TOEFL Ibt Çıkmış Soruları Set 2 Kitap 2

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ORG
TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2
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ONLINETOEFL.ORG
TOEFL iBT
TEST
7
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1
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READING
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DIRECTIONS
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This section measures your ability to understand academic passages in

English.
The Reading section is divided into separately timed parts.
Most questions are worth 1 point, but the last question for each passage
is worth more than 1 point. The directions for the last question indicate
how many points you may receive.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
You will now begin the Reading section. There are three passages in the
section. You should allow 20 minutes to read each passage and answer
the questions about it.
You should allow 60 minutes to complete the entire section.
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2
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ANCIENT SUMER AND NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATION
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The rise of Sumerian civilization in Southern Mesopotamia during the fourth

millennium BC coincided with a broader regional pattern, a phenomenon where
socioeconomic and political mechanisms began to influence the lives of people
living in disparate areas, often hundreds, or even thousands, of kilometers apart.
It was in this period that increasingly complex interactions established an
interdependent web of societies in the Ancient Near East, from the Mediterranean
lands of Egypt to Persia in the east. This emerging global network derived from
the realization among societies that other regions offered environments replete
with unique natural resources, and that it was to their mutual advantage to
establish exchange mechanisms to satisfy demand for foreign goods. Across the
region, the economic and social evolution was not only a consequence of material
necessities but also the nascent rivalry among urban elites who contended for
eminence through the accumulation of exotic extravagances, believing such
luxuries were manifestations of power. Ancient Sumer is reflective of this evolving
regional interconnectedness.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
A combination of environmental and social elements gave rise to the Sumerian

civilization. For example, the lower Tigris-Euphrates river valley in which the
Sumerians lived was characterized by wide, marshy plains. The plains were
excellent for agriculture because rivers brought fertile soil to the alluvial valleys
from the highlands, and people farmed the land by diverting river water into
canals to irrigate their crops. However, the region was not rich in natural
resources: the timber that was abundant in the hills of northern Mesopotamia was
scarce in Sumer, and although the Sumerians were able to produce surpluses of
barley, wheat, and dates, valuable gemstones were relatively absent in the area,
and they were forced to trade for these and other items like frankincense and
limestone. Trade, which was facilitated by the construction of docks where sea
and river craft could unload cargo, was tightly controlled by Sumerian rulers, and
consisted primarily of agricultural products and textiles made of linen and wool.
The two great rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, linked Sumer with ports on the
Persian Gulf, from which Sumerians could conduct trade with societies as distant
as India.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Sumerians were among the first people to make bronze alloy, a technological
innovation that was of great use to an agricultural people. The alloy was strong
and far less brittle than iron, and it was especially useful for taxing jobs. It was
applied to agriculture by way of the metal-tipped plow, an instrument that was
durable enough to handle repeated use and could be pulled by oxen to turn the
soil in a fraction of the time necessary with antecedent technologies, such as
primitive handheld hoes and sharpened wooden sticks. Combined with irrigation
canals, these plows drastically expanded agricultural production capacity, leading
to sizable yields. More grains and fruits meant that larger populations could be
supported, and the abundance also provided incentives for rulers of Sumer's citystates to regulate the exchange of surplus yields abroad to generate local wealth.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
One of the central aspects shaping the dynamic milieu of individuals within the
community and that of the relations between city-states was the role of the
temple-palaces as administrative mechanisms for economic and legal matters. In
3
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particular, these public institutions provided standardized accounting practices to

replace what had previously existed only as a system of informal bartering for
goods and services. This involved internal record keeping of accounts and the
establishment of prices to be adopted for transactions in the community at large.
A written system of contracts was also conceived, and loans were distributed at
interest. The unit system for standard prices was based on measured weights of
silver, and these financial policies were often handed down by formal rulings. By
mediating the flow of raw Imaterials to the community, as well as regulating
specialized production and trade, the temple-palaces created a monetized market
exchange within their walls, and gave rise to a specialized group of merchants
who developed expertise in handicrafts, metal working, and the manufacture of
prestigious textiles. Trade in items like copper and lapis lazuli, a semi-precious
stone, thus increased as more and more administrative districts tapped into the
profitable global system.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
As a consequence, long-distance trade increased significantly, and in turn,

competition for precious resources ensued. Skirmishes sometimes broke out as
tensions mounted, and people looked to military leaders for protection. City-states
that could raise strong armies had an obvious advantage in this race to control
the region's raw materials and access to precious water resources and valuable
trade routes. Despotic kings emerged, claiming authority from the gods for their
rule, and those that were able to successfully defend the city from invasion
sometimes derived enough political strength to assimilate neighboring regions
under their control. Some of these city-states, such as Ur, Uruk, and Lagash,
experienced periods of stability, fortune, and hegemony in the region; however,
no single power could dominate the realm for long, and each forfeited its shortlived preeminence.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Still, some leaders vaunted the vast expanse of their rule. Sargon of Akkad took
over the area of Sumer and claimed to rule the entire landmass from the
Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf. Historians dispute Sargon's claim, however; it
is likely that his dominion was mainly confined to the cities connecting the
overland trade routes.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
4
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Paragraph 1
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The rise of Sumerian civilization in Southern Mesopotamia during the fourth

millennium BC coincided with a broader regional pattern, a phenomenon where
socioeconomic and political mechanisms began to influence the lives of people
living in disparate areas, often hundreds, or even thousands, of kilometers apart.
It was in this period that increasingly complex interactions established an
interdependent web of societies in the Ancient Near East, from the Mediterranean
lands of Egypt to Persia in the east. This emerging global network derived from
the realization among societies that other regions offered environments replete
with unique natural resources, and that it was to their mutual advantage to
establish exchange mechanisms to satisfy demand for foreign goods. Across the
region, the economic and social evolution was not only a consequence of material
necessities but also the nascent rivalry among urban elites who contended for
eminence through the accumulation of exotic extravagances, believing such
luxuries were manifestations of power. Ancient Sumer is reflective of this evolving
regional interconnectedness.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
1. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about Ancient Near Eastern
societies prior to the advent of Sumerian civilization?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
They were more socially integrated and economically advanced.

They were less connected to other societies in the region.
They were impoverished because of limited resources.
They were ruled by a small group of hereditary elites.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in
the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the
meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) Additional natural resources were found in neighboring regions, and it
was inevitable that societies would join together in a global network to
satisfy their mutual demands.
(B) This emerging global network placed increasing demands on the
resources in the region, making foreign products more attractive to
neighboring societies.
(C) Societies soon realized that exchanging local products for foreign goods
could help balance the demand for resources regionally.
(D) As societies became aware that abundant natural resources in other
regions could meet local demand and that trade could provide reciprocal
benefits, a global network emerged.
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5
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3. According to paragraph 1, one of the reasons behind the economic and

social progression in the Ancient Near East concurrent with the appearance
of Sumerian culture was
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
the move toward egalitarian societies

an improvement in the quality of luxury goods
the emergence of a competitive upper class
an increased access to goods from urban markets
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Paragraph 2
A combination of environmental and social elements gave rise to the Sumerian

civilization. For example, the lower Tigris-Euphrates river valley in which the
Sumerians lived was characterized by wide, marshy plains. The plains were
excellent for agriculture because rivers brought fertile soil to the alluvial valleys
from the highlands, and people farmed the land by diverting river water into
canals to irrigate their crops. However, the region was not rich in natural
resources: the timber that was abundant in the hills of northern Mesopotamia was
scarce in Sumer, and although the Sumerians were able to produce surpluses of
barley, wheat, and dates, valuable gemstones were relatively absent in the area,
and they were forced to trade for these and other items like frankincense and
limestone. Trade, which was facilitated by the construction of docks where sea
and river craft could unload cargo, was tightly controlled by Sumerian rulers, and
consisted primarily of agricultural products and textiles made of linen and wool.
The two great rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, linked Sumer with ports on the
Persian Gulf, from which Sumerians could conduct trade with societies as distant
as India.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
4. According to paragraph 2, the Sumerian civilization lacked all of the
following EXCEPT
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
timber
limestone
grain
precious gems
6
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Paragraph 3
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Sumerians were among the first people to make bronze alloy, a technological
innovation that was of great use to an agricultural people. The alloy was strong
and far less brittle than iron, and it was especially useful for taxing jobs. It was
applied to agriculture by way of the metal-tipped plow, an instrument that was
durable enough to handle repeated use and could be pulled by oxen to turn the
soil in a fraction of the time necessary with antecedent technologies, such as
primitive handheld hoes and sharpened wooden sticks. Combined with irrigation
canals, these plows drastically expanded agricultural production capacity, leading
to sizable yields. More grains and fruits meant that larger populations could be
supported, and the abundance also provided incentives for rulers of Sumer's citystates to regulate the exchange of surplus yields abroad to generate local wealth.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
5. The word taxing in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
turbulent
rigid
arduous
pathetic
6. The word surplus in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
extra
extreme
extraordinary
extravagant
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7. According to paragraph 3, what did Sumerians use to turn the soil before
the arrival of the plow?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Hand-held hoes made with bronze

Wooden sticks affixed with iron handles
Simple hoes and sharpened sticks
Pumps that ejected water from irrigation canals
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following contributed to the
increase of agricultural yields together with plow?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Additional kinds of agricultural tools

New types of fruits and grains
Irrigation canals
Incentives given to farmers by their rulers
7
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Paragraph 4
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
One of the central aspects shaping the dynamic milieu of individuals within the
community and that of the relations between city-states was the role of the
temple-palaces as administrative mechanisms for economic and legal matters. In
particular, these public institutions provided standardized accounting practices to
replace what had previously existed only as a system of informal bartering for
goods and services. This involved internal record keeping of accounts and the
establishment of prices to be adopted for transactions in the community at large.
A written system of contracts was also conceived, and loans were distributed at
interest. The unit system for standard prices was based on measured weights of
silver, and these financial policies were often handed down by formal rulings. By
mediating the flow of raw Imaterials to the community, as well as regulating
specialized production and trade, the temple-palaces created a monetized market
exchange within their walls, and gave rise to a specialized group of merchants
who developed expertise in handicrafts, metal working, and the manufacture of
prestigious textiles. Trade in items like copper and lapis lazuli, a semi-precious
stone, thus increased as more and more administrative districts tapped into the
profitable global system.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
9. According to paragraph 4, all of the following are true of the Sumerian
economy EXCEPT
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
financial policies were governed by templepalaces

money was loaned at interest
accounting methods were standardized
administrators ignored the global market
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Paragraph 5

competition for precious resources ensued. Skirmishes sometimes broke out as
tensions mounted, and people looked to military leaders for protection. City-states
that could raise strong armies had an obvious advantage in this race to control
the region's raw materials and access to precious water resources and valuable
trade routes. Despotic kings emerged, claiming authority from the gods for their
rule, and those that were able to successfully defend the city from invasion
sometimes derived enough political strength to assimilate neighboring regions
under their control. Some of these city-states, such as Ur, Uruk, and Lagash,
experienced periods of stability, fortune, and hegemony in the region; however,
no single power could dominate the realm for long, and each forfeited its shortlived preeminence.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
10. The word tensions in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
interests
pressures
events
considerations
8
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Paragraph 6
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Still, some leaders vaunted the vast expanse of their rule. Sargon of Akkad took
over the area of Sumer and claimed to rule the entire landmass from the
Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf. Historians dispute Sargon's claim, however; it
is likely that his dominion was mainly confined to the cities connecting the
overland trade routes.
11. Paragraph 6 suggests that the Akkadian leader Sargon probably

(A) controlled the entire landmass from the Mediterranean to the Persian
Gulf
(B) ruled only a few city-states around the Persian Gulf
(C) controlled only the municipalities important to terrestrial trade routes
(D) ruled Sumerian cities crucial to seafaring trade in the region
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
12. The word vaunted in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
complained about
called attention to
believed in
boasted of
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9
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Paragraph 5
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competition for precious resources ensued. A Skirmishes sometimes broke out as
tensions mounted, and people looked to military leaders for protection. B Citystates that could raise strong armies had an obvious advantage in this race to
control the region's raw materials and access to precious water resources and
valuable trade routes. C Despotic kings emerged, claiming authority from the
gods for their rule, and those that were able to successfully defend the city from
invasion sometimes derived enough political strength to assimilate neighboring
regions under their control. D Some of these city-states, such as Ur, Uruk, and
Lagash, experienced periods of stability, fortune, and hegemony in the region;
however, no single power could dominate the realm for long, and each forfeited
its short-lived preeminence.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
13. Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence
could be added to the passage.
This resulted in disputes and a period of general unrest between
neighboring states.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Click on a square [] to add the sentence to the passage.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
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10
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14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is

provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices
that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not
belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the
passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Sumerian Civilization was indicative of a broader pattern of emerging
interconnectedness among societies in the Ancient Near East.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Answer Choices
(A) Sumerians competed for power in urban areas by accumulating luxury

goods as symbols of their wealth.
(B) The Sumerians developed a complex financial system, which was
overseen by administrators in the temple-palaces.
(C) A few Sumerian monarchs were able to conquer their neighbors, and
remained in power until the decline of the Sumerian Civilization.
(D) Although the region lacked many important raw materials, Sumerians
were able to trade surplus agricultural items for products from abroad.
(E) Prior to the time in which Sumerian Civilization arose, other equally
complex societies existed throughout the ancient world.
(F) As competition for valuable resources intensified, armed battles played a
key role in the political restructuring of the region.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an
answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click on View Text.
11
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12
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DADAISM AS A REVOLUTIONARY ART MOVEMENT
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The origins of the Dada movement can be traced back to the establishment of
Cabaret Voltaire, a Zurich-based club owned by German poet and exile Hugo
Ball. Because of its free-spirited atmosphere and positioning in accessible
Switzerland, the club attracted a wide range of people, many of whom had fled
their native countries to escape persecution prior to the First World War. When
regular poetry readings began there in the early 1900s, the events brought
together a loosely organized group comprising visual artists and performers who
were experimenting with bizarre art forms and dedicated to expanding the
definition and the understanding of art itself.
As numbers visiting the club swelled, Ball quickly decided that the group needed
to find a name that would identify themselves to other artists across the continent
and entice others to join. Although there are several stories about how the name
of the group was chosen, the most likely account is that Ball chose it at random
from a copy of the German dictionary by stabbing the book with a knife. The tip of
the knife landed on the German word dada, meaning 'hobby,' a serendipitous
choice that aptly reflected the purposefully amateurish works associated with the
club.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
The Dada philosophy represented a break from cultural and educational

standards that were prevalent at the time; adherents even went so far as to
challenge the very foundations and institutions that make up human society. In
fact, this sense of nihilistic idealism and rebellion against proper education was
the overarching theme that characterized Dadaism, which promoted dissent from
the conventions of modern art.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Even prior examples of experimental art styles such as the cubist and surrealist
art that arose around the turn of the century-were not immune to Dadaist
criticisms. Some fringe members of the Dada movement derided the commercial
success of other modern artists, such as the cubist Pablo Picasso, accusing them
of "selling out." Accomplished modern artists were alleged to be self-absorbed,
greedy, and preoccupied with fame, and accused of abandoning their creative
integrity. Dadaists viewed them as unauthentic examples of revolutionaries and
began to stress 'antiart' as a way to combat the confines of modern art; a true
Dadaist represented everything that was opposite to art. Aesthetics were ignored,
interpretation was left solely in the hands of the viewer, and concerns for
mainstream ideas were entirely abandoned. The group strove to offend, rather
than placate, in order to combat what they believed was the commercialization of
the creative process. This desire was perhaps best explained by one of the
group's central figures, Marcel Duchamp, who once stated, "Dada is the
nonconformist spirit that has existed in every century, every period since man is
man."
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Duchamp, for instance, made a name for himself by recreating cherished pieces
of art and distorting them to show the absurdity of tradition. The most famous
example of this is his Mona Lisa postcard, where he drew a moustache and
goatee on the face of the celebrated subject. According to Duchamp, it poked fun
13
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
at the institution of art. This image has since become a symbol of anarchistic art,
and one of the more famous examples of the Dada movement.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
The Dadaists also employed a previously unexplored art form, the performance,
which involved an act that was designed to draw attention from the public. Many
historians describe this concept as an offshoot of the poetry readings that took
place at Cabaret Voltaire, but as the influence of Dada spread outward to Paris,
the performance adapted to the styles and talents of those involved, whether it
was spoken word, visual art, or an alternative. Members literally took their work to
the streets, taking over public spaces even at the risk of being arrested by the
authorities. Gatherings of sketch artists would draw intricate chalk illustrations on
the sidewalks, only to have the rain wash them away, and shops found their
windows covered by Dada works displaying images of banal or mundane objects.
The key to a successful performance was to be spontaneous, outrageous, and to
involve the audience as much as possible. Hence, the boundaries between art
and life were stripped away.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Within a few years, talk of these performances inspired many European artists to
explore Dada, but the movement did not reach America until Duchamp relocated
to New York City in 1915. Upon landing, he met another artist, Man Ray, who was
experimenting with innovative camera techniques, and the two formed an
immediate friendship. While Man Ray's photographs showed the juxtaposition of
the human figure with everyday objects - a woman's hips and a violin, for example
- Duchamp continued to focus on the mundane objects themselves, such as in his
famous Fountain, an ordinary manufactured urinal placed on its side and signed
"R. Mutt 1917." Despite its simplicity, the object remains one of his most famous
works and is still heralded as a breakthrough in the discipline. Duchamp, Man
Ray, and other burgeoning artists frequently exhibited their work, garnering both
critical and popular acclaim from fellow New Yorkers, and managed to stimulate
an entire generation of artists to test the boundaries of art, as well as Dadaist selfidentity.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
14
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Paragraph 1
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
The origins of the Dada movement can be traced back to the establishment of
Cabaret Voltaire, a Zurich-based club owned by German poet and exile Hugo
Ball. Because of its free-spirited atmosphere and positioning in accessible
Switzerland, the club attracted a wide range of people, many of whom had fled
their native countries to escape persecution prior to the First World War. When
regular poetry readings began there in the early 1900s, the events brought
together a loosely organized group comprising visual artists and performers who
were experimenting with bizarre art forms and dedicated to expanding the
definition and the understanding of art itself.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
15. According to paragraph 1, Cabaret Voltaire drew a wide array of patrons

because
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
its owner was a celebrated author and refugee

its activities appealed to those interested in composing strange texts
it offered an unconstrained environment in a convenient location
it provided a place for many artists to collaborate
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
16. The word comprising in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
becoming
selecting
including
encircling
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
15
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Paragraph 3
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
The Dada philosophy represented a break from cultural and educational

standards that were prevalent at the time; adherents even went so far as to
challenge the very foundations and institutions that make up human society. In
fact, this sense of nihilistic idealism and rebellion against proper education was
the overarching theme that characterized Dadaism, which promoted dissent from
the conventions of modern art.
17. The word prevalent in the passage is closest in meaning to
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
habitual
ascendant
common
valuable
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
18. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information
in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the
(A) Dadaists endorsed an approach to creating art that was distinct from the
principles of other styles of art.
(B) The subject matter of most Dada art was in complete opposition to
modern art, which was neither bold nor forward-thinking.
(C) Disagreements with the notions of prevailing art theory prompted
Dadaists to develop defiant and radical attitudes.
(D) Revolutionary behavior typified the Dadaist movement and distinguished
it from the adherence to custom prevalent in the modern tradition.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
16
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Paragraph 4
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Even prior examples of experimental art styles such as the cubist and surrealist
art that arose around the turn of the century-were not immune to Dadaist
criticisms. Some fringe members of the Dada movement derided the commercial
success of other modern artists, such as the cubist Pablo Picasso, accusing them
of "selling out." Accomplished modern artists were alleged to be self-absorbed,
greedy, and preoccupied with fame, and accused of abandoning their creative
integrity. Dadaists viewed them as unauthentic examples of revolutionaries and
began to stress 'antiart' as a way to combat the confines of modern art; a true
Dadaist represented everything that was opposite to art. Aesthetics were ignored,
interpretation was left solely in the hands of the viewer, and concerns for
mainstream ideas were entirely abandoned. The group strove to offend, rather
than placate, in order to combat what they believed was the commercialization of
the creative process. This desire was perhaps best explained by one of the
group's central figures, Marcel Duchamp, who once stated, "Dada is the
nonconformist spirit that has existed in every century, every period since man is
man."
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
19. According to paragraph 4, the success of modern artists was resented

by Dadaists, who claimed that artists like Pablo Picasso
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
had falsely achieved widespread acclaim

had been unwilling to share the spotlight
had sold their art for more than it was worth
had become more interested in fame than art
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
20. According to paragraph 4, all of the following are aspects of Dadaism
EXCEPT
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
a focus on abstract subjects

a critical stance toward the commerce of art
a hostility toward conventional tastes
a disregard for beauty
17
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Paragraph 5
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Duchamp, for instance, made a name for himself by recreating cherished pieces
of art and distorting them to show the absurdity of tradition. The most famous
example of this is his Mona Lisa postcard, where he drew a moustache and
goatee on the face of the celebrated subject. According to Duchamp, it poked fun
at the institution of art. This image has since become a symbol of anarchistic art,
and one of the more famous examples of the Dada movement.
21. According to paragraph 5, Marcel Duchamp created the Mona Lisa

postcard because
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
he felt that it would make a humorous piece of art

he wanted to illustrate the silliness of prevalent customs
he took great pleasure in the Mona Lisa
he wanted to become famous
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Paragraph 6
The Dadaists also employed a previously unexplored art form, the performance,
which involved an act that was designed to draw attention from the public. Many
historians describe this concept as an offshoot of the poetry readings that took
place at Cabaret Voltaire, but as the influence of Dada spread outward to Paris,
the performance adapted to the styles and talents of those involved, whether it
was spoken word, visual art, or an alternative. Members literally took their work to
the streets, taking over public spaces even at the risk of being arrested by the
authorities. Gatherings of sketch artists would draw intricate chalk illustrations on
the sidewalks, only to have the rain wash them away, and shops found their
windows covered by Dada works displaying images of banal or mundane objects.
The key to a successful performance was to be spontaneous, outrageous, and to
involve the audience as much as possible. Hence, the boundaries between art
and life were stripped away.
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22. The word them in the passage refers to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
gatherings
illustrations
sidewalks
artists
18
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23. The word spontaneous in the passage is closest in meaning to
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
casual
convulsive
unsophisticated
impulsive
24. What can be inferred about the Dada performances mentioned in

paragraph 6?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Performers sought to bring art into the everyday realm.

Participation was limited to those who could draw.
Contributors lacked a true understanding of fashion.
Spectators enjoyed partaking in them.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Paragraph 7
to New York City in 1915. Upon landing, he met another artist, Man Ray, who was
experimenting with innovative camera techniques, and the two formed an
immediate friendship. While Man Ray's photographs showed the juxtaposition of
the human figure with everyday objects - a woman's hips and a violin, for example
- Duchamp continued to focus on the mundane objects themselves, such as in his
famous Fountain, an ordinary manufactured urinal placed on its side and signed
"R. Mutt 1917." Despite its simplicity, the object remains one of his most famous
works and is still heralded as a breakthrough in the discipline. Duchamp, Man
Ray, and other burgeoning artists frequently exhibited their work, garnering both
critical and popular acclaim from fellow New Yorkers, and managed to stimulate
an entire generation of artists to test the boundaries of art, as well as Dadaist selfidentity.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
25. The word innovative in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
original
exclusive
difficult
contemporary
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26. Why does the author mention Fountain in paragraph 7?
(A) To provide an example of a piece of Dadaist art that revolutionized the

art world
(B) To illustrate how Marcel Duchamp earned respect by employing
commonplace items
(C) To demonstrate how the Dada philosophy did not require the artist to be
skilled
(D) To show how most of Duchamp's pieces were intrinsically elementary
19
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Paragraph 7
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
to New York City in 1915. A Upon landing, he met another artist, Man Ray, who
was experimenting with innovative camera techniques, and the two formed an
immediate friendship. B While Man Ray's photographs showed the juxtaposition
of the human figure with everyday objects - a woman's hips and a violin, for
example - Duchamp continued to focus on the mundane objects themselves,
such as in his famous Fountain, an ordinary manufactured urinal placed on its
side and signed "R. Mutt 1917." C Despite its simplicity, the object remains one of
his most famous works and is still heralded as a breakthrough in the discipline. D
Duchamp, Man Ray, and other burgeoning artists frequently exhibited their work,
garnering both critical and popular acclaim from fellow New Yorkers, and
managed to stimulate an entire generation of artists to test the boundaries of art,
as well as Dadaist self-identity.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Ironically, an art movement that originated as a reaction to mainstream
culture began to increasingly find public acceptance.
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20
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The Dada movement, which began in the early twentieth century, involved a
number of artists who challenged the long-held traditions of art.
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Answer Choices
(A) Friendships among artists were based on similar ideas, exploration of

cutting-edge methods, and showcasing pieces at shared displays.
(B) Followers of the movement fought against the conventions of art by
purposefully creating works that violated these traditions.
(C) Acclaimed pieces of art were damaged to bring about a greater
awareness of the nonsensical nature of customs.
(D) The name of the group was chosen arbitrarily by using a knife to stab a
German dictionary.
(E) Artists working in New York collaborated to introduce Dadaist principles
and presented normal objects as art.
(F) Participation in public shows involving random forms of dissent was
intended to blur the lines between creativity and everyday experiences.
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21
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22
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
THE ARCHITECTURE OF TERMITE MOUNDS
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In termites, as with all terrestrial insects, the physical transfer of respiratory gases
between internal tissues and the atmosphere occurs directly, without the use of
lungs or a closed circulatory system. Respiration is accomplished through
tracheal movements that expel carbon dioxide out of the body via respiratory
tubes. Mechanical ventilation due to abdominal movement also plays a role when
insects are active, as small openings in the exoskeleton called spiracles provide
the ventilation points. The spiracles may be opened to let in oxygen or closed by
muscular valves to regulate both gaseous exchange and internal moisture.
External moisture regulation is crucial to subterranean and mound-building worker
termites (soldiers and reproductive members of the nest have thicker, protective
skin), because as soft-bodied organisms, their thin cuticles make them particularly
prone to desiccation. This anatomical feature in part dictates the configuration of
termite mounds, which are carefully designed and constructed by the workers to
regulate the humidity of the interior nests, or termitaries. The most impressive of
termite structures are the colossal (up to 30 meters wide and 7 meters tall)
mounds that dot the landscape in parts of South America, Africa, and Australia.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
The architecture of termite mounds is complex and specially adapted to the

environments they inhabit. Construction of the mound is carried out using termite
excreta, semi-digested wood, and soil, collectively referred to as carton. Carton,
once dry, creates a hard and impervious barrier, offering protection against
invaders and minimizing humidity loss from evaporation. The concoction contains
a higher percentage of organic matter than surrounding soils and thus retains
moisture within the termitary during periods of drought. While the walls of carton
protect the interior and prevent the mound from caving in the freely draining
mineral soils beyond the mound help control moisture levels during rainy periods,
as poorly drained soils could create boggy conditions that would be toxic to the
mound's residents. The setting and structure of the mounds thus combine to help
maintain relatively stable internal humidity levels. However, the structure must be
able to conserve moisture while simultaneously allowing for proper ventilation.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Although individual termites do not consume large volumes of oxygen, termites

within a particular colony often number in the millions, resulting in a collective
demand that is substantial. In order to make certain that adequate oxygen and
carbon dioxide levels are maintained, termite mounds include a complex system
of channels and ducts through which air circulation is facilitated. The entire
structure is the result of a homeostatic process, wherein termites work together to
balance the metabolic oxygen exchange with the ventilation oxygen exchange,
the former representing oxygen consumed within the nest and the latter,
atmospheric oxygen replacing it.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Termites must continually make adjustments to the configuration of the mound to

account for changes in air quality resulting from variations in both outside weather
conditions and the activities within the colony. Scientists estimate that termites
incorporate approximately one cubic meter of soil into the mound annually, with
natural erosion accounting for an equivalent amount lost during the same period.
The nature of the ongoing construction is determined by the requirements of the
23
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
colony; if there is insufficient air circulation, or if oxygen demands have increased,

the insects extend the mound higher to enable a greater volume of air to enter the
structure. Near the top of the windward face, a series of openings provide access
to fresh air, while similar ports on the bottom of the leeward side allow for the
expulsion of carbon dioxide. Because wind speed generally increases with
altitude, the great height of the structure guarantees that the pressure of the
incoming air is sufficient to circulate oxygen throughout the nest.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Efforts to ensure adequate oxygen levels must be balanced against the need to
maintain a consistent temperature range within the termitary, on average
somewhere between 25C and 35C throughout the year. Some thermoregulation
is achieved through biotic processes, perhaps the most significant of which is the
heat generated by the termites' own metabolism. Some termites, such as
Macrotermes species, also benefit from symbiotic fungi. Located in the lowest
portion of the nest, these organisms produce heat through the continual
fermentation of plant matter, which the termites then ingest. As the warm air rises,
it gradually fills the rest of the termitary until it is eventually forced up through a
large corridor that runs vertically through the center of the nest, serving as a
chimney. Thermoregulation may also be reinforced through the solar orientation
of the mound: Compass Termites (Amitermes meridianalis) of Australia construct
mounds that are thinner along the north-south axis (minimizing the exposure to
solar energy in summer) and thicker along the east-west axis. The thicker walls
maximize the thermal energy the structure receives in winter, when the sun is at a
low angle.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
The thermoregulation of the mound is closely connected to the ventilation system

used to maintain air quality and humidity, with adjustments to one affecting the
function of the others. Scientists have found it useful to conceptualize the termite
mound as a process, and have recently begun to consider whether the aspects of
this structure that result in stable climatic conditions may be incorporated into
human buildings.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
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24
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Paragraph 1
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
In termites, as with all terrestrial insects, the physical transfer of respiratory gases
between internal tissues and the atmosphere occurs directly, without the use of
lungs or a closed circulatory system. Respiration is accomplished through
tracheal movements that expel carbon dioxide out of the body via respiratory
tubes. Mechanical ventilation due to abdominal movement also plays a role when
insects are active, as small openings in the exoskeleton called spiracles provide
the ventilation points. The spiracles may be opened to let in oxygen or closed by
muscular valves to regulate both gaseous exchange and internal moisture.
29. According to paragraph 1, terrestrial insects transfer respiratory gases

between their bodies and the atmosphere by
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
contracting the internal organs that are attached to blood vessels

controlling the relative moisture levels of their exoskeletons
forcing air through internal conduits and holes in their body covering
moving air back and forth between the trachea and abdomen
Paragraph 2
External moisture regulation is crucial to subterranean and mound-building worker
termites (soldiers and reproductive members of the nest have thicker, protective
skin), because as soft-bodied organisms, their thin cuticles make them particularly
prone to desiccation. This anatomical feature in part dictates the configuration of
termite mounds, which are carefully designed and constructed by the workers to
regulate the humidity of the interior nests, or termitaries. The most impressive of
termite structures are the colossal (up to 30 meters wide and 7 meters tall)
mounds that dot the landscape in parts of South America, Africa, and Australia.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
30. The word configuration in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
appearance
symmetry
arrangement
distribution
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
31. Why does the author include comments about the anatomy of worker
termites in paragraph 2?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
To indicate the diversity of termite body types within the colony

To give an example of why some termites build such large mounds
To suggest a reason why moisture conservation is necessary in the nest
To show that termites have developed diverse physical traits in different
regions
25
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Paragraph 3
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
The architecture of termite mounds is complex and specially adapted to the

environments they inhabit. Construction of the mound is carried out using termite
excreta, semi-digested wood, and soil, collectively referred to as carton. Carton,
once dry, creates a hard and impervious barrier, offering protection against
invaders and minimizing humidity loss from evaporation. The concoction contains
a higher percentage of organic matter than surrounding soils and thus retains
moisture within the termitary during periods of drought. While the walls of carton
protect the interior and prevent the mound from caving in the freely draining
mineral soils beyond the mound help control moisture levels during rainy periods,
as poorly drained soils could create boggy conditions that would be toxic to the
mound's residents. The setting and structure of the mounds thus combine to help
maintain relatively stable internal humidity levels. However, the structure must be
able to conserve moisture while simultaneously allowing for proper ventilation.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
32. According to paragraph 3, the termite mound's walls serve all of the
following functions EXCEPT
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
limiting access by harmful species

assuring the edifice does not collapse
facilitating the circulation of air
reducing the possibility of dehydration
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33. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the
habitat in which termites live?
(A) Its climate sometimes produces storms that threaten the survival of the
colony.
(B) It is characterized by impermeable ground where standing water can
accumulate.
(C) Its soils have a low nutrient value due to the lack of organic content.
(D) It experiences varying amounts of precipitation throughout the year.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
34. The word toxic in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
lethal
wasteful
violent
acidic
26
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Paragraph 4
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Although individual termites do not consume large volumes of oxygen, termites

within a particular colony often number in the millions, resulting in a collective
demand that is substantial. In order to make certain that adequate oxygen and
carbon dioxide levels are maintained, termite mounds include a complex system
of channels and ducts through which air circulation is facilitated. The entire
structure is the result of a homeostatic process, wherein termites work together to
balance the metabolic oxygen exchange with the ventilation oxygen exchange,
the former representing oxygen consumed within the nest and the latter,
atmospheric oxygen replacing it.
35. According to paragraph 4, the construction of channels and ducts by the

termites results in
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
(A) an equilibrium between the supply and consumption of oxygen in the

nest
(B) an increased rate of respiration among members of the colony
(C) a reduction in the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide entering the
mound
(D) a concentration of oxygen within the nest that inhibits population growth
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27
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Paragraph 5
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Termites must continually make adjustments to the configuration of the mound to

account for changes in air quality resulting from variations in both outside weather
conditions and the activities within the colony. Scientists estimate that termites
incorporate approximately one cubic meter of soil into the mound annually, with
natural erosion accounting for an equivalent amount lost during the same period.
The nature of the ongoing construction is determined by the requirements of the
colony; if there is insufficient air circulation, or if oxygen demands have increased,
the insects extend the mound higher to enable a greater volume of air to enter the
structure. Near the top of the windward face, a series of openings provide access
to fresh air, while similar ports on the bottom of the leeward side allow for the
expulsion of carbon dioxide. Because wind speed generally increases with
altitude, the great height of the structure guarantees that the pressure of the
incoming air is sufficient to circulate oxygen throughout the nest.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
36. The word equivalent in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
reduced
delineated
greater
identical
37. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information
in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
(A) Discrepancies between weather and interior mound conditions change

the air quality, causing termites to adjust their behaviors.
(B) Fluctuations in external and internal conditions necessitate ongoing
structural modification of the mound to preserve air quality.
(C) Periodic alterations of the mound's air quality are a response to the
termites' activities both inside and outside the colony.
(D) Divergences between the air currents within the mound and the
surrounding environment affect the quality of the structure.
38. According to paragraph 5, which of the following is correct about termite

mounds?
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
(A) Its ventilation system allows carbon dioxide to easily pass into the
structure.
(B) It requires ever greater volumes of soil as a result of constant
weathering.
(C) Its height is sometimes increased to maintain adequate internal oxygen
levels.
(D) It occasionally requires repair because of damage incurred from strong
winds.
28
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Paragraph 6
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Macrotermes species, also benefit from symbiotic fungi. Located in the lowest
chimney. Thermoregulation may also be reinforced through the solar orientation
solar energy in summer) and thicker along the east-west axis. The thicker walls
low angle.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
39. According to paragraph 6, how do fungi contribute to the
thermoregulation of the nest?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
They insulate the nest by increasing the amount of vegetation.

They raise the body temperatures of the termites by providing food.
They force warm air to ascend by emitting a type of gas.
They generate warmth by breaking down organic substances.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Paragraph 7
The thermoregulation of the mound is closely connected to the ventilation system
used to maintain air quality and humidity, with adjustments to one affecting the
function of the others. Scientists have found it useful to conceptualize the termite
mound as a process, and have recently begun to consider whether the aspects of
this structure that result in stable climatic conditions may be incorporated into
human buildings.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
40. The word incorporated in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
integrated
interspersed
intertwined
interconnected
29
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Paragraph 6
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Macrotermes species, also benefit from symbiotic fungi. A Located in the lowest
chimney. B Thermoregulation may also be reinforced through the solar orientation
solar energy in summer) and thicker along the east-west axis. C The thicker walls
low angle. D
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As a primary corridor, it plays an essential role in heat distribution by
connecting to smaller ventilation passages in the mound.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
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30
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ONLINETOEFL.ORG
The mound provides a stable environment in which termites can work and
live
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Answer Choices
(A) Maintenance of optimal humidity levels within the nest is essential to

termite survival, and is reflected in the design and placement of the
mound.
(B) The external walls ensure that harmful species are unable to enter and
threaten the colony or damage the nest.
(C) The strategic placement of ventilation passages ensures the diffusion of
gases and that air is able to circulate correctly within the mound.
(D) Temperature regulation of the nest is achieved by the physical
processes of the residents and the orientation of the mound.
(E) The height of the mound structure limits the force of the air entering the
nest, thus protecting the termites from strong winds.
(F) Some features of termite mounds are very efficient, but they are not
applicable to climate-control functions in human residences.
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31
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NOW GO ON TO THE LISTENING TEST!
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32
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LISTENING
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DIRECTIONS
Play Audio Track 07-01

This section measures your ability to understand conversations and lectures in
English.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
The Listening section is divided into separately timed parts. In each part, you will
listen to 1 conversation and 2 lectures. You will hear each conversation or lecture
only one time.
After each conversation or lecture, you will answer some questions about it. The
questions typically ask about the main idea and supporting details. Some
questions ask about a speakers purpose or attitude. Answer the questions based
on what is stated or implied by the speakers.
You may take notes while you listen. You may use your notes to help you answer
the questions. Your notes will not be scored.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
If you need to change the volume while you listen, click on the Volume icon at the
top of the screen.
In some questions, you will see this icon:
not see, part of the question.
This means that you will hear, but
Some of the questions have special directions. These directions appear in a gray
box on the screen.
Most questions are worth 1 point. If a question is worth more than 1 point, it will
have special directions that indicate how many points you can receive.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
A clock at the top of the screen will show you how much time is remaining. The
clock will not count down while you are listening. The clock will count down only
while you are answering the questions.
33
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LISTENING DIRECTIONS
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In this part, you will listen to 2 conversation and 4 lectures.
You must answer each question. After you answer, click on Next. Then click on
OK to confirm your answer and go on to the next question. After you click on OK,
you cannot return to previous questions.
You may now begin this part of the Listening Section. You will have 60 minutes
to answer the questions.
Click on Continue to go on.
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34
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Listen to part of a conversation in a university bookstore.
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CONVERSATION
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35
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1. What is the students problem?
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
He cannot afford the new edition of the psychology textbook.

He cannot sell his old edition of the psychology textbook.
He needs a psychology textbook, and the bookstore does not have one.
He has a psychology quiz tomorrow, and he lost his textbook.
2. Why is the student unable to wait a month for the psychology textbook?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Because he has an exam this week

Because his paper is due next week
Because he lost his brothers book
Because he has a quiz every week
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
3. Why is the student unable to use his brothers book from last year?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
The professor is using a new edition of the textbook.

His brother wants to sell it to someone else.
He is taking a different class than his brother did.
It will take too long to mail it from New York.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Listen again to part of the conversation. Then answer the question.
4. What can be inferred about the bookstore clerk?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
She is tired of hearing students complaints.

She is empathetic to the students problem.
She is concerned about her daughter in New York.
She is taking classes at the university as well.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
5. Why does the bookstore clerk say this:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
To show that the student is being unreasonable

To recommend a course of action
To emphasize the importance of buying the textbook
To express that there is nothing she can do
36
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Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.
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BIOLOGY
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37
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
6. What is the talk mainly about?
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
The environmental impact of introduced animals

The evolution of the Hawaiian iiwi
The evolution of the Hawaiian lobelioid
The evolution of the Hawaiian honeycreeper
7. Why does the professor talk about Hawaii?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
To show how the iiwis have evolved

To give an example to explain evolution
To show how it differs from the rest of the U.S.
To recommend a destination for bird watchers
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
8. According to the professor, why are iiwis long bills problematic?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
They do not fit into lobelioids.

They are getting shorter.
They are too specialized.
They cannot fight off enemies.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
9. What does the professor say about honeycreepers? Click on 2 answers.

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
They have highly specialized bills.

They have all evolved from a common ancestor.
They are related to the finch.
They are different from the iiwi.
10. What does the professor imply when he says this:

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
The iiwi chose the lobelioid because of its shape.

It is fortunate that the iiwi likes the lobelioid.
This occurrence proves that the theory of evolution is wrong.
The iiwi evolved the way it did because it ate the lobelioid.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
11. Why does the professor say this:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
To express doubt about the statement

To encourage the students to think critically
To emphasize the importance of the statement
To indicate that the statement is surprising
38
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Listen to part of a talk in an ecology class.
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ECOLOGY
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39
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12. What is the talk mainly about?
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(A) The migratory patterns of bluefin tuna and management of the

commercial fisheries
(B) How ICCAT has affected populations of bluefin tuna in the Atlantic
Ocean
(C) The bluefin tunas circulatory system
(D) The controversy surrounding the management of bluefin tuna fisheries
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
13. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the professor as a place
where bluefin tuna can be found?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Off the coast of Africa

In the Mediterranean Ocean
In the Pacific Ocean
In the Arctic Ocean
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
14. Why are bluefin tuna able to live in vastly different water temperatures?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Because they are a kind of fish and therefore cold-blooded

Because they are mammals and therefore warm-blooded
Because their body temperature is above the water temperature
Because their body temperature is the same as the water temperature
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15. What can be inferred from the numbers of tons in the fishing quotas for
western and eastern fisheries?
(A) The western bluefin population is larger than the eastern bluefin
population.
(B) The eastern bluefin population is larger than the western bluefin
population.
(C) The western bluefin population is exactly equal to the eastern bluefin
population.
(D) The two populations of bluefin are nearly the same size.
40
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Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
To give an example of a type of Thunnus thynnus

To introduce the more common name for Thunnus thynnus
To clear up a misconception about the appearance of Thunnus thynnus
To correct something he just said
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
17. What does the professor imply when he says this:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
ICCAT is an unpopular organization.

ICCAT was established too late to help bluefin populations.
Stocks of bluefin tuna are gradually increasing.
ICCAT has been unable to prevent the overfishing of bluefin tuna.
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41
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42
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Listen to part of a conversation between two students by a soda machine.
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CONVERSATION
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43
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18. What does the woman mainly help the man with?
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(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Retrieving his soda from the machine

Getting a good discount on photocopies
Using his student ID as a debit card
Parking his car on campus for free
19. Why did the mans student ID not work when he tried to buy a soda?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
He did not look like the picture on the ID.

He did not have enough change on him.
His student ID was from another school.
He had no money on his card.
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20. Which of the following is NOT true about the student ID card?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
It can be used to purchase many goods on campus.

It has a photograph of the student on it.
It provides students with a discount on photocopies.
It withdraws money from the students banking account.
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21. What does the woman imply?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Most students are familiar with the student ID/debit card system.
Students cannot use their IDs as debit cards until they are seniors.
Some students do not like to use their IDs as debit cards.
The man has never actually been a student at the university.
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22. What does the woman mean when she says this:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
She does not understand what the problem is.

She wants to know how the man plans to solve his problem.
She wants the man to try using his student ID card.
She wants to know which parking lot the man parked in.
44
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Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental studies class.
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ENVIRONMENTAL
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STUDIES
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45
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23. What is the lecture mainly about?
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(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
The causes of summer thunderstorms in urban centers

The implications of increased temperatures as a result of pollution
A weather phenomenon that occurs in cities as a result of city features
The reasons why global warming affects cities more than rural areas
24. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of the urban heat
island effect?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Fewer trees absorbing and carrying away the heat

Lightning storms heating up the air
Automobiles that generate heat
Materials that trap and hold the heat of the sun
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25. In the lecture, the professor explains how the urban heat island effect
can lead to harsh rains and thunder and lightning. Indicate whether each of
the following was mentioned as a step in the process. Click in the correct
box for each sentence.
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Yes
No
(A) Hot air rises.
(B) Wind is created.

(C) Clouds form in the sky above the city.
(D) Water forms raindrops in polluted air.
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26. How does the professor conclude her lecture about the urban heat
island effect?
(A) By emphasizing that specific populations are at risk of heatstroke

(B) By mentioning ways to reduce the urban heat island effect
(C) By reminding the students about the temperature difference between the
city and the countryside
(D) By giving an example of the harmful side effects caused by the urban
heat island effect
46
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(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
To correct a mistake she made in an earlier statement

To invite students to comment on her statement
To reinforce a new concept she has introduced
To emphasize the significance of the difference
28. What does the professor imply when she says this:
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(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Students who think they have a solution should rethink their answers.
There have been conflicting reports about this phenomenon.
A seemingly desirable event may actually not be so.
This concept is a theory that has not been proven.
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47
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Listen to part of a talk in a philosophy class.
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PHILOSOPHY
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48
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29. What is the discussion mainly about?
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(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
A pattern of deductive reasoning

Decision-making methods
The invention of the syllogism
The formula of a fallacy
30. Why does the professor mention crossing the street?

(A) To provide an example of an activity commonly recognized as
dangerous
(B) To illustrate the usefulness of deductive reasoning in everyday life
(C) To give an example of a general principle being applied in a specific
situation
(D) To explain the circumstances under which syllogisms were first created
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31. What does the professor say about Aristotle?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
He warned people about the drawbacks of syllogisms.

He developed a process of deductive reasoning.
He had little interest in the philosophy of logic.
He lived during a revolutionary time period.
32. Which of the following describes the structure of a valid syllogism?
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(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
A B; C A; C B
A B; B C; C A
A B; C B; C A
A B; A C; B C

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
To ask the students for their interpretations

To test the students understanding of a concept
To introduce a definition of a term
To express uncertainty about a concept
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34. What does the professor mean when she says this:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
She wants to briefly introduce the concept without explaining it.

She wants the students to study the concept for homework.
She thinks the students need a lot of help understanding the concept.
She does not think the concept is related to the lecture.
49
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50
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NOW TAKE A 10-MINUTE BREAK!
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51
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NOW GO ON TO THE SPEAKING TEST!
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52
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
SPEAKING
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
DIRECTIONS
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The following Speaking section of the test will last approximately 20
minutes. To complete it, you will need a recording device that you can
play back to listen to your responses.
During the test, you will answer six speaking questions. Two of the
questions ask about familiar topics. Four questions ask about short
conversations, lectures, and reading passages. You may take notes as
you listen to the conversations and lectures.
The questions and the reading passages are printed here. The time you
will have to prepare your response and to speak is printed below each
question. You should answer all of the questions as completely as
possible in the time allowed. The preparation time begins immediately
after you hear the question. You will be told when to begin to prepare and
when to begin speaking.
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53
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TASK 1. You will now be asked a question about a familiar topic. After you hear
the question, you will have 15 seconds to prepare your response and 45 seconds
to speak.
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Now play Track 07-1Q to hear Question 1
If a visitor is going to your own country, describe something you would

like him to pay attention to.
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Preparation Time: 15 Seconds
Response Time: 45 Seconds
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TASK 2. You will now be asked to give your opinion about a familiar topic. After
you hear the question, you will have 15 seconds to prepare your response and 45
seconds to speak.
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Which do you prefer, prepared food or fresh food prepared by yourself?

54
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TASK 3. You will now read a short passage and then listen to a conversation on
the same topic. You will then be asked a question about them. After you hear the
question, you will have 30 seconds to prepare your response and 60 seconds to
speak.
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Reading Time: 45 Seconds
Adding New Program

The psychology department is proposing to offer a new program called "Table
Talk" next semester. In each weekly session, a number of different professors
will hold a discussion. The school authorities believe the program will attract
lots of students once it opens, because it provides a great opportunity for
interaction between students and professors. Students can benefit from the
face-to-face contact with their teachers, while professors can provide relevant
responses based on the questions students ask. Also, there are a large
number of psychology majors, so it is difficult for students to know each other
well. When the new program opens, students will have a better chance to meet
friends and build up their network.
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Now listen to two students discussing the announcement. 07-3LIS
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55
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Explain the woman's opinion towards the program and why she holds
that opinion.

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56
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TASK 4. You will now read a short passage and then listen to a talk on the same
academic topic. You will then be asked a question about them. After you hear the
question, you will have 30 seconds to prepare your response and 60 seconds to
speak.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Reading Time: 45 Seconds
Opportunity Cost
Opportunity cost is an economic phenomenon describing the next-best choice
available to someone who has picked between several mutually exclusive
choices. The notion of opportunity cost plays a crucial part in ensuring that
scarce resources are used efficiently. For example, there are many options in a
scenario. When people with a fixed amount of money choose one of them and
benefit from it, they must give up the benefits associated with other options.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Now listen to part of a talk on this topic in a macroeconomics class. 07-4LIS
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57
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The professor takes one example to illustrate the phenomenon of
"opportunity cost". Explain how this example is related to the reading
passage.

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58
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TASK 5. You will now listen to a conversation. You will then be asked a question
about it. After you hear the question, you will have 20 seconds to prepare your
response and 60 seconds to speak.
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Now listen to a conversation between two students. 07-5LIS
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
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Briefly summarize the problem and two possible solutions. Then state
which solution you recommend and explain why.
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59
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TASK 6. You will now listen to part of a lecture. You will then be asked a question
about it. After you hear the question, you will have 20 seconds to prepare your
response and 60 seconds to speak.
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Now listen to part of a talk in a biology class. 07-6LIS
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Using the points and examples from the lecture, explain the two
adaptations of animals enduring extreme environments.

60
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WRITING
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DIRECTIONS
This section measures your ability to use writing to communicate in an academic

environment. There will be two writing tasks.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
For the first writing task, you will read a passage and listen to a lecture and then
answer a question based on what you have read and heard. For the second task,
you will answer a question based on your own knowledge and experience.
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61
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TASK 1: Writing Based on Reading and Listening
For this task, you will read a passage about an academic topic and you
will listen to a lecture about the same topic. You may take notes while you
read and listen.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Then you will write a response to a question that asks you about the
relationship between the lecture you heard and the reading passage. Try
to answer the question as completely as possible using information from
the reading passage and the lecture.
The question does not ask you to express your personal opinion. You
may refer to the reading passage again when you write. You may use
your notes to help you answer the question.
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words. Your response

will be judged on the quality of your writing and on the completeness and
accuracy of the content.
You should allow 3 minutes to read the passage. Then listen to the
lecture. Then allow 20 minutes to plan and write your response.
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62
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READING
ONLINETOEFL.ORG
You will have 3 minutes to read the passage.
Recent studies show that Chimpanzees have similar abilities of human beings
in learning languages. It is nothing surprising for researchers to finally conclude
that after years of rigid training, Chimpanzees can manage to master a
language to the extent of 2-3 years old human child. This beyond-belief
language learning talent of Chimps can be traced back to three dimensions
consisting of a real language.
First, Chimps gain knowledge of many Yerkish vocabularies after two years,
proper instructing. Yerkish is a researcher-made, geometric language system.
In this system, a word is symbolized by a meaningful picture or object. With the
help of Yerkish language, it has been demonstrated that Chimps are capable
of expressing themselves to researchers through simple words like apple,
eating and washing.
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Second, it is very encouraging for researchers to notice that Chimps even

show hints of being able to master some basic grammars. For example, when
a ring has been brought to a Chimp, it uses two Yerkish words "finger" and
"bracelet" to express what this ring means to it. As we all know, employing a
rhetoric noun "finger" to limit the denotation of another noun "bracelet" is one of
the basic grammars applied in many modern languages.
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Third, under appropriate direction, Chimps can carry out a simple but genuine
conversation with researchers and sometimes this sort of conversations can
even be extended for hours. Conversation, of course, is a language property of
the greatest importance.
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63
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LISTENING
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Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.
Play Audio Track Write 7
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64
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Question
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Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically explain
how they cast doubt on points made in the reading passage.
You must finish your answer in 20 minutes.
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TASK 2: Writing Based on Knowledge and Experience
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Directions: For this task, you will write an essay in response to a
question that asks you to state, explain, and support your opinion on an
issue.
Typically, an effective essay will contain a minimum of 300 words. Your
essay will be judged on the quality of your writing. This includes the
development of your ideas, the organization of your essay, and the
quality and accuracy of the language you use to express your ideas.
You have 30 minutes to plan and complete your essay.
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Question
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Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Renewable sources of energy (sun, wind, water) will soon replace fossil
fuels such as gas, oil, and coal.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
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68

TOEFL Ibt Çıkmış Soruları Set 2 Kitap 2

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TOEFL Ibt Çıkmış Soruları Set 2 Kitap 2

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ONLINETOEFL.

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

This section measures your ability to understand academic passages in

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

ANCIENT SUMER AND NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATION

The rise of Sumerian civilization in Southern Mesopotamia during the fourth

A combination of environmental and social elements gave rise to the Sumerian

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

particular, these public institutions provided standardized accounting practices to

As a consequence, long-distance trade increased significantly, and in turn,

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

The rise of Sumerian civilization in Southern Mesopotamia during the fourth

They were more socially integrated and economically advanced.

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

3. According to paragraph 1, one of the reasons behind the economic and

the move toward egalitarian societies

A combination of environmental and social elements gave rise to the Sumerian

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

6. The word surplus in the passage is closest in meaning to

Hand-held hoes made with bronze

Additional kinds of agricultural tools

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

financial policies were governed by templepalaces

As a consequence, long-distance trade increased significantly, and in turn,

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

11. Paragraph 6 suggests that the Akkadian leader Sargon probably

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

As a consequence, long-distance trade increased significantly, and in turn,

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is

(A) Sumerians competed for power in urban areas by accumulating luxury

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

DADAISM AS A REVOLUTIONARY ART MOVEMENT

The Dada philosophy represented a break from cultural and educational

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

15. According to paragraph 1, Cabaret Voltaire drew a wide array of patrons

its owner was a celebrated author and refugee

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

The Dada philosophy represented a break from cultural and educational

17. The word prevalent in the passage is closest in meaning to

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

19. According to paragraph 4, the success of modern artists was resented

had falsely achieved widespread acclaim

a focus on abstract subjects

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

21. According to paragraph 5, Marcel Duchamp created the Mona Lisa

he felt that it would make a humorous piece of art

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

23. The word spontaneous in the passage is closest in meaning to

24. What can be inferred about the Dada performances mentioned in

Performers sought to bring art into the everyday realm.

(A) To provide an example of a piece of Dadaist art that revolutionized the

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

28. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is

(A) Friendships among artists were based on similar ideas, exploration of

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2

THE ARCHITECTURE OF TERMITE MOUNDS

The architecture of termite mounds is complex and specially adapted to the

Although individual termites do not consume large volumes of oxygen, termites

Termites must continually make adjustments to the configuration of the mound to

TOEFL iBT IKMI SORULARI SET 2 KTAP 2