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The Branches of Philosophy[edit]

In order to narrow the aims of discussion philosophy was broken into branches. Traditionally
philosophy has been broken into four main branches; however we would like to add a fifth
branch in our text

Epistemology[edit]
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Epistemology, or the Introduction to the Five Branches of Philosophy?

Philosophy can be divided into five branches which address the following questions:
Metaphysics Study of Existence What's out there? Epistemology Study of Knowledge How do I
know about it? Ethics Study of Action What should I do? Politics Study of Force What actions
are permissible? Esthetics Study of Art What can life be like?
There is a hierarchical relationship between these branches as can be seen in the Concept
Chart. At the root is Metaphysics, the study of existence and the nature of existence. Closely
related is Epistemology, the study of knowledge and how we know about reality and
existence. Dependent on Epistemology is Ethics, the study of how man should act. Ethics is
dependent on Epistemology because it is impossible to make choices without knowledge. A
subset of Ethics is Politics: the study of how men should interact in a proper society and what
constitutes proper. Esthetics, the study of art and sense of life is slightly separate, but
depends on Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Ethics.
The theory of knowledge, from the Greek words episteme (knowledge) and logos
(word/speech) is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, origin, scope and
possibility of knowledge.

Metaphysics[edit]
Metaphysics however (derived from the Greek words "ta meta ta physika biblia") - meaning
'the book that follows the physics book'. It was the way students referred to a specific book in
the works of Aristotle, and it was a book on First Philosophy. (The assumption that the word
means "beyond physics" is misleading) Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned
with the study of "first principles" and "being" (ontology). In other words, Metaphysics is the
study of the most general aspects of reality, pertaining to subjects such as substance,
identity, the nature of the mind, and free will. In other words it is a study of nature and the
nature of the world in which man lives.

Logic[edit]
Logic (from Classical Greek (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, but

coming to mean thought or reason) is most often said to be the study of arguments. Logic is
the study of correct reasoning. However, the subject is grounded, the task of the logician is
the same: to advance an account of valid and fallacious inference to allow one to distinguish

Ethics[edit]
Ethics is a general term for what is often described as the "science (study) of morality". In
philosophy, ethical behaviour is that which is "good" or "right". The Western tradition of ethics
is sometimes called moral philosophy.

Other Branches[edit]
Philosophy of Education: Fairly self-explanatory. A minor branch, mainly concerned with
what is the correct way to educate a person. Classic works include Plato's Republic, Locke's
Thoughts Concerning Education, and Rousseau's Emile.
Philosophy of History: Fairly minor branch (not as minor as education), although highly
important to Hegel and those who followed him, most notably Marx. It is the philosophical
study of history, particularly concerned with the question whether history (i.e. the universe
and/or humankind) is progressing towards a specific end? Hegel argued that it was, as did
Marx. Classic works include Vico's New Science, and Hegel and Marx's works.
Philosophy of Language: Ancient branch of philosophy which gained prominence in the last
century under Wittgenstein. Basically concerned with how our languages affect our thought.
Wittgenstein famously asserted that the limits of our languages mark the limits of our
thought. Classic works include Plato's Cratylus, Locke's Essay, and Wittgenstein's Tractatus
Logico-Philosophicus.
Philosophy of Law: Also called Jurisprudence. Study of law attempting to discern what the
best laws might be, how laws came into being in the first place, attempting to delimit human
laws from natural laws, whether we should always obey the law, and so on. Law isn't often
directly dealt with by philosophers, but much of political philosophy obviously has a bearing
on it.
Philosophy of Mathematics: Concerned with issues such as, the nature of the axioms and
symbols (numbers, triangle, operands) of mathematics that we use to understand the world,
do perfect mathematical forms exist in the real world, and so on. Principia Mathematica is
almost certainly the most important work in this field.
Philosophy of Mind: Study of the mind, attempting to ascertain exactly what the mind is,
how it interacts with our body, do other minds exist, how does it work, and so on. Probably
the most popular branch of philosophy right now, it has expanded to include issues of AI.
Classic works include Plato's Republic and Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations,
although every major philosopher has had some opinion at least on what the mind is and how
it works.
Philosophy of Politics: Closely related to ethics, this is a study of government and nations,

particularly how they came about, what makes good governments, what obligations citizens
have towards their government, and so on. Classic works include Plato's Republic, Hobbes'
Leviathan, Locke's Two Treatises, and J.S. Mill's On Liberty.
Philosophy of Religion: Theology is concerned with the study of God, recommending the
best religious practises, how our religion should shape our life, and so on. Philosophy of
religion is concerned with much the same issues, but where Theology uses religious works,
like the Bible, as it's authority, philosophy likes to use reason as the ultimate authority.
Philosophy of Science: It is the Study of science concerned with whether scientific
knowledge can be said to be certain, how we obtain it, can science really explain everything,
does causation really exist, can every event in the universe be described in terms of physics
and so on. Also popular in recent times, classic works include Hume's Treatise on Human
Nature, Kripke's Naming and Necessity, Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions.

Importance of Philosophy
A philosophy is a system of beliefs about reality. It is one's integrated view of the world.
It includes an understanding of the nature of existence, man, and his role in the world.
Philosophy is the foundation of knowledge. It is the standard by which ideas are
integrated and understood.
Philosophy is a necessary product of man's rational mind. To live, man must gain
knowledge of the world. To understand the world, man must form conclusions about its
very nature. For instance, to gain knowledge of particular objects, man must recognize
that objects have identity. He must recognize that conclusions are possible because the
world does exist, and exists in a particular way.
Philosophy provides the framework for which man can understand the world. It provides
the premises by which man can discover truth, and use his mind to support his life. Every
man has an understanding of the world. Every man must have a philosophy, even if it is
never made explicit.

Meaning: Philosophy (from Greek , philosophia, literally "love of wisdom"[1][2][3][4])

is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as
existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.[5][6] The term was probably coined
byPythagoras (c. 570 c. 495 BC). Philosophical methods include questioning, critical
discussion, rational argument and systematic presentation.[7][8] Classic philosophical
questions include: Is it possible to know anything and to prove it?[9][10][11] What is most real?
However, philosophers might also pose more practical and concrete questions such as: Is
there a best way to live? Is it better to bejust or unjust (if one can get away with it)?[12] Do
humans have free will?[13]
Historically, "philosophy" encompassed any body of knowledge. [14] From the time of Ancient

Greek philosopher Aristotle to the 19th century, "natural philosophy"

encompassed astronomy, medicine and physics.[15] For example, Newton's
1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later became classified as a book of
physics. In the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic
philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize.[16][17] In the modern era,
some investigations that were traditionally part of philosophy became separate academic
disciplines, including psychology, sociology,linguistics and economics.

The Nature and Function of Philosophy

Philosophy is for everyone. In fact, although most people may be vague about what philosophy is,
we all engage in philosophy whether we are aware of it or not. We all have some ideas concerning
free will, human nature, morality, the meaning of life, and the like. Everyone, at one time or
another, either because of startling events or simple curiosity, asks philosophical questions like:
"Does God exist?" "Is there life after death?" "Are there any absolute or universal moral
principles?" "What do ethical terms like good, bad, right, and wrong mean?" "What is beauty?"
"What are the characteristics of a 'good' work of art?" "From what sources do we gain our
knowledge?" "Does sensory experience provide indubitable knowledge?"
So what is philosophy? Literally the term philosophy is derived from the Greek
words philos ("loving") and sophia ("wisdom"), and means "the love of wisdom." But philosophers
do not always agree on the nature and function of philosophy. Here are four definitions that
attempt to explain what is generally meant by the term philosophy. These definitions do not
necessarily reflect a consensus of philosophical opinion.
1. Philosophy analyzes the foundations and presuppositions underlying other disciplines.
Philosophy investigates and studies the underpinnings of science, art, and theology. Philosophers
do not ask "Are Pablo Picasso's paintings 'good' works of art?" (as art critics do) but "Is aesthetic
judgment a matter of personal taste, or are there objective standards that we can apply to
evaluate a work of art?" Philosophers do not ask "Is the theory of evolution true?" (as biologists
and physical anthropologists do) but "How do we distinguish truth from error?"
2. Philosophy attempts to develop a comprehensive conception or apprehension of the
world. Philosophy seeks to integrate the knowledge of the sciences with that of other fields of
study to achieve some kind of consistent and coherent world view. Philosophers do not want to
confine their attention to a fragment of human experience or knowledge, but rather, want to
reflect upon life as a totality. In speaking of this particular function, Charlie Dunbar Broad, an
English twentieth century philosopher, says: "Its object is to take over the results of the various
sciences, to add to them the results of the religious and ethical experiences of mankind, and then
to reflect upon the whole. The hope is that, by this means, we may be able to reach some general
conclusions as to the nature of the universe, and as to our position and prospects in it." (Scientific

Thought, New York: Harcourt, 1923, p. 20)

3. Philosophy studies and critically evaluates our most deeply held beliefs and attitudes; in
particular, those which are often held uncritically. Philosophers have an attitude of critical and
logical thoughtfulness. They force us to see the significance and consequences of our beliefs, and
sometimes their inconsistencies. They analyze the evidence (or lack of it) for our most treasured
beliefs, and seek to remove from our perspectives every taint and trace of ignorance, prejudice,
superstition, blind acceptance of ideas, and any other form of irrationality.
4. Philosophy investigates the principles and rules of language, and attempts to clarify the
meaning of vague words and concepts. Philosophy examines the role of language in
communication and thought, and the problem of how to identify or ensure the presence of
meaning in our use of language. It is a method--a practice--which seeks to expose the problems
and confusions which have results from the misuse of language, and to clarify the meaning and
use of vague terms in scientific and/or everyday discourse.
Back to James Granitto Home

ist of Figures Of Speech Personification Personification is all about adding a human trait to an inanimate
object or an abstraction. For example: The picture in that magazine shouted for attention. Simile A simile is
a figure of speech that compares two unrelated things or ideas using "like" or "as" to accentuate a certain
feature of an object by comparing it to a dissimilar object that is a typical example of that particular trait. For
example: as big as a bus, as clear as a bell, as dry as a bone, etc. Analogy An analogy is a figure of
speech that equates two things to explain something unfamiliar by highlighting its similarities to something
that is familiar. This figure of speech is commonly used in spoken and written English. For example:
Questions and answers, crying and laughing, etc. Metaphor A metaphor compares two different or
unrelated things to reveal certain new qualities in the subject, which you might have ignored or overlooked
otherwise. For example: The streets of Chennai are a furnace. Alliteration Alliteration is the duplication of
a specific consonant sound at the start of each word and in quick succession. Although alliterations are all
about consonant sounds, exceptions can be made, when vowels sounds are also repeated. This figure of
speech is commonly seen in poems. For example: "Guinness is good for you" - Tagline for
Guinness Hyperbole A far-fetched, over exaggerated description or sentence is called as hyperbole and is
commonly used in jokes and making backhanded compliments. For example: When she smiles, her
cheeks fall off. Onomatopoeia This figure of speech is partly pleasure and partly business. It is used to
replicate sounds created by objects, actions, animals and people. For example: Cock-a-doodle-do, quack,
moo, etc. Imagery Imagery is a figure of speech, which employs words to create mental images in the
mind of the reader. It is a powerful tool and mostly used by poets, lyricists and authors. For example:
"Cloudless everyday you fall upon my waking eyes inviting and inciting me to rise, And through the window
in the wall, Come streaming in on sunlight wings, A million bright ambassadors of morning." - A portion of
the lyrics to the song 'Echoes' by the band Pink Floyd Symbol Symbol refers to the use of an object or
symbol to represent or indicate something else. For example: The symbolism of a red rose (love), the
symbolism of a white flag (peace), etc. Pun A pun is a figure of speech that plays with words to give away
obscured meanings. A pun is also known as paronomasia. For example: My son wanted a scooter. When I
told him they are too dangerous, he moped around the house. Allegory An allegory is nothing but an
improvised metaphor. It is a figure of speech, which involves the use of characters or actions in a piece of
literature, wherein the characters have more to them than meets the eye. For example: The Trojan Women
by Euripides, Aesop's Fables by Aesop. Tautology Tautology is needless repetition of words to denote the
same thing. For example: CD-ROM disk, PIN number, ATM machine, etc. Palindrome A palindrome is a
series of numbers, words or phrases that reads the same in either direction. For example: Malayalam, A
Toyota's a Toyota, etc. Euphemism Euphemism is a figure of speech where an offensive word or
expression is replaced with a polite word. For example: David: Do you have a few minutes? Ryan: No, I'm
busy. David: Ok, listen... Ryan: No, you listen, when I said 'busy', I meant leave me the hell
alone. Assonance Assonance is a repetition of the vowel sounds. Such a figure of speech is found most
commonly in short sentences or verses. For example: And murmuring of innumerable bees. Idiom An
idiom is a phrase, expression or group of words whose implication is not clear when you go by the literal
meaning of words. For example: As easy as pie, at the eleventh hour, pull someone's leg, etc. Funny
Metaphors Funny metaphors are metaphors that ring aloud with humor. For example: That's like trying to
thread a needle with a haystack. Allusion An allusion is an indirect or subtle reference made about a
person, place or thing in a work of literature. For example: I am no Prince Hamlet. Antecedent An
antecedent, in grammar, is a word, a phrase, or a clause that is usually replaced by a pronoun in a
sentence, but regularly so in a following sentence. For example: When I arrived to meet Caleb, he wasn't to
be seen. Jargon Jargon is the kind of language that is specific to a particular trade, occupation,
professionals or group of people. For example: I need your vitals. Double Negative A double negative is a

figure of speech that occurs when two negative words or two forms of negation are used in one
sentence. For example: I won't not use no ladder to climb the building. Adjunction An adjunction is a
phrase or a clause that is placed at the start of a sentence. An adjunction, in most cases, is a verb. For
example: Runs the leopard past us as we stray deeper into his territory. Antithesis An antithesis is a figure
of speech where two very opposing lines of thought or ideas are placed in a somewhat balanced
sentenced. For example: Man proposes: God disposes. Apostrophe An apostrophe is used when a
person who is absent or nonexistent is spoken to. For example: "Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder
what you are. Up above the world so high, Like a diamond in the sky." Climax In a climax, the words are
placed in an ascending order, depending on their significance. These words generally revolve around a
central theme and are arranged in an increasing order to create a strong impression on the mind of the
reader. For example: "There are three things that will endure: faith, hope, and love. But the greatest of
these is love." - 1 Corinthians 13:13 Metonymy A metonymy is a figure of speech where one word or
phrase is used in place of another. With metonymies, a name of a particular thing is substituted with the
name of a thing that is closely related to it. For example: "We have always remained loyal to the
crown." Oxymoron Oxymoron involves the usage of contradictory terms to describe an object, situation or
incident. For example: open secret, tragic comedy, exact estimate, original copies, etc. Synecdoche This
is figure of speech where a part of a particular object is employed to throw light on the whole thing. For
example: Describing a whole vehicle as just "wheels". Stereotype A stereotype, as far as the figures of
speech are concerned, is a convention, a predisposition or a set approach to any particular issue. For
example: All blondes are dumb. Anastrophe An anastrophe refers to an inversion or rearrangement of a
group of words that usually appear in a certain order. For example: Gold that glitters is not all that not. (All
that glitters is gold) Anaphora An anaphora is an expression, which refers to another and can be
ambiguous. For example: The tiger ate the snake and it died. Longfellow Antonomasia This figure of
speech uses the name of a person on another person or persons possessing characteristics that are
similar to the characteristics of the former. For example: He was the Adolf Hitler of the
school. Litotes Litotes are nothing but an understatement. It can be used when you are looking to
underplay a positive with a negative. For example: The food at that restaurant is not bad at
all. Paralipsis A paralipsis is a figure of speech that focuses on any particular thing without really making it
obvious. For example: I know who ate the last apple, but I will not mention Karen's
name. Rhetoric Rhetoric in writing refers to an unexplained and undue use of exaggeration. For example:
When I reached the peak of the mountain, I stretched out my hands, touched heaven and took a quick look
at the Almighty! Zeugma Zeugma refers to the employment of a word to bridge two or more words, but
here the word makes sense to one word or all words in dissimilar ways. For example: She lowered her
standards by raising her glass, her courage, her eyes and his hopes. Anticlimax An anticlimax as a figure
speech refers to the building up a climax that results in something that cannot really be described as a
climax. For example: On discovering that his friend was murdered, with vengeance on his mind Ravi
rushed back to his college, only to find his friend sipping on coffee in the college
canteen. Consonance Consonance refers to the repetition of consonant sounds, within the limits of a
sentence or a certain number of sentences. For example: "Whose woods these are I think I know. His
house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here. To watch his woods fill up with snow." Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening by Robert Frost Irony Irony is used to stress on the opposite
meaning of a word. When people are looking to be sarcastic, they employ irony. For example: He was so
intelligent, that he failed all his tests. Polysyndeton Polysyndeton refers to that figure of speech which
makes good use of conjunctions and in close succession. For example: He ran and jumped and laughed
for joy. Rhetorical Question A rhetorical question is a question wherein the answer is more than

obvious. For example: A person enters a dark room and asks out loud - 'Has someone turned off the
lights?' Anadiplosis Anadiplosis refers to the repetition of a significant word in a sentence in the second
part of the same sentence, usually with a slight change in its meaning or an exaggerated word for the
same. For example: "Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering." -Yoda, Star
Wars Appositive Appositive is a word or phrase that is used in juxtaposing related issues. For example,
Jeanne, Diane's eleven-year-old beagle, chews holes in the living room carpeting as if he were still a
puppy. Enthymeme An enthymeme is a figure of speech where an argument that is being made has no
definite conclusion or is not completely expressed. For example, "With a name like Smucker's, it has to be
good." Parallelism In the English language, parallelism refers to balance created between two or more
similar words and sentences. For example, I like rich desserts, fast card-games, and difficult
riddles. Asyndeton This is a figure of speech that conveniently ignores the use of conjunctions. For
example, She has provided with a chance to earn a living, with self-respect, with
satisfaction. Parenthesis Parenthesis refers to a self explanatory and contradicting word or sentence that
breaks the flow in a series of sentences, often without affecting the flow in an obvious manner. Commas
and dashes are employed when a parenthesis is used. For example, Would you, Kris, listen to
me? Antimetabole An antimetabole is a figure of speech, where the second half of a sentence, phrase or
series is in the exact opposite order of the first part. For example, E,F,G - G,F,E Epistrophe Epistrophe or
epiphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the end of consecutive phrases, clauses or
sentences. It is extremely emphatic and is usually employed to stress the last word in a phrase or
sentence. For example, "What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within
us." -Emerson Understatement Understatement is a figure of speech that is used to undermine the due
importance of a statement. For example, "A soiled baby, with a neglected nose, cannot be conscientiously
regarded as a thing of beauty." - (Mark Twain) Chiasmus hiasmus is another important figure of speech
wherein two or more clauses are joined together through a reversing the syntax to convey a bigger
point. For example, "I flee who chases me, and chase who flees me." - (Ovid) Epithet An epithet can be
best defined as a descriptive title that commonly involves a word or a phrase that is used in lieu of the real
name. For example: Alexander the Great. Verbal Irony Verbal irony is one of the most commonly
employed tropes in literature that is pregnant with hidden connotations and usually has more to eat than
meets the eye. It usually denotes the opposite of what is expressed. For example: "Yet Brutus says he was
ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man." - Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare False Analogy An
elaborate comparison of two dissimilar things is called false analogy. For example: There has to be life on
other planets because as of today no one has been able to conclusively prove that there is no life. Above
mentioned were definitions and examples of the figures of speech. The definitions and examples should
help you acquaint yourself to the figures of speech. However, it might take you sometime before you
become an expert in using these figures of speech. Here's wishing you best of luck as you strive to master
figures of speech and exploit it to polish your language skills.Read more at
http://fos.iloveindia.com/#cThCS9zABGhr4zIs.99

17

Alliteration
This is a very common figure of speech that involves using words that begin with
the same sound.

For instance, Sally sells sea shells by the seashore is alliteration and try saying
it fast to see how difficult it is! It is often used in advertising slogans to create
something catchy that more people will remember.

Anaphora
This figure of speech uses a specific clause at the beginning of each sentence or
point to make a statement.
For instance: Good night and good luck is an example of the beginning word
being the same. The more it is used, the more of an emotional effect is can evoke
among those who are listening. Another example is "Mad world! Mad kings! Mad
composition!" from King John, II, I by William Shakespeare.

Assonance
Remember the phrase I Like Ike? It was a very common phase for those who
supported Dwight Eisenhower during his presidential run. This is a figure of
speech that focuses on the vowel sounds in a phrase, repeating them over and
over to great effect.

Hyperbole
It was as big as a mountain! It was faster than a cheetah! It was dumber than a

rock! This figure of speech makes things seem much bigger than they really were
by using grandiose depictions of everyday things. Hyperbole is often seen as an
exaggeration that adds a bit of humor to a story.

Irony
This figure of speech tries to use a word in a literal sense that debunks what has
just been said. Gentlemen, you cant fight in here! This is the War Room! from Dr.
Strangelove is a great example. It is often used to poke fun at a situation that
everyone else sees as a very serious matter.
There are different types of irony and here are the details and examples.
Metaphor
The use of metaphor compares two things that are not alike and finds something
about them to make them alike.
My heart is a lonely hunter that hunts on a lonely hill from a book by William

Sharp is a good example of metaphor. Some writers try to use this style to create
something profound out of comparing two things that appear to have nothing at
all in common.
Simile
In this figure of speech, two things are compared that are not really the same, but
are used to make a point about each other.
Life is like a box of chocolates; you never know what youre going to get is a

famous line from the movie Forrest Gump that illustrates the simile. This is often
used to make an emotional point about something. The difference between simile

and metaphor is that you can obviously see words "like" in the sentence.
Metonymy
In this figure of speech, one word that has a very similar meaning can be used for
another. Using the word crown for royalty or lab coats for scientists are two
examples. In some ways it can be seen as a nickname for something else; for
instance, The White House said doesnt actually mean the White House said it (a
house cant speak!) but that the President said it. However, we all understand the
meaning, and so the words are interchangeable.
Onomatopoeia
This is the use of a word that actually sounds like what it means. Good examples
include hiss or ding-dong or fizz. These words are meant to describe
something that actually sounds very much like the word itself. This is a trick often
used in advertising to help convey what something is really like.
Paradox
This figure of speech completely contradicts itself in the same sentence. Famous
quotes that illustrate this from George Orwells 1984 include: War is peace.
Ignorance is strength. Freedom is slavery. Though we know these things arent
true, they present an interesting paradox that makes a person think seriously
about what they have just read or heard.
Personification
This is a way of giving an inanimate object the qualities of a living thing. The tree
quaked with fear as the wind approached is an example; The sun smiled down
on her is another. This can sometimes be used to invoke an emotional response
to something by making it more personable, friendly and relatable.

Pun
This play on words uses different senses of the word, or different sounds that
make up the word, to create something fun and interesting. For instance: I would
like to go to Holland some day. Wooden shoe? is a pun that actually means
wouldnt you? Sometimes puns are so subtle that they can be tough to pick up
unless you are really listening for them.

Synecdoche
This is a figure of speech in which one thing is meant to represent the whole. A
few good examples include ABCs for alphabet, new set of wheels for car, or
9/11 to demonstrate the whole of the tragedy that happened in the United
States on September 11, 2001. This is often used in journalism as a type of
shorthand.
Understatement
This is a situation in which the thing discussed is made to seem much less
important than it really is. This famous line from Catcher in the Rye is a good
example: I have to have this operation. It isnt very serious. I have this tiny tumor
on the brain. Understatement can often be used to comedic effect.

Antithesis
This is a contradiction that pits two ideas against each other in a balanced way.
Youre easy on the eyes, hard on the heart is a line from a country song that
illustrates this perfectly. This is often used to indicate just how something can be
more than one thing at the same time.

Euphemism
Words that are used to soften the message are often considered euphemisms.
Passed away is often used in place of died or killed. A misunderstanding
might be used in place of fight or argument. And who could forget wardrobe
malfunction, which is a fancy way of saying your clothes fell off.
Oxymoron
This puts two words together that seem to contradict each other. Military
intelligence, real phony, civil war, and silent yell are all examples of an
oxymoron. Many people use these to promote the humor in a situation.