Sample exercise 13.

1) Predict whether each of the following substances is more

likely to dissolve in the nonpolar solvent carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or in water:
C7H16, Na2SO4, HCl, and I2.
Solution:
1) Determine if the solute is an ionic or molecular compound.
2) If it is an molecular compound, determine whether it is polar or nonpolar.
3) Nonpolar solvents are better for the nonpolar solutes, polar solvents are
better for the polar solutes.
C7H16: Molecular and nonpolar compound
Na2SO4: Ionic compound
HCl: Molecular and polar compound
I2: Molecular and nonpolar compound
Solvents: CCl4 (nonpolar) or H2O (polar)

C7H16 and I2 are more soluble in CCl4 than in H2O

Na2SO4 and HCl are more soluble in H2O than in CCl4

13.1/2) Arrange the following substances in order of increasing solubility in water:

(a)

H H H H H
HCCCCCH
H H H H H

(c)

H H H H H
HO C C C C C OH
H H H H H

(b)

H H H H H
H C C C C C OH
H H H H H

(d)

H H H H H
H C C C C C Cl
H H H H H

Answer:
(a) (d) (b) (c)
1

13.3/2) A commercial bleaching solution contains 3.62 % by mass of sodium

hypochlorite, NaOCl. What is the mass of NaOCl in a bottle containing 2.50 kg of
bleaching solution?
Solution:
Mass % of component =

mass of component in soln

total mass of soln

x 100

3.62 g NaOCl
103 g soln
( 100 g soln ) (2.50 kg soln) ( 1 kg soln ) = 90.5 g NaOCl

13.4/2) What is the molality of a solution made by dissolving 36.5 g of naphthalene

(C10H8) in 425 g of toluene (C7H8)?
Solution:
Molality =

moles of solute
kilograms of solvent

MolC10H8 = (36.5 g C10H8) (

Molality of C10H8 =

1 mol C10H8
128.174 g C10H8

0.285 mol C10H8

(425 g C7H8) (

)=

=
1 kg
)
1000 g

0.285 mol C10H8

0.670 m

13.5/2) A commercial bleach solution contains 3.62% by mass of NaOCl in water.

Calculate (a) the mole fraction and (b) the molality of NaOCl in the solution.
Solution:
(a) In 100.00 g of soln, 3.62 g NaOCl and 96.38 g H2O exist.
MolNaOCl = (3.62 g NaOCl) (

1 mol NaOCl
74.442 g NaOCl
2

) = 0.0486 mol NaOCl

MolH2O = (96.38 g H2O) (

XNaOCl =
XNaOCl =

1 mol H2O
18.015 g H2O

Mol NaOCl
Mol NaOCl + Mol H2O

) = 5.350 mol H2O

0.0486 mol NaOCl

0.0486 mol NaOCl + 5.350 mol H2O

0.0486 mol
= 9.00 x 10-3
5.399 mol

(b) Molality of NaOCl =

mol NaOCl
0.0486 mol NaOCl
=
= 0.504 m
kg H2O
96.38 x 10-3 kg H2O

13.6/2) A solution containing equal masses of glycerol (C3H803) and water has a
density of 1.10 g/mL. Calculate (a) the molality of glycerol, (b) the mole fraction of
glycerol, (c) the molarity of glycerol in the solution.
Solution:
(a) Assume 100.0 g of soln containing 50.0 g of C3H8O3 and 50.0 g of H2O.
MolC3H8O3 = (50.0 g C3H8O3) (

Molality of C3H8O3 =

1 mol C3H8O3
) = 0.543 mol C3H8O3
92.094 g C3H8O3

mol C3H8O3
0.543 mol C3H8O3
=
= 10.9 m
kg H2O
50.0 x 10-3 kg H2O

(b) MolH2O = (50.0 g H2O) (

1 mol H2O
) = 2.78 mol H2O
18.015 g H2O

XC3H8O3 =

Mol C3H8O3
0.543 mol C3H8O3
=
0.543
mol
C3H8O3 + 2.78 mol H2O
Mol C3H8O3 + Mol H2O

XC3H8O3 =

0.543 mol
= 0.163
3.32 mol

(c) Molarity of C3H8O3 =

d=

m
V

Mol C3H8O3
L soln

Vsoln = (100.0 g soln) (

Molarity of C3H8O3 =

1 mL soln
) = 90.9 mL = 90.9 x 10-3 L
1.10 g soln

0.543 mol C3H8O3

= 5.97 M
90.9 x 10-3 L soln

13.7/2) The vapor pressure of pure water at 110 oC is 1070 torr. A solution of
ethylene glycol and water has a vapor pressure of 1.00 atm at 110 oC. Assuming
that Raoults law is obeyed, what is the mole fraction of ethylene glycol in the
solution?
Solution:
Psolution = Xsolvent Posolvent
Posolvent = (1070 torr) (

1 atm
) = 1.408 atm
760 torr

1.00 atm = (Xsolvent) (1.408 atm)

Xsolute = Xethylene glycol = 1 - 0.710 = 0.290

Xsolvent = 0.710

13.8/2) Referring to Table 13.3, calculate the freezing point of a solution containing
0.600 kg of CHCl3 and 42.0 g of eucalyptol (C10H18O), a fragrant substance found in
the leaves of eucalyptus trees.

Solution:
Tf = i Kf m
Since C10H8O does not dissociate, i = 1
m = Molality of C10H8O =
MolC10H8O = (42.0 g) (

Mol C10H8O
kg CHCl3

1 mol C10H8O
) = 0.272 mol C10H8O
154.253 g

0.272 mol C10H8O

= 0.454 m
0.600 kg CHCl3

m=

From Table 13.3, Kf = 4.68 oC/m

Tf = (-1) (4.68 oC/m) (0.454 m) = 2.12 oC

Tf = Tf (solution) Tf (solvent)
From Table 13.3, Tf (solvent) = 63.5 oC

2.12 oC = Tf (solution) ( 63.5 oC)

Tf (solution) = 65.6 oC

13.9/2) What is the osmotic pressure, in atm, of a 0.0020 M sucrose (C12H22O11)

solution at 20.0 oC?
Solution:
=i(

n
V

)RT = iMRT

Since C12H22O11 does not dissociate, i = 1

R = (0.08206 L atm/mol K)

= (1) (0.0020 M) (0.08206 L atm/mol K) (20.0 + 273.15) K

 = (0.0020 M) (0.08206 L atm/mol K) (293.2 K)

= 0.048 atm
13.10/2) Camphor (C10H16O) melts at 179.8 oC, it has a particularly large freezingpoint-depression constant, Kf = 40.0 oC/m. When 0.186 g of an organic substance
of unknown molar mass is dissolved in 22.01 g of liquid camphor, the freezing point
of the mixture is found to be 176.7 oC. What is the molar mass of the solute?
Solution:
Tf = Tf (solution) Tf (solvent) = i Kf m
Since C10H16O does not dissociate, i = 1

(176.7 179.8) oC = (1) (40.0 oC/m) (m)

3.1 oC = (40.0 oC/m) (m)

m=

m = 0.078 m

Mol solute
kg C10H16O

Molsolute = (0.078

mol solute
kg C10H16O

) (22.01 x 10-3 kg C10H16O)

Molsolute = 1.7 x 10-3 mol

1.7 x 10-3 mol =

0.186 g solute
Molar masssolute

Molar masssolute = 1.1 x 102 g/mol

13.11/2) A sample of 2.05 g of polystyrene of uniform polymer chain length was

dissolved in enough toluene to form 0.100 L of solution. The osmotic pressure of
this solution was found to be 1.21 kPa at 25 oC. Calculate the molar mass of the
polystyrene.

Solution:
= iMRT
= (1.21 kPa) (

103 Pa

1atm

) ( 1.01325 x 105 Pa) = 1.19 x 10-2 atm

1 kPa

Since polystyrene does not dissociate, i = 1

R = (0.08206 L atm/mol K)

1.19 x 10-2 atm = (1) (

1.19 x 10-2 atm = (

mol polystyrene
) (0.08206 L atm/mol K) (25 + 273.15) K
0.100 L

mol polystyrene
) (0.08206 L atm/mol K) (298 K)
0.100 L

Molpolystyrene = 4.87 x 10-5 mol

Molar masspolystyrene =

2.05 g
= 4.21 x 104 g/mol
-5
4.87 x 10 mol