sons Departrent of Agriculture and Food -Ausiralian sweet pin (Lupin angustifos) Department of Agriculture and Food ) ra Australian sweet lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) Narrow-leafed lupin Extracted from the GROG Hanbdook ‘The Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value of Australian Pulses’ Nutritive Value + Composition © Brolein content and quali © Mineral content © Antinutitional factors and toxins “+ Lupins for animal feed Energy content © Lupins for ruminants © Lupins for menogastries © Lupins in aquaculture ‘+ Lupins for human consumetion Australian sweet lupins (ASL) are now widely accepted as a supplement for ruminants because they are high in avaliable energy and protein and have advantages in handling, storing and feeding. They are particularly used to feed sheep in times of pasture shortage. They are also widely used in pig and poultry nutrition where they are valued for their consistent qualiy and low content of antznutitonal factors, ‘TABLE 1. Nutrient composition of Australian sweet lupins (g/kg as received) Mean Minimum Maximum Number Dry Mattor en 896 930 208 Protein 320 212 372 3782 [ash ar 23 32 180 Fat 59 49 7 1023 Fibre 184 7 237 180 [ADF 197 160 236 190 NDF 205, 195 208 183 Lignin wuagric.vagovauPC_82144 hit 18sors Departrent of Agriculture and Food -Ausitalian sweet pin (Lupin angustifols) 9 4 19 am [Weight (mg) 4 114 218 1045 ‘TABLE2. Nutritive values of lupins and other major pulses per kilogram of seed nt Lupins (ASL) | Field peas | Soybean meal (Crude protein (Nx 6.25), 9 322 230 440 Total lysine, g 6 156 28 [Available lysine, pigs* 104 43 249 [Available lysine, poultry" 135 142 255 Total sulfur amino acids, g 70 57 125 Total tryptophan, g 44 24 52 ‘Crude fat, 9 58 " 8 GE(MJ) 181 168 DE, pigs (Mu) 148 145 145 IME, cattle (MJ) 120 uz 137 IME, shoop (Mu) 122 120 137 |AME, poultry (MJ) 10.7 15 107 Total calelum, 9 22 09 40 Total phosphorous, g 30 38 60 Total sulphur, g 23 18 crude fibre, 9 ee 58.4 |ADF, 9 197 85.1 110 wuagric.vagovauPC_82144 hitsors Departrent of Agriculture and Food - Australian sweet pin (Lupin angustifos) NDF, 9 227 128.7 130 Lignin, 9 79 10.4 7 Starch, 9 <10 420 * Reported values vary widely. Conservative values are given here. Composition Protein content and quality ‘The crude protein content of bulk supplies of lupins is generally constant at 30-32 per cent. ‘The protein is of reasonable qualiy,itcan be used without pre-treatment, and it has a high digestioity in al species. In pig the availabilty of lysine seer to be low (Table 2). X may be influenced ay the energy source in the diet. TABLES. Essont ymino acid content of Australian sweet lupin (g/16 g N) lAmino acid Mean Minimum Maximum Number |Arginine 1182 10.60 12.90 116 Histidine 287 212 2.86 118 Isoleucine sat 387 4a 118 Leucine 6.20 sat 740 118 Lysine 475 422 5.19 118 Methionine 0.66 049 082 13 Phenylalanine 3.85 sa7 4ar 113 Threonine 3.54 3.00 382 118 Tryptophan 1.00 056 1.16 w valine 3.78 sar 423 118 cys +Mot 201 4160 245 3 wuagric.vagovauPC_82144 hitsors Departrent of Agriculture and Food -Ausitalian sweet pin (Lupin angustifos) Tyr +Phe 755 633 807 86 In runinant animals the composition ofthe protein is of less importance although the content of methionine ray be liniting for w 00! production in sheep and rilk production in high producing dairy cows. How ever a high proportion of dietary protein is undegraded in the rumen and can increase the overall nutrive value of the feed. n nartow--leafed lupins up to one-third of the protein is undegraded in the rumen and much of the response to lupin seed supplements in sheep and cattle reproduction has been attrbuted to this Undegraded portion. For pigs and pouty lupins require supplementation with fre lysine and methionine or to be used with a protein source rich in these amino acids. Mineral content ‘The variabilty in samples from throughout Australias low for mast of the major elements, How ever the Content of sodium's variable, depending on sol type, and supplementation with salt may be advisable in situations w here the lupins are used for grazing animals over a long period wth poor qualty roughages, Phosphate levels are acceptable but calcium may be low , although evidence of a response to supplementary calciumis ited. ‘TABLE 4, Mineral content of Australian sweet lupins (per kg as received) Mineral Mean Minimum Maximum Number ® cateium 22 18 2a 623 Magnesium 18 14 20 528 Phosphorus 30 24 43 846 Potassium 80 68 et ons ‘Sodium o4 03 14 422 Sulphur 23 18 29 ent mg ‘copper 47 25 6a sar ron 685 310 1500 535 Manganese 190 67 780 586 wuagric.vagovauPC_82144 hitsors Departrent of Agriculture and Food -Ausitalian sweet pin (Lupin angustifols) Molybdenum 16 or 29 “4 Izine 3a 2a 450 551 9 Cobalt 8 10 260 56 ‘Selenium 89 18 240 138 ‘The rato of nitrogen to sulphur (22 to 1) is higher than the average values for grasses (14 to 1) and pasture legumes (17 to 1) and this ray be undesirable for sheep, Some experiments have shaw a postive response in wool growth by w eaners w hen a mineral supplement including sulphur w as suppled, Concentrations of cobalt, copper and zinc are often below animal requirements and they should be included in any rneral supplement used in conjunction with lyin feeding, Selenium varies with sol type and rainfall, and supplementation may be advisable in some circumstances. LL angustifotis is not an accumulator of heavy metals. Of over 300 sarples tested froma wide range of rowing conditions none exceeded the proposed Codex Alimentarius lit of 0.1 mg/kg for cadmium or 2.0 mg/kg for lead. Anti-nutritional factors and toxins ‘There have been very few reports of detrimental effects of feeding lupins to livestock. Lupins contain low levels of several common ant-nutrients (Table 5) and unlike w hole soybeans and most other grain legumes do not require heat treatment to destroy the lectins and protease inhibitors whic’ can reduce protein digestion and availabilty. ‘TABLES. Anti-nutritional factors in Australian sweet lupins Factor Units | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Number [Alkaloids % | 002 <001 0.08 1316 Oligosaccharides* % | 407 290 5.20 202 Phytate » | 050 0.32 08s 254 SSaponins mag | 573 aan 40 " Tannins (total % | 029 0.19 ost 208, Tannins(cond) % | oot nd om 236 TA gig | 0.12 0.05 028 a8 cTla rag | 0.08 nd 059 8 wuagric.vagovauPC_82144 hitsors Departrent of Agriculture and Food - Ausitalian sweet pi (Lupin angustifols) Lectins lat nd. 28 ‘+ Sumof raffinose, stachyose and verbascose ‘There is no evidence of other toxic or inhibitory substances which are often found in unprocessed plant protein sources. Lupinosis, @ iver disease caused by ingestions of toxins produced by the fungus Daporthe toxica, formerly named Phorropsisleptostromiformis, has been prevalent in Western Australian lupin crops for many years: but has generally only been associated with ingestion of infected stems (stubble) or leaves. ‘There are a few documented reports of lupinsis from feeding seed but it has been shown that the phomopsins, the toxins produced by the fungus, are present only in discoloured seeds with heavily discoloured seeds being the most toxic. This discolouration which ranges from pale yellow to dark brown is independent ofthe characteristic motting of Gungutru and similar varieties. Most discoloured seeds can be removed by commercial grading. Sheep are reputed to tolerate consumption of up to 10 per cent discoloured seed in ther diet and cattle are ‘more tolerant of the toxins. How ever it cannot be assumed that such levels willbe safe and a very cautious approach to feeding discoloured seed should be taken. Modern varities are Diaporthe-resistant but very low levels of toxins can stl be produced in the’ seed, Too al feed Lupins for a Energy content [Allcomponents of the ASL seed are readly digested by ruminant animals, whose resident microbial Populations produce the enzymes required to degrade both the soluble and insoluble complex Carbohydrates that make up the seed coat and cell wall fraction of the cotyledon, as wel as the simpler oligosaccharides. A big advantage of lupins is that ruminants do not normally need a period of introduction to avoid acidosis. Furthermore, the content of lignin, the compound which usually mts the digestion of fibre, is very iow (< 1 per cent) and so the overall digestbity of lupin seeds high, about 90 per cent. This high eigestiilty combined with the moderate oll content of lupins, rasuts in an estimated metabotsable energy value (in vivo) of 13 Mg w hic is higher than for most cereal grains. Rocent studies in Europe have indicated a ‘rue net energy value of lupins’ at 10 MUlkg for pig TABLES. Enorgy values of Australian sweet lupins (MJ/kg) Moan Maximum Minimum Number ce 184 17a 186 7 DEPigs 145 120 170 8 IME Cattle 120 2 MESheep 122 100 130 10 |AME Poultry 104 100 107 2 wuagric.vagovauPC_82144 hitsors Departrent of Agriculture and Food -Ausitalian sweet pin (Lupin angustifos) 'Non-ruminant animals on the other hand lack the enzymes able to digest the complex carbohydrates in the stomach and small intestine. Unless there is fermentation inthe ow er tract (for example in horses and pigs) the digestbiliy of energy fromlupin seed in these species is much low er Even w here substantial fermentation in the low er tract does occur, the net energy yield fromlipins is low er than for feeds which are largely digested in the upper tract. Furthermore there is evidence in pigs that this value may be influenced by other components of the dit. Resulls froma recent study gave the DE of w hole seed for pigs at 15.8 Mkg, and for ketnels at 16.9 Milk. These are higher than earler reports, and the difference could be attributed to finer grinding ofthe meal. may be more economical to use a finer grind of, whole seed than to dehul The oll contains about 35 per cent mono-unsaturated f polyunsaturated fatty acids (37 per cent linoleic, 6 per cent inolenic, 2 per cent others) and 2 per cent sterols. Tests have show'n the ol to be stable for long periods. ly acids (nearly all as oleic acid), 45 per cent Lupins for ruminants ‘Sheep trained to eat lupin seed w i readily fossick for the seed and broadcasting can therefore be used as 2 valuable tool in grazing management. There is litte need for processing, but cracking or milling w hole seed is advisable for cattle, Farmers should ensure a slow introduction of sheep to lupin seed ifthe sheep are in poor condition to avoid the risk of an acidosis and ruments induced by an atypical fermentation of the cell wall material, Wel- routished sheep do not suffer this condition. ‘While dehuling seed can irprove the uisation by non-ruminants, the hulls and other particles removed during the process can be satisfactory pelleted to make a complete feed for sheep, or incorporated into formulate feed for rurinants. Lupins for monogastrics Commercial pig grow ers have successfully used up to 30 per cent whole lupin seed in pig ratons. tis often rot economical to dehull upins to enhance their feed value. Whle the digestible energy is comparable to other legumes, commercial feed formulators tend to discount ths by 1 fo 1.5 MJ because so much of the carboyhydrate is fermented in the hind gut, and the energy is not fully avaiable Poutry rations normaly contain ess than 10 per cent lupins, frequently kernels, because of the problem of ‘sticky’ or weet’ croppings. While aesthetically undesirable and a potential health risk tothe bids, through respiratory stress from ammonia and cocciciosis, ths is not known to affect feed conversion. There is some evidence that the addiion of commercial enzymes to poultry feed willinprove the energy utlisaton and reduce the incidence of sticky" droppings. Research has shown that tis not necessary to dehulllupins for use in broler feeds. Lupins in aquaculture Diets for rainbow trout can contain up to 25 per cent whole lupins and itis common practice to feed whole or cracked seed to matron and yabbies in farm dams. Up to 10 per cent lypins are used in commercial diets of tapia and mikfish. Pink snapper diets can contain up to 40 per cent lupin seed meal with no loss in productivity. Up to 80 per cent of the ishmeal or soybean meal in dets of tiger prawns can be replaced by lupins. Commercial diets for siiver perch can contain up to 30 par cent lupins. Heating, flaking and roling lupins give only marginal increases in feed quality. Too much heat can cause a rrarked reduction in amino acid utilisation ‘Analytical data for lupin kernels are shown in Table 7, Too few data are avalable to define relationships btw een kernel amino acids and kernel, or whole seed, total nitrogen or crude protein values. ‘TABLET. Nutrient composition of kernels from Australian sweet lupins (gikg as received) Mean Minimum | Maximum | Number Dry matter 900 895 908 8 wuagric.vagovauPC_82144 hit 1sors Departrent of Agriculture and Food -Ausitalian sweet pin (Lupin angustifols) Protein a6 355 489 33 lash a 24 30 7 Fat 65 82 7 19 Fibre ar a 256 8 lao 70 63 84 6 NOF n 64 6 6 Lignin 7 4 8 6 10 05 13 19 Phosphorus 5.10 3.30 7.10 19 Potassium 68 46 85 15 Sulphur 25 24 30 15 (GE (MJIKg) 189 1 DE Pigs (Mu/Kg) 163 150 180 3 B Lupins for human consumption Ih nutritive terms lupin seed could be an attractive alternative te dry beans and soya beans Which are presently the major logue Seed for human consumption. The protein and ol in lupin seads are more readily digested, there i a low er content of phytate which can reduce the availabilty of dietary caleiumand zine, fow er protease inhibitors and a negligible content of lectins. Lupin seed has a high content of the dietary fire component which is typically associated with cholesterok lowering actviies. Feeding studies with rats have consistently shown a low ering of plasma cholesterol h human studies the fibre show ed characteristics of both soluble and insoluble dietary fire, wuagric.vagovauPC_82144 hitsors Departrent of Agriculture and Food -Ausitalian sweet pin (Lupin angustifos) + Assessing the n 3f Australian sw eet lupin (Lupinus angustifolus in burn foods, nal bene Lupin sprouts are available commercially in Australia. They are usually thicker and longer than bean sprouts and can be used as a salad vegetable, in sti-fres or for picking. The content of alkaloids and phytate is further reduced by germination. ‘Adding 6-20 per cent lupin flour to w heat flours will give products similar to the ull wheat product (preads, pastas, biscuits, etc.) but with an improved nutritional value. The lupin flour adaiion tends to extend the. shel-fe and imparts @ golden colour. Lupin seed can be fermented to produce high qualty terpe, a tradtional kdonesian foad, and miso and alto, tradtionel Japenese foods. Other uses for lupins include as a snack food base, and in the production of dietary fibre, protein concentrates, and fermented sauces. The green immature seed has a similar taste and texture to those of green peas. Page review ed: 5 September 2006 Allcontents copyright © Government of Western Australia Al rights reserved wuagric.vagovauPC_82144 hit