +

R3R1C1/ L1 = (2f) 2 R2C12 R2 + 2f R2 C1 + 2f R2 C1 +

1
L1 = R3R1C1 / (2f) 2 R22C12 + 4fC1R2 + 1)

Since the bridge is balanced after dropping the reactive

components of the equation.
L1 = R3R1C1 / [1 + (2fR2C1)2]
Thus, the equations for L1 and R4 for the Hay Bridge in
Figure 1 when it is balanced are:
L1 = R3R1C1 / [1 + (2fR2C1)2]
R4 = (2fC1)

R2R3R1 / [1 +

(2fR2C1)2]
Note that the balancing of a Hay Bridge is frequencydependent.

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Operating Manual

EXPERIMENT
TO STUDY HAYS BRIDGE CIRCUIT
CONCEPT
Hays bridge differs from Maxwells bridge by having
resistance R1 in series with capacitance C1instead of
parallel. Hays bridge is used to measure unknown
inductance having Q more than 10 (Maxwells bridge is
used for inductance having Q less than 10).
At bridge balance

Z1 Zx = Z2 Z3

Where

Z1 = R1 - j / (C1)
Z2 = R2
Z3 = R3
Zx = Rx + j / (Lx)
Finally

Lx = R2R3C1/ (1 + 2R12C12)
Rx = 2C12R1R2R3 / (1 +
2R12C12)
If Q is greater that 10, the term1/Q2 is negligible, hence Lx

R2R3C1
Measurement range of this bridge is 1H-100H and it can
measure both power transformer (10VA) primary and
68H resistor type etc.

PROCEDURE :
NOTE: a. C1 = CT1, R1 = PT2, R2 = PT3 & R3 = PT1
b. Function Generator is connected to the
Maxwells
Bridge i.e. SINE Output of 10 KHz / 3Vp-p
is
supplied to H1 and GND to H10
internally.
1. Connect the AC Supply to the Kit

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Operating Manual
2. Connect T1, T2 of PT1 to H8 and T3 to H9
3. Connect T4 of PT2 to H5 and T6 to H4

4. Connect T7 of PT3 to H16 and T8 to H15

5. Connect T9 of CT1 to H6 and T10 to H3
6. Connect Unknown External Inductance (Lx), whose
value is to
be determined, between H12 & H13 posts of the Bridge.
7. Connect dual trace CRO as detector with CH1 to H7 and
H14 to
CH2 of CRO.
8. As the measuring range of this bridge is 1H-100H you
are
required to measure inductance greater than 1H (e.g.
transformer primary)
9. Select R2 (resistance switch) such that VLx (voltage
across
inductance) should be sufficient to measure on CRO.
10. Now connect CRO CH1 to monitor to monitor voltage
across
(R3). Put CRO in subtract mode to display difference
signal
between VR3 & VLx. Maintain both CHI & II 50mV/div
and
knob at CAL position strictly.
11. Adjust the value of C1 & R2 for minimum difference
signal on
CRO (this is the coarse adjustment). Now adjust R3
(fine
adjustment) to achieve minimum amplitude difference
signal
on CRO. This Hay Bridge is balanced.
12. On bridge balance condition (minimum difference
signal) not
down the R1, R2, R3 and C1 from dials respectively.
Also note
down the frequency of input signal. At Bridge
Balancing
ZA/ZB = ZC/ZX
Where,

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Operating Manual
ZA = R1 j Xc
= R j / ( C1)
ZB = R3
ZC = R2
ZX = RX + j XL = RX + j / ( Lx)
13. Calculate
LX = R2R3C1 / (1 +2R12C12)
When, Q is >10
LX = R2R3C1
RX = 3C12R1R2R3 / (1 +

2C12R12
14. Confirm LX on Digital LCR meter available in
laboratory repeat
the procedure for different inductances.

CONCLUSION
Value of unknown inductance measured & calculated
using Hays bridge nearly matches with the reading
obtained by using the LCR meter.

Sample Observation Table

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Operating Manual

BLOCK DESCRIPTION

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Operating Manual

WARRANTY
Salicon Nano Technology Pvt. Ltd.

14

Operating Manual
1.
2.

3.

We guarantee the instrument against all manufacturing defects

during 24 months from the date of sale by us or through our
dealers.
The guarantee covers manufacturing defects in respect of
indigenous components and material limited to the warranty
extended to us by the original manufacturer, and defect will be
rectified as far as lies within our control.
The guarantee will become INVALID.
a) If the instrument is not operated as per instruction
given in the instruction manual.
b) If the agreed payment terms and other conditions
of sale are not followed.
c) If the customer resells the instrument to another
party.
d) Provided no attempt have been made to service and
modify the instrument.

The non-working of the instrument is to be communicated

to Us immediately giving full details of the complaints and
defects noticed specifically mentioning the type and sr. no.
of the instrument, date of purchase etc.
5. The repair work will be carried out, provided the instrument is
dispatched securely packed and insured with the railways.
To and fro charges will be to the account of the customer
DISPATCH PROCEDURE FOR SERVICE
Should it become necessary to send back the instrument to factory please
observe the following procedure.
1)
2)

Before dispatching the instrument please write to us giving fully

details of the fault noticed.
After receipt of your letter our repairs dept. will advise you
whether it is necessary to send the instrument back to us for
repairs or the adjustment is possible in your premises.

Dispatch the instrument (only on the receipt of our advice) securely

packed in original packing duly insured and freight paid along with
accessories and a copy of the details noticed to us at our factory address.

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