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[
19 2014
Maria Positieri
CINTEMAC. Universidad Tecnolgica Nacional. Facultad Crdoba
Regional. Argentina.
cintemac@gmail.com
Tel.: +54-0351-598-6000/598-6001.
cintemac@gmail.com
Fecha de recepcin/aceptacin:
01aug2014/01dec2014
Resumen
Extracto
2 total de ms significativas en la
huella del hormign corresponden principalmente al contenido
Introduccin
La huella ecolgica es un indicador definido como el rea de la
tierra ecolgicamente productiva (cultiva, hierba, bosques o
ecosistemas acuticos) necesario para producir los recursos
usados y asimilar los residuos generados por una poblacin dada
con un modo especfico de vivir con un camino no especfico.
(Wackernagel y Rees, 2001). Su objetivo principal es evaluar el
impacto al planeta de cierto estilo de vida y compararlo con la
capacidad bio del planeta.
As; es un indicador clave de la sostenibilidad.
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[ 20
En este sentido slo no tendr un impacto al nivel de la eficacia
enrgica alcanzada en los procesos sino tambin en la fuente
empleada: ms uso de energa renovable, ms huellas
ecolgicas. Segn Juan Luis Domnech (2007) en nuestro mundo,
cada persona tiene a su disposicin los recursos producidos en
dos hectreas por ao, distribuidas del modo siguiente: 0.25
hectreas de cultivacin, 0.6 hectreas de hierba, 0.6 hectreas
de bosques, 0.03 hectreas de parte construida y 0.5 hectreas
de mar. Si descontamos el 12% necesario para la biodiversidad,
obtendremos 1.7 hectreas / gorra / ao.
1.
2.
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[ 21
desarrollo de Methodogy MC3, para ser aplicable al clculo de la
huella ecolgica corporativa, basado en la contabilidad de la
empresa. Esto era el mtodo aplicado al presente estudio, a un
consumo particular del hormign en la provincia de Crdoba,
Argentina y a un nivel mundial, como una primera aproximacin
a un tema complejo, cuya solucin requiere un trabajo ms
extenso.
Como nuestro propio antecedente podemos mencionar el trabajo El
Clculo del EF de hormign que fue presentado en el V Congreso
Internacional por AACT (Asociacin argentina de la Tecnologa Concreta).
Para el clculo del consumo de hormign por cada Cordobensis, fue
tomado como la referencia el consumo de cemento per cpita, 378
kilogramos, como siete sacos y medio medios, como fue expresado por el
Ministro de Industry Debora Giorgi en La Maana de Crdoba (2011)
Con una dosis para un hormign convencional y comenzando del dato de
378 kilogramos de cemento por habitante, se considera que cada
Cordobensis consume 2836 kilogramos por ao, como es presentado en
la Mesa
Metodologa
1.
Con los datos arriba mencionados, fue obtenido el consumo de
energa, materias primas y suelte lo que es generado en la
fabricacin del hormign y que son presentados en la Tabla 2.
Esta mesa fue hecha de un estudio por Hkkinene y Vares (1998)
que muestra el perfil ambiental de un hormign y establece a un
gua sobre la proporcin entre las cantidades implicadas en un
material y en el otro. El impacto ambiental que genera el
consumo de conjuntos gruesos y finos es indicado. La importancia
de este tipo de la energa que es usada para su fabricacin
tambin es indicada. La Tabla 1 de
Cemento
conjunto
Fino
(sss)
898
Agua
Peso [Kilogramo]
378la Tabla 2 213
Conjunto
grueso
(sss)
1347
perfil Ambiental
de Hormign por habitante/ao en Crdoba. Fuente:
. Autoelaboracin
de
, 2012
Energy
Consumption
Fossil fuel
Electricity
Raw materials
Cemento
Piedra de Arena
Wter
2637.48
567,2
Consumption
378000
898000
1347000 emisiones
226880
Unit
MJ
MJ
Unidad
g
g
g
g
340320
1559,8
397,04
368,68
g
g
g
g Voltil
510,48
65,23
56720
Plan experimental
Ahora las etapas para alcanzar los objetivos mencionados antes son
definidas: Descripcin de los materiales / Diseo del hormign / Anlisis
del rendimiento de hormign con un poco de plstico / Anlisis del
rendimiento de hormign con basura plstica en estado endurecido /
Estudio de la conductividad trmica de hormign con basura plstica.
[ 22
are presented below and the granulometric curve in figure 2.
Physical properties of coarse aggregate: Mximum size: 19 mm,
Relative Density: 2,78 kg/dm3, Absorption: 0,75%.
Fine aggregate: we used a mixture of natural sands (fine and
coarse) to get a constant granulometric under borderline
curves, according to current norms of IRAM 1627 (1997). In the
following paragraph the physical characteristics of the mixed
sand are presented in Figure 3 its granulometric curve. Physical
properties of fine aggregate: Fineness modulus: 3,11, Relative
density: 2,63 kg/dm , Absorption: 0,9 %.
3
Concrete design
Once the materials to be used in the mixture were
characterized, three groups of concrete were designed:
patterned concrete of reference without plastic; a concrete
with a replacement of 10% of the volume of coarse aggregate for
multilayer plastic and the other with a replacement of 20%. In
Table 3 different dosages are presented and their
denomination is the following: HP , Patterned concrete without
0
Material [Kg]
HP0
HPN30
HPN58
Cement
Water
Fine aggregate 1 (sss)
Fine aggregate 2 (sss)
Coarse aggregate (sss)
Plastic
Aggregate
350
190
735
184
971
---1,75
350
190
735
184
874
30
1,75
350
190
735
184
777
58
1,75
Material Kg
Cement
Water
Fine
aggregate
(sss)
Coarse
aggregate (sss)
480
270
1140
1710
Energy
Consumption
Unit
Fossil fuel
3348
MJ
Electricity
720
MJ
Raw materials
Consumption
Unit
Cement
480000
Fine sand
1140000
stone
1710000
Water
270000
Emissions
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Fugitive Emissions
432000
Unit
g
1980
504
Methane (CH4)
468
2014, 13(3), 19 - 26
g
g
g
Revista de la Construccin
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[ 23
Tn/inhabitant/year,
Nitrogen
oxide
(NOx):
0,001980
Tn/inhab/year, Methane (CH ): 0,000468 Tn/inhabitant/year, 4
Volatile organic components (VOC tot): 0,000648
Tn/inhabitant/year, Dust: 0,0000828 Tn/inhabitant/year, Heavy
metals
(Cr,As,Cd,Hg,Tl,Pb)=
0.072,
g
=
0.000072
Tn/inhabitant/year. /4) Calculation of the footprint of the
materials: they consist of those raw materials that shops buy to
sell to a third party, they are flow materials because they
are bought to a supplier with certain footprint. With the
Table 6. Resistance
footprint of the materials, an important group of sources of
elaboration, 2013.
emissions of CO that are those considered as other indirect emissions by
Ages
2
7 days
28 days
90 days
Density kg/m]
HP0[MPa]
25,8
32,2
40,4
2431
HPN30 [MPa]
21,9
27,2
33,4
2363
HPN58 [MPa]
21,9
24,15
28,7
2294
2014, 13(3), 19 - 26
Revista de la Construccin
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[ 24
At 7 days of age the resistance to compression presents
reductions of an order of 15 % in the concrete with plastic. At 28
and 90 days of age, the difference of the resistance to
compression between the patterned concrete and the concrete
with the addition of 20% of plastic is significant. However, the
results conform the resistance to the minimal compression
required for a light concrete to be used with structural
objectives, according to ACI 318S (2008).
Conclusions
The results obtained in fresh and hardened state allow us
to estimate that the plastic aggregates are adequate to be used
in the construction industry. In fresh state they show that,
although the irregular and angular shape of the multilayer
plastic makes it difficult to work with the concrete
decreasing its settlement, it is possible to obtain a good
cohesion of the particles and to use this mixture in the
elaboration of prefabricated objects. The reduction of the
settlement can be compensated with an increase of water and
cement. Although this would increase its cost, it should have
to be evaluated in the context of the sustainability of the environment.
2014, 13(3), 19 - 26
Revista de la Construccin
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[ 25
This case of study presents a tool that opens a possibility
References
to know the most sustainable option in the stage of the design
of the project; once the data of investment and the
ABNT NBR ISO 14.040. (2009). Associao Brasileira de Normas
exploitation costs are known, it is possible to design
Tcnicas. Avaliao do ciclo de vida, princpios e estrutura. Rio de
different options of concrete calculating the ecological
Janeiro, Brasil.
footprint and analyzing which one will have the less
environmental impact. It is possible to try out different materials
ACC Limited. (2012). Motilal Oswal Investor Conference. India.
with the objective of finding out which ones will give the most eco efficiency.
Acknowledgements
We are very grateful to CINTEMAC Center of Investigation,
Development and Transference in Materials and Quality of the
National Technologic University. Regional Faculty of Crdoba to
provide us with the physical space and the research background
and to CONICET for the doctoral scholarship.
2014, 13(3), 19 - 26
(http://www.wasteonline.org.uk).
[Visited
12.03.12]
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[ 26
Figure 4. Worksheet of ecological footprint of the concrete MC3-V.2.0. Source: Self-elaboration, 2013.
2014, 13(3), 19 - 26
Revista de la Construccin
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