Cornell Notes

Topic/Objective:

Name: Estrella Roman

Biochemistry- week of 10/10-10/13

Class/Period: 4th
Date: 10/16/16

Essential Question: How does the structure of macromolecules affect their utilization in the body?
Questions:

Notes:
INTRO TO BIO CHEMISTRY
Biochemistry- the chemistry of living things
Chemistry that deals with the chemical compounds &
processes occurring in organisms
Polarity- describes how unequal bondings between electrons are
shared between atoms
Hydrogen bonds (strongest bond)- anything paired with hydrogen
Surface Tension- produced by the force of attraction between water
molecules
Cohesion- hydrogen bonds between molecules of the same
substance
Adhesion- attraction between molecules of different substances
Solvent- does the dissolving
Ex: water
Solute- substance that gets dissolved in the solvent
Solvent+Solute=Solution

Ex: salt

Acids- sour taste, feels sticky, reacts with basics to form water and
salt, turns litimus paper red, and has a low pH (less than 7)
Ex: lemons, vinegar
Basics- bitter taste, feels slippery, reacts with acids to form water
and salt, turns litmus paper blue, and has a high pH (more than 7)
Ex: baking soda and soap
pH Scale: 1-7 are acids
7 is neutral
7-14 are basics
CARBON
Inorganic Compounds- compounds that dont contain carbon
(derived from non-living things
Ex: water, salt, minerals
Organic Compounds- compounds that contain carbon (derived from
living things)
*CO2 & CH4 are the exception*
Carbon- a unique element because of its ability to form up to 4
strong covalent bonds with other elements
* bonds with
Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen*
Polymerization- process by which larger compounds are

constructed by joining together smaller compounds

Monomer- subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer
Polymer- large molecule consisting of many identical or similar
monomers linked together
Biomolecules- building blocks of everything (life)
4 Macromolecules- carbohydrates, lipids, protein, neocid acids
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates- molecules of sugar and starches
Used by living things as their main source of energy or
structural material
Contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Main source of energy for all living things
Have a ring structure
Monosaccharide- sugars
Ex: glucose- supplies energy for all cells metabolic activities
Major source of blood sugar
Anything that ends in ose is considered a carbohydrate
Ex: fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, ribose
Polysaccharide- forms when 2 or more monosaccharides combine
Dehydration- water out
Synthesis- bring together
Dehydration Synthesis- a chemical reaction that creates a polymer
from 2 or more monomers by producing H2O
LIPIDS
Categorize of Lipids:
Fats, oils, and waxes
Lipids structure has primarily more carbons and hydrogens and
does not have a ratio rule
Lipids- provide energy for cells, cell structure, insulation
Lipids and protein compose the cell membrane
Cholesterol- gives cell membrane flexibility
Structure: consists of 2 parts
Head- glycerol
Tails- fatty acids
Polymers- saturated fats
Every carbon in the fatty acid tail is joined by a single bond
Solid at room temperature

Ex: butter, avocado

Unsaturated fats
Summary:
The structure of macromolecules affects their utilization in the body by being composed
of sugars that are composed to create a larger source of lasting energy. The simple
sugars are called monomers and they are combined to compose complex sugars called
polymers. Carbohydrates and lipids are 2/4 of the macromolecules. Carbohydrates are
molecules composed of sugar and starches. Lipids are fats, oils, and waxes. When
referring to carbohydrates, monomers are referred to as monosaccharides and polymers
are referred to as polysaccharides. When referring to lipids, monomers are referred to as
fatty acids and polymers are referred to as lipids. Polymers are either saturated or
unsaturated. Saturated polymers are solid at room temperature so they are not as good
for the body as unsaturated polymers which are liquids at room temperature.

Questions:

Notes:
At least one double bond between carbon atoms
Liquid at room temperature
Secondary Polymers- steroids and waxes
Steroid sex- sex hormones, cholesterol, chlorophyll
Waxes- at least one double bond between carbon atoms, liquid at room temperature
Ex: earwax and beeswax

Summary: