Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 10

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH

DENSITY POLYETHYLENE / MMT NANO


COMPOSITE
K.Jeykar1,R.Ganapathy2a,S.K.Kiruba2b
1

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tagore Engineering College, Chennai-127
jeykar_28@yahoo.co.in
2
U.G. Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tagore Engineering College, Chennai-127
ganasub92@gmail.com,skkiruba93@gmail.com.

ABSTRACT
Polymer matrix based nano composites have become a prominent area of current research and
development. In order to understand and improve these soft and weak mechanical properties of High
Density Polyethylene (HDPE), silane modifier and
Montmorillonite (MMT) is added as the
reinforcement material. Particularly Montmorillonite (MMT) minerals, serve as good nanoclay fillers
owing to their ease of dispersion in the organic matrix. The HDPE and MMT mixing process has been
done by using twin screw extrusion. Injection molding machine with the help of the twin screw mixing
method produces standard shaped specimens of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites (PCN) i.e. HDPE/MMT
nanocomposites pellets. By adding the different weight percentages (0,1,2, 3,4 wt. %) of MMT,
mechanical properties of nanocomposites were investigated by different test like tensile test, impact test,
finding hardness and flexural test. The result shown that the addition of nanoclay will influence the
important mechanical properties up to certain volume of clay, beyond which it reduces with the predicted
amount of clay percentage towards better properties, one can able to use the data for safer design.
1.1 OVER VIEW OF NANOCOMPOSITES

material soft, less than 50 nm for refractive


index changes, and less than 100 nm for
achieving super par magnetism, mechanical
strengthening or restricting matrix dislocation
movement.
In
mechanical
terms,
Nanocomposites differ from conventional
composite materials due to the exceptionally
high surface to volume ratio of the reinforcing
phase and/or its exceptionally high aspect ratio.

A Nanocomposite is as a multiphase
solid material where one of the phases has one,
two or three dimensions of less than 100
nanometers (nm), or structures having nanoscale repeat distances between the different
phases that make up the material. In the broadest
sense this definition can include porous media,
colloids, gels and copolymers, but is more
usually taken to mean the solid combination of a
bulk matrix and nano-dimensional phases
differing in properties due to dissimilarities in
structure and chemistry. The mechanical,
electrical, thermal, optical, electrochemical,
catalytic properties of the Nanocomposites will
differ markedly from that of the component
materials. Size limits for these effects have been
proposed less than 5 nm for catalytic activity,
less than 20 nm for making a hard magnetic

1.2 POLYMER
NANOCOMPOSITES

CLAY

A polymer nanocomposite (PNC) is a


polymer or copolymer having dispersed in its
nanoparticles. These may be of different shape
(e.g., platelets, fibers, spheroids), but at least one
dimension must be in the range of 1 to 50 nm.
These PNC's belong to the category of multiphase systems that consume nearly 95% of

plastics production. These systems require


controlled mixing/compounding, stabilization of
the achieved dispersion, orientation of the
dispersed phase, and the compounding strategies
for all MPS, including PNC, are similar.

and good chemical resistance against acids,


greases and oils. It can be highly transparent and
colorless but thicker sections are usually opaque
and off-white. Polyethylene also has good self
extinguishing properties and resistance against
ultra violet.

CHAPTER 2
Polyethylene is probably the polymer you see
most in daily life. Polyethylene is the most
popular plastic in the world. This is the polymer
that makes grocery bags, shampoo bottles,
children's toys, and even bullet proof vests. For
such a versatile material, it has a very simple
structure, the simplest of all commercial
polymers. A molecule of polyethylene is nothing
more than a long chain of carbon atoms, with
two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon
atom. That's what the picture at the top of the
page shows, but it might be easier to draw it like
the picture below, only with the chain of carbon
atoms being many thousands of atoms long:

EXPERIMENTAL WORK
2.1. MATERIALS USED
The materials selected for making the
nanocomposites is as follows.
POLYMER- Polyethylene
NANO CLAY-Montmorillonite(MMT) Clay

Polyethylene pellets (high density).

2.3 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE


Polyethylene pellets (high density and
low density) was used as a matrix material
reinforced with MMT clay. The nano
composites consist of chemically treated
polyethylene and montmorillonite (MMT)
nanoclay was made by using compression
molding technique.

Fig 3.1 HDPE


Montmorillonite
2.2. POLYETHYLENE

Polyethylene is capable of being


molded, extruded and cast into many various
shapes. It is often used in construction as it is
cheap and can be shaped or molded easily, this
is why it is appropriated to be used for the jobs
such as guttering.

2.3.1
TWIN
TECHNIQUE:

Polyethylene is a hard, stiff, strong and a


dimensionally stable material that absorbs very
little water. It has good gas barrier properties

SCREW

EXTRUDER

Compounding with the Twin Screw


Extruder provides training on the fundamentals
of compounding with a twin screw extruder,
including parts and operation, raw materials
used, plastic behavior, optimizing controls,
safety and startup procedures, troubleshooting
and more. Employees will become experts in the
startup, operation, and shutdown of the twin
screw extruder. Emphasis is on maximizing
productivity, safe operating procedures and
quickly solving problems.

Fig 2.3 Twin screw extruder technique


Twin screw extrusion is used
extensively for mixing, compounding, or
reacting polymeric materials. The flexibility of
twin screw extrusion equipment allows this
operation to be designed specifically for the
formulation being processed. For example, the
two screws may be co rotating or counter
rotating, intermeshing or no intermeshing.
In addition, the configurations of the
screws themselves may be varied using forward
conveying elements,
reverse
conveying
elements, kneading blocks, and other designs in
order
to
achieve
particular
mixing
characteristics.

2.3.2
INJUCTION
TECHNIQUE

MOULDING

Fig 2.4 Injection molding machine


CHAPTER 3
TESTING OF NANO COMPOSITES

Induction molding is a manufacturing


process for producing parts by injecting material
into a mold. Injection molding can be performed
with a host of materials, including metals,
glasses, Elastomers, confections, and most
commonly thermoplastic and thermosetting
polymers. Material for the part is fed into a
heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mold
cavity where it cools and hardens to the
configuration of the cavity. After a product is
designed, usually by an industrial designer or an
engineer, molds are made by a mold maker (or
toolmaker) from metal, usually either steel or
aluminum, and precision-machined to form the
features of the desired part. Injection molding is
widely used for manufacturing a variety of parts,
from the smallest component to entire body
panels of cars.

3.1 TESTING PHASE


The Prepared nano composites were
tested
in
Electronic
Tensometer
(20N).Electronic Tensometer is a compact and
versatile tensile testing machine of capacity
20KN(2000kg).The Machine is fitted with load
cell for load measurement and Potentiometric
sensor of 0.1mm resolution, for displacement
(mm).The load cells are available in the ranges
of 200N (20kg), 2KN (200kg) and 20KN
(2000kg) Electronic Tensometer is the basic unit
of a highly versatile testing system including
tests for
1)Tensile strength and displacement.

Parts to be injection molded must be very


carefully designed to facilitate the molding
process; the material used for the part, the
desired shape and features of the part, the
material of the mold, and the properties of the
molding machine must all be taken into account.
The versatility of injection molding is facilitated
by this breadth of design considerations and
possibilities.

2) Shear and compressive Strength.


3) Flexural ,Stripping and tearing Resistance.
4) Hardness.
With the machine, there is a choice of over 100
accessories and attachments chucks, grips,
flexural,
compression
and
indentation

attachments to cover most of the varied


requirements for research, development and
quality control in Science, industry and
education. The machine is compact, versatile
accurate and
relatively inexpensive. It has a
very
high
cost
Performance
rating.
With overall dimensions of approximately
965mm(L)x235mm(W)x230mm(H) and weight
of 21 Kg. It can be power or manually operated
on any small laboratory or test-shop bench table.

Size of the specimen is 165 12.5 3


mm
The most common specimen geometry is a right
circular cylinder with flat/parallel ends. Other
shapes are used but typically require special
fixtures to avoid buckling, etc. Component
testing or service simulation testing depends on
the specific test machine/configuration to be
used.

Fig. 3.3 Tensile test specimens

3.3 FLEXURAL TEST (ASTM D 790) :


The flexure test method measures
behavior of materials subjected to simple beam
loading. It is also called a transverse beam test
with some materials. Maximum fiber stress and
maximum strain are calculated for increments of
load. Results are plotted in a stress-strain
diagram.

Fig.3.1
Schematic view of Tensometer
3.2 TENSILE TEST (ASTM D 638):
A test that determines the overall
strength of a given object. In a tensile test, the
object is fitted between two grips at either end
then slowly pulled apart until it breaks. A tensile
test provides vital information related to a
products durability including yield point, tensile
strength and proof stress.

struck by debris present on the runway, and as


well as other causes.
3.4.1 TYPES OF IMPACT TEST:
1. IZOD
2. CHARPY
3.4.1.1 IZOD IMPACT TEST:
Izod impact testing is an astm standard
method of determining impact energy. A
notched sample is generally used to determine
impact energy.The Izod impact test differs from
the charpy impact test in that the sample is held
in a cantilevered beam configuration as opposed
to a three-point bending configuration.This test
can also be used to determine the notch
sensitivity.

Fig 3.4 Three point loading


Flexural strength is defined as the
maximum stress in the outermost fiber. This is
calculated at the surface of the specimen on the
convex or tension side. Flexural modulus is
calculated from the slope of the stress vs.
deflection curve. If the curve has no linear
region, a secant line is fitted to the curve to
determine slope.

Fig 3.5 Flexural test specimen


3.4 IMPACT TEST (ASTM D 256) :

Fig 3.6 Izod specimen

A test designed to give information on


how a specimen of a known material will
respond to a suddenly applied stress, e.g. shock.
The test ascertains whether the material is tough
or brittle. A notched test piece is normally
employed and the two methods in general use
are either the Izod or Charpy test. The result is
usually reported as the energy in ft.lbs. or KJ.
required to fracture the test piece.
Impact is a very important phenomenon in
governing the life of a structure. For example, in
the case of an aircraft, impact can take place by
a bird hitting a plane while it is cruising, or
during take off and landing the aircraft may be

3.5 SHORE D HARNESSS :


The Shore Hardness is defined as the
resistance to penetration by an indenter of
specified shape under a defined load.Shore
Hardness tester are available in various models
for testing Vulcanized Rubber, Plastic,
Ebonite.Fiber and all other soft and Hard
Elastomers. Shore D are suited for use on harder
elastomeric (hardness >80 Shore A) and on

plastics the hardness of which is between 30 and


90 Shore D.

Flexural strength is also known as


modulus of rupture, bend strength or fracture
strength. A mechanical parameter for brittle
material is defined as a material ability to resist
deformation under load. The transverse bending
test is most frequently employed, in which a rod
specimen having either a circular or rectangular
cross-section is bent.
By using maximum load and initial
slope from the loaddeflection curve, the
flexural strength and flexural modulus were
calculated by using the following formulae.
Flexural Strength =

Fig 3.7 Shore D Hardness specimen


Flexural Modulus =

CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
The Prepared nano composites were
tested in tensile test machine and impact test
machine. The experiment has been conducted
like tensile test, flexural test, impact test and
shore hardness for various specimens like
different weight percentage (0% to 4%).There is
difference in tensile strength, flexural strength,
impact test and shore hardness when increasing
the nano clay content in the polymer matrix. The
values that obtained are tabulated and graphs
were shown below.

4.1 RESULT OF FLEXURAL TEST


Sample

Where,
L
B
h
m

= Peak load
= Gauge length
= Width of the specimen
=Thickness of the specimen
= Initial slope

4.4.1 TABLE FOR FLEXURAL STRENGTH


AND FLEXURALMODULUS OF
COMPOSITES

Flexural Strength

Flexural Modulus

0% MMT/HDPE

163.5

1.0080

1% MMT/HDPE

196.16

0.3340

2% MMT/HDPE

212.5

0.0926

3% MMT/HDPE

196.16

0.3088

4% MMT/HDPE

212.5

Table 4.8 Flexural strength and modulus

0.1085
4.4.2 GRAPH FOR FLEXURAL
STRENGTH

Flexural Strength
250

200

Mpa

150

100

Flexural Strength

50

0
0

Graph 4.4 Flexural strength


4.4.4 TABLE FOR ENG UTS, TRUE UTS
AND
PROOFSTRESS
OF
NANO
COMPOSITES
Sample
0% MMT/HDPE
1% MMT/HDPE
2% MMT/HDPE
3% MMT/HDPE
4% MMT/HDPE

Eng UTS
2.6
3.1
3.4
3.1
3.4

True UTS
2.7
3.2
3.4
3.1
3.4

4.2 ADVANTAGES OF POLYETHYLENE /


MMT NANO COMPOSITE

Mechanical properties e.g. strength,


modulus and dimensional stability were
improved.
Decreased permeability to gases, water
and hydrocarbons.
Thermal stability and heat distortion
temperature were also improved.
Flame retardancy and reduced smoke
emissions.

Proof stress
1.8
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.3
Chemical resistance.
Surface appearance.
Electrical conductivity.
Optical clarity in comparison
conventionally filled polymers.

to

4.3
DISADVANTAGES
OF
POLYETHLENE / MMT COMPOSITES
The few disadvantages associated with
nanoparticle incorporation have concerned
toughness and impact performance. Some of the
data presented has suggested that nanoclay

modification of polymers could reduce impact


performance. Clearly this is an issue which
would require consideration for applications
where impact loading events are likely. In
addition, further research will be necessary to,
for example, develop a better understanding of
formulation/structure/property
relationships,
better routes to platelet exfoliation and
dispersion etc.

(MMT) minerals, serve as good nanoclay fillers


owing to their ease of dispersion in the organic
matrix. The nanocomposites with 4 wt. % clay
loading were able to bear a higher load. It is
observed that when increase of tensile strength
with increase of % of nanoclay. The hardness
number of the nanocomposites decreases upto 3
wt% and slightly increase with addition of 4wt%
nanoclay. But in Impact test, the impact
strengths were increased in 3wt % addition of
nanoclay with HDPE.
The mechanical
properties of HDPE substantially increased with
the addition of nanoclay with different volume
fraction.
CHAPTER 6

4.4 AREA OF APPLICATION


The mechanical property improvements
have
resulted
in major
interest
in
nanocomposites
materials
in
numerous
automotive and general/industrial applications. It
includes

PUBLICATIONS
NATIONAL CONFERENCE

Potential for utilization as


mirror housings on various
vehicle types, door handles,
engine covers and intake
manifolds and timing belt
covers.
More general applications
currently being considered
include usage as impellers and
blades for vacuum cleaners,
power tool housings, mower
hoods.
Covers for portable electronic
equipment such as mobile
phones, pagers etc.

1. Presented and Published a Paper on


Important Mechanical Properties of
High Density Polyethylene /MMT
Nano Composites in the 2nd National
conference on Fascinating Advancement
in Mechanical Engineering (FAME2013) Mechanical Engineering, at
R.M.K College of Engineering and
Technology, Chennai 601 206 on 11 th
March 2013.

CHAPTER 7
REFERENCE
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
HDPE polymer filled with nanoclay at
various concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4wt. %)
was prepared by using twin screw compounding
and injection molding method. It was observed
that up to 4 wt. % nanoclay in the PE matrix, an
exfoliated structure was formed and further
addition of nanoclay formed an intercalated
structure. In nanocomposites, nanoclay as the
reinforcement and a polymer serves as the
matrix material. Particularly Montmorillonite

1. J. Karger-Kocsis, T. Harmia and T.


Czigany, Comparison of the Fracture and
Failure Behavior of Polypropylene Composites
Reinforced by Long Glass Fibers and by Glass
Mats, Composites Science and Technology,
Vol. 54, No. 3, 1995, pp. 287-298.
2. J. Liakus, B. Wang, R. Cipra and T.
Siegmund,
Processing
MicrostructureProperty Predictions for Short Fiber Reinforced
Composite Structures Based on aSpray

Deposition Process, Composite Structures, Vol.


61, No. 4, 2003, pp. 363-374.

Clay Layers, Polymer, Vol. 47, No. 8, 2006,


pp. 2904-2910.

3. S. W. Jung, S. Y. Kim, H. W. Nam and K. S.


Han, Measurements of Fiber Orientation and
Elastic-Modulus Analysis in Short-FiberReinforced Composites,Composites Science
and Technology, Vol. 61, No. 1, 2001, pp. 107116.

11. P. Meneghetti and S. Qutubuddin,


Synthesis, Thermal Properties and Applications
of
Polymer-Clay
Nanocomposites,
ThermochimicaActa, Vol. 442, No. 1-2, 2006,
pp. 74-77.
12. G. Scocchi, P. Posocco, A. Danani,
S. Pricl and M. Fermeglia, To the Nanoscale,
and Beyond: Multiscale Molecular Modeling of
Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites, Fluid Phase
Equilibria, Vol. 261, No. 1-2, 2007, pp. 366374.
13. J. G. Zhang, D. D. Jiang and C. A.
Wilkie, Polyethylene and Polypropylene
Nanocomposites Based upon an Oligomerically
Modified Clay, ThermochimicaActa, Vol. 430,
No. 1-2, 2005, pp. 107-113.

4. H.-Y. Cheung, M.-P. Ho, K.-T. Lau, F.


Cardona and D. Hui, Natural Fibre-Reinforced
Composites
for
Bioengineering
and
Environmental Engineering Applications,
Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 40, No. 7,
2009, pp. 655-663.
5. G. Ben-Dor, A. Dubinsky and T. Elperin, An
Engineering Approach to Shape Optimization of
Impactors against Fiber-Reinforced Plastic
Laminates, Composites Part B: Engineering,
Vol. 40, No. 3, 2009, pp. 181-188.
6. M. Bhattacharya and A. K. Bhowmick,
PolymerFiller Interaction in Nanocomposites:
New Interface Area Function to Investigate
Swelling Behavior and Youngs Modulus,
Polymer, Vol. 49, No. 22, 2008, pp. 4808- 4818.
7. T. A. Rajesh and D. Kumar, Recent
Progress in the Development of Nano-Structured
Conducting Polymers/Nanocomposites for
Sensor Applications, Sensors and Actuators B:
Chemical, Vol. 136, No. 1, 2009, pp. 275-286.
8. L. Kumari, T.Zhang, G. H. Du, W. Z.
Li, Q. W. Wang, A. Datye and K. H. Wu,
Thermal
Properties
of
CNTAluminaNanocomposites,
Composites
Science and Technology, Vol. 68, No. 9, 2008,
pp. 2178-2183.
9. D. Sikdar, D. R. Katti, K. S. Katti and
R. Bhowmik, Insight into Molecular
Interactions between Constituents in Polymer
Clay Nanocomposites, Polymer, Vol. 47, No.
14, 2006, pp. 5196-5205.
10. B. Xu, Q. Zheng, Y. H. Song and Y.
G. Shangguan, Calculating Barrier Properties
of Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites: Effects of

10

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi