Water Waste Processing - April 2015

April 2015
www.waterwaste.com
S O LU T I O N S F O R WAT E R - P RO C E S S P RO F E S S I O N A L S
Operations that move...
Incremental technology innovation to:

Handle bulk chemicals | Distribute compressed air | Control temperatures
Plus: The Wastewater Wizard on reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration
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In This Issue
Productivity Perspectives 4
Utility assembles its wastewater
de-ammonification process 6
Retrofitted equipment, submersible mixer, and imported
concentrated anammox biomass all play a part
The conundrum that wasnt 10

Village consulting-firm contractor foresaw possibility of
increased barium and radium concern and was ready
Filter-press air-distribution system

reliability starts with its pumps 14
Moving near 10,000 gallons of waste per day; 100 tons of
sludge cake per year
Ultrafiltration often a precursor to

reverse osmosis 20
Also, how reverse osmosis stacks up against ion exchange beds
News in Brief 22
New Product Spotlight 24
Advertiser Index 24
10
14
Cover photo: ooyoo/iStockphoto
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2 April 2015 | Water/Waste Processing | www.waterwaste.com
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June 710, 2015

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Write In 102
Its Chinatown, Jake

Once again the waters get murky in an unfolding
California saga with noir-like touches

By Kevin Parker, Editorial Director
Oil & gas exploration, well-drilling and
that state regulators allowed industry to
probably be approved in the future.
petroleum production can be done safely
drill more than 2,400 illegal injections wells
without damaging natural drinking-water
for wastewater disposal or oil production
gality of cyclic steam injection practices, in
resources. But, due to sloth and greed, it
into protected California aquifers, includ-
which steam is injected underground with
doesnt always happen.
ing some with the water clean enough to
such pressure that rock formations could
drink or irrigate crops. These wells are
crumble, potentially leading to sink holes.
We all should believe in and have a

measure of faith in our nations engineers.
found from central Monterey to Los Angeles
Highly trained and disciplined, they are the
county and elsewhere.
ones who have the disinterested passion
The industry has also been dumping
Another issue raised in hearings is the le-
Possible dispositions
Some say the behaviors and issues
to solve problems. And, poised perilously
wastewater into open pits. Most are unlined
involved could lead to a fracking ban in
betwixt consumers and capitalists, they also
and uncovered. In one region, officials
California, like the one already in place in
understand that everything has a cost.
have revealed that nearly 400 sumps lack
New York State. But considerations of scale
permits or oversight.
make this less likely and a less relevant
Yet due to the aforementioned greed and

laziness, what we end up with instead is
Injecting wastewater into wells of pro-
comparison.
Unlike New York, California is an oil
a process reminiscent of one Victor Cher-
tected aquifers has led to high levels of
monyndin, former Russian prime minister,
benzene in the water and benzene, accord-
industry state, according to news website,
once characterized in a newscast as, We
ing to reporting in the Los Angeles Times, is
The Indypendent. In the U.S., only Texas
tried to do something special here, but it
naturally occurring but very dangerous.
and North Dakota produce more oil than
turned out like usual.
Now the California Dept. of Conserva-
California, which averages almost 200 mil-
tion, division of oil, gas and geothermal
lion barrels per year. The states oil industry
state and state of mind consistent with
resources and the state water sources
is said to produce some 130 billion gallons
tree-hugging myriads.
control board say its time for a top-down
of wastewater per year.
Everyone thinks of California as being a
And almost everyone knows that California has been subject to drought in recent
years, right?
overhaul of regulation for oil field wastewater disposal.

At a state-level hearing, lawmakers asked
About one-fifth of California oil production

over the last decade came from fracked
wells. Oil operators in the state installed 125
officials at the State Water Resources Con-
to 175 fracked wells every month during the
trol Board why the allowed injection into
same time period, according to a state-
production instead fell flat on their faces.
high-quality aquifers. The official represent-
mandated study.
State and local governments are making
ing the board said it had relied on the ex-
inquiries, and the agency themselves dont
pertise of the Dept. of Conservation division
seem to be quite sure what transpired.
for that, perhaps wrongly.
On the block
Bohlen said the oil industry technology was
Yet the last several weeks there is word

that agencies charged with overseeing oil
A state oil and gas supervisor Steven

According to Hollin Kretzman, writing
ahead of state regulation and that some
for the Sacramento Bee, newly revealed
aquifers will continue to be accessed by the
documents and media investigations show
oil industry because those aquifers would
Kevin Parker, Editorial Director

kparker2@grandviewmedia.com
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Write In 103
Mixing & blending
Utility assembles its wastewater

de-ammonification process
Retrofitted equipment, submersible mixer andimported
concentrated anammox biomass all play a part
The centrifuge centrate
treatment processes AOB
and anammox efficiently
and removes ammonia.
Getting rid of ammonia
De-ammonification, which is partial
nitritation by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
(AOB) combined with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), provides up
to 70-90 percent total nitrogen removal. It
also sees a 50 percent reduction in alkalinity requirements (compared to traditional
nitrification-denitrification), a 65 percent
reduction in aeration energy, and a 100
With less use of nitrogen or
energy, the centrifuge centrate
treatment process removes
ammonia from wastewater.
A submersible mixer is helping a supplier
percent reduction in supplemental carbon.

The application is one of several available forms of single-step i.e., in the
coastline it is used to mix granulated sludge
same tank partial nitritation-anammox
of process and wastewater treatment tech-
for World Water Works Demon process.
designed for centrate treatment from an-
nologies, World Water Works, implement a
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma-based World
aerobically digested biosolids and oper-
side-stream de-ammonification process that
Water Works (WWW) teamed with regional
removes nitrogen from wastewaters contain-
wastewater treatment utility Hampton Roads
Unlike conventional and typically costly
ing ammonia concentrations greater than
Sanitation District (HRSD) in a private-public
denitrification methods, which require large
200 mg/L according to sources, a first in
partnership to successfully install the cen-
amounts of energy and methanol, the
North America.
trifuge centrate treatment process used
centrifuge centrate treatment processes
previously only in Europe.
AOB and anammox efficiently and removes
Great Britain-based Landia is a maker of

chopper pumps, submersible mixers, jet
ated as a sequencing batch reactor.
High concentrations of ammonia in
ammonia from wastewater. It uses 60 per-
aerators and other process units. The Landia
effluent present a continuing problem for
cent less energy and eliminates need for
mixer agitates, homogenizes and suspends
municipal wastewater plants and many
methanol. It also produces 90 percent less
solids in demanding conditions. At the York
industrial facilities, says World Water Works
sludge than conventional systems. Besides
River treatment plant in Seaford on Virginias
Daniel Dair.
reducing costs, the process sequesters
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Mixing & blending

carbon dioxide for a low carbon footprint.
System resilience lessens the need for oversight and maintenance.
Significant side notes

In 2002, HRSD launched Virginias first
municipal water reuse project at Seaford,
Developed and patented by the Univer-
which required the construction of a se-
sity of Innsbruck in Austria, the Demon
quencing batch reactor. However, the
process is already employed at around
initiative ended when its only customer, an
40 European plants, but because of the
adjacent refinery, closed.
requirement for seeding the process with
Subsequently, during recent plant up-
imported biomass from European operating
grades, the sequencing batch reactor and
facilities, there had been no full-scale appli-
equalization tanks from the reuse project
cation elsewhere. Given energy and carbon
were retrofitted to serve for centrate equal-
savings, significant interest exists.
ization and full nitrification. This meant that
The York River treatment plant was also
only minor piping needed to be carried out
the site of another first. The plant included a
to install the new system, making the project
fully aerobic nitrifying activated sludge sys-
far more affordable and sustainable.
tem with post denitrification filters. Elements
The process was seeded with 5,000 gal-
of that system were used to assemble the
lons of concentrated anammox biomass, by
new solution.
mixing the imported anammox biomass with
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plant effluent. After some minor modifica-
Serving 17 localities in southeastern Vir-
tions to the equalization tank, the process
ginia, HRSD was created by public referen-
soon achieved operating objectives for am-
dum in 1940 to eliminate sewage pollution
monia-loading and total nitrogen removal.
in the tidal waters of Chesapeake Bay.
The Landia mixer is adaptable, effec-
World Water Works specializes in devel-
tive and reliable. We also get good support
oping, designing and manufacturing highly
from Landia, Dair says.
efficient process and wastewater solutions.
We handle mixing applications rang-
These designs emphasize delivering clean
ing from thin liquids to very heavy sludge,
water while recovering energy and other
and everything in between, says Soren
resource recovery.
Rasmussen, director, Landia. This process
Landia, founded in 1933, is a manufac-
embodies interesting technology, and we
turer of heavy-duty chopper pumps, sub-
also supply low-speed mixers for its mov-
mersible mixers, jet-aerators and advanced
ing-bed biofilm reactors, where we agitate
process units used in wastewater treatment
the plastic biofilm carriers in Anoxic MBBR
and biogas plants.
tanks. Its these unique mixing applications

This process is already employed in
Europe, mostly due to the availability
of biomass to seed its operations.
that make it fun to be a mechanical engi-
World Water Works
neer in the wastewater industry.
www.worldwaterworks.com
Write In 200
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Write In 107
www.waterwaste.com | Water/Waste Processing | April 2015 9
Materials handling equipment
The
conundrum
that
wasnt
Village consulting-firm contractor

foresaw possibility of increased barium
and radium concern and was ready
arry Harman, a professional
The permit includes a set of standards
engineer with consulting
developed by the EPA regarding allowable
firm Baxter & Woodman,
wastewater contaminant concentrations
got a call one day from a
when discharging is done into streams
client, an official with the Vil-
and rivers by industry or public wastewater
noticed a more stringent limit on permissible levels of barium.

Here was a potential conundrum, but
one that had already been addressed.
No treatment systems available would
lage of Gilberts, Illinois. The official asked
treatment facilities of cities, villages and
remove the barium without also determin-
him to review a set of documents from
townships.
ing an outcome that exceeded radium
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Baxter & Woodman was formed in 1946
limits recently established by the Illinois
(EPA) sent to the village regarding the
and is headquartered in Crystal Lake,
Emergency Management Agency Divi-
5-year renewal of its national pollution dis-
Illinois.
sion of Nuclear Safety (IMEA-DNS).
charge elimination system (NPDES) permit.
Reviewing the report, Harman quickly
Previous The solid barium/radium captured from the

wastewater treatment process.
Previous The HBRP wastewater treatment system at the
village of Gilberts facility uses a bulk bag unloader with
integral feeder as the ballast-delivery system.
Background data
As an aside, barium is a soft silvery
iar with the waters chemical make-up and
into sanitary sewers as well as streams and
had earlier devised a method for capturing
rivers.
The system, called by some the Harman
the contaminated water treatment by-product, recognizing beforehand the potential
barium/radium removal process, involves
for more strict limits on water discharge
diverting wastewater from ion-exchange
metallic alkaline earth element. Because

of its high chemical reactivity, barium is
never found in nature as a free element.
Its hydroxide was known in pre-modern
history as barite. This substance doesnt
appear as a mineral, but can be prepared by heating barium carbonate.
What makes the SONIC-PRO a Superior Ultrasonic Flowmeter?
Hybrid Operation. Ultrasonic Transducers.

CONFIGURATION
EXCELLENCE OF
MEASUREMENT
Displays current coniguration settings.
As is well known, radium is also an
Measurement reliability metrics.
Example: 1 = preset coniguration #1

D = doppler mode
0.00 = transducer separation
distance
alkaline earth metal. Pure radium is

almost colorless, but it readily combines
ULTRA BRIGHT EASY

READ DISPLAY
320 x 240 Pixel QVGA
Backlit LCD, UV resistant.
with nitrogen on exposure to air, forming a black surface layer. All isotopes of
LED STATUS INDICATORS
radium are highly radioactive.
Assists with installation and

troubleshooting.
EPA drinking water standards for

removal of radionuclides were mandated
HYBRID
to meet the 5 picocuries per liter (pCi/L)
User selectable doppler or

transit time operating mode.
limit for combined radium. As radium is

removed from the raw water and mani-
OUTPUTS
Isolated 4-20mA output
0-1000Hz pulse output fully
conigurable, invertible.
fests itself either in the drinking water

treatment media or at a wastewater treatment facility the management of these
POWER
treatment residuals is subject to regula-
AC or DC power input.
tion by IEMA-DNS. Specific details on

DATA LOGGING
requirements for land application, field
Over 500,000 log events

possible with included 32MB
SD card (lash memory).
sampling, disposal and annual reporting

were codified in the resulting rule.
PROCESS CONTROL
Three independently
conigurable 10 amp form C,
no/nc relays.
Relationship building
The village of Gilberts is a long-time
client of Baxter & Woodman.
COMMUNICATIONS
Computer connection via
RS-232, RS-485, USB, Ethernet.
Includes user PC Software.
As a consulting engineering firm for

water, wastewater, and other municipal
and civil services, it works closely with
village managers and officials to maintain
drinking water treatment and wastewater
treatment systems.
IP66
NEMA 4X
WASH DOWN
5300 Business Drive, Huntington Beach, CA 92649 USA

714-893-8529 fax: 714-894-9492 sales@blue-white.com
www.blue-white.com
Fortunately, Harman is especially familWrite In 108
Materials handling equipment

softeners into a batch-operation treat-
The unloader keeps the bag, filled with the sandlike material, in place, and also features a portal
and transfer hopper.
ment tank.
Inside the tank, ballast and treatment
chemicals introduced as catalyst aid
in settling the barium- and radiumcontaminated sludge produced during
the pre-treatment process. The ballast
increases material weight, causing the
OIL AND GAS
WATER AND WASTEWATER
MARINE - MARPOL V
Solids Control/Crude/Fuel Oil
Sludge/FOG/Polymers
Multicrusher Ocean/Food Waste Grinding
solids to settle quickly and efficiently

inside the tank.
The pre-treatment system operates
in batch-mode to coincide with the
batch regeneration of the ion exchange
softeners. Following the treatment
cycle, settled solids are sent through a
filter for dewatering, then to a municipal landfill for disposal.
PROCESS INDUSTRY
Paint/Coatings/Latex
The barium removal system helps

the village of Gilberts meet the new
discharge requirements.
DURABLE, RELIABLE & INNOVATIVE.

CUSTOM FLUID HANDLING SOLUTIONS
FOR DEMANDING PROCESSES.
Baggage in bulks
In completing the barium removal
system for the village of Gilberts, Har-
FLOOD CONTROL
Disaster Relief/Emergemcy Services
Cost-Effective
man needed equipment to make the
Access the wet end quickly

and easily
ballast feed system work efficiently. He

contacted Maggie Beauchamp, sales
Minimize Life-Cycle Cost
engineer with Gull Material Handling
Reduce Downtime
Co., known for design and sourcing of
No removal of pipe or drive

systems necessary
material-handling equipment.
In consequence, a custom Hapman
bulk bag unloader contributed to the
project's success.
The ballast, a sand-like material,
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Aluminum Oil Skimmer Pump
is received, securely positioned and

hooked with a fork truck on the steel
base frame. The unloader keeps the
bag in place. Its features include a
portal to access the bag spout for tieoff and an integral transfer hopper. The
Rotar y Lobe Pump
Multichopper
Multicrusher
Rotorrake
Contact america@boerger.com, visit w ww.boerger.com or call 612.435.7300
Write In 109
hopper allows the ballast to discharge

from the bag without flooding the
TECHNOLOGY PORTALS
feeder below. The feeder automatically
meters the material at a rate of four
cubic feet (400 pounds) per hour. The
metered ballast enters a pneumatic conveying system that carries the material
to the treatment tank.
Processings Technology Portals include videos, white papers, articles

and product information on the latest industry solutions from leading equipment and instrument suppliers. Solution categories covered
include conveyors, electromagnetic lowmeters, sight-low indicators,
oil skimmers, valveless low control and positive-displacement pumps.
techportals.processingmagazine.com
The bulk-bag unloading system allowed me to control the settling process, notes Harman. Its customizability,
small footprint and feeder-assembly
accuracy were among the reasons for
success.
Barium levels in the wastewater came
down almost immediately from 6 mg/l
to 0.6 mg/l. This concentration level
was well within the new EPA guidelines,
Creating tangible solutions...
allowing the village to discharge the
GEM Valves features diaphragm valves,
wastewater. In addition, the system
butterfly valves, angle seat and globe valves,
reduced levels in the biosolids from 100

pCi/gram to 13pCi/gram so it could be
used for fertilizer on local farm fields and
lined metal valves, flow measurement, and

multiport block valves.
the dewatered solids safely disposed at

the local landfill.
Hapman says it has the most technologically advanced powder and bulk
handling equipment and systems for
food, chemical, pharmaceutical, plastics
and other industrial processors. Expertise
combined with more than 10,000 global
installations and experience based on
the conveyance of thousands of distinct
materials make Hapman an innovation
leader.
Hapman
www.hapman.com
Write In 201
3800 Camp Creek Parkway Building 2600 Suite 120

Atlanta, GA 30331 Tel: 678-553-3400 Fax: 404-344-9350
www.gemu.com
Write In 110
wwp201503_gemuISLND.indd 1
3/16/2015
1:10:22 PM
www.waterwaste.com | Water/Waste Processing | April
2015
13
Pumps, motors & drives
Filter-press air-distribution system

reliability starts with its pumps
Moving near 10,000 gallons of waste sludge per day;
100 tons of sludge cake per year
By Kevin Hogue
Pump obsolescence was

adversely affecting waste
processing efficiency through
recently installed filter presses.
costs 60 percent and improved pump
productivity 40 percent.
Founded in 1946, AMTROL is a market
leader in thermal expansion tanks, well
tanks, indirect water heaters, refrigerant
and chemical cylinders, propane tanks
and plumbing and HVAC accessories for
residential, commercial and industrial
markets.
At the seven-acre West Warwick facility, nine production lines produce metal
tanks for plumbing, heating, Freon,
propane and water storage. Processes
AMTROL produces metal tanks for plumbing, heating, Freon,
propane and water storage generating metal particulate
waste that requires safe, efficient, economical disposal.
include punch forming, hole punching,

welding, grooving, assembling, testing,
buffing, etching, painting and packaging.
To produce reliable, long-lasting prod-
affected by poor reliability of the air-oper-
ucts, you must have production equip-
ated double-diaphragm (AODD) pumps
ment and manufacturing processes that
used in the 30-year-old air-distribution
embody the same sought-for efficiency
system.
and high-level service.
By replacing the older system with
The task at hand

Various kinds of waste products generated at each step are collected and disposed
of properly. The largest quantity of waste
pumps equipped with the Pro-Flo SHIFT
generated is metal particulates containing
AMTROL manufacturing facility, waste-
ADS from Wilden, the company elimi-
primarily iron hydroxide, along with carbon
processing efficiency through recently
nated reliability issues, decreased pump
steel, copper, brass, zinc, caustic acid and
installed filter presses was adversely
maintenance, reduced waste-processing
alkaline chemicals.
At a West Warwick, Rhode Island,
Waste processing begins by collecting particulates and chem- sludge cakes per year.
icals in slurry tanks. Pretreatment separates oils and neutralizes
Why it was better
caustic components.
Wilden AODD pumps transfer the sludge to laboratory hold-
While reliable workhorses, the
ing tanks for final processing by three large, recently installed
30-year-old Wilden M8 AODD
filter presses. Here sludge is separated into solids and water
pumps with the original air-distribu-
for proper disposal. Each filter press has eight 2-inch wide
tion system were a limiting factor
chambers, and each chamber is equipped with two 24-inch by
when it came to reaching filter-
24-inch membrane plates.
press full potential.

The air-distribution system
AMTROL uses Wilden AODD pumps exclusively for all fluidtransfer applications at its manufacturing facilities.
directs pressurized air to diaphragms that convert it into me-
Sludge is pumped into the chambers until they are full with
solid sludge cakes formed from the concentrated waste. Wa-
chanical motion to push and retract
ter in the sludge is separated from waste materials as it passes
the pumps diaphragms, causing it
through the filter-press membranes. Exiting the membranes, the
to pump fluid.
now-clean water is disposed of in the municipal sewer system.

Sludge cakes drop into a bin for disposal.
Overall, up to 9,600 gallons of waste sludge moves through
the filter presses per day, producing more than 100 tons of
The old age of these pumps and

air-distribution units led to periodic
waste-processing halts and downtime for pump repair. Pump stall-
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Write In 111
Pumps, motors & drives

The facilitys
three filter presses
process up to 9,600
gallons of waste
sludge per day and
produce more than
100 tons of sludge
cakes per year.
AMTROLs filter
presses receive sludge

containing water and
metal particulate
waste pumped by
Wilden AODD pumps
for separation into
solid sludge cakes
and water for safe,
convenient disposal.
ing was a problem, says Bob Perrotti,

environmental and production manager.
Because the new filter presses were
automated, they operated mostly unattended. As a result, if a pump stalled, it
may not be discovered for a long period
of time during which no waste is processed.
Dave Buckless, an account manager at
the F.W. Webb Commercial and Industrial
Pump Division, AMTROLs pump supplier, suggested the company compare
the latest with the existing.
I recommended these pumps because the cutting-edge technology was
reliable, efficient and easy to install. It
was an opportunity to evaluate the ProFlo SHIFT side-by-side with the current
air-distribution system.
Unfortunately, more automation meant it might take a

while to notice a stalled pump.
Wilden PS8 50-mm (2-inch) Original
Series clamped AODD pumps equipped
with the Pro-Flo SHIFT ADS immediately
improved pump reliability. Mid-process
stalling was eliminated, Perotti says.
When a pump isnt running, we know its
because the filter press chambers are full.
This solved several major issues. In addition, the bothersome maintenance task of
monitoring ADS-unit oil levels and adding
when they run low is eliminated. We no
longer need to disassemble the pumps to
restart them every time they stall.
How much better it was

Josh Hytinen, paint and environmental
supervisor, says, Cycle time has been
Write In 112
is more product yield per standard cubic
By replacing the 30-year-old

ADS technology, the company
was able to reduce the downtime of their AODD pumps.
foot per minute of air consumption.

By replacing the 30-year-old ADS technology, the company was able to reduce
the downtime of their AODD pumps,
Kevin Hogue is a Regional Manager

for PSG. He can be reached at Kevin.
Hogue@psgdover.com or (973) 8292272.
Manufactured in PSGs Grand Terrace,
streamline the waste-management pro-
California, facility, Wilden is a leading
reduced by nearly 40 percent, so we can
cess, conserve energy, save money and
brand of air-operated double-diaphragm
expand our waste-processing capacity
reduce the total cost of ownership.
(AODD) pumps. Wilden is part of PSG,
without additional equipment. The SHIFT
As operations at the West Warwick fa-
a Dover Company, Oakbrook Terrace,
has been a major benefit in improving
cility expand, the enhanced reliability and
our waste-processing capabilities without
processing capacity of its filter presses
major capital investments.
will help it handle an increasing volume
Wilden
of waste products efficiently, cost effec-
www.psgdover.com/en/wilden
that meters the air, to prevent overfilling
tively and on schedule. AODD pumps will
Write In 202
without reduced performance. By limiting
play a role in assuring optimum filter-
the air used to whats needed to maintain
press operation based on their ability to
the pump process, air consumption is
deliver the required power, reliability and
lowered by up to 60 percent. The result
efficiency in high-demand operations.
The secret is a unique air-control spool
Illinois.
Write In 113
Wastewater Dan
Ultrafiltration often a precursor

to reverse osmosis
Also, how reverse osmosis stacks up against ion exchange beds
By Daniel Theobald
Ultrafiltration can be preferred

to traditional treatment for
several good reasons.
plants, or standalone systems in isolated
regions with growing populations. When
treating water with high suspended solids,
UF is also often apropos, using primary
(screening, lotation and iltration) and
some secondary treatments as pre-treatment stages.
Ultrailtration is preferred over traditional
treatment methods for the reasons following:
No chemicals required (aside from

cleaning)
Reverse osmosis is used in industrial and commercial applications where large volumes of treated water are required
at a high level of purity.
In wastewater treatment, ultrailtration

(UF) devices are used to recycle for further
Ultrailtration is that variety of membrane
of feed quality
Compact plant size
Capable of exceeding water quality
molecular-weight solutes pass through the
regulatory standards, achieving 90-
membrane in the permeate.
100% pathogen removal.
use water that contains virtually no physical solids.
Constant product quality regardless
Water recycling often needs very little
Applications of ultrafiltration
UF can be used to remove particulates
processing. However, when more intensive

processing is required, industry standards
iltration in which forces like pressure or
and macromolecules from raw water, to
include using UF, removing physical
concentration gradients lead to a sepa-
produce potable water. It is used to either
solids from water by passing it through a
ration through a semipermeable mem-
replace existing secondary (coagulation,
semi-permeable membrane, as already
brane. Suspended solids and solutes of
locculation, sedimentation) or tertiary
remarked. Solids are primarily captured by
high molecular weight are retained in the
(sand iltration and chlorination) iltration
the ilter and discarded.
so-called retentate, while water and low
systems employed in water-treatment
Recycled water can be used for indus-
larger particles from drinking water. But in
trial purposes, including boiler or cooling

tower feed-water supplementation, pH adjustment, washing equipment, hardstands
and vehicles, fire protection, process rinse
water or processing water for production
lines in manufacturing industries, toilet
Using recycled water that is

lower quality saves energy
and money by reducing water and wastewater treatment
requirements.
Recycling benefits
Besides a dependable, locally controlled
water supply, recycling has tremendous en-
that sufficient water flows to plant, wildlife

and fish habitats.
Lack of adequate flow, resulting from diversion for agricultural, urban and industrial purposes, can cause deterioration of both water
ligative property that is driven by chemical

potential, a thermodynamic parameter.
Reverse osmosis removes many type
fouling, replacement costs and additional
ing bacteria, and is used in both industry
feed-water pretreatment (to prevent exces-
and potable-water production.
sive damage to the membranes in ultrafiltra-
In use, solute is retained on the pressur-
tion units). Some benefits, however, remain
ized side of the membrane and the pure
intangible.
solvent passes through it. The membrane
vironmental benefits. It decreases diversion

of water from sensitive ecosystems, ensuring
used to overcome osmotic pressure, a col-
molecules and ions from solutions, includ-
flushing, dust control, construction activities and concrete mixing.
reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is
selectively allows smaller component so-
Industries using ultrafiltration
lutions, such as the solvent, to pass freely,
Industries that consume large volumes
while not allowing large molecules or ions
of water or discharge highly toxic effluent

are candidates to employ ultrafiltration for
water reuse.
through the pores.

When forcing water through a semipermeable membrane, pressure is applied
These include the chemicals, steel, plas-
to the solution, usually by a pump, allowing
quality and ecosystem health. Water users
tics & resins, paper & pulp, pharmaceutical
water and other molecules with low mo-
can meet demands using recycled water.
and food & beverage industries, includ-
lecular weights (less than about 200 grams
Other benefits include reduced wastewater
ing soft drinks & canned foods, as well
per mole) to pass through micro-pores in
discharges and less pollution.
as power, water & wastewater treatment
the membrane.
Recycled water saves energy. As water

demand increases, more water is extracted,
plants and others.

Ultrafiltration is used to recycle flow or
Most reverse-osmosis installations use a

cross-flow to allow the membrane to con-
treated, and transported over great dis-
add value to products. Ultrafiltration is an
tinually clean itself. As fluid passes through
tances. If the local source is groundwater, as
effective means of reducing the silt density
the membrane the rejected species is
more is removed, water level drops, increas-
index of water and removing particulates
swept away from the membrane.
ing energy needed to capture water. Recy-
that can foul reverse-osmosis membranes
Reverse osmosis is used in industrial
cling onsite or nearby reduces energy needs.
and is frequently used to pretreat surface
and commercial applications, where large
Tailoring water quality to a specific water
water, seawater and biologically treated
volumes of treated water are required
use also reduces the energy needed to treat
municipal water upstream of the reverse
at a high level of purity, typically oper-
water. Water quality required to flush a toilet
osmosis unit.
ates at pressures between 100 psig and
is less stringent than that for drinking water
Well next take a look at reverse osmo-
1,000 psig, depending on the membranes
and requires less energy to achieve. Using
sis, which is used to recycle water that
chosen and the quality of water treated.
recycled water that is lower quality saves
contains virtually no solids, physical or
Most commercial and industrial applica-
energy and money by reducing water or
dissolved.
tions use multiple membranes in series.
wastewater treatment requirements.

Ultrafiltration is used in certain industries
to accommodate reuse. Therefore, this and
Processed water from the first treatment
Defining a technology
Reverse osmosis is a water purification
stage can pass through additional membrane modules to achieve greater levels of
other benefits must be balanced against the
technology that, like ultrafiltration, uses
treatment for the finished water. The reject
costs of initial capital investment, membrane
a semipermeable membrane to remove
water also can be directed into successive
Wastewater Dan
membrane modules for greater efficiency,
high-purity water to make steam. However,
though flushing will still be required when
these technologies require hazardous
concentrations reach a level where fouling
chemicals use, including sulfuric acid and
terly or semi-annual routine maintenance.
is likely to occur.
caustic soda. As a consequence, many
Reverse-osmosis systems are highly
power plant operators are adopting RO
automated, requiring minimal operator in-
membrane filtration as a water purification
teraction. By contrast, during regeneration,
technology because it does not require the
which can take up to 12 hours, ion ex-
use of hazardous chemicals.
change equipment cannot be used and the
Applications & industries

Reverse osmosis systems find frequent
use in the following:
Boiler feed-water treatment: used to
otherwise.
Pharmaceutical: an approved treatment
for producing U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP)
With such advantages, expect to see
Tailor water quality to a specific

water use. Recycle on-site or
nearby.
grade water used in this industry.

Food & beverage: used for both solids
and liquids.
Semiconductor: an accepted component
The only downtime is usually for of quar-
plant is forced to stop water production.
reduce solids content of waters prior to

feeding into boilers for power generation or
operating cost is flow-rate based.
continued growth in the use of reverse

osmosis in the industrial sector, particularly
for power generation applications.
If you have specific issues using reverse
osmosis (RO) or other wastewater queries,
Other reverse osmosis benefits
please submit a question.
RO is increasingly adopted by power

producers for purifying boiler feed water,
Dan Theobald serves as an active con-
makeup water and in zero-liquid discharge
sultant for industries looking to achieve and
applications. Injection of high purity water
maintain improved wastewater treatment
these operations, including several types
produced by reverse osmosis into a gas
at reduced cost. He is a Lifetime Member
of copper, nickel and zinc electroplating;
turbine can improve operating efficiency
of the Whos Who Registry of Profession-
nickel acetate seal; and black dye.
and increase energy output by 10 percent
als and holds numerous certifications from
or more.
wastewater management regulatory boards
of treatment in producing ultrapure water.

Metal Finishing: successfully applied to
Reverse osmosis use is growing rapidly,

but nowhere so fast as in power genera-
Other cost benefits include, for example,
and professional organizations.
tion. Globally, water treatment for power
that prices for acid and caustic solutions
generation is estimated at more than 30
continue to rise while the costs of using re-
Dan, Theobald, proprietor of Environmen-
percent of all industrial water treatment
verse osmosis and membrane elements is
tal Services, is a professional wastewater
sales.
decreasing. Primary cost for reverse-osmo-
and safety consultant/trainer. He has more
Known in the industry as Wastewater
Most electric power plants using coal,
sis systems is electricity, and since these
than 24 years of hands-on industry experi-
gas, oil or nuclear fuel create steam that
systems consume little energy, operating
ence operating many variants of wastewater
turns a turbine to produce electricity.
costs are relatively low.
treatment processing units and is eager to
Steam impurities cause problems and
In a final note, operating efficiency runs
reduce the electricity produced. This costs
differently for ion exchange beds and
power plants money and increases the fuel
reverse-osmosis systems. Cation and an-
consumed to produce a given amount of
ion resin beds must be regenerated once
electricity. In extreme cases, process water
they reach a set exchange capacity. Their
impurities can lead to damage and down-
efficiency is related directly to the amount
time.
of dissolved solids passing through the
Historically, power producers use a
system. Conversely, reverse-osmosis
combination of coagulation, flocculation
operating costs dont vary with the level
and ion exchange resin beds to process
of dissolved solids in the feed water since
share his knowledge with others.
News in brief
Besides generating energy to power an Australian wastewater

facility, the solar panel array prevents water evaporation for up
to 90 percent of the surface area covered. (Reproduced with
permission from Infratech Industries Pty Ltd)
Plastic sewer pipes last at

least 100 years, report finds
How durable are plastic sewer pipes?
Systems made from polypropylene and
polyethylene (collectively known as polyolefin) have been in use for more than 40
years, but there is debate over their durability and how long they last compared with
the alternatives.
A report aims to settle that debate once
and for all, claiming that polyolefin sewer
systems will have an in-service life of at
least 100 years when materials, products
and installation practices meet the appropriate requirements.
The report follows a two-year review
coordinated by the European Plastic Pipes
and Fittings Association (TEPPFA) in conjunction with LyondellBasell, Borealis and
technical school TGM in Austria.
As part of the project, researchers
tested excavated pipes that have already
been in service for up to 40 percent of the
proposed in-service lifetime. These tests
demonstrated that no excessive deterioration or degradation has occurred.
According to the report, even though the

oldest of the excavated pipes were manufactured using first generation material
formulations, they were calculated to have
a residual lifetime of more than 50 years.
What's more, current formulations offer
superior performance to earlier materials
meaning that the latest pipes could last
even longer.
All excavated pipes tested by the researchers were found to fulfil the minimum
performance requirements of current EU
product standards, the report noted.
The findings could influence sewer
operators when it comes to deciding on
capital investment in new or replacement
networks.
Floating solar farm planned at

Australia wastewater plant
A wastewater treatment facility in Australia is to create a floating solar power plant,
with solar panels floating on the surface of
the water, Australia's ABC News reported.
Besides generating energy to power the
wastewater facility, the solar panel array,
prevents water evaporation for up to 90

percent of the surface area covered, and
for dry states and dry climates that's a big
water saving measure, explains Felicia
Whiting of developer Infratech Industries.
The panels also keep the surface water
cool, which inhibits the growth of bluegreen algae and improves water quality.
By preventing photosynthesis, the energy
from the sun goes into the panel rather
than into the water, Whiting says.
At the same time, the water mass helps
keep the solar panels cool, making them
about 57 percent more efficient than landbased installations.
The solar farm is expected to produce
enough energy to power the wastewater
treatment facility in Jamestown, South
Australia, plus excess power that can be
exported to the town.
Infratech has previously developed floating solar power plants in France and South
Korea, but according to ABC News the
company views those as test installations
for the new and improved model planned in
South Australia.
The Jamestown solar farm is anticipated
to start operating by early April, and will be
used by Infratech to showcase its technology around the world.
Southern California authorizes

$71m to boost water supplies
With California still in the grip of serious
drought, the Metropolitan Water District of
Southern California has voted to spend up
to $71 million to secure additional supplies
via the water market.
This will provide access to up to 100,000
acre-feet of water through one-year transfers with Sacramento Valley water districts.
One acre-foot of water is almost 326,000
gallons, which is about the amount used by
two typical Southland households in a year,
the water company says.
News in brief
The Metropolitan Water District has also
recently, while pledging to intensify supervi-
nated water reaching nearby water wells,
entered into an agreement with an advertis-
sion, according to a report from Associated
regulators said.
ing firm to promote region-wide conserva-
Press carried by Manufacturing.net.
tion in 2015 and maintain water reserves for
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agen-
Lawmakers also grilled state regulators

on one intensive form of oil production in
cy, meanwhile, set strict new deadlines for
the state: injection of steam at high pres-
Under the $5.5 million contract, Los
California to start dealing with more than
sure to force oil from underground rock
Angeles-based Quigley-Simpson & Hep-
2,000 oil-and-gas industry injection wells
formations.
pelwhite, Inc. will work with Metropolitan
that state regulators had allowed into un-
to develop a comprehensive, culturally di-
derground water reserves that are federally
verse, multimedia advertising and outreach
protected as current or potential sources of
campaign that highlights the need for water
water for drinking and irrigation. In an EPA
savings, especially over the summer when
letter made public, federal regulators also
water use is highest.
joined some state lawmakers in challenging
future years.
This is necessary whatever the weather
for oilfield injection in certain protected
Jeffrey Kightlinger, general manager of the
water aquifers.
California.
Even if wetter conditions prevail in
routinely allowing oil and gas producers to
state plans to continue issuing new permits
over the next few months, according to

Metropolitan Water District of Southern
State regulators have acknowledged
Members of state Senate committees on

environmental quality and natural resources
convened after critical state and federal
EPA has set strict new deadlines for California to start dealing with
more than 2,000 oil-and-gas industry injection wells that state
regulators had allowed into underground water reserves that are
federally protected. (Spencer Platt/Getty Images North America)
coming months, low reservoir levels on the
reviews, and after news reports by The As-
State Water Project, the Colorado River and
sociated Press and others, addressing what
in Southern California underscore the need
state records show as decades of loose en-
inject steam underground at pressure high
to continue prudent use of our remaining
forcement and record-keeping gaffes that
enough to crack open underground rock
supplies, he stresses.
allowed some oilfield operations to threaten
formations, in violation of state and federal
Chairman Randy Record says that the
underground drinking-water reserves. An
regulations, according to a state Senate
two actions announced this week position
Associated Press review of state records
report prepared for the hearing.
Southern California to better withstand and
found more than one-third of the state
respond to continuing drought conditions.
permits granted in apparent violation of the
oilfields came under scrutiny in June 2011,
A successful education and advertising
U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act were awarded
when a Chevron worker, Robert David
since 2011.
Taylor, fell into a sinkhole of boiling fluid
campaign will further motivate Southland

consumers and businesses to conserve
Between last summer and this month, as
The state's use of steam injections in
that opened suddenly in a Kern County oil
even more water and eliminate wasteful
a federally-mandated state review helped
field. Taylor boiled to death, state authori-
practices. The water transfers will augment
detail the scope of the problems with state
ties found.
regional supplies to meet demands this
oilfield regulation, the state shut down 23
year, he adds.
oil-industry injection wells that it found
California legislators look at

water, oil industry
Lax oversight by the state has allowed
state regulators had permitted to dump oil-
EU report identifies gaps in water legislation implementation
industry wastewater into federally protected
A new report on how member states are
water aquifers.
Such improper injection had contaminat-
the oil and gas industry to contaminate
ed the affected federally protected drinking
protected water aquifers and endanger the
water aquifers, lawmakers were told. Test-
public, California regulators acknowledged
ing so far has found no sign of the contami-
implementing water legislation in the European Union says that progress has been
made, but there is still work to do.
Decades of degradation and ineffective
management mean that there is a long way
to go before the quality of all EU waters is
to have in place solid legislation that has
well contained in 2015, even if yields fall
good enough, the European Commission
steadily contributed to ensure good quality
back toward typical levels. Meanwhile, in
found. This in turn generates additional
water. But I see no room for complacency:
the livestock space, hog and dairy prices
costs for water purification, and risks en-
the communication and reports published
have already taken a huge step back, down
dangering human health, the report said.
today show that Member States need to
more than 30 percent from their mid-2014
sustain and enhance action to implement
highs.
Nearly half of EU surface waters are unlikely to reach good ecological status in 2015
the Water Framework and Floods Directives
a key objective of EU water legislation.
to benefit people, nature and the environ-
upbeat, with real consumer spending ex-
ment addressing pollution, excessive
pected to grow 3.3 percent in 2015 as em-
in monitoring surface waters, with the
abstraction and rivers alterations. To this
ployment continues to expand and, eventu-
chemical status of over 40 percent of water
end, EU funding opportunities should be
ally, as wage growth shifts into higher gear.
bodies unknown.
exploited to the full.
The profile of consumer spending growth
The report also revealed significant gaps
The situation seems to be more positive

for groundwater, but there are still severe
problems in some basins, the Commission
said.
Other specific problems highlighted in
The outlook for demand is also relatively
is becoming more balanced, with less focus
Prospects encouraging for

$870 billion U.S. food &
beverage industry
Despite an underwhelming performance
on durable goods such as autos and faster

growth in non-durables such as food,
stated Mr. Goertzen. Lower pork and dairy
prices should also create some wiggle
the report include excessive abstraction for
in 2014, the near-term prospects for the
room in household food budgets later this
irrigation around the Mediterranean and
U.S. food and beverage industry are en-
year, which should provide a lift to volume
Black Sea, widespread nutrient pollution
couraging according to a new report from
demand across most segments.
from agriculture, and changes to river flow
BMO Economics.
The industry's longer-term outlook is
as a result of poorly planned hydropower or
Although margins and profitability fell
flood protection, or measures to encourage
short of lofty expectations in 2014, stronger
the lackluster recovery last year, industry
navigation.
demand growth, falling livestock prices,
profitability has actually grown at a rela-
and still-low crop costs should help produc-
tively robust pace over the past decade,
lems of water quality and supply are being
ers make up lost ground, says Aaron Go-
with operating profits up by an average of
addressed and these days most Europe-
ertzen, Economist, BMO Capital Markets.
7 percent per year between 2003 and 2013
Despite the challenges that remain, prob-
ans can safely drink tap water and swim in
The majority of our customers are confi-
also relatively promising. Notwithstanding
not bad for a sector that specializes
thousands of coastal areas, rivers and lakes
dent in their prospects for the coming year,
in consumer staples, said Mr. Goertzen.
across the Union. Meanwhile, flood risks
added Erica Kuhlmann, Market Executive
Looking ahead, a more moderate pace of
have been largely mapped, and plans are
and Managing Director, Food, Consumer
global growth should help to limit upward
being put in place to manage these risks.
and Agribusiness Group, BMO Harris Bank.
pressure on commodity prices and help
The Commission noted that, although
We've worked with many of our customers
keep costs better contained. Also, while
significant investments are still required in
to help them through significant challenges
demographic trends point to subdued
many areas, Member States have not fully
over the past year, from high cattle prices
demand growth in the domestic market,
exploited available EU funding to support
to the ramifications of drought conditions.
new trade deals could widen access to
water projects, such as wastewater treat-
There's a strong sense that a corner has
emerging markets where populations and
ment or restoration of flood plains and
been turned and a very productive period
incomes are rising more rapidly and market
wetlands to reduce flood risks.
of growth lies ahead.
penetration is still low.
Karmenu Vella, EU Commissioner for the
On the cost front, back-to-back bumper
Environment, Maritime Affairs and Fisher-
harvests in the United States and solid
ies, commented: In the EU we're fortunate
global supply should keep crop prices
New Product Spotlight

Chlorine Emergency Shutoff
The Hexacon III Emergency Chlorine
Valve Shutoff System adds a new level
of safety to your chlorine feed system.
Stop a chlorine leak within seconds of
detection by automatically closing the
ton container or cylinder valve. The actuator quickly mounts to valve without
the use of any tools, and still allows the
valve to be manually opened or closed.
Halogen Valve Systems are the only
systems that confirm that the valve was
torqued closed to the institute recommended standard, and all Fire Codes recognize and approve
the shutoff system as an alternate to a scrubber.
Halogen Valve Systems, Inc.

www.halogenvalve.com
Write In 203
Vacuum Conveyor/Feeder/
Eductor System
Hapmans new Vac/Feeder/Eductor
System was designed for dosing applications where pre-mixing of additives offers
wastewater processing improvements.
This system can be portable and moved
to different areas of your facility, or transported off-site to other locations as needed.
The operation of the Vac/Feeder/Eductor
System uses a hand-held vacuum wand
that is inserted into a tote or container, the
material is quickly conveyed into the
conveyor housing, which also acts as an
accumulation chamber to deliver material to
the feeder. The housing has an integral sight glass that allows the
operator to see how much material is in the housing. The material flows into the feeder, providing doses or measured amounts
of material into an eductor where dry material is combined with
liquid and then pumped to the required location.
Hapman
www.hapman.com
Write In 204
Advertiser Index
American Water Works Association ................................................3
Infilco Degremont .............................................. Inside Back Cover
Baldor .............................................................................. Back Cover
Process/Flow Network ......................................................................5
Blue-White Industries......................................................................11
Processing.......................................................................................17
Boerger ............................................................................................12
Processing Technology Portals ........................................................7
Dwyer Instruments ...............................................Inside Front Cover
Pump Guy .........................................................................................1
Flow Works ........................................................................................8
Sonitec-Vortisand ............................................................................15
GEM ...............................................................................................13
S. Rene Narloch & Associates .................................................... 16
Hawk Measurement ..........................................................................8
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Write In 115

Water Waste Processing - April 2015

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April 2015

Operations that move...

Incremental technology innovation to:

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Follow Water/Waste Processing magazine

Wondering Whether the

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PUMP GUY INSIGHT #2:

NPSHa vs. NPSHrWhy all pumps need gauges

Your Pumps Are Constantly Moving On Their Curves

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PUMP GUY INSIGHT #4:

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The Role of the Pump Reliability Chain

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Head vs. Flow

How to Read a Pump Curve

The conundrum that wasnt 10

Filter-press air-distribution system

Ultrafiltration often a precursor to

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June 710, 2015

Check out these hot topic sessions!

Its Chinatown, Jake

California saga with noir-like touches

that state regulators allowed industry to

probably be approved in the future.

petroleum production can be done safely

drill more than 2,400 illegal injections wells

without damaging natural drinking-water

for wastewater disposal or oil production

gality of cyclic steam injection practices, in

resources. But, due to sloth and greed, it

into protected California aquifers, includ-

which steam is injected underground with

doesnt always happen.

ing some with the water clean enough to

such pressure that rock formations could

drink or irrigate crops. These wells are

crumble, potentially leading to sink holes.

We all should believe in and have a

found from central Monterey to Los Angeles

Highly trained and disciplined, they are the

county and elsewhere.

ones who have the disinterested passion

The industry has also been dumping

Another issue raised in hearings is the le-

to solve problems. And, poised perilously

wastewater into open pits. Most are unlined

involved could lead to a fracking ban in

betwixt consumers and capitalists, they also

and uncovered. In one region, officials

California, like the one already in place in

understand that everything has a cost.

have revealed that nearly 400 sumps lack

New York State. But considerations of scale