Gastropods in Zone 3, Barra, Opol Misamis Oriental

A Thesis Proposal Presented to the

Biology Department, Xavier University
Cagayan de Oro City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Course
General Ecology (Bio 6)

By:

Pauline M. Naive
March 2015

APPROVED:
______________________________
Mr. Vic Moses F. Tagupa
Teacher

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page number
Title Page . i
Table of Contents.................. ii
List of Tables iii
List of Figures .. iv

Chapter
I.

Introduction . 4

II.

Objectives 7

III.

Significance of the Study 7

IV.

Scope and Limitations of the Study 8

V.

Literature Review 9

VI.

Work Plan .......... 17

A. Study area ....................

17

B. Duration and frequency of the study ........................ 18

C. Establishment of sampling areas .................................................

18

D. Methods . 20
VII.

Financial Requirements .... 23

VIII.

Biodata

IX.

References 26

25

LIST OF TABLES

Table

Page number

Gantt chart of the schedule of activities 18

Financial Requirements ..............23

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure

Page number

Map of Barangay Bara, Opol Misamis Oriental 17

Map of the study area ......... 19

Profile map of the sampling area......... 20

I. Introduction
Phylum Mollusca or the Mollusks form one of the largest and most diverse groups of the
invertebrates, or animals without backbones and is second to Phylum Arthropodas Insects in
species richness wherein the number of living species previously was estimated to be
approximately ranging from 50, 000 and having a 55,000 extant species that have far been
described from fossil deposits from the six continents. Perhaps less than twenty percent of these
mollusks are still unknown to science and most of these await discovery in the ocean depths
(Feininger, E.). In earlier times, there are probably ranging from about 80,000-100, 000
described species of recent mollusks (Ruppert, E. & et. al, 2004), This very diverse group
includes organisms ranging from fairly simple organisms to some of the most complex
invertebrates, and in size from almost microscopic to giants. This includes chitons, snails, clams,
and octopuses (Hickman, C & et. al, 2003).
Mollusks are highly diverse not just in size and anatomical features but also in
their habitats and behavior. They are found in a great range of habitats from tropics to polar seas,
in ponds, lakes, streams, on mudflats, in open ocean, from the surface to abyssal depth and most
live in the sea, and they present a variety of lifestyles including bottom feeders, burrower, borers,
and pelagic forms (Hickman, C & et. al, 2003).
In the Philippines, the country forms an ocean region that has been long recognized as the
worlds center of marine diversity and holds the richest marine diversity along with Indonesia
and

Malaysia

(Available:

http://www.oneocean.org/flash/philippine_biodiversity.html).

Carpenter (2005) suggests that not only part of the center but in fact it is the epicenter of marine
biodiversity, with richest concentration of marine life. Wherein among these astonishing

information revealed of the variety of marine life in the Philippines is the 5,000 species of
mollusks to be found in the country (Springsteen and Leobrera (1986) & Ocean defender
(2013)).
The name Mollusca indicates a distinct characteristic; being soft bodied. Mollusks have a
body plan that consists of a head-foot portion and a visceral mass. The head-foot portion is the
active area containing the feeding, cephalic sensory and locomotor organ while the visceral mass
portion contains the digestive, circulatory, respiratory and reproductive organs. Two folds of
skin, outgrowths of the dorsal body, makes up a protective mantle which in some mollusks
secretes a protective shell which covers the head-foot and visceral mass portions. Also in some
forms, the shell has been lost in the course of evolution, as in slugs and octopuses, or greatly
reduced in size and internalized, as in squids (Hickman, C & et. al, 2003).
Phylum Mollusca is divided into seven classes namely Class Aplacophora, Class
Monoplacophora, Class Polyplacophora, Class Bivalvia, Class Cephalopoda, Class Scaphopoda
and Class Gastropoda which is the largest and most diverse class of Phylum Mollusca and which
is the main focus of this study.
Class Gastropoda or the Gastropods are the largest, most diverse and successful class of
phylum Mollusca which accounts nearly 80% of the living mollusks and having vicinity of
60,000 to 80, 000 living species. These include terrestrial snails and slugs, sea butterflies, tusk
shells, conchs, whelks, limpets, periwinkles, oyster borers, coweries, and many others
(Klappenbach). In the Philippines, 22, 000 species are approximately present (PBCPP 2002).
Gastropods have become adapted to life in all types of bottoms which is accounted on
how diverse they are not only in number of species but also as to their anatomy, feeding habits,
5

habitats and reproductive adaptation. Due to their great variety, it is difficult to describe a
generalized gastropod. The most common to all gastropods is torsion which is a 180
counterclockwise rotation of the visceral mass with respect to the foot (Ruppert, E. & et. al,
2004). Gastropods being best known for its beautiful and artistic shells are thought to always
have shells but there are some of them to the exception and these are the Nudibranchs wherein
their shells are lost or disappear during metamorphosis to adult form.
Class Gastropoda have three major subclasses these are Subclass Prosobranchia, Subclass
Opisthobranchia and Subclass Pulmonata. Subclass Prosobranchia which have gills anterior to
the heart in the mantle cavity and the most numerous are dioecious; that is, it has separate sexes.
Subclass Opisthobranchia which have gills posterior to the heart, which commonly have a
reduced or internal shell such as sea hares, or lack of shell where the nudibranchs belong.
Subclass Pulmonata which have modified lung and are hermaphrodite which feed largely on
vegetation (Ruppert, E. & et. al, 2004).
Gastropods play an important source of food for other animals on land and water and that
includes humans. Gastropods are also used for commercial used wherein it is used as decorative
ornaments, instruments and jewelries. Another is that certain Gastropods species are known to
respond to changes in the environment which makes them a good indicator for environmental
conditions.

II. Objectives
General Objective
The researcher aims to assess the species of gastropods in the intertidal zone of Zone 3,
Barra, Opol, Misamis Oriental.
Specific Objectives

To identify the species of gastropods present in the area

To count the number of species of gastropods (species richness) occurring in the area
To determine the relative abundance of the species of gastropods found in the area
To determine the species diversity of gastropods in the area

III. Significance of the Study

In this modern world, mans activities are gradually bringing thousands of species to
extinction. Over-collecting is happening more and more around the world. Locally, some kind of
mollusks, like the gastropods are becoming very scarce due to commercial collecting. This
excessive collection is due to the fact that gastropods are considered to be one of the most
utilized animals. Wherein aside as being a source of food, the gastropod shells are of great
interest to casual seashell crafters or collectors in the area since they are rare and attractive. The
shells of the gastropods have been valuable which are used in making decorative ornaments,
instruments and jewelries.
However, the key reason why mollusks are endangered are not really due to overcollecting but because of the pollution from the cities and etc. There are certain gastropods
species with its absence imply certain environmental conditions like that there are disturbing

factors such as pollution in the area. Therefore, any information gathered in this study would
serve as an ecological indicator for changes in the molluscan fauna. Also, the result of the
assessment of the status of the gastropods in this study will provide the local government and
most especially the people living near there the necessary information needed for the proper
utilization of the marine resources and the management for the preservation and conservation of
these organism and better regulation of marine exploitation activities.
This study will also serve as baseline information for future researchers who want to
venture of the same field.

IV. Scope and Limitations

The following parameters will not be included in the study: interrelationship and
association with other organisms, developmental stages, determination of sex, behavioral pattern,
internal anatomy and physio-chemical paramters.

V. Literature Review
8

Gastropods are the largest, most known and successful class of all Mollusks. The
Gastropods are a major part of the Phylum Mollusca wherein it accounts nearly 80% of all the
living mollusks and are the most highly diversified class in the phylum with having vicinity of
60, 000 to 80, 000 living species. Members of this class include terrestrial snails and slugs, sea
butterflies, tusk shells, conchs, whelks, limpets, periwinkles, oyster borers, coweries, and many
others. Gastropods are not only diversified in terms of number of species but also as to their
anatomy (e.g. size, shape, color, body structure and shell morphology), feeding habits (e.g.
browsers, grazers, filter feeders, predators, bottom feeders, scavengers and detritivores), habitats
(e.g. freshwater, marine, deep sea, intertidal, wetland and terrestrial habitats), and reproductive
adaptations (Klappenbach) it is because of these factors that they are very successful in luring
numerous researchers internationally and locally to study their abundance and distribution in the
environment.
There three major subclasses in the Class Gastropoda namely Subclass Prosobranchia,
Subclass Opisthobranchia and Subclass Pulmonata. Subclass prosobranchia which are generally
aquatic gastropods which have the visceral mass retaining pronounced torsion and a visceral loop
that crossed into a figure of eight. The head carries a single pair of tentacles with the eyes at the
base. The spiral shells is closed by an operculum and are mostly dioecious which mean have
separate sexes. Next is Subclass opisthobranchia which are marine hermaphrodite gastropod
wherein the shell is reduced becoming internal and finally disappearing with an accompanying
tendency to detorsion. And then, Subclass Pulmonata which are hermaphrodite gastropods
which have modified lungs which gives them the ability to breath air and made them be able to
invade terrestrial environment (Wiburg and Yonge, 1964).

Gastropods are considered one of the most highly utilized animals especially to man.
Gastropods play an important source of food for animals on the land and water and that includes
humans to. Man has use them in many diverse ways aside from being food, they are used for
jewelry, ornaments, utensils, tools, money and even for religious symbols and etc.
(Clayton,1974).
Because of the beauty and artistic attributes of the shells of the gastropods it has been
rendered as collectables (Abbot, 1972). Huge Cuming who was into conchology from 1827 to
1831 sailed among the Polynesian Islands and up America had discovered nearly 2, 000 species.
Cumings expedition lasted from 1836 to 1840 and was to the Philippines wherein he collected
and discovered 3,000 species of shells.
In 1997, Liu and Resh studied about the micro distribution and abundance of gastropods
in the lower reaches of the three streams on Moorea, French Polynesia during austral spring and
austral fall. Seven species were collected and examined these are Neritina canalis Lamarck,
Neritina turrita Gmelin, Clithon spinosa Budgin, Septana porcellana Linnaeus, Neritina
auriculata Lamarck, Melanoides tuberculata Miiller, and Thiara granifera Lamarck. They
examined the seasonal and spatial differences in densities of the different freshwater gastropod
species that occur in the three streams wherein results shows that most gastropod species had
higher densities during austral fall than austral spring and with higher densities being found in
riffle than in pool habitats. They also examined the factors influencing density and
microdistribution of freshwater gastropods in these habitats wherein shown in a stepwise
multiple regression indicated that velocity, depth, and substrate roughness were determinants of
gastropod abundance for some species within these streams.

10

In 2006, Mackenzie studied species diversity, ecological preferences, and intraspecific

shell variation of native and invasive species of gastropod mollusks in the intertidal zone along
the coasts of Vancouver Island, Canada wherein 20 species representing eight orders and thirteen
families of gastropod mollusks were collected from eight localities these are Diodora apera,
Acmaea limatula, Acmaea mitra, Notoacmaea persona, Collisella pelta, Calliostoma
canaliculatum, Tegula funebralis, Bittium attenuatum, Batillara attramentaria, Littorina
scutulata, Littorina sitkana, Nucella emarginata, Nucella canaliculata, Nucella lamellose,
Nassarius fossatus, Olivella pedroana, Olivella biplicata, Alia gausapata, Polinices lewisii,
Opalia borealis. Extensive intraspecific shell variation was documented in three species of
gastropod mollusks: Littorina scutulata, Littorina sitkana and Nucella emarginata. Two species,
Littorina scutulata and Littorina sitkana, were the most abundant gastropod mollusks at all the
localities. Along with the native species of gastropods an invasive species, Batillara
attramentaria, was discovered in the intertidal mud flats of Comox harbor and Royston beach.
Batillara attramentaria was abundant at both localities. In contrary, the native representatives of
Cerithiidae, which are usually found in the same type of habitat, were extremely scarce or absent
at these localities. As to their study shows, the native gastropod mollusk fauna of Vancouver
Island, Canada, is very diverse and abundant, but an introduction of a non-native species could
jeopardize the stability of native mollusk populations.
Sereflisan and et. al (2008) studied the abundance of gastropods species in Lake Golbasi.
Twelve species were collected these are 3 species belonging to the subclass Pulmonata which are
Gyraulus piscinarum, Radix labiata, Anisus leucostoma and 9 species of the subclass
Orthogastropoda (=Prosobranchia) which are Theodoxus jordani, Semisalsa contempta,
Semisalsa longiscata, Bithynia phialensis, Valvata saulcyi, Valvata piscinalis, Melanoides
11

tuberculatus, Melanopsis praemorsa ferussaci, Melanopsis costata costata. Physiological

parameters were also measured which are turbidity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature.
In 2014, Kurhe studied about the vertical distribution, species diversity, ecological
preferences, and intra-specific shell and abundance of gastropod mollusks in the intertidal
regions in fourteen localities located along the coast of Ratnagiri Maharashtra, India wherein 127
species were identified representing 11 orders and 20 families of gastropod mollusks. Cerithium
morus, Cerithium rubus, Planaxis similis, Planaxis niger, Planaxis sulcatus and Planaxis acutus,
were the most abundant gastropod mollusks in all the localities. Results shows that the patterns
of vertical distribution of gastropods in various exposed rocky shore habitats of Ratnagiri coast
are vertically diverse and abundant.
Gastropods being known best for its beautiful and artistic shells are thought to always
have these shells, but there are some of them to the exception: there are the Nudibranchs which
are also known as sea slugs and butterflies of the seas. Nudibranchs are considered the most
stunning and beautiful creatures of the sea due to their incredible colors and the beauty and
exotic forms. Nudibranchs meaning naked gills belong to the subclass Opistobranchia (marine
slugs) of class Gastropoda which exhibits a major evolutionary trend, the reduction or loss of the
shell. Although the shell is present during their larvae stage but disappears during metamorphosis
(Ruigomez, 2007). Nudibranchs can be found anywhere from the depths of the ocean, to tidal
pools, to coral reefs, but are most diverse in tropical waters. Nudibranchs move or crawl by
ciliary action or the muscular action of its foot, a flat and broad muscle that clings to rocks,
corals, sponges and other surfaces. Nudibranchs are carnivores and use their radula, a band of
curved teeth, to scrape or tear food particles. Nudibranchs have both male and female sex organs,
making them hermaphrodites. Although hermaphroditic, self-fertilization does not occur it is
12

only when the reproductive pores of two nudibranchs line up, neck to neck, can fertilization
ensue. Nudibranchs have obtained different defenses in order to escape predation; chemical
defenses are obtained from their prey by ingestion, and are then incorporated into nudibranch
tissues. The bright colors and patterns of nudibranchs serve as a warning signal to predators of
their chemical defenses. Alternatively, the coloration of nudibranchs could also be a camouflage
mechanism, allowing them to blend in to various substrates (Dumas).
The Philippine archipelago stretches across one of the richest tropical waters of the world
with over 4, 000 species of marine shells. The marine fauna of the Philippines is not a uniform
assemblage but rather it consists of a group of overlapping subfaunas, like of to the north, in the
island of Luzon where Marble Cone, Textile Cone, Ricine Drupe, Grossularia Drupe, Lambis
Scorpion Conch and many other western Pacific species are rich and common in the area. In the
central part of the Philippines, around Cebu, Leyte, Romblon and Negros where many species
are found that are unique to the country. Off coast of western Leyte which is the center of
distribution of chambered Nautiluses which occur in huge schools. Also in the Philippines to be
found the species of Tritons Trumpet that grow larger and beautiful than any other region. In the
soft ooze of Manilas bay found the Tibia Shell which is the strangest of the conch family of its
being extraordinary slender with a long spire of many whorls and an equally long shelly snout at
the anterior end (Abbott, 1972). In present, approximately 22, 000 species are found to be in the
Philippines (PBCPP, 2002). Thus, there are also many local researchers that study its abundance
and distribution.
Luzano (unpublished) in 1990, studied the species diversity and dominance of marine
gastropods, genus Conus in the shallow littoral areas of Gitagum, Misamis, Oriental. Wherein
eleven species of marine gastropods, genus Conus where collected and identified these are
13

Conus ebraeus, Conus coronatus, Conus musicus, Conus capitaneus, Conus parvulus, Conus

ranunculus, Conus rattus, Conus terebra, Conus vexillum, Conus

s p1

and Conus

s p2

Conus coronatus was found to be the most abundant species in the area. A year later was
Teodosio (unpublished) in 1991, which also studied about the species diversity, dominance and
similarities of the species Conus shells in the littoral areas of Libertad, Misamis, Oriental where
seven species were found and identified these are Conus coronatus, Conus musicus, Conus
ebraeus, Conus chaldeus, Conus anemone, Conus iniliaris and Conus ermineus. Wherein Conus
coronatus was the most abundant species found in the area.
In 1995, Neri (unpublished) studied the species diversity of marine gastropods in the
different areas of the littoral zone of El Salvador, Misamis Oriental. Wherein eight species were
collected and identified and these are Nerita polita, Cypraea moneta, Acmaea Saccharina,
Acmaea testudinalis, Campeloma ponderosum, Femsia parallelus, Physa gyrina and Nerita sp.
Nerita sp was found to be the most abundant species in the area.
In the year 1996, two studies about species diversity of cone shells where conducted by
Pedarse and Tapaca (both unpublished). Pedarse studied the species diversity of cone shells in
Punta Sulawan wherein she found eight species these are 39 of Conus ebraeus, 9 of Conus
coronatus, 19 of Conus lividus, 2 of Conus mustilinus, 1 of Conus miles, 1 of Conus capitaneus,
2 of Conus ranunculus and Sp 1-1. Conus ebraeus was the most abundant species found in the
area. Meanwhile, Tapaca studied about the species diversity of cone shells at the littoral zone
Cabulawan, Solana, Jasaaan, Misamis Oriental wherein she collected and identified six species
these are 66 of Conus ebraeus, 55 of Conus coronatus, 29 of Conus flavidus, 16 of Conus rattus,

14

14 of Conus virgo and 4 of Conus vexillum. Conus ebraeus was the most abundant species found
in the area.
In 2001, Yeban (unpublished) studied the zonation pattern of gastropods in Mantigue
Island, Camiguin Province wherein she collected 57 representative gastropods species belonging
to 21 different families these are 1 of Architectonidae, 3 of Buccinidae, 6 of Cerithiidae, 4 of
Conidae, 1 of Coralliophidae, 3 of Cymatidae, 8 of Cypraeidae, 1 of Fasciolariidae, 3 of
Mitridae, 5 of Muricidae, 1 of Naticidae, 6 of Neritidae, 1 of Planaxidae, 2 of Pyrenidae, 1 of
Strombidae, 1 of Casididae, 1 of Tonnidae, 3 of Trochidae, 2 of Turbinidae, 1 of Vasidae, and 3
of Volutidae. A total of twenty-two species were identified and seven species were unidentified.
In the same year, Cabrezos (unpublished) studied about the species diversity, dominance and
similarity of gastropods in the littoral areas of Sugbongcogon, Misamis Oriental wherein eleven
species where collected and identified these are Nerita polita, Cypraea camelopardis, Cypraea
moneta, Bulla strata, Acmaea saccharina, Oliva episcopalis, Littorina littorea, Acmeae
testudinalis, Phos senticosus, Cancellaria reticulate and an unidentified species of Nerita. The
most abundant species in the area was the unidentified sepcies of Nerita of 28.8%.
In the same year also of 2003, two studies were conducted by Absin and Ayupan (both
unpublished). Absin studied about species diversity, abundance, distribution and horizontal
zonation of gastropods species in the intertidal zone of Opol, Misamis Oriental. The study has
two sampling stations: station 1 Luyongbonbon, Opol and station 2 Poblacion, Opol. Forty-three
species were found. Thirty-eight of it was species of prosobranchs and five of it was species of
opisthobranchs. The family with highest frequency in the whole area was the Family Neritacea
followed by Family Nassaridae and Family Pyrenidae. The top three abundant species in
Luyongbonbon are Nerita peloronta (15.67%), Clypeomorus sp. (12.67%) and Nerita sp.
15

(11.00%). On the other hand, the top three abundant species in Poblacion are Pyrene versicolor
(21.85%), Nassarius comptus (14.44%) and Cypraea annulus (11.85%). Between the two
stations, Luyongbonbon has the highest species diversity of 2.98 as compared to Poblacion with
2.63. It was also found out that gastropods preder sandy-corraline substrates and are mostly
exhibiting a clumped distribution. Meanwhile, Ayupan studied about abundance and distribution
of gastropods in Agusan River, Agusan, Cagayan de Oro city. Twenty-seven species were found
belonging to four families namely 11 species from Neritidae Theodoxidae, 9 species from
Neritidae, 1 species from Viviparidae and 6 species from Thiaridae. Only nine species were
identified down to genus level these are Septaria sanguisuga, Septaria luzonica, Septaria janelli,
Septaria apiata, Septaria cumingiana, Theodoxus corona, Clithon retropictus, Melanoides
tuberculate, and Melanoides maculate. Theodoxus corona and Neritodyas sp.1 was the most
abundant of 6.73% in the upstream, Thiara sp.2 was the most abundant of 12.56% in the middle
stream and Melanoides sp.2 was the most abundant of 20.88% in the downstream.
Dugallio (unpublished) in 2006, studied about the abundance of gastropods species in the
subtidal zone of Spica Point, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental. Seventeen species were identified
these are Calpurnus verrucosus, Chicoreus rosaries, Chicoreus sp.1, Chromodereis annae,
Chromodereis magnifica, Cypreae caputserpentes, Cypreae eglantine, Cypreae tigris, Cypreae
sp.1, Lambis lambis, Lambis Scorpius, Ovula ovum, Strombus luhuanus, Trochus
nigropunctatus, Trochus sp.1, Turbo sp.1 and Turbo sp.1. Trochus sp.1 was the most abundant
species found. The species of gastropods in the study showed a clumped distribution pattern.
The study area will be the intertidal zone of Zone 3, Barra, Opol Misamis Oriental; an
inhabited- residential area therefore in observing the intertidal zone there is quite the quantity of
garbage. This study will be important when conducted in the said area because the results of the
16

study will bring awareness to the local government and most especially to the people living near
there for the proper preservation and conservation of the area.
In light of these, the researcher wants to study the abundance of the gastropods in the area
of Zone 3, Barra, Opol, Misamis Oriental.

VI. Work Plan

A. Study Area
Barra (Figure 1) is located in the province of Opol, Misamis Oriental in Northern
Mindanao (Region X). It is bordered by Barangay Igpit to the west, Barangay Bulua to
the east and Barangay Iponan to the south. On the north then lies Macajalar Bay in the
Bohol Sea.

Figure 1. Map of Barangay Barra, Opol Misamis Oriental

17

The study takes place at Zone 3, Barangay Barras intertidal zone which is
estimated to be 1 km long. The study area will be divided into four sampling sites which
is 25 meters each and then 250 meters apart from each other.

B. Duration and Frequency of the study

The duration of the study shall last for five months. The study will start from the
month of June 2015 until October of the same year. A three month period will be covered
for the sampling. Sampling for each four sites will be done twice a month and this is
during low tides.

Schedule of
Activities

Months
Jan

Feb

Mar

April

May

Jun Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Title/Topic of
the study
Reconnaisance
Literature
Review
Thesis Proposal
Sampling Period
Analysis of data
Final Paper
C. Establishment of Sampling Areas and Field Samplings
As seen in figure 2, the study will be conducted on the intertidal zone of Zone 3,
Barangay Barra which is estimated to be 1 km long. The study area will be then divided
into four sampling sites which is 25 meters each and 250 meters apart from each other.
Uniform transect quadrat method will be then used wherein in every sampling site there
will be 5 equidistant points along the baseline that will be marked. The length of the
18

transect line will depend on the topography of the intertidal zone. The distance between
the equidistant points for all the sites will be 5 meters and then in every 5 meters interval
a 0.5 m x 0.5 m quadrat will be then placed alternately (right first and then left) which is
then 1 meter away from the transect line.

1 km

Figure 2. Map of the study area

19

Figure 3. Profile Map of the Sampling Area

D. Methods
1. Collection of Samples
Gastropod species that are found in the quadrat will be counted and
recorded. Representative species (3 individuals per species) of gastropods are then
picked up and then place in a pre-labelled small plastic container for identification.
2. Preservation and Cleaning of samples
The samples collected are then to be preserved using an alcohol (70%
ethyl or isopropyl) solution which is then rinsed with tap water. The shell will be
then air dried and used for identification. For specimen with no shells it will be
preserve using 5% formalin.

20

3. Identification samples
Identification of the samples will be based on the external morphology of
the shell (prosobranchs) and/or the soft body (opisthobranchs), color, shape, and
torsion. The identification will be also based using the aid of taxonomic keys and
books, data from reliable internet source and the previously identified samples
displayed at the Science Center of the Xavier University.
4. Data Analysis
To compute for the Species Richness, Relative Abundance and Species
Diversity of the Gastropods in the area, these formulas from the book of Smith
and Smith (2012) and Margalef (1969) will be used:
a. Species Richness
R = (S-1) / In N
where: S = number of species
In = natural log or log base e
N = number of individuals

b. Relative abundance

Pi =

x 100

where; n = number of individuals of the same species

N = total number of individual for all species

21

c. Species Diversity
i. Shannon-Wiener Index (H)
H = -(pi) (ln pi)
where; pi = proportion of individuals of species i
In = natural log or log base e
N = total number of individual for all species

VII. Financial Requirments

Renumeration of Personnel
Role

No. of persons

Budget (in pesos)

Researcher

Adviser/Consultant
Assistants

No. of

Total

8, 000.00/month

times
5

40,000.00

3,000.00 /consultation

12,000.00

200.00/sampling

4,800.00

Subtotal

56,800.00

Budget for Materials

Materials
Nylon Rope
Small Plastic Containers

Amount(in pesos)

Quantity

Total

30/roll

150.00

30

20

600.00

22

Wooden sticks

60/bundle

120.00

Big Plastic Box

700

700.00

70% Ethyl or Isopropyl

170/L

170.00

5% Formalin

150/L

150.00

Masking Tape

28

28.00

Marker

30

30.00

Camera

4,000

4,000.00

Netbook

16, 000

16,000.00

Paper

40

40.00

Printer

2,000

2,000.00

Ink

1,500

1,500.00
Subtotal

25, 488.00

Foods Budget
Food

Number of

Budget (in pesos)

Number of

Persons
Snacks

Total

times
250/pax

5,000.00

Subtotal

5,000.00

Transportation Budget
Fare

Amount (in pesos)

Number of times

Total

14

70.00
Subtotal

(Raw Total)
Sundry
OVERALL TOTAL

70.00

87,358.00
1, 500.00
88,358.00

23

VIII. Biodata

Name: Pauline M. Nave

Task: Researcher

Address: Blk 53, Lot 17, Johndorf Avenue PN ROA Subd., Barra, Opol Mis. Or.
Date of Birth: December 16, 1994
Place of Birth: Carmen, Cagayan de Oro City
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
24

Citizenship: Filipino
Contact Number: 09051374719
Email Address: pauline_otaku143@yahoo.com

Educational Background
College:

Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan

Corrales Avenue, Cagayan de Oro City
Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Biological Sciences
(2012 present)

Secondary:

Misamis Oriental General Comprehensive High School

Don Apolinar Velez St., Cagayan de Oro City
(2008-2012)

Elementary:

Riverdale Grade School

(2002-2008)

IX. REFERENCES
Abbot, T. (1972). Kingdom of the Seashells. New York. Crown Publishers, Inc.
Absin, C. (Unpublished). Gastropods in the Intertidal Zone of Opol, Misamis Oriental. A paper
presented to the Biology Department, Xavier University, Cagayan de Oro City, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements of the course Bio 20. March 2003.
Ayupan, N. (Unpublished). Gastropods in Agusan River, Cagayan de Oro City. A paper presented
to the Biology Department, Xavier University, Cagayan de Oro City, in partial fulfillment
of the requirements of the course Bio 20. March 2003.
Cabrezos, I. (Unpublished). Species Diversity of Shelled Gastropods at the Intertidal Zone of
Sugbongcogon, Misamis Oriental. A paper presented to the Biology Department, Xavier
University, Cagayan de Oro City, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the course
Bio 20. March 2001.
Clayton, SM. (1974). Seashells. London. Octopus Book Limited. pg. 1-7, 16-17, 28, 60-62.\
Dongallo, J. (Unpublished). Gastropods at the Shallow Subtidal Waters in Sipaka Point,
Talisayan, Misamis Oriental. A paper presented to the Biology Department, Xavier
University, Cagayan de Oro City, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the course
Bio 20. March 2006.

25

Dumas, S. Brief Summary: Nudibranchs. Retrieve from: http://eol.org/data_objects/22982022 .

Accessed 20 January 15.
Feigninger, E. Shells, pg.11-13, 15-19, 33, 44.
Hickman, C. (2003). Animal Diversity. New York. McGrawhill. pg. 172-175, 178-182.
Klappenbach, L. Gastropods. Retrieved from:
http://animals.about.com/od/molluscs/p/gastropods.htm . Accessed 19 January 15.
Kurhe, A. (2014). Vertical Distribution and Diversity of Gastropods Molluscs from Intertidal
Habitats of the Ratnagiri coast Maharashtra, India. International Research Journal of
Natural
and
Applied
Sciences
Volume-1,
Issue-6.
Retrieved
from:
http://www.academia.edu/9840453/VERTICAL_DISTRIBUTION_AND_DIVERSITY_
OF_GASTROPODS_MOLLUSCS_FROM_INTERTIDAL_HABITATS_OF_THE_RAT
NAGIRI_COAST_MAHARASHTRA_INDIA. Accessed 18 January 15.
Liu, T. and Resh, V.H. (1997). Abundance and Microdistribution of Freshwater Gastropods in
three streams of Moorea, French Polynesia. Annls Limnol. 33 (4). Retrived
from:
http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FANL
%2FANL33_04%2FS0003408897000228a.pdf&code=5c0e8c1c91352eea14e1b68b258d
a7cd. Accessed 5 January 15.
Luzano, J. (Unpublished). Dominance and Species Diversity of Marine Gastropods at the Littoral
area of Gitagum, Misamis Oriental. A paper presented to the Biology Department, Xavier
University, Cagayan de Oro City, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the course
Bio 20. Febuary 1990.
Mackenzie, T. (2006). Distribution of Gastropod Mollusks on the Intertidal Zone of Vancouver
Island, Canada. Proceedings of the National Conference on Undergraduate Research
(NCUR). Retrieved from: http://www.ncur20.com/presentations/4/426/paper.pdf .
Accessed 18 Jauary 15.
Neri, L. (Unpublished). Specific Diversity of Marine Gastropods in the Littoral Zone of El
Salvador, Misamis Oriental. A paper presented to the Biology Department, Xavier
University, Cagayan de Oro City, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the course
Bio 20. February 1995.
Pedarse, C. (Unpublished). Species Diversity of Cone Shells (Genus Conus) in the Littoral Zone
of Punta, Sulawan, Misamis, Oriental. A paper presented to the Biology Department,
Xavier University, Cagayan de Oro City, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the
course Bio 20. February 1996.
Rupper, E. et al. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology. Cengage Learning.

26

Sereflisan and et. al. (2008). The Gastropod Fauna and their abundance, and some
Physicochemical Parameters of Lake Golbasi. Turkey. Tubitak. Retrieved from:
http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/issues/zoo-09-33-3/zoo-33-3-5-0806-7.pdf?
origin=publication_detail. Accessed 5 January 15.
Tapaca, J. (Unpublished). Species diversity of cone shells (Conus sp.) at the littoral zone of
Cabulawan, Solana, Jasaaan, Misamis Oriental. A paper presented to the Biology
Department, Xavier University, Cagayan de Oro City, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements of the course Bio 20. Feruary 1996.
Teodosio, L. (Unpublished). Species Diversity of Cone Shells (Genus Conus) in the Intertidal
Zone of Libertad, Misamis Oriental. A paper presented to the Biology Department,
Xavier University, Cagayan de Oro City, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the
course Bio 20. Febuary 1991.
Wilbur, k. & Yonge, C.M. (1964). Physiology of Mollusca. New York. Academic Press. pg. 2-4.
Yeban, D. (Unpublished). Zonation Pattern of Gastropods in the Intertidal Zone of Mantigue
Island, Camiguin Province. A paper presented to the Biology Department, Xavier
University, Cagayan de Oro City, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the course
Bio 20. March 2001.

27