Table A-1

Areas Under
The Normal Curve

0
0
0
0.1 0.039828
0.2 0.07926
0.3 0.117911
0.4 0.155422
0.5 0.191462
0.6 0.225747
0.7 0.258036
0.8 0.288145
0.9 0.31594
1 0.341345
1.1 0.364334
1.2 0.38493
1.3 0.4032
1.4 0.419243

0.01
0.00399
0.0438
0.08317
0.12172
0.1591
0.19497
0.22907
0.26115
0.29103
0.31859
0.34375
0.3665
0.38686
0.4049
0.42073

0.02
0.00798
0.04776
0.08706
0.12552
0.16276
0.19847
0.23237
0.26424
0.29389
0.32121
0.34614
0.36864
0.38877
0.40658
0.4222

0.03
0.01197
0.05172
0.09095
0.1293
0.1664
0.20194
0.23565
0.2673
0.29673
0.32381
0.34849
0.37076
0.39065
0.40824
0.42364

1.5 0.433193
1.6 0.445201
1.7 0.455435
1.8 0.46407
1.9 0.471283
2 0.47725
2.1 0.482136
2.2 0.486097
2.3 0.489276
2.4 0.491802
2.5 0.49379
2.6 0.495339
2.7 0.496533
2.8 0.497445
2.9 0.498134
3 0.49865
3.1 0.499032
3.2 0.499313
3.3 0.499517
3.4 0.499663
3.5 0.499767

0.43448
0.4463
0.45637
0.46485
0.47193
0.47778
0.48257
0.48645
0.48956
0.49202
0.49396
0.49547
0.49664
0.49752
0.49819
0.49869
0.49906
0.49934
0.49953
0.49968
0.49978

0.43574
0.44738
0.45728
0.46562
0.47257
0.47831
0.483
0.48679
0.48983
0.49224
0.49413
0.4956
0.49674
0.4976
0.49825
0.49874
0.4991
0.49936
0.49955
0.49969
0.49978

0.43699
0.44845
0.45818
0.46638
0.4732
0.47882
0.48341
0.48713
0.4901
0.49245
0.4943
0.49573
0.49683
0.49767
0.49831
0.49878
0.49913
0.49938
0.49957
0.4997
0.49979

3.6 0.499841 0.49985 0.49985 0.49986

3.7 0.499892 0.4999 0.4999 0.4999
3.8 0.499928 0.49993 0.49993 0.49994

0.04
0.01595
0.05567
0.09483
0.13307
0.17003
0.2054
0.23891
0.27035
0.29955
0.32639
0.35083
0.37286
0.39251
0.40988
0.42507

0.05
0.01994
0.05962
0.09871
0.13683
0.17364
0.20884
0.24215
0.27337
0.30234
0.32894
0.35314
0.37493
0.39435
0.41149
0.42647

0.06
0.07
0.02392 0.027903
0.06356 0.067495
0.10257 0.10642
0.14058 0.144309
0.17724 0.180822
0.21226 0.215661
0.24537 0.248571
0.27637 0.27935
0.30511 0.30785
0.33147 0.333977
0.35543 0.35769
0.37698
0.379
0.39617 0.397958
0.41309 0.414657
0.42785 0.429219

0.08
0.03188
0.07142
0.11026
0.14803
0.18439
0.21904
0.25175
0.2823
0.31057
0.33646
0.35993
0.381
0.39973
0.41621
0.43056

0.43822
0.4495
0.45907
0.46712
0.47381
0.47932
0.48382
0.48745
0.49036
0.49266
0.49446
0.49585
0.49693
0.49774
0.49836
0.49882
0.49916
0.4994
0.49958
0.49971
0.4998

0.43943
0.45053
0.45994
0.46784
0.47441
0.47982
0.48422
0.48778
0.49061
0.49286
0.49461
0.49598
0.49702
0.49781
0.49841
0.49886
0.49918
0.49942
0.4996
0.49972
0.49981

0.44062 0.441792
0.45154 0.45254
0.4608 0.461636
0.46856 0.469258
0.475 0.475581
0.4803 0.480774
0.48461 0.484997
0.48809 0.488396
0.49086 0.491106
0.49305 0.493244
0.49477 0.494915
0.49609 0.496207
0.49711 0.497197
0.49788 0.497948
0.49846 0.498511
0.49889 0.49893
0.49921 0.499238
0.49944 0.499462
0.49961 0.499624
0.49973 0.49974
0.49981 0.499822

0.44295
0.45352
0.46246
0.46995
0.47615
0.48124
0.48537
0.4887
0.49134
0.49343
0.49506
0.49632
0.49728
0.49801
0.49856
0.49896
0.49926
0.49948
0.49964
0.49975
0.49983

0.49986 0.49987 0.49987 0.499879 0.49988

0.49991 0.49991 0.49992 0.499918 0.49992
0.49994 0.49994 0.49994 0.499946 0.49995

0.09
0.03586
0.07535
0.11409
0.15173
0.18793
0.2224
0.2549
0.28524
0.31327
0.33891
0.36214
0.38298
0.40147
0.41774
0.43189

0.44408
0.45449
0.46327
0.47062
0.4767
0.48169
0.48574
0.48899
0.49158
0.49361
0.4952
0.49643
0.49736
0.49807
0.49861
0.499
0.49929
0.4995
0.49965
0.49976
0.49983

0.49989
0.49992
0.49995

Table A-2
Cumulative Binomial Probabilities
r

P ( Xr )=

k =0

()

n k
nk
p ( 1 p )
k

Where X is the number of successes in n trials

n
5
r
0.01
0.05
0.1
0.2
0 0.95099 0.77378 0.59049 0.32768
1 0.99902 0.97741 0.91854 0.73728
2 0.99999 0.99884 0.99144 0.94208
3
1 0.99997 0.99954 0.99328
4
1
1 0.99999 0.99968
n
r

10
0.01
0.05
0.1
0.2
0 0.90438 0.59874 0.34868 0.10737
1 0.99573 0.91386 0.7361 0.37581
2 0.99989 0.9885 0.92981 0.6778

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

1 0.99897 0.9872 0.87913

1 0.99994 0.99837 0.96721
1
1 0.99985 0.99363
1
1 0.99999 0.99914
1
1
1 0.99992
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
15

n
r
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0.01
0.86006
0.99037
0.99958
0.99999
1
1
1
1
1
1

0.05
0.46329
0.82905
0.9638
0.99453
0.99939
0.99995
1
1
1
1

0.1
0.20589
0.54904
0.81594
0.94444
0.98728
0.99775
0.99969
0.99997
1
1

0.2
0.03518
0.16713
0.39802
0.64816
0.83577
0.93895
0.98194
0.99576
0.99922
0.99989

10
11
12
13
14

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

0.05
0.35849
0.73584
0.92452
0.9841
0.99743
0.99967
1
1
1
1
1
1

0.1
0.12158
0.39175
0.67693
0.86705
0.95683
0.98875
0.99761
0.99958
0.99994
0.99999
1
1

0.2
0.01153
0.06918
0.20608
0.41145
0.62965
0.80421
0.91331
0.96786
0.99002
0.99741
0.99944
0.9999

20

n
r
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

0.01
0.81791
0.98314
0.999
0.99996
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

0.05
0.27739
0.64238
0.87289
0.96591
0.99284
0.99879
0.99983
1
1

0.1
0.07179
0.27121
0.53709
0.76359
0.90201
0.9666
0.99052
0.99774
0.99954

0.2
0.00378
0.02739
0.09823
0.23399
0.42067
0.61669
0.78004
0.89088
0.95323

25

n
r
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

0.01
0.77782
0.97424
0.99805
0.99989
1
1
1
1
1

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1 0.99992 0.98267
1 0.99999 0.99445
1
1 0.99846
1
1 0.99963
1
1 0.99992
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

s in n trials

0.3
0.16807
0.52822
0.83692
0.96922
0.99757

0.4
0.07776
0.33696
0.68256
0.91296
0.98976

0.3
0.4
0.02825 0.00605
0.14931 0.04636
0.38278 0.16729

p
0.5
0.03125
0.1875
0.5
0.8125
0.96875

0.6
0.01024
0.08704
0.31744
0.66304
0.92224

0.7
0.00243
0.03078
0.16308
0.47178
0.83193

p
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.00098 0.0001
0
0.01074 0.00168 0.000144
0.05469 0.01229 0.00159

0.64961
0.84973
0.95265
0.98941
0.99841
0.99986
1

0.3
0.00475
0.03527
0.12683
0.29687
0.51549
0.72162
0.86886
0.94999
0.98476
0.99635

0.38228
0.6331
0.83376
0.94524
0.98771
0.99832
0.9999

0.17188
0.37695
0.62305
0.82813
0.94531
0.98926
0.99902

0.05476 0.010592
0.16624 0.047349
0.3669 0.150268
0.61772 0.350389
0.83271 0.617217
0.95364 0.850692
0.99395 0.971752

0.4
0.00047
0.00517
0.02711
0.0905
0.21728
0.40322
0.60981
0.7869
0.90495
0.96617

p
0.5
0
0.00049
0.00369
0.01758
0.05923
0.15088
0.30362
0.5
0.69638
0.84912

0.6
0.7
0
0
0
0
0.00028
0
0.00193
0
0.00935 0.000672
0.03383 0.003653
0.09505 0.015243
0.2131 0.050013
0.39019 0.131143
0.59678 0.278379

0.99933 0.99065 0.94077 0.78272 0.484509

0.99991 0.99807 0.98242 0.9095 0.703132
1 0.99972 0.99631 0.97289 0.873172
1
1 0.99951 0.99483 0.964732
1
1 0.99997 0.99953 0.995252

0.3
0.0008
0.00764
0.03548
0.10709
0.23751
0.41637
0.60801
0.77227
0.88667
0.95204
0.98286
0.99486

0.4
0
0.00052
0.00361
0.01596
0.05095
0.1256
0.25001
0.41589
0.5956
0.75534
0.87248
0.94347

p
0.5
0
0
0.0002
0.00129
0.00591
0.02069
0.05766
0.13159
0.25172
0.4119
0.5881
0.74828

0.6
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00032
0
0.00161
0
0.00647 0.000261
0.02103 0.001279
0.05653 0.005138
0.12752 0.017145
0.24466 0.047962
0.4044 0.113331

0.99872
0.99974
1
1
1
1
1
1

0.3
0.00013
0.00157
0.00896
0.03324
0.09047
0.19349
0.34065
0.51185
0.67693

0.97897
0.99353
0.99839
0.99968
1
1
1
1

0.86841
0.94234
0.97931
0.99409
0.99871
0.9998
0.99998
1

0.58411 0.227728
0.74999 0.39199
0.8744 0.583629
0.94905 0.762492
0.98404 0.892913
0.99639 0.964517
0.99948 0.992363
0.99996 0.999202

0.4
0
0
0.00043
0.00237
0.00947
0.02936
0.07357
0.15355
0.27353

p
0.5
0.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00046
0
0.00204
0
0.00732 0.00028
0.02164 0.00121
0.05388 0.00433

0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.81056
0.9022
0.95575
0.98253
0.99401
0.99822
0.99955
0.9999
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

0.42462
0.58577
0.73228
0.84623
0.9222
0.96561
0.98683
0.99567
0.99879
0.99972
0.99995
1
1
1
1
1

0.11476
0.21218
0.34502
0.5
0.65498
0.78782
0.88524
0.94612
0.97836
0.99268
0.99796
0.99954
0.99992
0.99999
1
1

0.01317 0.000454
0.03439 0.001778
0.0778 0.005994
0.15377 0.01747
0.26772 0.044246
0.41423 0.0978
0.57538 0.189436
0.72647 0.323072
0.84645 0.488151
0.92643 0.659345
0.97064 0.806512
0.99053 0.909528
0.99763 0.966759
0.99957 0.991039
0.99995 0.998429
1 0.999866

0.8
0.00032
0.00672
0.05792
0.26272
0.67232

0.8
0
0
0

0.9
0.95
0.99
0
0
0
0.00046
0
0
0.00856 0.00116
0
0.08146 0.02259 0.00098
0.40951 0.22622 0.04901

0.9
0
0
0

0.95
0
0
0

0.99
0
0
0

0.00086
0.00637
0.03279
0.12087
0.3222
0.62419
0.89263

0
0
0
0.00015
0
0
0.00163
0
0
0.0128 0.00103
0
0.07019 0.0115 0.00011
0.2639 0.08614 0.00427
0.65132 0.40126 0.09562

0.8
0.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00011
0
0.00078
0
0.00424
0
0.01806 0.00031
0.06105 0.00225

0.95
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.99
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.16423
0.35184
0.60198
0.83287
0.96482

0.01272
0.05556
0.18406
0.45096
0.79411

0.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0001
0.00056
0.00259
0.00998

0.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.00061
0
0.00547
0
0.0362 0.00042
0.17095 0.00963
0.53671 0.13994

0.95
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.99
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.03214
0.08669
0.19579
0.37035
0.58855
0.79392
0.93082
0.98847

0.00042
0.00239
0.01125
0.04317
0.13295
0.32307
0.60825
0.87842

0.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0.00033
0
0.00257
0
0.0159
0
0.07548
0.001
0.26416 0.01686
0.64151 0.18209

0.95
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.99
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0.00037
0.00154
0.00555
0.01733
0.04677
0.10912
0.21996
0.38331
0.57933
0.76601
0.90177
0.97261
0.99622

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00046
0.00226
0.00948
0.0334
0.09799
0.23641
0.46291
0.72879
0.92821

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00017
0.00121
0.00716
0.03409
0.12711
0.35762
0.72261

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00011
0.00195
0.02576
0.22218

Table A-3
Cumulative
Poisson Probabilities
x'
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

0.1
0.2
0.3
1
1
1
0.095163 0.1812692 0.259182
0.004679 0.0175231 0.036936
0.000155 0.0011485 0.003599
0
0 0.000266
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
1
2
3
4
5

1.1
1
0.667129
0.300971
0.099584
0.025742
0.005435

x'

1.2
1
0.6988058
0.3373727
0.1205129
0.033769
0.0077458

1.3
1
0.727468
0.373177
0.142888
0.043095
0.010663

6 0.000968 0.0015002 0.002231

7 0.000149 0.0002511 0.000404
8
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
x'
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
x'

2.1
1
0.877544
0.620385
0.350369
0.161357
0.062126
0.020449
0.005862
0.001486
0.000337
0
0
0

2.2
1
0.8891968
0.6454299
0.3772863
0.1806476
0.0724963
0.0249098
0.0074613
0.0019776
0.0004695
0.0001009
0
0

2.3
1
0.899741
0.669146
0.403961
0.200653
0.083751
0.029976
0.009362
0.002589
0.000642
0.000144
0
0

3.1

3.2

3.3

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

1
0.954951
0.815298
0.598837
0.37516
0.201811
0.094334
0.038804
0.014213
0.004683
0.001401
0.000383
0
0
0

x'

4.1
4.2
4.3
1
1
1
0.983427 0.9850044 0.986431
0.915479 0.922023 0.928087
0.776186 0.789762 0.802645

0
1
2
3

1
0.9592378
0.8287987
0.6200963
0.3974803
0.2193875
0.1054081
0.0446191
0.0168298
0.0057141
0.0017619
0.0004972
0.0001292
0
0

1
0.963117
0.841402
0.640574
0.419662
0.23741
0.117123
0.050966
0.019777
0.006912
0.002195
0.000638
0.000171
0
0

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

0.585818
0.390692
0.230688
0.121352
0.057312
0.024492
0.00954
0.00341
0.001125
0.000345
0
0
0

0.6045966
0.410173
0.2468571
0.132536
0.0639433
0.0279322
0.011127
0.0040688
0.0013739
0.0004306
0.0001259
0
0

0.622846
0.429562
0.263337
0.14421
0.071032
0.031698
0.012906
0.004825
0.001666
0.000534
0.00016
0
0

x'

5.1
1
0.993903
0.96281
0.883522
0.748732
0.576875

5.2
1
0.9944834
0.9657973
0.8912133
0.7619345
0.593872

5.3
1
0.995008
0.968553
0.898446
0.77459
0.610482

0
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

0.40158
0.25258
0.144023
0.074818
0.035601
0.015601
0.006328
0.002387
0.000841
0.000278
0
0
0

0.419087
0.2676067
0.1550784
0.081935
0.0396744
0.0176989
0.0073105
0.0028088
0.0010082
0.0003394
0.0001075
0
0

0.436527
0.282866
0.166523
0.089446
0.044056
0.02
0.008409
0.003289
0.001202
0.000412
0.000133
0
0

x'

6.1
1
0.997757
0.984076
0.942347
0.857499
0.728106

6.2
1
0.9979706
0.9853881
0.9463824
0.8657708
0.7408226

6.3
1
0.998164
0.986595
0.950154
0.873626
0.753096

0
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

0.570246
0.409755
0.269899
0.163258
0.09098
0.04689
0.02244
0.010012
0.00418
0.001639
0.000605
0.000211
0
0
0

x'

7.1
7.2
7.3
1
1
1
0.999175 0.9992534 0.999324
0.993317 0.993878 0.994393
0.97252 0.9745265 0.976393

0
1
2
3

0.585887
0.4257868
0.2839837
0.1740864
0.0983793
0.051441
0.0249848
0.0113158
0.0047967
0.0019097
0.0007164
0.000254
0
0
0

0.601228
0.441767
0.298252
0.185233
0.106121
0.05628
0.027734
0.012748
0.005485
0.002217
0.000844
0.000304
0.000104
0
0

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
x'
0

0.923301
0.835937
0.711881
0.56508
0.416183
0.284036
0.179788
0.105771
0.057997
0.02973
0.014292
0.006463
0.002757
0.001113
0.000426
0.000155
0
0

0.9280829
0.8444844
0.7241025
0.5796443
0.4310588
0.2973317
0.1903501
0.1133234
0.0629058
0.0326553
0.0159012
0.0072848
0.0031489
0.0012878
0.0004995
0.0001842
0
0

0.932594
0.85266
0.735957
0.593968
0.445893
0.310776
0.20118
0.121175
0.068081
0.035782
0.017645
0.008188
0.003586
0.001486
0.000584
0.000218
0
0

8.1
1

8.2
1

8.3
1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

0.999696
0.997238
0.98728
0.960395
0.905951
0.817754
0.698686
0.560908
0.421408
0.295858
0.194163
0.119278
0.068731
0.037236
0.019014
0.009174
0.004192
0.001819
0.000751
0.000296
0.000111

0.9997253
0.9974732
0.9882393
0.9630001
0.9112598
0.8264056
0.7104382
0.5745907
0.435347
0.3084805
0.20445
0.1269
0.0739075
0.0404814
0.0209033
0.0102006
0.0047155
0.0020697
0.0008644
0.0003442
0.000131

0.999751
0.997689
0.989129
0.965446
0.916303
0.834727
0.721879
0.588074
0.449252
0.321226
0.214965
0.134787
0.07933
0.043923
0.022931
0.011316
0.005291
0.002349
0.000992
0.0004
0.000154

22
23
x'
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

0
0

0
0

0
0

9.1
1
0.999888
0.998872
0.994249
0.980224
0.948318
0.890249
0.802177
0.687684
0.557448
0.425765
0.305933
0.2068
0.131624
0.079001
0.044795
0.024044

9.2
1
0.999899
0.9989694
0.9946934
0.9815804
0.9514204
0.8959261
0.8108348
0.6990005
0.570391
0.4389236
0.3179736
0.2168153
0.1392607
0.0843759
0.0483087
0.0261875

9.3
1
0.999909
0.999058
0.995105
0.982848
0.954353
0.90135
0.819197
0.71005
0.583166
0.452054
0.330119
0.227029
0.147134
0.089978
0.05201
0.02847

17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

0.012242
0.005924
0.002731
0.001201
0.000505
0.000203
0
0

0.0134679
0.0065843
0.003066
0.0013624
0.0005787
0.0002354
0
0

0.014788
0.007302
0.003435
0.001542
0.000662
0.000272
0.000107
0

x'

11
1
0.999983
0.9998
0.998789
0.995084
0.984895
0.96248
0.921386
0.856808
0.768015
0.659489

12
1
0.9999939
0.9999201
0.9994777
0.9977082
0.9923996
0.979659
0.9541777
0.9104955
0.8449722
0.7576078

13
1
0.999998
0.999968
0.999777
0.99895
0.99626
0.989266
0.974113
0.945972
0.900242
0.834188

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

0.540111
0.420733
0.311303
0.218709
0.145956
0.092604
0.055924
0.032191
0.017687
0.009289
0.004671
0.002252
0.001042
0.000464
0.000199
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.6527706
0.5384027
0.4240348
0.3184644
0.2279755
0.1555843
0.101291
0.0629663
0.0374165
0.0212798
0.0115977
0.0060651
0.0030474
0.0014729
0.0006856
0.0003078
0.0001333
0
0
0
0

0.748318
0.646835
0.536895
0.426955
0.324868
0.236393
0.164507
0.109535
0.069833
0.042669
0.025012
0.014081
0.007622
0.003972
0.001994
0.000966
0.000452
0.000204
0
0
0

32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

e m
x!
x=x '

0.4
1
0.32968
0.061552
0.007926
0.000776
0
0
0

0.5
1
0.393469
0.090204
0.014388
0.001752
0.000172
0
0

0.6
1
0.451188
0.121901
0.023115
0.003358
0.000394
0
0

0.7
1
0.503415
0.155805
0.034142
0.005753
0.000786
0
0

1.4
1
0.753403
0.408167
0.166502
0.053725
0.014253

1.5
1
0.77687
0.442175
0.191153
0.065642
0.018576

1.6
1
0.798103
0.475069
0.216642
0.078813
0.023682

1.7
1
0.817316
0.506754
0.242777
0.093189
0.029615

0.003201 0.004456 0.00604 0.007999

0.000622 0.000926 0.001336 0.001875
0.000107 0.00017 0.00026 0.000388
0
0
0
0
2.4
1
0.909282
0.691559
0.430291
0.221277
0.095869
0.035673
0.011594
0.003339
0.000862
0.000202
0
0

2.5
1
0.917915
0.712703
0.456187
0.242424
0.108822
0.042021
0.014187
0.004247
0.00114
0.000277
0
0

2.6
1
0.925726
0.732615
0.48157
0.263998
0.122577
0.049037
0.01717
0.005334
0.001487
0.000376
0
0

2.7
1
0.932794
0.75134
0.506376
0.285908
0.137092
0.056732
0.020569
0.006621
0.001914
0.000501
0.00012
0

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

1
0.966627
0.853158
0.66026
0.441643
0.255818
0.129458
0.057853
0.023074
0.008293
0.002709
0.00081
0.000223
0
0

1
0.969803
0.864112
0.679153
0.463367
0.274555
0.142386
0.065288
0.026739
0.009874
0.003315
0.001019
0.000289
0
0

1
0.972676
0.874311
0.697253
0.484784
0.293562
0.155881
0.073273
0.030789
0.011671
0.004024
0.001271
0.00037
0.0001
0

1
0.975276
0.883799
0.714567
0.505847
0.312781
0.169912
0.081809
0.035241
0.013703
0.004848
0.001572
0.00047
0.00013
0

4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
1
1
1
1
0.987723 0.988891 0.989948 0.990905
0.933702 0.938901 0.94371 0.948157
0.814858 0.826422 0.837361
0.8477

0.640552
0.448816
0.280088
0.156355
0.078579
0.035803
0.01489
0.005688
0.002008
0.000658
0.000201
0
0

0.657704
0.467896
0.29707
0.168949
0.086586
0.040257
0.017093
0.006669
0.002404
0.000805
0.000252
0
0

0.674294
0.486766
0.31424
0.181971
0.095051
0.045072
0.019527
0.007777
0.002863
0.000979
0.000312
0
0

0.690316
0.505391
0.331562
0.195395
0.103969
0.050256
0.022206
0.009022
0.003389
0.001183
0.000385
0.000118
0

5.4
1
0.995483
0.971094
0.905242
0.786709
0.626689

5.5
1
0.995913
0.973436
0.911624
0.798301
0.642482

5.6
1
0.996302
0.975594
0.917612
0.809378
0.65785

5.7
1
0.996654
0.977582
0.923227
0.819952
0.672785

0.453868
0.298329
0.178341
0.09735
0.048755
0.022514
0.009632
0.003835
0.001427
0.000498
0.000164
0
0

0.471081
0.313964
0.190515
0.105643
0.053777
0.025251
0.010988
0.004451
0.001685
0.000599
0.0002
0
0

0.488139
0.329742
0.203025
0.114322
0.05913
0.028222
0.012487
0.005144
0.001981
0.000716
0.000244
0
0

0.505015
0.345634
0.215851
0.123382
0.064817
0.031436
0.014138
0.005922
0.002319
0.000852
0.000295
0
0

6.4
1
0.998338
0.987704
0.953676
0.881081
0.76493

6.5
1
0.998497
0.988724
0.956964
0.88815
0.776328

6.6
1
0.99864
0.989661
0.960032
0.894849
0.787296

6.7
1
0.998769
0.990522
0.962894
0.901192
0.797841

0.616256
0.457671
0.312679
0.196685
0.114201
0.061411
0.030697
0.014316
0.006251
0.002565
0.000992
0.000362
0.000126
0
0

0.630959
0.473476
0.327242
0.208427
0.122616
0.066839
0.03388
0.016027
0.0071
0.002956
0.00116
0.00043
0.000151
0
0

0.645327
0.489161
0.341918
0.220443
0.131361
0.072567
0.037291
0.017889
0.008038
0.003395
0.001352
0.000509
0.000182
0
0

0.659351
0.504703
0.356683
0.232716
0.14043
0.078598
0.040937
0.01991
0.009072
0.003886
0.001569
0.000599
0.000217
0
0

7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
1
1
1
1
0.999389 0.999447
0.9995 0.999547
0.994865 0.995299 0.995696 0.99606
0.978129 0.979743 0.981243 0.982636

0.936847
0.860475
0.747443
0.608038
0.460667
0.324349
0.212265
0.129323
0.073526
0.039117
0.019531
0.009178
0.004071
0.001709
0.00068
0.000258
0
0

0.940855
0.867938
0.758564
0.621845
0.475361
0.338033
0.223592
0.137762
0.079241
0.042666
0.021565
0.01026
0.004608
0.001959
0.00079
0.000303
0.000111
0

0.944629
0.875061
0.769319
0.635379
0.489958
0.351808
0.235149
0.146487
0.08523
0.046434
0.023753
0.011441
0.005202
0.002239
0.000915
0.000355
0.000132
0

0.948181
0.881855
0.779713
0.648631
0.50444
0.365657
0.24692
0.155492
0.091493
0.050427
0.026103
0.012725
0.005857
0.002552
0.001056
0.000415
0.000156
0

8.4
1

8.5
1

8.6
1

8.7
1

0.999775
0.997886
0.989953
0.96774
0.921092
0.842723
0.733007
0.601348
0.463106
0.33408
0.225699
0.142934
0.084999
0.047564
0.025103
0.012525
0.005922
0.002659
0.001136
0.000463
0.00018

0.999797
0.998067
0.990717
0.969891
0.925636
0.850403
0.743822
0.614403
0.476895
0.347026
0.236638
0.151338
0.090917
0.051411
0.027425
0.013833
0.006613
0.003002
0.001297
0.000535
0.000211

0.999816
0.998233
0.991424
0.971907
0.929946
0.857772
0.754324
0.627229
0.490603
0.360049
0.247772
0.159992
0.097084
0.055467
0.029902
0.015245
0.007367
0.003382
0.001478
0.000616
0.000245

0.999833
0.998384
0.99208
0.973797
0.934032
0.86484
0.764512
0.639819
0.504216
0.373132
0.259089
0.168892
0.103499
0.059736
0.03254
0.016767
0.00819
0.0038
0.001679
0.000707
0.000285

0
0

0
0

0
0

0.00011
0

9.4
1
0.999917
0.99914
0.995485
0.984033
0.957122
0.906529
0.827267
0.720829
0.595765
0.465142
0.342356
0.23743
0.155238
0.095807
0.055903
0.030897

9.5
1
0.999925
0.999214
0.995836
0.98514
0.959737
0.911472
0.835051
0.731337
0.608177
0.478174
0.354672
0.24801
0.16357
0.101864
0.059992
0.033473

9.6
1
0.999932
0.999282
0.996161
0.986174
0.962205
0.916185
0.842553
0.741572
0.620394
0.491138
0.367052
0.258759
0.172124
0.108148
0.064279
0.036202

9.7
1
0.999939
0.999344
0.996461
0.987139
0.964533
0.920678
0.849779
0.751533
0.63241
0.504021
0.379484
0.269665
0.180895
0.114659
0.068767
0.03909

0.016206
0.008083
0.00384
0.001742
0.000755
0.000314
0.000125
0

0.017727
0.008928
0.004284
0.001962
0.000859
0.000361
0.000145
0

0.019357
0.009844
0.00477
0.002207
0.000976
0.000414
0.000168
0

0.021098
0.010832
0.0053
0.002476
0.001106
0.000473
0.000194
0

14
1
1
0.999988
0.999906
0.999526
0.998195
0.994468
0.985772
0.96838
0.937945
0.890601

15
1
1
0.999995
0.999961
0.999789
0.999143
0.997208
0.992368
0.981998
0.962554
0.930146

16
1
1
0.999998
0.999984
0.999907
0.9996
0.998616
0.995994
0.99
0.978013
0.956702

17
1
1
0.999999
0.999993
0.999959
0.999815
0.999325
0.997938
0.994567
0.987404
0.973875

0.824319
0.73996
0.641542
0.535552
0.429563
0.33064
0.244082
0.172799
0.117357
0.076505
0.047908
0.028844
0.016712
0.009328
0.00502
0.002608
0.001309
0.000635
0.000298
0.000136
0

0.881536
0.815248
0.732389
0.636782
0.534346
0.43191
0.335877
0.251141
0.180528
0.124781
0.082971
0.053106
0.032744
0.019465
0.011165
0.006185
0.003312
0.001716
0.000861
0.000418
0.000197

0.922604
0.873007
0.806878
0.725489
0.632473
0.533255
0.434038
0.340656
0.257651
0.187751
0.131832
0.089227
0.058241
0.036686
0.022315
0.013119
0.007459
0.004105
0.002189
0.001131
0.000567

0.950876
0.915331
0.864976
0.799127
0.719167
0.628546
0.532262
0.435977
0.345042
0.263678
0.194519
0.138534
0.095272
0.063296
0.040646
0.025245
0.015174
0.008834
0.004984
0.002727
0.001448

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0 0.000276 0.000747
0 0.000131 0.000375
0
0 0.000183
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.8
1
0.550671
0.191208
0.047423
0.00908
0.001411
0.000184
0

0.9
1
0.59343
0.227518
0.062857
0.013459
0.002344
0.000343
0

1
1
0.632121
0.264241
0.080301
0.018988
0.00366
0.000594
0

1.8
1
0.834701
0.537163
0.269379
0.108708
0.036407

1.9
1
0.850431
0.566251
0.29628
0.125298
0.044081

2
1
0.864665
0.593994
0.323324
0.142877
0.052653

0.010378
0.002569
0.000562
0.00011

0.013219
0.003446
0.000793
0.000163

0.016564
0.004534
0.001097
0.000237

2.8
1
0.93919
0.768922
0.530546
0.308063
0.152324
0.06511
0.024411
0.008131
0.002433
0.00066
0.000164
0

2.9
1
0.944977
0.785409
0.554037
0.330377
0.168223
0.074174
0.028717
0.009885
0.003058
0.000858
0.00022
0

3
1
0.950213
0.800852
0.57681
0.352768
0.184737
0.083918
0.033509
0.011905
0.003803
0.001102
0.000292
0

3.8

3.9

1
0.977629
0.89262
0.731103
0.526515
0.332156
0.184444
0.090892
0.040107
0.015984
0.005799
0.001929
0.000592
0.000168
0

1
0.979758
0.900815
0.746875
0.546753
0.351635
0.199442
0.100517
0.045402
0.018533
0.00689
0.002349
0.000739
0.000216
0

1
0.981684
0.908422
0.761897
0.56653
0.371163
0.21487
0.110674
0.051134
0.021363
0.008132
0.00284
0.000915
0.000274
0

4.8
4.9
5
1
1
1
0.99177 0.992553 0.993262
0.952267 0.956065 0.959572
0.857461 0.866669 0.875348

0.70577
0.523741
0.348994
0.209195
0.113334
0.055817
0.025141
0.010417
0.003992
0.001422
0.000473
0.000147
0

0.720655
0.541788
0.366499
0.223345
0.123138
0.061761
0.028345
0.011971
0.004677
0.001699
0.000576
0.000183
0

0.734974
0.559507
0.384039
0.237817
0.133372
0.068094
0.031828
0.013695
0.005453
0.002019
0.000698
0.000226
0

5.8
1
0.996972
0.979413
0.928489
0.830037
0.687282

5.9
1
0.997261
0.981098
0.933418
0.839647
0.701335

6
1
0.997521
0.982649
0.938031
0.848796
0.714943

0.521685
0.361609
0.228974
0.132814
0.070844
0.034901
0.01595
0.00679
0.002703
0.00101
0.000356
0.000118
0

0.538127
0.377639
0.242371
0.142611
0.077212
0.038627
0.017931
0.007756
0.003138
0.001192
0.000426
0.000144
0

0.55432
0.393697
0.25602
0.152763
0.083924
0.042621
0.020092
0.008827
0.003628
0.0014
0.000509
0.000175
0

6.8
1
0.998886
0.991313
0.965562
0.907194
0.807969

6.9
1
0.998992
0.992038
0.968048
0.91287
0.817689

7
1
0.999088
0.992705
0.970364
0.918235
0.827008

0.673023
0.520084
0.371514
0.24523
0.149816
0.084934
0.044825
0.022097
0.010208
0.004434
0.001816
0.000703
0.000258
0
0

0.686338
0.535285
0.386389
0.257967
0.15951
0.091575
0.048961
0.024458
0.011452
0.005042
0.002094
0.000822
0.000306
0.000108
0

0.699292
0.550289
0.401286
0.270909
0.169504
0.098521
0.05335
0.027
0.012811
0.005717
0.002407
0.000958
0.000362
0.00013
0

7.8
7.9
8
1
1
1
0.99959 0.999629 0.999665
0.996394
0.9967 0.996981
0.98393 0.985131 0.986246

0.951523
0.88833
0.789749
0.661593
0.518791
0.379559
0.258891
0.16477
0.09803
0.054649
0.02862
0.014118
0.006577
0.002901
0.001215
0.000484
0.000184
0

0.954666
0.894497
0.799431
0.67426
0.532996
0.393497
0.271048
0.174314
0.104841
0.059104
0.031311
0.015627
0.007367
0.003289
0.001393
0.000562
0.000216
0

0.95762
0.900368
0.808764
0.686626
0.547039
0.407453
0.283376
0.184114
0.111924
0.063797
0.034181
0.017257
0.008231
0.003718
0.001594
0.00065
0.000253
0

8.8
1

8.9
1

9
1

0.999849
0.998523
0.992686
0.975566
0.937902
0.871613
0.77439
0.652166
0.517719
0.38626
0.270577
0.17803
0.110162
0.064221
0.035343
0.018402
0.009084
0.004261
0.001903
0.000811
0.00033

0.999864
0.99865
0.993248
0.977223
0.941567
0.8781
0.783958
0.664262
0.531101
0.399419
0.282222
0.187399
0.117072
0.068925
0.038317
0.020157
0.010055
0.004766
0.002151
0.000926
0.000381

0.999877
0.998766
0.993768
0.978774
0.945036
0.884309
0.793219
0.676103
0.544347
0.412592
0.294012
0.196992
0.124227
0.073851
0.041466
0.022036
0.011106
0.00532
0.002426
0.001056
0.000439

0.000129 0.00015 0.000175

0
0
0
9.8
1
0.999945
0.999401
0.996738
0.98804
0.966729
0.924959
0.856735
0.761221
0.644217
0.516812
0.391955
0.280719
0.189876
0.121395
0.073458
0.042139

9.9
1
0.99995
0.999453
0.996994
0.98888
0.968798
0.929035
0.863426
0.770636
0.655809
0.529498
0.404451
0.291909
0.199062
0.128355
0.078355
0.045355

10
1
0.999955
0.999501
0.997231
0.989664
0.970747
0.932914
0.869859
0.779779
0.66718
0.54207
0.41696
0.303224
0.208444
0.135536
0.083458
0.04874

0.022956
0.011898
0.005877
0.002772
0.00125
0.00054
0.000224
0

0.024936
0.013045
0.006505
0.003098
0.001411
0.000616
0.000258
0.000104

0.027042
0.014278
0.007187
0.003454
0.001588
0.0007
0.000296
0.00012

18
1
1
1
0.999997
0.999982
0.999916
0.999676
0.998957
0.997107
0.992944
0.984619

19
1
1
1
1
0.999992
0.999962
0.999846
0.99948
0.998487
0.996127
0.991144

20
1
1
1
1
0.999997
0.999983
0.999928
0.999745
0.999221
0.997913
0.995005

0.969634
0.945113
0.908331
0.857402
0.791923
0.713347
0.62495
0.531352
0.437755
0.349084
0.26928
0.200876
0.14491
0.10111
0.06826
0.044608
0.028234
0.017318
0.0103
0.005944
0.003331

0.981678
0.965327
0.939439
0.901601
0.85025
0.785206
0.707966
0.621639
0.530516
0.439393
0.352826
0.274503
0.206861
0.150983
0.106746
0.073126
0.048557
0.031268
0.019536
0.01185
0.006982

0.989188
0.978613
0.960988
0.933872
0.895136
0.843487
0.778926
0.702972
0.618578
0.529743
0.440907
0.356302
0.279389
0.212507
0.156773
0.112185
0.077887
0.052481
0.034334
0.021818
0.013475

0.001813
0.00096
0.000494
0.000248
0.000121
0
0
0
0

0.003998
0.002227
0.001207
0.000637
0.000327
0.000164
0
0
0

0.008092
0.004727
0.002688
0.001489
0.000804
0.000423
0.000217
0.000109
0

Table A-4
Normal Probability Distribution
And Partial Expectations
Standardized
Variate
z
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13

Probabilities
F(z)
0.5000
0.5040
0.5080
0.5120
0.5160
0.5199
0.5239
0.5279
0.5319
0.5359
0.5398
0.5438
0.5478
0.5517

1-F(z)
0.5000
0.4960
0.4920
0.4880
0.4840
0.4801
0.4761
0.4721
0.4681
0.4641
0.4602
0.4562
0.4522
0.4483

Partial
Expectation
L(z)
0.3989
0.3940
0.3890
0.3841
0.3793
0.3744
0.3697
0.3649
0.3602
0.3556
0.3509
0.3464
0.3418
0.3373

0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.3
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.5557
0.5596
0.5636
0.5675
0.5714
0.5753
0.5793
0.5832
0.5871
0.5910
0.5948
0.5987
0.6026
0.6064
0.6103
0.6141
0.6179
0.6217
0.6255
0.6293
0.6331

0.4443
0.4404
0.4364
0.4325
0.4286
0.4247
0.4207
0.4168
0.4129
0.4090
0.4052
0.4013
0.3974
0.3936
0.3897
0.3859
0.3821
0.3783
0.3745
0.3707
0.3669

0.3328
0.3284
0.3240
0.3197
0.3154
0.3111
0.3069
0.3027
0.2986
0.2944
0.2904
0.2863
0.2824
0.2784
0.2745
0.2706
0.2668
0.2630
0.2592
0.2555
0.2518

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.4
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.5
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55

0.6368
0.6406
0.6443
0.6480
0.6517
0.6554
0.6591
0.6628
0.6664
0.6700
0.6736
0.6772
0.6808
0.6844
0.6879
0.6915
0.6950
0.6985
0.7019
0.7054
0.7088

0.3632
0.3594
0.3557
0.3520
0.3483
0.3446
0.3409
0.3372
0.3336
0.3300
0.3264
0.3228
0.3192
0.3156
0.3121
0.3085
0.3050
0.3015
0.2981
0.2946
0.2912

0.2481
0.2445
0.2409
0.2374
0.2339
0.2304
0.2270
0.2236
0.2203
0.2169
0.2137
0.2104
0.2072
0.2040
0.2009
0.1978
0.1947
0.1917
0.1887
0.1857
0.1828

0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.6
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.7
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76

0.7123
0.7157
0.7190
0.7224
0.7257
0.7291
0.7324
0.7357
0.7389
0.7422
0.7454
0.7486
0.7517
0.7549
0.7580
0.7611
0.7642
0.7673
0.7704
0.7734
0.7764

0.2877
0.2843
0.2810
0.2776
0.2743
0.2709
0.2676
0.2643
0.2611
0.2578
0.2546
0.2514
0.2483
0.2451
0.2420
0.2389
0.2358
0.2327
0.2296
0.2266
0.2236

0.1799
0.1771
0.1742
0.1714
0.1687
0.1659
0.1633
0.1606
0.1580
0.1554
0.1528
0.1503
0.1478
0.1453
0.1429
0.1405
0.1381
0.1358
0.1334
0.1312
0.1289

0.77
0.78
0.79
0.8
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97

0.7794
0.7823
0.7852
0.7881
0.7910
0.7939
0.7967
0.7995
0.8023
0.8051
0.8078
0.8106
0.8133
0.8159
0.8186
0.8212
0.8238
0.8264
0.8289
0.8315
0.8340

0.2206
0.2177
0.2148
0.2119
0.2090
0.2061
0.2033
0.2005
0.1977
0.1949
0.1922
0.1894
0.1867
0.1841
0.1814
0.1788
0.1762
0.1736
0.1711
0.1685
0.1660

0.1267
0.1245
0.1223
0.1202
0.1181
0.1160
0.1140
0.1120
0.1100
0.1080
0.1061
0.1042
0.1023
0.1004
0.0986
0.0968
0.0950
0.0933
0.0916
0.0899
0.0882

0.98
0.99
1
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.1
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18

0.8365
0.8389
0.8413
0.8438
0.8461
0.8485
0.8508
0.8531
0.8554
0.8577
0.8599
0.8621
0.8643
0.8665
0.8686
0.8708
0.8729
0.8749
0.8770
0.8790
0.8810

0.1635
0.1611
0.1587
0.1562
0.1539
0.1515
0.1492
0.1469
0.1446
0.1423
0.1401
0.1379
0.1357
0.1335
0.1314
0.1292
0.1271
0.1251
0.1230
0.1210
0.1190

0.0865
0.0849
0.0833
0.0817
0.0802
0.0787
0.0772
0.0757
0.0742
0.0728
0.0714
0.0700
0.0686
0.0673
0.0659
0.0646
0.0634
0.0621
0.0609
0.0596
0.0584

1.19
1.2
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.3
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

0.8830
0.8849
0.8869
0.8888
0.8907
0.8925
0.8944
0.8962
0.8980
0.8997
0.9015
0.9032
0.9049
0.9066
0.9082
0.9099
0.9115
0.9131
0.9147
0.9162
0.9177

0.1170
0.1151
0.1131
0.1112
0.1093
0.1075
0.1056
0.1038
0.1020
0.1003
0.0985
0.0968
0.0951
0.0934
0.0918
0.0901
0.0885
0.0869
0.0853
0.0838
0.0823

0.0573
0.0561
0.0550
0.0538
0.0527
0.0517
0.0506
0.0495
0.0485
0.0475
0.0465
0.0455
0.0446
0.0436
0.0427
0.0418
0.0409
0.0400
0.0392
0.0383
0.0375

1.4
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.5
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.6

0.9192
0.9207
0.9222
0.9236
0.9251
0.9265
0.9279
0.9292
0.9306
0.9319
0.9332
0.9345
0.9357
0.9370
0.9382
0.9394
0.9406
0.9418
0.9429
0.9441
0.9452

0.0808
0.0793
0.0778
0.0764
0.0749
0.0735
0.0721
0.0708
0.0694
0.0681
0.0668
0.0655
0.0643
0.0630
0.0618
0.0606
0.0594
0.0582
0.0571
0.0559
0.0548

0.0367
0.0359
0.0351
0.0343
0.0336
0.0328
0.0321
0.0314
0.0307
0.0300
0.0293
0.0286
0.0280
0.0274
0.0267
0.0261
0.0255
0.0249
0.0244
0.0238
0.0232

1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.7
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.8
1.81

0.9463
0.9474
0.9484
0.9495
0.9505
0.9515
0.9525
0.9535
0.9545
0.9554
0.9564
0.9573
0.9582
0.9591
0.9599
0.9608
0.9616
0.9625
0.9633
0.9641
0.9649

0.0537
0.0526
0.0516
0.0505
0.0495
0.0485
0.0475
0.0465
0.0455
0.0446
0.0436
0.0427
0.0418
0.0409
0.0401
0.0392
0.0384
0.0375
0.0367
0.0359
0.0351

0.0227
0.0222
0.0216
0.0211
0.0206
0.0201
0.0197
0.0192
0.0187
0.0183
0.0178
0.0174
0.0170
0.0166
0.0162
0.0158
0.0154
0.0150
0.0146
0.0143
0.0139

1.82
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.9
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
2
2.01
2.02

0.9656
0.9664
0.9671
0.9678
0.9686
0.9693
0.9699
0.9706
0.9713
0.9719
0.9726
0.9732
0.9738
0.9744
0.9750
0.9756
0.9761
0.9767
0.9772
0.9778
0.9783

0.0344
0.0336
0.0329
0.0322
0.0314
0.0307
0.0301
0.0294
0.0287
0.0281
0.0274
0.0268
0.0262
0.0256
0.0250
0.0244
0.0239
0.0233
0.0228
0.0222
0.0217

0.0136
0.0132
0.0129
0.0126
0.0123
0.0119
0.0116
0.0113
0.0111
0.0108
0.0105
0.0102
0.0100
0.0097
0.0094
0.0092
0.0090
0.0087
0.0085
0.0083
0.0080

2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.1
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.2
2.21
2.22
2.23

0.9788
0.9793
0.9798
0.9803
0.9808
0.9812
0.9817
0.9821
0.9826
0.9830
0.9834
0.9838
0.9842
0.9846
0.9850
0.9854
0.9857
0.9861
0.9864
0.9868
0.9871

0.0212
0.0207
0.0202
0.0197
0.0192
0.0188
0.0183
0.0179
0.0174
0.0170
0.0166
0.0162
0.0158
0.0154
0.0150
0.0146
0.0143
0.0139
0.0136
0.0132
0.0129

0.0078
0.0076
0.0074
0.0072
0.0070
0.0068
0.0066
0.0065
0.0063
0.0061
0.0060
0.0058
0.0056
0.0055
0.0053
0.0052
0.0050
0.0049
0.0047
0.0046
0.0045

2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.3
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
2.4
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44

0.9875
0.9878
0.9881
0.9884
0.9887
0.9890
0.9893
0.9896
0.9898
0.9901
0.9904
0.9906
0.9909
0.9911
0.9913
0.9916
0.9918
0.9920
0.9922
0.9925
0.9927

0.0125
0.0122
0.0119
0.0116
0.0113
0.0110
0.0107
0.0104
0.0102
0.0099
0.0096
0.0094
0.0091
0.0089
0.0087
0.0084
0.0082
0.0080
0.0078
0.0075
0.0073

0.0044
0.0042
0.0041
0.0040
0.0039
0.0038
0.0037
0.0036
0.0035
0.0034
0.0033
0.0032
0.0031
0.0030
0.0029
0.0028
0.0027
0.0026
0.0026
0.0025
0.0024

2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49
2.5
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.54
2.55
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59
2.6
2.61
2.62
2.63
2.64
2.65

0.9929
0.9931
0.9932
0.9934
0.9936
0.9938
0.9940
0.9941
0.9943
0.9945
0.9946
0.9948
0.9949
0.9951
0.9952
0.9953
0.9955
0.9956
0.9957
0.9959
0.9960

0.0071
0.0069
0.0068
0.0066
0.0064
0.0062
0.0060
0.0059
0.0057
0.0055
0.0054
0.0052
0.0051
0.0049
0.0048
0.0047
0.0045
0.0044
0.0043
0.0041
0.0040

0.0023
0.0023
0.0022
0.0021
0.0021
0.0020
0.0019
0.0019
0.0018
0.0018
0.0017
0.0017
0.0016
0.0016
0.0015
0.0015
0.0014
0.0014
0.0013
0.0013
0.0012

2.66
2.67
2.68
2.69
2.7
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.74
2.75
2.76
2.77
2.78
2.79
2.8
2.81
2.82
2.83
2.84
2.85
2.86

0.9961
0.9962
0.9963
0.9964
0.9965
0.9966
0.9967
0.9968
0.9969
0.9970
0.9971
0.9972
0.9973
0.9974
0.9974
0.9975
0.9976
0.9977
0.9977
0.9978
0.9979

0.0039
0.0038
0.0037
0.0036
0.0035
0.0034
0.0033
0.0032
0.0031
0.0030
0.0029
0.0028
0.0027
0.0026
0.0026
0.0025
0.0024
0.0023
0.0023
0.0022
0.0021

0.0012
0.0012
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0006
0.0006

2.87
2.88
2.89
2.9
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94
2.95
2.96
2.97
2.98
2.99
3

0.9979
0.9980
0.9981
0.9981
0.9982
0.9982
0.9983
0.9984
0.9984
0.9985
0.9985
0.9986
0.9986
0.9987

0.0021
0.0020
0.0019
0.0019
0.0018
0.0018
0.0017
0.0016
0.0016
0.0015
0.0015
0.0014
0.0014
0.0013

0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004

Partial
Expectation
L(-z)
0.3989
0.4040
0.4090
0.4141
0.4193
0.4244
0.4297
0.4349
0.4402
0.4456
0.4509
0.4564
0.4618
0.4673

0.4728
0.4784
0.4840
0.4897
0.4954
0.5011
0.5069
0.5127
0.5186
0.5244
0.5304
0.5363
0.5424
0.5484
0.5545
0.5606
0.5668
0.5730
0.5792
0.5855
0.5918

0.5981
0.6045
0.6109
0.6174
0.6239
0.6304
0.6370
0.6436
0.6503
0.6569
0.6637
0.6704
0.6772
0.6840
0.6909
0.6978
0.7047
0.7117
0.7187
0.7257
0.7328

0.7399
0.7471
0.7542
0.7614
0.7687
0.7759
0.7833
0.7906
0.7980
0.8054
0.8128
0.8203
0.8278
0.8353
0.8429
0.8505
0.8581
0.8658
0.8734
0.8812
0.8889

0.8967
0.9045
0.9123
0.9202
0.9281
0.9360
0.9440
0.9520
0.9600
0.9680
0.9761
0.9842
0.9923
1.0004
1.0086
1.0168
1.0250
1.0333
1.0416
1.0499
1.0582

1.0665
1.0749
1.0833
1.0917
1.1002
1.1087
1.1172
1.1257
1.1342
1.1428
1.1514
1.1600
1.1686
1.1773
1.1859
1.1946
1.2034
1.2121
1.2209
1.2296
1.2384

1.2473
1.2561
1.2650
1.2738
1.2827
1.2917
1.3006
1.3095
1.3185
1.3275
1.3365
1.3455
1.3546
1.3636
1.3727
1.3818
1.3909
1.4000
1.4092
1.4183
1.4275

1.4367
1.4459
1.4551
1.4643
1.4736
1.4828
1.4921
1.5014
1.5107
1.5200
1.5293
1.5386
1.5480
1.5574
1.5667
1.5761
1.5855
1.5949
1.6044
1.6138
1.6232

1.6327
1.6422
1.6516
1.6611
1.6706
1.6801
1.6897
1.6992
1.7087
1.7183
1.7278
1.7374
1.7470
1.7566
1.7662
1.7758
1.7854
1.7950
1.8046
1.8143
1.8239

1.8336
1.8432
1.8529
1.8626
1.8723
1.8819
1.8916
1.9013
1.9111
1.9208
1.9305
1.9402
1.9500
1.9597
1.9694
1.9792
1.9890
1.9987
2.0085
2.0183
2.0280

2.0378
2.0476
2.0574
2.0672
2.0770
2.0868
2.0966
2.1065
2.1163
2.1261
2.1360
2.1458
2.1556
2.1655
2.1753
2.1852
2.1950
2.2049
2.2147
2.2246
2.2345

2.2444
2.2542
2.2641
2.2740
2.2839
2.2938
2.3037
2.3136
2.3235
2.3334
2.3433
2.3532
2.3631
2.3730
2.3829
2.3928
2.4027
2.4126
2.4226
2.4325
2.4424

2.4523
2.4623
2.4722
2.4821
2.4921
2.5020
2.5119
2.5219
2.5318
2.5418
2.5517
2.5617
2.5716
2.5816
2.5915
2.6015
2.6114
2.6214
2.6313
2.6413
2.6512

2.6612
2.6712
2.6811
2.6911
2.7011
2.7110
2.7210
2.7310
2.7409
2.7509
2.7609
2.7708
2.7808
2.7908
2.8008
2.8107
2.8207
2.8307
2.8407
2.8506
2.8606

2.8706
2.8806
2.8906
2.9005
2.9105
2.9205
2.9305
2.9405
2.9505
2.9604
2.9704
2.9804
2.9904
3.0004

Table A-5
Facors d 2
For R Charts
Number of
Observations
in Subgroup

n
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Source: Nahmias

Factor
d2
R
d 2=

1.128
1.693
2.059
2.326
2.534
2.704
2.847
2.97
3.078
3.173
3.258
3.336
3.407

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75

3.472
3.532
3.588
3.64
3.689
3.735
3.778
3.819
3.858
3.895
3.931
4.086
4.213
4.322
4.415
4.498
4.572
4.639
4.699
4.755
4.806

80
85
90
95
100

4.854
4.898
4.939
4.978
5.015

Table A-6
Factors d 3
d4
And
For R Charts
Number of
Observations
in Subgroup

n
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Source: Nahmias

Factors For
Lower
Control Limit
d3
0
0
0
0
0
0.08
0.14
0.18
0.22
0.26
0.28
0.31

Charts

14
15
16
17
18
19
20

0.33
0.35
0.36
0.38
0.39
0.4
0.41

Nahmias

rs For R Charts
Upper
Control Limit
d4
3.27
2.57
2.28
2.11
2
1.92
1.86
1.82
1.78
1.74
1.72
1.69

1.67
1.65
1.64
1.62
1.61
1.6
1.59