ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF MULTI STOREYED BUILDINGS

V.M.RAJAN,M.E.(Struct),FIE,
Former CE/Civil/TANGEDCO
******
Computation of loads:
This is one of the important step in the design process. The correct
estimation of load leads to a safe and economical design of the beam. In
the Slab-beam system or framed structure the loads are transferred from
slab to the beam and then to the column and finally to the footing and soil
underneath. The transfer of load from slab to beam depends on the type
of slab viz. whether it is a oneway slab or a cantilever slab or a two way
slab.
Calculation of Slab Loads/m2 :
Roof slab:
Live load for access provided

=1.50KN /m2

Dead Load:
Self weight of slab 0.12 x 1 x 25

=3.00 KN /m2

Weathering course

=2.25 KN/m2

Total Dead Load

=5.25 KN /m2

Total Load on Roof slab =LL + DL

= 6.75 KN /m2

Floor slab:
Live load for residential purpose

=2.00KN /m2

Dead Load:
Self weight of slab 0.12 x 1 x 25
Floor finish
Provision for partition wall
Total Dead Load
Total Load on Roof slab =LL + DL
Toilet slab :

=3.00 KN /m2
=1.00 KN/m2
=1.00 KN /m2
=5.00 KN /m2
= 7.00 KN /m2

=2.00 KN /m2

Live load
Dead Load:

= 3.00 KN /m2

Self weight of slab 0.12 x 1 x 25

Weight of Brick bats/sand filling 0.55 x 20

=11.00KN /m2
= 1.00 KN/m2

Floor finish

= 1.00 KN /m2

Provision for partition wall

= 16.00 KN /m2

Total Dead Load

Total Load on Toilet slab =LL + DL

= 18.00 KN /m2

Calculation of Load /m run on Beam:

The various loads transfer to the beam are (i) load from slab
(ii) Load due to wall carried by the beam (iii) Self weight of beam (iv)
concentrated load transferred by secondary beam resting on main beam,
if any.
Load from Slab: The load on the beam from slab= Sum of shears from
adjacent slabs.
One way slab:

When the slab is one-way slab, the loads transferred to beam is as shown in
figure:
Areas of floor covered by different beams are as follows:
Beam

B1

B2

Area

A/2

B3
Nil

B4
Nil where A= Lx Ly

But in practice we have considered a small portion shared by Beam B3 and

B4.

Load transfer to the long beam B1= w Lx1/2

Similarly load transfer to intermediate beam B2 = w {Lx1/2 + Lx2/2} where
Lx1, Lx2
are spans of the slabs on either side of the beam; w is load/m 2 on slab.
(normally
Lx1=Lx2).
The load to be consider on short span of Beam B3 & B4= wLx/6 (Triangular
load).
When secondary beam are present in one way slab

Load on Long Beam B1 =

w Lx/2 KN/m

Load on Long Beam B2 = w { Lx/2+Lx/2}= wLx KN/m

Load on Beam B3 & B4 = UDL + Point load at centre
UDL load transfer from slab = w Lx/4
Point load at centre of slab =w Lx/2
Beam supporting cantilever slab:
Load on Beam/m = wLx
Load on beam supporting Two way slab:

In case of two way slab trapezoidal load is transferred to long span and
triangular load is transferred to short span.
Load transferred to trapezoidal loading on Beam B1= wLx/6 {3- (Lx/Ly)2 }
Load transferred to triangular loading on Beam B3 & B4= wLx/
Load transferred to Beam B2=2 times Trapezoidal loading= 2 x wLx/6 {3(Lx/Ly)2 }
Load due to wall on beam: Density of brick wall x Wall thickness x height
of wall.
=20 x 0.23 x (3.0-0.30) =
KN/m
Self weight of beam: Density of concrete x depth of beam below slab x
width of rib. =25 x (D-Df) xbw = 25 x (0.6-0.12) x 0.23 =
KN/m.
Load from secondary beam
Load on the main beam=concentrated load due to end reaction of
secondary beam.
Analysis of Building Frame:
Structural Analysis is the determination of the internal forces in the
members of the structure due to external loads acting on it. The external
loads may act at the joints or on the members. The internal forces that
we are calculating for design of beams and columns are called Axial
forces, shear forces, bending moment or torque. Structures are Statically
determinate structure and statically inderminate structures.
If the number of reactions is equal to the number of available static
conditions, then the reactions & the internal forces can be determined
using the principle of statics alone. So this types of structures are called
statically determinate structure. Example: Simply supported beam,
cantilever beam, Propped cantilever beam.

If the number of reaction components is more than the number of

available static equations, the reactions & the internal forces cannot be
dtermined using the .reactions, in the structure. These types of structures
are called Statically Inderminate structures. Example: continuous beams,
fixed beams etc. Most of the structures designed today are statically
inderminate structures. The two different methods osed to analyse a
structure are (a) Elatic Analysis (b) Limit Analysis.
(a) Elastic Analysis :
(1) Classical Methods: Slope Deflection Method, Strain Energy method.
(2) Iterative Methods: Moment distribution method , Kanis method.
(Hardy Cross method mostly used for single Bay Portal Frames. Two cycle
moment distribution method is used for Multi bay Multi storey framed
structure for vertical loads). Tokabeyas method of iterations, Klouceks
method of distribution of deformation.
(3) Compuer Methods : Matrix method, Finite Element method. Staad Pro
uses Matrix method for analysing all types of structures.
(4) Approximate methods: Substitute frame method, cantilever method.
(5) Co- efficient Method : The table 12 & 13 as given in IS 456-2000 and
co-efficients given in Standard Design hand book like Reynolds Hand book
and structural engineers hand book.
Cantilever method and portal method, K value method, Wilsons factor
method, Albert Smiths Joint Coefficient method are suitable for analysing
the effects of horizontal loads on frames.
(b) Limit Analysis: It is based on plastic theory for structures made up of
perfectly plastic material like Steel while it is based on ultimate load
theory for structures of reinforced concrete, the behaviour of which is
characterised by crushing of concrete & yielding of steel at collapse. The
procedure involves (a) Elastic Analysis for ultimate (factored) loads. (b)
Redistribution of moments subject to certain conditions.

Detailing of RCC Members:

Detailing is one of the important factors to be considered in Design. Most
of the structural distress is caused not due to inaccurate analysis or
incorrect design, but by improper or in adequate detailing
practice.
Though considerable attention is devoted to analysis and design of
structures, the same cannot always be said of detailing specifications.

Properly designed and detailed reinforcement not only contributes to

better structural behavior, but also provides protection against corrosion
damage. Crack control and arresting crack propagation are the major
requirements of good detailing, consistent with safety, economy and
simplicity of layout. The minimum reinforcement requirement of relevant
codes of practice should be satisfied in developing a proper detailing
scheme and certain minimum quantity of reinforcement may be required
even in the regions not indicated by computations. Such a practice will go
on long way in reducing cracking and thereby deformation of the
structure.
Reinforcement Detailing Procedure:
Reinforcement:
While referring to reinforcement on structural drawings, the sequence of
description should be as follows:
Number, type, size, mark, centre, location or comment.
Notations used for various types of bars:
R- Round mild steel bars.
Y- Deformed bars (Fe 415).
X- High strength deformed bars (Fe 500).
The dia of bars are indicated in mm after these symbols as R8, Y10 etc.
Detailing of slabs and walls:
Minimum Reinforcement : 0.15% for Fe 250(Mild steel)
0.20% for HYSD bars Fe415.
Spacing :
Main steel : 3 d or 300 mm whichever is smaller.
Distribution Steel : 5d or 450mm whichever is smaller.
Maximum dia of bars : Not more than 1/8 of slab thickness.
Cover : Not less than 15mm nor less than dia of bar whichever is higher.
It is better to provide a max spacing of 200mm(8) for main bars and
250mm (10) in order to control the crack width and spacing.A min. of
0.24% shall be used for the roof slabs since it is subjected to higher

temperature variations than the floor slabs. This is required to take care of
temp. differences.
It is advisable to not to use 6mm bars as main bars as this size available
in the local market is of inferior not only with respect to size but also the
quality since like TATA and SAIL are not producing this size of bar.
Notation :20Y10-2-150 T. This means 20 Nos. Deformed bars 10mm dia
marked No.2 at 150mm centre to centre at top.

Using Straight bars

Using Bent up bars

Reinforcement details for One way Continuous slab

Reinforcement Detail for Two way simply supported slab

Reinforcement Detail for Two way continuous slab

Detailing of Torsional reinforcement at corners

Cantilever slab continuous over a brick wall

Rectangular opening in a slab

Circular opening in a slab