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Carsinoma Bronkogenik
Faktor resiko
More than 85% of lung cancers are caused by the
inhalation of carcinogenic chemicals, most commonly
cigarette smoke
Polusi udara > kendaraan bermotor dsb.
Bahaya industri > abses , uranium
Status gizi > vit A
Genetik
Manifestasi
Batuk
Hemoptysis
Wheezing
Dyspneu
Nyeri dada
Anoreksia
Penurunan berat badan
Diagnosis
Radiologi > chest x-ray
Bronkoskopi > biopsi
Sitologi > sputum
Medical management
In general, treatment may involve :
surgery
radiation therapy > mengurangi ukuran tumor
chemotherapy > mengganggu pola pertumbuhan
tumor
or a combination of these
Masalah Keperawatan
Anxiety
Activity intolerance
Impaired gas exchange
Intervensi Keperawatan
Monitor respiratory status, looking at rate, effort, use of
COPD
Asma
Emfisema
Bronchitis
Normal bronkus
Bronchitis
Barrel Chest
Diagnostic Test
Chest x-ray examination
CT scan
Arterial blood gas analysis
Sputum analysis
Spirometry
Penatalaksanaan
Smoking cessation
Bronchodilators
Corticosteroids, expectorants
Supplemental oxygen
Breathing exercises
Chest physiotherapy
Pulmonary rehabilitation
Masalah Keperawatan
Impaired gas exchange
Ineffective airway clearance
needed
Perform postural drainage with percussion and vibration
twice a day as indicated
Observe for dyspnea, restlessness, increased anxiety, or use
of accessory muscles
Increase fluid intake to 3 L/day if not contraindicated
Cont .
Instruct client in early signs of infection: increased
sputum production, changes in sputum color and
consistency, fever, increased coughing, and increased
dyspnea
Administer bronchodilators by nebulizer as indicated
Teach and encourage the use of diaphragmatic and
pursed-lip breathing.
Referensi
Williams, Linda S., Hopper, Paula D. (2007).
Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing 3th Edition.
Davis Company. Philadelphia
Smeltzer, Suzanne C., Bare, Brenda G. (1996). Brunner &
Suddarth Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing.
Philadelphia
Tymbi, Barbara K., Smith, Nancy E. (2010). Introductory
Medical Surgical Nursing. Lippincott Williams
&Wilkins. Philadelphia
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