FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM IN DATA CENTER

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
In the data center there are things that should be avoided and prevented, such as
the fire and contaminations that could damage the data center. And these two
problems, should be avoided and prevented. But, how to limit the risk of damaged
to Data Center? If this common problem is appear? There are some several
methods and prevent step to limit the risk of damaged to Data Center.
B. Problems
1.
2.
3.
4.

What is fire protection system in Data Center?

What is efforts to prevent and limit risk fires damaged to the Data Center?
What is causes fires in Data Center?
How to prevent electrical charge become overheat and causes fires?

A. Purpose
1. To Know what is fire protection system in Data Center
2. To Know what is efforts to prevent and limit risk fires damaged to the Data
Center
3. To Know what is causes fires in Data Center
4. To Know How to prevent electrical charge become overheat and causes fires?
B. Benefits
1. Knowing about fire protection system in Data Center
2. Knowing efforts and preventation to limit risk fires damaged to the Data
Center
3. Knowing causes fires in Data Center
4. Knowing about saving energy in electrical charge in Data Center

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A) Fire Protection System
Fires is one of the most common enemy to Data Center, It can cause great damage to the Data
Center. Protecting people; protecting assets; protecting the environmentreasons why choosing
the right data center fire suppression system is so important. Whether you're in financial services,
health care or retail, a fire at your data processing facility could bring your business to a big
problem.
Limit Risk of a Data Center Fire
The most effective method of fire protection is, of course, preventing fires from starting in the
first place. With that in mind, the course delivers some practical advice on how to help make
your data center less capable of breeding a fire, which basically comes down to eliminating
elements that can contribute to starting and/or fueling a fire. A few sample suggestions are:

Enforce a strict no smoking policy in IT and control rooms

Removing any and all trash receptacles
Use office furniture constructed only of metal (although seat cushions are allowed)
Dont use acoustical materials such as foam or fabric or any material used to absorb
sound
When building a new data center, ensure its located far from any other buildings that
may pose a fire threat

While prevention is preferred, youve also got to have safeguards in place in the event a fire does
break out. As the Energy University course explains, the main goals are to contain the fire
without threatening lives and to minimize downtime. Achieving those goals means meeting three
objectives: detect the presence of the fire, communicate the threat to authorities and building
occupants, and suppress the fire to limit damage.
In practical terms, that means being careful about heat and fuel sources. Heat, of course, is a
constant in data centers so you need to be careful about possibile interactions with fuel sources.
Fuel is anything that can catch fire, which in a data center includes servers, cabling and flooring.
(And also trash, which is why you dont want trash cans in your data center.)
In terms of fire detection, youve got three main options: smoke, heat and flame detectors. As
the course makes clear, for a data center a smoke detector is the most effective option, as they
provide the earliest warning of a fire, or potential fire.
Options include intelligent spot type detectors that use laser beams that can distinguish
between smoke and dust and send information to a central control system pretty useful in a

large enterprise and for unmanned data centers. Another type, known as air sampling or very
early smoke detection (VESD) systems, also use lasers to continually compare air samples that
they draw in.
Preventing Fires in the Data Center
A fire, even a small one, can become a catastrophic event in a data center, which is why facility
managers should take the necessary steps to prevent such occurrences. Since flammable
materials fuel a fire, data centers should set aside breakdown rooms where new equipment can be
unloaded before being carried into main areas where racks, electronic buses, and cooling
equipment are housed. In a co-location center catering to multiple clients, a staging area is often
provided for stripping off cardboard, plastic, and foam from new equipment.
Another safety precaution is to house electronic buses in separate rooms, so that if one room has
a fire condition, such as smoke, the entire facility does not have to be shut down. Also important
is to keep up with architectural and structural changes created by remodels, which can create a
need to reconfigure fire extinguishing technology.
Five Fire Prevention Steps to Take Now in Data Centers
In data centers, where an organizations entire digital infrastructures operates, close attention to
fire safety is a must. Every procedure should include fire-safety considerations that are followed
every time. Here are five things to keep in mind:
1) Use caution around flammable materials.
Experts recommend using staging areas, or breakdown rooms, where equipment is
removed from boxes and unwrapped before it ever enters the actual data center. This
eliminates many potentially hazardous materials from ever reaching the data center. Any
flammable materials that do need to be in the data center should be stored in fireretardant cabinets.
2) Create multiple power rooms.
Many data centers have a single power room to house electrical buses, including back-up,
or catcher buses. In the event of a fire, and the use of water to fight a blaze, its likely
the water could shut down an entire room. Smoke also can dictate a complete power
room shut down, in turn shutting down the entire data center. Experts recommend, if at all
possible, to have each bus in a separate room with its own emergency power off (EPO)
switch. The uninterruptible power supply (UPS) for each bus would also be in its own
room.
3) Regularly inspect and maintain all fire-safety systems.
Following a regular service and inspection routine for all fire-prevention systems and
equipment ensures they remain operational.

4) Monitor changes within the facility as a whole

Facility renovations and upgrades can affect how a fire-safety system could interact with
data center equipment The equipment, such as screens to contain a hot or cold aisle, could
have an effect on sprinkler and fire-suppression-system discharge patterns. Thus, changes
not only drive facility design but also fire-safety considerations.
5) Prepare for the worst.
Facilities professionals and data center managers need to be prepared for a fire. A solid
emergency plan informs local firefighters about the building. Its also essential to let them
know how the data center operates to help first responders understand that fire hoses
arent always the best solution in this space.

PROTECTION
Smoke Detection

Spot detectors Passive detection that activates when the smoke reaches the detector.

Air Sampling Smoke Detection Active detection that continuously draws air from the
room to a high sensitivity detector. Provides very early warning that a fire is starting.
Can be used to monitor return air grilles where room air flow is high.

Both types can be employed at ceiling level or under raised floor.

Heat Detection

Spot detectors Passive detection that activates if heat in the area around the detector
exceeds a predefined threshold.

Suppression Clean Agent

A control panel releases clean agent into the room and/or under floor when a designated
number of detectors activate. Widely used in data centers.

Clean agent is waterless and does no harm to electronic components. Data center can
remain operational during a discharge.

Suppression - Sprinkler

May be a wet system (pipes always full of water) or a pre-action system (pipes remain
dry until detection of a fire causes an action that fills them with water).

Often times a requirement of the local AHJ even though water suppression would cause
considerable damage to computing equipment.

Suppression Water Mist

New technology that atomizes water droplets into a non-conductive fog that suppresses
fire without water damage. Presently used in data centers in the United States and
Europe.

AHJs have begun accepting water mist as an alternative to traditional sprinkler systems.

FIRE CODES & STANDARDS

NFPA 75: Standard for the Protection of Information Technology Equipment

NFPA 2001: Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems

NFPA 12a: Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems

NFPA 72: National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code

NFPA 25: Inspection, Testing and Maintenance of Water Based Fire Protection Systems

NFPA 10: Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers

Fire detection
The earlier a fire is detected, the more time there is for evacuation and extinguishing, and the less
damage can occur. Earliest possible detection is thus the key to minimizing damage and gaining
precious intervention time.
Fire basics
To ensure reliable, early detection of fire, it is important to be familiar with the different fire
phenomena, fire propagation and possible deceptive phenomena.
Fire phenomena
Fire phenomena are physical values that are subject to measurable change in the development of
a fire (e.g. smoke, heat, radiation, gas). Large volumes of volatile fire aerosols are produced with
almost all hostile fires. Smoke has thus become the most important fire phenomenon for the early
detection of fire. Liquid fires directly develop flames which immediately create a temperature
increase and heat radiation.
Fire propagation

The fire phenomena generated by fire propagate differently, depending on the room size and the
room conditions such as a high air circulation. This must be taken into account when planning a
fire detection system.
In general, the higher the room, the greater the distance between the seat of fire and the fire
detectors on the ceiling. This is why the intensity of the fire phenomenon to be detected (e.g.
smoke density, temperature increase or radiation intensity) decreases with increasing ceiling
height. It must be taken into consideration that with an increasing ceiling height (and consequent
larger room volume) an incipient stage fire can become larger without necessarily increasing the
danger of rapid fire propagation. High air circulation, for example, significantly dilutes the
concentration of smoke. This is why very sensitive smoke detection systems are often used for
this type of application.
Deceptive phenomena
The fire detector has the task of detecting fire from fire aerosols, heat and radiation
at an early stage and to trigger an alarm. Aerosols, heat and radiation, however, are also
generated by production processes, by electrical equipment such as motors, or by environmental
factors such as sunlight. If these deceptive phenomena are sufficiently intense and exist over a
certain period of time, they may influence fire detectors enough to trigger an unwanted alarm.
State-of-the-art fire detectors are largely capable of distinguishing between deceptive phenomena
and genuine fires. However, massive deceptive phenomena are to be expected, predominantly
due to strong air-flow up to 15 m/s. A combination of ASD and point-type detectors is highly
advisable in order to guarantee early and reliable detection of fire at pyrolysis stage.
In case of a data center the following needs to be considered in order to avoid false alarms:

Maintenance work: Due to the generally high air change rate, deceptive phenomena caused
by small works e.g. soldering. During maintenance work the air conditioning may be
switched off or reduced and/or the section should be switched to manual release mode. This
allows the system to be discharged manually should a fire develop during maintenance
works.

Fire Detection System

The task of an automated fire detection system is to detect fire as early as possible, to sound the
alarm and to activate the preprogrammed control functions. State-of-the-art fire detection
systems are capable of detecting fire very early and as a consequence minimizing any damage
that may be caused. By optimal product selection and appropriate knowledge it is possible to
build systems that virtually rule out unwanted alarms.
The principal requirement on a fire detection system is early and reliable alarming in the event of
fire. As a consequence of this:

All persons in the danger zone should be able to save themselves.

Fire control systems can be activated to prevent the fire from spreading to more than one
fire sector

Response measures can be initiated as early as possible, so that damage to property and
operational interruptions can be reduced to a minimum.

B) Contamination in Data Center

According to a recent piece of research by 3M, 80% of dust and dirt entering critical areas such
as data centers does so via the soles of shoes and wheels. To prevent the contamination, we
placed Dycem with strategically at all entrance and exit points. The Dycem will prevent up to
99.9% of dust and dirt entering into an area at or near floor level. And combined with a regular
cleaner will ensure you are free from the risk of contamination. Dycems exceptionally smooth
surface creates a natural tack and a high degree of short-range electromagnetic forces (Van der
Waals). This enables it to attract, collect and retain over 99% of particles.
In contrast to peel-off mats which are an adhesive and actually generate static, Dycem has
Electrostatic Discharge Qualities (ESD) which allows the tiles to reduce the amount of static on a
person as they walk over them. Static electricity is a real threat to data center equipment and can
cause server downtime and damages to equipment (malfunction or failure), and to staff. Dycem
safely drains static discharge, prevents ESD from occurring and neutralizes static cling making
for a safer environment for electronic equipment.
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is the release of static electricity when two objects come into
contact. Familiar examples of ESD include the shock we receive when we walk across a carpet
and touch a metal doorknob and the static electricity we feel after drying clothes in a clothes
dryer. A more extreme example of ESD is a lightning bolt. Most ESD events are harmless.
ESD first requires a build-up of an electrostatic charge. This occurs when two different materials
rub together. One of the materials becomes positively charged; the other becomes negatively
charged. The positively-charged material now has an electrostatic charge. When that charge
comes into contact with the right material, it is transferred and we have an ESD event. The heat
from the ESD event is extremely hot, although we do not feel it when we are shocked. However,
when the charge is released onto an electronic device such as an expansion card, the intense heat
from the charge can melt or vaporize the tiny parts in the card causing the device to fail.

Sometimes an ESD event can damage a device, but it continues to function. This is a called a
latent defect, which is hard to detect and significantly shortens the life of the device
Many electronic devices are susceptible to low voltage ESD events. For example, hard drive
components are sensitive to only 10 volts. For this reason, manufacturers of electronic devices
incorporate measures to prevent ESD events throughout the manufacturing, testing, shipping, and
handling processes. For example, an employee may wear a wrist strap when working with
devices or may wear ESD control footwear and work on an ESD floor mat that causes the
electrostatic charge to go into the ground instead of into the device. Sensitive devices can be
packaged with materials that shield the product from a charge.

The advantage for using Dycem, such as:

High surface energy

Electrostatic Discharge Qualities (ESD)
Easy to clean and maintain
Can be recycled at the end of its lifecycle
Environmentally friendly: ISO 9001:2008 and ISO 14001:2004 certified
3 to 5 year performance guarantee

Dycem Access Tiles come in two varieties: a retro fit access tile quickly installed on top of your
existing tiles or an inlaid access tile where tiles containing pre-applied Dycem replace existing
tiles in your facility.
There are another recommend measures to control and reduce contamination, such as:
Limiting and controlling the number of personnel entering the data area
Disallowing the storage of paper goods within the data center
Establishing an external area for unpacking goods and assembling equipment
Performing maintenance work outside of the data center
Adopting and maintaining a regular cleaning procedure
One of the largest cost drivers for data centers and customers is power. It takes an unbelievable
amount of electricity to power and cool an entire data center. According to Computerworld, It
takes 34 power plants, each capable of generating 500 megawatts of electricity, to power all of
the data centers in operation today. Knowing how to calculate and forecast power utilization
and costs are important. Knowing how to improve efficiency is critical.

C) Calculation Estimate Power Usage & Green Data Center

Power Units, Definitions, and Equations

You need to know basic terminology before learning to calculate power usage and costs. It is
important to know watts (W), kilowatts (kW), and kilowatt hours (kWh). It is also important to
understand how volts (V) and amps (A) factor into the equation.
Watts (W)
The first term is watt (W). A watt is a delivered unit of power in the International System of
Units (SI) and is used to express the rate of energy conversion or transfer with respect to time.
Watts can be seen on the labels of household appliances and electronics everything from
refrigerators to televisions and laptops. Watts (W) equal volts (V) multiplied by amps (A). It is
commonly expressed as (W = V x A).
Kilowatts (kW)
The standard unit of measure for data center power is the kilowatt (kW). A kilowatt is equal to
1,000 watts.
Kilowatt Hours (kWh)
The kilowatt hour (kWh, kW-h, kW h) is the standard for data center power usage and billing. A
kilowatt hour represents power in kilowatts and the time in hours.
A kilowatt hour is equal to 1,000 watt hours. Kilowatt hours are used by utility companies as
well as data centers as a billing unit for the energy delivered to the customer. Most data centers
do not markup electricity prices to the customer.
Calculating Server Power Requirements
Use a Watt Meter or Volt Meter
For more accurate results, test the watt utilization off one server with all of the cores fully loaded
with a watt meter or amp clamp volt meter.
Read Manufacture Specifications
You can determine power requirements by researching your server manufacture specifications
online. For example, an HP ProLiant DL380 G7 Server has several power configurations with
maximum rated wattage of 460W, 750W, and 1200W. Watts are partially determined by volts
including: 100V, 120V, 208V, 200V, 220V, 230V, and 240V the higher the volts, the higher the
watts.
Calculating Circuit Power
If you are unsure of your specifications or do not want to test your servers using a watt meter,
you can use watts (W) equals volts (V) multiplied by amps (A) equation from above (W = V x
A). For example, 230V multiplied by 20A equals 4,600W. In this example, 4,600W would likely
power a half rack to full rack of servers.

Power Factor
Make sure to take into consideration the power factor. The power factor should be approximately
80% of maximum watts. For example, multiply .80 times 4,600W to get 3,680W. Use 3,680W
instead of the maximum 4,600W in figuring your costs. This is also called sustained draw.
Calculating Kilowatt Hours (kWh)
Now that you have figured out watts, it is time to calculate the monthly kilowatt hour usage for
your servers. Make sure to include the power usage of switches and related hardware.
Next, you will want to solve for kilowatts. To do this, you will need to take your watts and divide
by 1,000. For example, take 3,680 watts and divide by 1,000 to get 3.68kW.
To get kilowatts per hour, simply take kilowatts and multiply by hours during a time period. For
example, take 3.68kW and multiply times 720 hours in a month to get 2,649.60 kWh. The
2,649.60 kWh is the amount of power your servers and related hardware use in a month.

Calculation Summary:

Watts (W) = Volts (V) x Amps (A)

Power Factor (PF) x Watts (W)

Monthly Hours = 24 Hours x 30 Days

Kilowatt x Hour = Kilowatt Hour (kWh)

You have done all of the heavy lifting in determining server power requirements. All that is left is
pricing per kilowatt hour and calculating total power costs. There are two primary pricing models
for data center power metered and unmetered.
Metered Power
The most common pricing model is referred to as metered power. In this model, you are charged
for the power you use similar to how a utility company charges a residential customer. Metered
power is a pass through cost from the utility company to the data center to the customer. There is
rarely a markup on electrical prices from a data center. However, certain data centers may require
a monthly minimum of 40-50% of the breakered power total. There may also be annual increases
charged by the data center to account for the increases they are charged by the utility company.
Metered Power Examples:

California: 2,649.60 kWh x .1763/kWh = $467.12/ Month

New York: 2,649.60 kWh x .1583/kWh = $419.43/ Month

Texas: 2,649.60 kWh x .0813/kWh = $215.41/ Month

Unmetered Power
In addition to metered power, unmetered power is a pricing model where the data center or
colocation provider charges a flat rate for the circuit(s). For example, a provider could offer 32A
or 7,360W of power included in a bundled offering with space, power, bandwidth, IP, and remote
hands.

GREEN DATA CENTER

A green data center is an enterprise class computing facility that is entirely built, managed and
operated on green computing principles. It provides the same features and capabilities of a
typical data center but uses less energy and space, and its design and operation are
environmentally friendly.
A green data center is built to have a minimal effect on the natural environment. The following
are primary green data center features:

Built from the ground up in an environment friendly facility

Consume minimal power resources for operation and maintenance - both for the primary
computing infrastructure and supporting electronic resources, such as cooling, backup
and lighting

Typically operate with green or renewable energy, such as solar, wind or hydel power

Entire infrastructure is installed with the lowest power and carbon footprint

Minimal e-waste with recyclable or reusable equipment

D) Electricity Saving Methods

1. Turn off idle IT equipment.
IT equipment is usually very lightly used relative to its capacity. Servers tend to be only 5- to 15percent utilized, PCs are 10- to 20-percent utilized, direct-attached storage devices are 20- to 40percent utilized, and network storage is 60- to 80-percent utilized.

2. Virtualize servers and storage

Applications are inefficiently deployed across multiple systems a dedicated server and storage
for each application just to maintain lines of demarcation among applications. Each platform
consumes nearly all of the power it would require at peak load, yet each is doing very little work
for the money.
With virtualization, you can aggregate servers and storage onto a shared platform while
maintaining strict segregation among operating systems, applications, data, and users.

3. Consolidate servers, storage, and data centers.

At the server level, blade servers can really help drive consolidation because they provide higherdensity computing for the power consumed (for a given amount of energy input, you get more
processing output from a blade server because each blade shares common power supply, fans,
networking, and storage with other blades in the same blade chassis).

4. Turn on the CPU's power-management feature.

the power-management feature minimizes wasted energy by dynamically ratcheting down
processor power states (lower voltage and frequency) when peak performance isn't required.

Adaptive power management reduces power consumption without compromising processing

capability.

5. Use IT equipment with high-efficiency power supplies.

After the CPU, the second biggest culprit in power consumption is the power supply unit (PSU),
which converts incoming alternating current (AC) power to direct current (DC) and requires
about 25 percent of the server's power budget for that task. Third is the point-of-load (POL)
voltage regulators (VRs) that convert the 12V DC into the various DC voltages required by loads
such as processors and chipsets.

6. Use high-efficiency UPSs.

Most IT equipment isn't directly powered from the facility power source. Power typically passes
through an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) for power assurance and power distribution units
(PDUs) that distribute the power at the required voltage throughout racks and enclosures.

7. Adopt power distribution at 208V/230V.

To satisfy global markets, virtually all IT equipment is rated to work with input power voltages
ranging from 100V to 240V AC. The higher the voltage, the more efficiently the unit operates.
8. Adopt best practices for cooling.

Use hot aisle/cold aisle enclosure configurations. By alternating equipment so there is

an aisle with a cold air intake and another with hot air exhaust, you can create a more
uniform air temperature.
Use blanking panels inside equipment enclosures so that air from hot aisles doesn't
mix with air from cold aisles.
Seal cable outputs to minimize "bypass airflow," whereby cool air is short cycling
back to cooling units instead of circulating evenly throughout the data center. This
phenomenon affects as much as 60 percent of the cool-air supply in computer rooms.
Orient computer room air-conditioning units close to the enclosures and perpendicular
to hot aisles to maximize cooling where it's needed most. Further optimization of
cooling systems can be achieved by using air-handlers and chillers that use efficient
technologies, such as variable frequency drives (VFDs), air- or water-side

economizers, and humidity and temperature settings, according to American Society

of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) guidelines.
9. Conduct an energy audit of your data center.
Many data center managers don't know the efficiency of IT equipment or the site infrastructure or have a clear vision for maintaining and improving that efficiency. There are lots of
opportunities to reduce energy costs and become greener that are overlooked.
How much of the data center's power budget goes to IT systems? How much goes to
support systems? For every kilowatt-hour of power being fed to IT systems, how much
real IT output do you get? The answers to these questions provide a picture of how much
power is consumed for every unit of data-center productivity (Web pages served,
transactions processed, or network traffic handled).

IT efficiency is the total IT output of the data center divided by the total input
power to IT equipment.
Site infrastructure efficiency is the total input power to IT equipment divided by the
total power consumed by the data center.
IT output refers to the true output of the data center from an IT perspective, such as
number of Web pages served or number of applications delivered.

10. Prioritize actions to reduce energy consumption.

As suggested in No. 9, auditing the energy efficiency of your data center will identify and
prioritize opportunities to reduce energy consumption. You could improve energy efficiency by
taking any of the actions mentions in this article:
Identifying and powering down underutilized equipment.
Increasing equipment utilization through virtualization and consolidation.
Selecting high-efficiency IT equipment.
Upgrading UPSs to higher-efficiency technology.
Implementing energy-efficient practices for cooling.
Adopting power distribution at 208V/230V.
In a greenfield data center, or in a major expansion/upgrade of an existing data center:
Get executive-level sponsorship and form a cross-functional team to develop an
energy strategy for IT operations.
Include energy efficiency as a key requirement in design criteria alongside reliability
and uptime.

Consider energy efficiency in calculations of total cost of ownership when selecting

new IT, back-up power, and cooling equipment.

CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
Conclusion
From this material we know the important things to prevent the Data Center from fires
and contaminations. Its can cause damage to Data Center, and we can loss anything if
the Data Center was damaged. And also we know there are several things that can
causes fires and things that can damaged the Data Center. Also we know that there are
some methods to save more electricity energy, so there is no much energy used.

CHAPTER IV
REFERENCE
Reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge
https://www.dycem-cc.com/blog/data-centres-keeping-contamination-out/
http://www.2bm.co.uk/room-and-rack-infrastructure/dycem-access-tiles/
http://blog.schneider-electric.com/datacenter/2013/02/18/fire-suppression-data-center/
http://blog.schneider-electric.com/datacenter/2013/06/19/preventing-fires-in-the-data-center/
http://blog.schneider-electric.com/datacenter/2014/01/26/five-fire-prevention-steps-take-nowdata-centers/
https://www.orrprotection.com/applications/data-centers
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/calculating-data-center-power-costs-requirements-michael-allen
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/14754/green-data-center

http://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/6000/title/10-ways-to-save-energy-in-yourdata-center