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Resilient nations.
leh{kk II
vuqla/ku v;;uksa dk laxzg
(2012&2014)
II
/UNDP in India |
Follow:
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Empowered lives.
Resilient nations.
leh{kk II
II
vLohdj.k% izdk'ku esa O;Dr fopkj ys[kdksa ds gSa vkSj ;g t:jh ugha fd ;ss la;qDr jk"V fodkl dk;Ze ds fopkj
O;Dr djrs gksaA
dkWihjkbV ;w,uMhih bafM;k] 2015
lokZf/dkj lqjf{krA Hkkjr esa izdkf'kr
QksVksxzkQ%
Jh jes'k dqekj] LVkWQ QksVksxzkQj] xzkeh.k fodkl ea=kky;
2
fo"k;&oLrq
rkfydkvksa dh lwph
vkadM+ksa dh lwph
v;k;
,d
v;k;
nks
vkHkkj
10
dojst
10
12
vkewy&pwy ifjorZu
13
14
egkRek xka/h ujsxk leh{kk ls egkRek xka/h ujsxk leh{kk II% izLrkouk
19
19
21
22
v;k; lajpuk
22
22
lanHkZ lkexzh
II
ds mn~ns';
v;k;
rhu
v;k;
pkj
II
egkRek xka/h ujsxk% xzkeh.k xjhcksa dh ik=krk vkSj vkthfodk lqj{kk ij izHkko
24
izLrkouk
28
egkRek xka/h ujsxk dk;Z dk xjhcksa rFkk misf{kr ifjokjksa dh vk; vkSj vkthfodk ij D;k izHkko iM+k gS\
31
33
35
36
lanHkZ lkexzh
izLrkouk
39
44
48
48
lanHkZ lkexzh
v;k;
ikap
izLrkouk
50
57
D;k egkRek xka/h ujsxk us d`f"k Jfed dh miyC/rk ij izfrdwy izHkko Mkyk gS\
D;k vR;f/d d`f"k dk;Z ekSle ds nkSjku egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds rgr dk;Z dh ekax] d`f"k dk;Z dks
izHkkfor djrh gS\
iyk;u vkSj egkRek xka/h ujsxk
58
ekeyk v;;u% lqanjou] if'pe caxky dks gjk&Hkjk djus ds fy, gfjr dk;Z
61
62
lanHkZ lkexzh
54
v;k;
N%
izLrkouk
64
67
70
71
72
74
ekeyk v;;u% rfeyukMq & jkT; esa vfHklj.k iz.kkfy;ksa dks laLFkkxr cukuk
76
78
79
dk;ksZa ds p;u esa fof'k"V izd`fr vkSj O;ofLFkr varj & dk;ksZa dk p;u D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS\
81
82
lanHkZ lkexzh
v;k;
lkr
v;k;
vkB
v;k;
ukS
II
izLrkouk
85
87
tsaMj] egkRek xka/h ujsxk] ekfdZV etnwjh vkSj dk;Z LFkyksa ij fLFkfr;ka
88
89
ekeyk v;;u % mRrj iznsk efgykvksa ds fy, lEeku vkSj lqj{kk lqfufpr djuk
91
ekeyk v;;u% vka/z izns'k & misf{kr oxksZa dks eq[;/kjk esa ykuk
93
95
96
98
98
lanHkZ lkexzh
izLrkouk
102
103
flagkoyksdu
103
104
106
107
lanHkZ lkexzh
ubZ igy
112
lekiu
112
114
115
lanHkZ lkexzh
js[kkfp=kksa dh lwph
js[kkfp=k 1-1
ekax fd, tkus ij egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds dk;Z&fu"iknu (fnukad 5 ebZ] 2015 dh fLFkfr ds
vuqlkj MkVk) dk flagkoyksdu
js[kkfp=k 1-2
ekuo fnol (fnukad 5 ebZ] 2015 dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj MkVk) ds vuqlkj egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds
dk;Z&fu"iknu dk flagkoyksdu
js[kkfp=k 3-1%
,sls xzkeh.k ifjokjksa] ftUgksaus dk;Z dh ekax dh fdUrq mUgsa euk dj fn;k x;k] ds fgLls vkSj xzkeh.k
xjhch dh gsMdkmaV lwph ds chp ijLij&laca/
js[kkfp=k 5-1
js[kkfp=k 5-2
foRr o"kZ 2013&14 ls foRr o"kZ 2014&15 rd ds fy, O;fDr;ksa }kjk egkRek xka/h ujsxk dk;Z
ds fy, ekg&okj dh xbZ ekax
rkfydkvksa dh lwph
rkfydk 3-1
egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds rgr fiNys rhu o"kksZa (2012&15) ds nkSjku tkjh fd, x, tkWc dkMZ
rkfydk 3-2
Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa esa egkRek xka/h ujsxk esa lgHkkfxrk nj esa fxjkoV
rkfydk 3-3
rkfydk 4-1
egkRek xka/h ujsxk dh 'kq#vkr ls blds ek;e ls vuqeR; d`f"k vkSj d`f"k lEc dk;ksZa ij fd;k
x;k O;;
rkfydk 4-2
rkfydk 4-3
rkfydk 5-1
foRr o"kZ 2012&13 ls foRr o"kZ 2014&15 ds nkSjku ifjokjksa (djksM+ esa) dh vksj ls dh xbZ dk;Z
ekax dh ekg&okj izo`fRr
rkfydk 5-2
foRr o"kZ 2012&13 ls foRr o"kZ 2014&15 ds nkSjku O;fDr;ksa (djksM+ esa) dh vksj ls dh xbZ
dk;Z dh ekax dh ekg&okj izo`fRr
rkfydk 6-1
rkfydk 6-2
Hkwfe dh moZjk 'kfDr vkSj Hkwfe dh vkxsZfud dkcZu lhek ij egkRek xka/h ujsxk dk;ksZa dk izHkko
rkfydk 6-3
rkfydk 6-4
foRr o"kZ 2015&16 ds fy, dk;ksZa dh la[;k] O;; vkSj vuqekfur ifj.kkeksa dks n'kkZus okyk lkj
rkfydk 6-5
o"kZ okj jkT;ksa esa fofHkUu izdkj ds osru rFkk lkexzh O;;
rkfydk 7-1
foRr o"kZ 2012&13 ls foRr o"kZ 2014&15 rd jkT;ksa esa efgykvksa dh fofHkUu lgHkkfxrk
rkfydk 7-2
rkfydk 7-3
rkfydk 8-1
vka/z izns'k lkekftd ys[kk&ijh{kk varj (fnukad 31 ekpZ] 2015 dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj)
II
vkHkkj
egkRek xka/h ujsxk leh{kk AA vusd f'k{kkfonksa] fo}kuksa rFkk uhfr fo'ys"kdksa }kjk fd, x, vuqla/ku dk ,d ladyu gSA
ge bu lHkh ds vkHkkjh gSa vkSj blesa fn, x, muds ;ksxnku ds fy, d`rKrk vfiZr djrs gSaA
ge bl gLrys[k dh leh{kk djus esa fn, x, mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku ds fy, izksQslj T;ka nzst] bfUnjk xka/h fodkl
vuqla/ku laLFkku dh Mk- lq/k ukjk;.ku vkSj etnwj fdlku 'kfDr laxBu ds Jh fuf[ky Ms ds izfr d`rKrk O;Dr djrs
gSa ftUgksaus bl fjiksVZ dks lkdkj :Ik nsus esa gekjh enn dhA
ge bl laiw.kZ izf;k esa xgjh le> vkSj ekxZn'kZu nsus ds fy, Jh ts-ds- egkik=kk] lfpo] xzkeh.k fodkl ea=kky;]
Jh ,l-,e- fot;kuan] lfpo] iapk;rh jkt ea=kky; vkSj Jh vkj- lqczef.k;e] la;qDr lfpo] egkRek xka/h ujsxk] xzkeh.k
fodkl ea=kky; dk fo'ks"k :i ls vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSaA
ge vfHk'kklu vkSj Rofjr vkthfodk lgk;rk ifj;kstuk ds vius lgdfeZ;ksa lqJh gseyrk] lqJh vfuafnrk vf/dkjh]
Jh vk'kqrks"k xqIrk] Jh ,l vt; dqekj] MkW- f'kYik iafMr] lqJh buk;r lHkh[kh] lqJh jf{krk Lokeh dk vkHkkj O;Dr
djuk pkgsaxsA
ge mEehn djrs gSa fd leh{kk AA] bl egRoiw.kZ ;kstuk ds dk;kZUo;u esa layXu yksxksa ds fy, mi;ksxh ekxZnf'kZdk
lkfcr gkssxhA
v;k; ,d
II
dojst
bl vf/fu;e dks (fnukad 2 Qjojh] 2006 ls izHkkoh)
blds dk;kZUo;u ds izFke pj.k esa 200 xzkeh.k ftyksa esa
vf/lwfpr fd;k x;k FkkA foRr o"kZ 2007&08 esa vkSj
130 ftyksa rd bldk foLrkj fd;k x;k FkkA blds ckn
fnukad 1 vizSy] 2008 ls izHkkoh egkRek xka/h ujsxk
ds rgr 'ks"k ftyksa dks vf/lwfpr fd;k x;k FkkA o"kZ
2008 ls egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds rgr 'kr&izfr'kr 'kgjh
tula[;k okys ftyksa dks NksM+dj iwjs ns'k dks doj fd;k
x;k gSA
10
1 fdlh ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds :i esa fdlh O;fDr dks jDr laca/] fookg
vFkok xksn ysus rFkk lkeU;r% lkFk jgus vkSj lkFk Hkkstu djus ds vk/kj
ij ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
2 xzke iapk;r xzkeh.k Hkkjr] iapk;rh jkt iz.kkyh esa LFkkuh; Lo'kklu
dh f=kLrjh; lajpuk dh izkFkfed ;wfuV gSA izR;sd xzke iapk;r esa ,d
vFkok vf/d xzke gksrs gSaA
fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj dh nj lwph dh x.kuk dk;Z le; rFkk xfr
v;;uksa ds ek;e ls dh tkrh gSA bl vf/fu;e ds rgr nj lwph
bl izdkj fu/kZfjr dh tk, fd ukS ?k.Vs dke djus okyk dksbZ vkSlr
O;fDr ,d ?k.Vs ds vkjke ds lkFk vf/lwfpr egkRek xka/h ujsxk
U;wure osru izkIr djus ;ksX; jgsA
11
II
vkewy&pwy ifjorZu
ykxr lk>k djuk % Hkkjr ljdkj vdq'ky 'kkjhfjd Je
dh 'kr&izfr'kr ykxr vkSj lkexzh dh 75 izfr'kr ykxr
ds lkFk&lkFk dq'ky vkSj v/Z&dq'ky dkexkjksa ds osru
dh ykxr rFkk dqy O;; dh 6 izfr'kr iz'kklfud ykxr
ogu djrh gSA 'ks"k O;; jkT; ljdkjsa ogu djrh gSaA
dk;Z LFky izca/u % bl Ldhe ds rgr dkexkjksa dks
izR;{k ykHk iznku djuk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, bl
vf/fu;e ds rgr dk;ksZa dks fu"ikfnr djus esa lafonkdkjksa
vFkok e'khujh ds mi;ksx dks fuf"k fd;k x;k gSA ;g
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd bl vf/fu;e dh Hkkouk
detksj u gks vkSj osru vk/kfjr jkstxkj ij eq[;
:i ls ;ku fn;k tkrk jgs] egkRek xka/h ujsxk esa ;g
4 xzke lHkk fdlh xzke iapk;r dh ernkrk lwph esa ernkrk ds :i esa
'kkfey fd, x, lHkh O;fDr;ksa dk fudk; gSA vke turk esa lwpuk dk
izpkj&izlkj djus rFkk ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd xzke dk fodkl
lHkh ifjokjksa dh lgHkkfxrk vFkok lgefr ds ek;e ls fd;k x;k gS]
xzke iapk;r lacaf/r xzke lHkk dh lHkh cSBd vk;ksftr djrh gSA
12
vkd`fr 1-1 % ekax ds vk/kj ij (fnukad 5 ebZ] 2015 dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj) egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds dk;Z&fu"iknu
dk flagkoyksdu
tkjh fd, x,
dqy dkMZ
foRr
foRr
foRr
foRr
o"kZ 14-15
o"kZ 13-14
o"kZ 12-13
o"kZ 11-12
1272.096
273.778
173.095
1315.986
280.691
1303.266
277.359
1247.623
258.045
dk;Z dh ekax
djus okys dqy
ifjokj
464.858
413.379
179.127
518.0145
479.29228
177.72
514.58984
498.87678
170.625
511.28994
506.45132
13
II
vkd`fr 1-2 % Je fnol ds vk/kj ij (fnukad 5 ebZ] 2015 dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj) egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds
dk;Z&fu"iknu dk flagkoyksdu
o"kZ 14-15
o"kZ 13-14
o"kZ 12-13
o"kZ 11-12
dqy fodykax
O;fDr
v-tk- }kjk
fd, x, dqy
Je fnol
v-t-tk- }kjk
fd, x, dqy
Je fnol
efgykvksa
}kjk fd, x,
Je fnol
dqy Je fnol
2476121
410692
37058095
282003051
910076650
1658812264
4658965
484264
500863239
383874496
1163461853
2203447786
5173796
455307
512098875
410010688
1182334148
2304767361
4166070
395200
484685018
409184140
1052665278
2187636403
ifj;kstuk vfHkfu/kZj.k
vuqeku
dk;kZUo;u
i;Zos{k.k
Hkqxrku
lkekftd ys[kk&ijh{kk
Je ctV O;oLFkk
fuxjkuh
II
vusd iapk;rksa esa egkRek xka/h ujsxk dk;kZUo;u esa lhchvks dks
'kkfey djus ls catj Hkwfe dks tqrkbZ dh tehu esa ifjofrZr djus
vkSj efgyk fdlkuksa ds la;qDr mRrjnkf;Ro lewg (ts,yth)
rS;kj djus esa lgk;rk feyh gS tks lkoZtfud rFkk izkbosV
HkwHkkx dh tqrkbZ djrh gSaA iapk;r Lrj ij ladsUnz.k IysVQkeZ
rS;kj fd, x, ftuls xjhc O;fDr;ksa dks fofHkUu izdkj dh
Ldheksa (tSls d`f"k izkS|ksfxdh izca/u vfHkdj.k (,Vh,e,))
vkSj lsokvksa dk ykHk mBkus esa l{ke cuk;k x;kA vkt jkT; esa
efgyk fdlkuksa ds 59]769 ts,yth gSaA
NREGS
{kerk lq/kj
lalk/uksa dk dkjxj
mi;ksx
vf/dkj vkSj ik=krk
lkoZtfud laLFkkvksa dh
lqyHkrk
lkewfgd Hkkouk
HkkSfrd lkekftd tqVko
tqVko
ckrphr djuk
m|ferk
vfHk'kklu iz.kkyh
uhfr;ka vkSj dk;Zdze
o`fewyd lqfo/k
iz.kkyh fuekZ.k
cSafdax laLd`fr
lzksr % Jherh 'kkjnk eqjyh/ju] eq[; vfHk;ku vf/dkjh] ,uvkj,y,e] ubZ fnYyh
,uvkj,y,e
v;k; nks
17
II
II
ds
II
(2015) ds fofufnZ"V
II
II
v;k; lajpuk
egkRek xka/h ujsxk leh{kk II dk v;k; vuqdze vkSj
'kh"kZd fu/kZfjr djus ds fy, eksVs rkSj ij egkRek
xka/h ujsxk leh{kk dk vuqlj.k fd;k x;k gSA leh{kk
esa fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, iz'kklfud ,evkbZ,l rFkk
vuqlakku v;;uksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA egkRek xka/h
ujsxk leh{kk II esa Hkh bldk vuqikyu fd;k x;k FkkA
lHkh v;k;ksa dks lacaf/r flkar dh izLrkouk vkSj
flagkoyksdu ls 'kq: fd;k x;k gSA tgka&dgha laHko gqvk gS ogka
izdkf'kr vuqla/ku lk{; rFkk ifj.kkeksa dk vuqikyu djus
ds ckn fopkj&foe'kZ djds egkRek xka/h ujsxk ,evkbZ,l
ls MkVk izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA iz'kklfud MkVk vkSj vuqla/ku
lk{; nksuksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj budh
;Fkk&mi;qDr lqn`<+rk rFkk varj dks vfHkfu/kZfjr fd;k
tkrk gSA varr% izR;sd v;k; ds var esa Hkkoh vuqla/ku
ds fy, uhfr varj&n`f"V vkSj lq>koksa dks lwphc fd;k
x;k gSA
22
II
ds
lanHkZ lkexzh
(v;k; esa fn, x, e ds vuqlkj)
1- fxM~Mu] ,aVksuh (1979)] lekt flkar esa eq[;
leL;k,a% lkekftd fo'ys"k.k esa dk;Z] lajpuk rFkk
fojks/kHkklA csjdys] dSyhQksfuZ;k % dSyhQksfuZ;k
fo'ofo|ky; izslA
v;k; rhu
23
II
izLrkouk
Rkfydk 3-1 % fiNys rhu o"kksZa (2012&15) ds nkSjku egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds rgr tkjh fd, x, tkWc&dkMZ
vf[ky jkstxkj izkIr
Hkkjr djus okys
ifjokjksa dh
lexz la[;k
24
20122013
4.9
20132014
4.7
20142015
4.1
27.27
v-t-tk-
51.20 410,010,688
djksM
1.9
25. 03
50.27 386,158,956
djksM
1.2
48.70
37.09 2,820,08051
djksM
100 fnol
iwjs djus okys
ifjokjksa dh
lexz la[;k
,sls ifjokjksa
dh la[;k tks
Hkwfe lq/kj@
vkbZ,okbZds
ykHkkFkhZ gSa
fodykax
ykHkkFkhZ
O;fDr;ksa dh
la[;k
2,389,185
455,307
2,426,497
486,496
2,218,379
410,692
vU;
dqy
efgyk
djksM
131 22,035,58688 1,163,972,569 4,659,447
djksM
100 1,658,812,264
djksM
910,076,650
2,476,121
II
vkd`fr 3-1% ,sls xzkeh.k ifjokjksa] ftUgksaus dk;Z dh ekax dh fdarq ftUgsa dk;Z iznku djus ls euk dj fn;k x;k] dh
fgLlsnkjh vkSj xzkeh.k xjhch dh gsMdkmaV lwph ds e; varj&laca/
fcgkj
>kj[k.M
mM+hlk
iatkc
NRrhlx<+
dsjy
fgekpy izns'k
rfeyukMq
jktLFkku
2
nslkbZ]
lksukyMs
(2014)
http://www.ncaer.org/
publication_details.php?pID=240. www.ncaer.org.
[vkWuykbu] fnlEcj ij miyC/ gSA
26
Rkfydk 3-2 % Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa esa egkRek xka/h ujsxk dh lgHkkfxrk nj esa fxjkoV
lkekU; U;wure vuqeku
fLFkj
-0.074
(-1.639)
-0.064
(-1.197)
dk;Z dh ekax
1.109
(13.798)
1.178
(9.880)
-0.501
(-4.922)
-0.619
(-4.581)
0.902
0.894
0.056
0.058
18
18
vkj2
,lbZbZ
,u
uksV% lk/u vk/kfjr varj lgHkkfxrk nj gS tks mu xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dh fgLlsnkjh ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr dh xbZ gS ftUgksaus egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds rgr dksbZ
dk;Z fd;k FkkA dk;Z dh ekax bl Ldhe ds rgr gesa dk;Z pkfg, dgus okys xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dh fgLlsnkjh gSA xzkeh.k xjhch dh gsMdkmaV lwph xjhch js[kk
ls uhps thou&;kiu djus okyh tula[;k dh izfr'krrk gSA okD;ka'k esa mi;ksx fd;k x;k Vh&jk'ku 'kCn OgkbM LVS.MMZ pwd ij vk/kfjr gSA blesa IV
izfr O;fDr yEck ,lMhih rFkk bldk oxZ ewY; FkkA
lzksr % ,u,l,l (2009&10) ls fy;k x;k ys[kd dk vuqeku d`i;k rkfydk 1 nsf[k,A
II
II
rkfydk 3-3% fy;w vkSj Msfuatj (2013) }kjk ;Fkk&vuqekfur dk;Zdze izHkko
MhMhMh
pj.k 1 ftys
miHkksx (:i,@o"kZ)
tkZ izkfIr (dSyksjh@fnu)
izksVhu izkfIr (xzke@fnu)
xSj&foRrh; ifjlEifRr;ka (:i,@o"kZ)
miHkksx (ykWx)
tkZ izkfIr (ykWx)
izksVhu izkfIr (ykWx)
xSj&foRrh; ifjlEifRr;ka (ykWx)
voyksduksa dh la[;k
pj.k 2 vkSj ftys
miHkksx (:i,@o"kZ)
tkZ izkfIr (dSyksjh@fnu)
izksVhu izkfIr (xzke@fnu)
xSj&foRrh; ifjlEifRr;ka (:i,@o"kZ)
miHkksx (ykWx)
tkZ izkfIr (ykWx)
izksVhu izkfIr (ykWx)
xSj&foRrh; ifjlEifRr;ka (ykWx)
voyksduksa dh la[;k
1261
(428)
***
943
(377)
252
(79)
***
152
(94)
3.25
(1.44)
**
2.07
(1.54)
623
(443)
772
(403)
0.107
(0.039)
***
0.068
(0.042)
0.094
(0.036)
***
0.056
(0.036)
0.060
(0.032)
0.034
(0.037)
0.405
(0.111)
***
0.359
(0.118)
**
***
-24
(594)
822
(621)
100
(112)
253
(116)
**
***
2.47
(2.11)
5.80
(2.07)
-412
(507)
113
(481)
-0.032
(0.059)
0.072
(0.062)
0.043
(0.051)
0.108
(0.049)
**
0.060
(0.048)
0.127
(0.050)
**
-0.144
(0.229)
-0.113
(0.241)
uksV % izfr O;fDr ds laca/ esa mi;ksx fd, x, lHkh vkadM+s o"kZ 2004] 2006 vkSj 2008 iSuy ds MkVk gSaA
MhMhMh & frgjk varj vuqeku_ ih,l,e & izksisfUlVh Ldksj eSfpax_ :i, & Hkkjrh; #i,_ dslh,,y & fdyks dSyksjh_ th & xzke
egRoiw.kZ Lrj & *% 10 izfr'kr] **% 5 izfr'kr] ***% 1 izfr'kr] lqn`<+ ekud pwd okD;ka'k esa gSA
lzksr % ifjokj losZ{k.k vkSj iz'kklfud MkVk ls ys[kd }kjk dh xbZ x.kukA
II
20 ukjk;.ku] lq/k vkSj mikld nkl (2014)] ^jkstxkj xkjaVh Ldhe esa
efgyk lgHkkfxrk vkSj jk'kfuax*] bdkWuksfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh
XLIX (46)-
II
izf'kf{kr djrs gSa tks dkykarj esa ftyk vkSj CykWd Lrjh;
nyksa dks izf'kf{kr djds rFkk bl izdkj mudh {kerk
c<+k,axsA CykWd vk;kstu ny (chihVh) ftlus ihvkj, ;a=k
dk mi;ksx fd;k] dk xBu dkexkj ifjokjksa ds ;qokvksa
rFkk egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds rduhdh dkfeZdksa ls fd;k
x;k FkkA iwoZ&fu/kZfjr dyS.Mj ds vuqlkj vfHkfu/kZfjr
fiNM+s CykWdksa dh lHkh xzke iapk;rksa us lgh ekax rS;kj
djus ds fy, vkbZihihbZ dks izfdz;k dks viuk;k gSA bl
vkbZihihbZ izfdz;k esa pkj lgHkkxh ;a=kksa % mu O;fDr;ksa dk
lkekftd fu/kZj.k ftUgsa egkRek xka/h ujsxk dk;kZUo;u
esa izkFkfedrk nh tkuh pkfg,] xzke iapk;r ds izR;sd
fuokl LFkku esa dc dk;Z dh ekax vf/d vFkok de
gksxh] bldk ekSle vk/kfjr fu/kZj.k vkSj fofHkUu ekSle
esa fdl izdkj ds dk;Z fd, tk ldrs gSa] dks 'kkfey
fd;k x;k gSA xzke ds ekuo Hkwxksy dh vuqekfur chihVh
Hkkouk dh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, VkalsDV okd rFkk
varr% lalk/u fu/kZj.k ftlls vfuok;Z :i ls izkd`frd
lalk/u izca/u n`f"Vdks.k (,uvkj,e) dk mi;ksx djds
Lo;a xzkeh.kksa ds fy, lokZf/d mi;qDr rFkk izklafxd
dk;ksZa dks vfHkfu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr
izfr&ifjokj ekax rFkk ekSle laca/h fLFkfr dks ntZ djus
ds fy, vyx&vyx ifjokj losZ{k.k Hkh fd;k x;k FkkA
tSlk fd mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ;g vuqeku yxk;k gS fd
vkbZihihbZ dks vk;kstuk izfdz;k esa detksj rFkk gkf'k,
ij jgus okys O;fDr;ksa dks 'kkfey djus lfgr egkRek
xka/h ujsxk dk vkSj vf/d LokfeRo lkSaik tkuk pkfg,
vkSj blfy, vf/d izklafxd dk;Z] mPprj ekax rFkk
egkRek xka/h ujsxk csgrj dk;kZUo;u esa bldh vxz.kh
Hkwfedk gksuh pkfg,A bu lHkh MkVk fcUnqvksa dks vfuok;Z
:i ls ,evkbZ,l esa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS vkSj blfy,
35
II
lanHkZ lkexzh
(v;k; esa fn, x, e ds vuqlkj)
1- tks'kh] vksedkj vkSj vU; (2014)] egkRek xka/h
ujsxk % vafre fodYi dk fu;ksDrk\ ubZ fnYyh %
Hkkjr ekuo fodkl losZ{k.k] dk;Z isij 2014&1]
,ulh,bZvkj vkSj eSjhySaM fo'ofo|ky;] fnlEcjA
2- nslkbZ] lksukYMs (2014)]
http://www.ncaer.org/
publication_details.php?pID=240.
[Online]
www.org.
Mkmx
(2012)]
http://ifmrlead.org/
can-workfare-serve-as-a-substitute-for-weatheri n s u r a n c e - t h e - c a s e - o f - n r e ga - i n - a n d h r a pradesh/.ifmrlead.org.[Online]
ij miyC/ gSA
v;k; pkj
37
II
izLrkouk
xzkeh.k Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh dqN vk/kjHkwr fo'ks"krkvksa
dks egRo iznku djuk egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds fMtkbu vkSj
dk;kZUo;u dk ewy vk/kj gSA
izFke ns'k esa thou&;kiu ds :i esa d`f"k dh vR;f/d
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gS vkSj f}rh; bldh yxkrkj [kjkc gksrh
tk jgh fLFkfr gS ftlds ckjs esa dqN vuqla/kudRrkZvksa
us fVIi.kh dh gSA123 d`f"k {ks=k dk dk;Z&fu"iknu
vR;f/d egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd ;g vFkZO;oLFkk ds lexz
fodkl esa ;ksxnku djrk gS vkSj vf/dka'k turk dks
thou&;kiu rFkk [kk| lqj{kk iznku djrk gSA rFkkfi]
d`f"k laca/h O;olk; esa vR;f/d varj gS tSls Qly
ekSle ds e; dh vof/ ftlds nkSjku d`f"k Jfed dks
dksbZ jkstxkj izkIr ugha gksrkA ;g vkSj dqN vU; lacaf/r
leL;k,a tSls lw[kk] ck<+] izkd`frd vkink vkSj e`nk rFkk
rjkbZ fo'ks"krkvksa vkfn ds dkj.k d"V vkSj c<+ tkrs gSaA
vusd o"kksZa ls d`f"k dk;Z djus okys ifjokj thou&;kiu
1 nso] egsUnz ,l- (2010)] ^lajpuk lq/kj vkSj d`f"k % eqn~ns vkSj uhfr*]
Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd la?k] Hkqous'oj ds 92osa jk"Vh; lEesyu esa izLrqr eq[;
isijA
2 eSF;w] yhekeksy (2010)] ^xjhch ls mRiUu gksus okyh 'keZ dk lkeuk
djuk*] euksfoKku vkSj fodkl'khy lekt] i`"B 385&407A
3 feJk] Jhthr (2008)] ^tksf[ke] fdlku* Hkkjr esa vkRegR;k vkSj
d`f"k ladV % D;k bls lekIr djus dk dksbZ rjhdk gS\ Hkkjrh; d`f"k
vFkZ'kkL=k if=kdk 63 (1)] 38&54A
38
rkfydk 4-1 % egkRek xka/h ujsxk dh 'kq#vkr ls blds rgr vuqeR; d`f"k rFkk d`f"k laca/h dk;ksZa ij fd;k x;k O;;
bl izdkj gS %
dqy O;; (:i, esa)
d`f"k dk;ksZa ij fd;k x;k O;;
d`f"k dk;ksZa ij fd, x, O;; dh izfr'krrk
d`f"k lEc dk;ksZa ij fd;k x;k O;;
d`f"k lEc dk;ksZa ij fd, x, O;; dh izfr'krrk
d`f"k rFkk d`f"k lEc dk;ksZa ij fd;k x;k dqy O;;
d`f"k rFkk d`f"k lEc dk;ksZa ij fd, x, O;; dh izfr'krrk
12,454,951
6,494,024
52
622,906
5
7,116,931
57
39
II
rkfydk 4-2 % lexz ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa d`f"k {ks=k ds ;ksxnku dh izfr'krrk %
o"kZ
2004-05
2971464
565426
19.0
2005-06
3253073
594487
18.3
2006-07
3564364
619190
17.4
2007-08
3896636
655080
16.8
2008-09
4158676
655689
15.8
2009-10
4516071
660987
14.6
4937006
713477
14.5
2010-11 (la'kksf/r
vuqeku)
% fgLlk
2004-05
vukt
nky
frygu
phuh
Qy vkSj
lfCt;ka
en
lHkh d`f"k Qlysa*
i'kq/u mRikn
ou mRikn
eRL; mRikn
(:i, djksM+)
% fgLlk
2010-11
30
1398
1451
1527
1607
1639
1525
1660
29
04
202
206
214
228
223
221
263
10
461
528
496
545
492
481
602
10
06
284
313
367
367
326
335
368
25
1133
1220
1278
1350
1373
1476
1572
27
4846
5031
5326
5250
5241
5761
1800
1878
1958
2045
2176
2267
2390
730
743
768
778
793
816
834
320
340
357
377
389
400
420
II
42
5 HkkLdj] vatksj vkSj iadt ;kno (2015)] ^lc dqN Bhd gS tks
dqa, dk mn~ns'; gS% >kj[k.M esa egkRek xka/h ujsxk dqavksa dk vkfFkZd
ewY;kadu*] jk"Vh; ekuo fodkl laLFkku] iwohZ dsUnz] jkaph] >kj[k.M dh
vksj ls jk"Vh; xzkeh.k fodkl laLFkku] gSnjkckn dks izLrqr fjiksVZA
II
pqukSfr;ka
da/eky ftyk vksfM'kk ds e; {ks=k esa vofLFkr gS tgka apkbZ
okys {ks=k] ioZr Ja`[kyk nqxZe Hkkx ds lkFk fNrjk gqvk vkSj
NksVh&NksVh ?kkVh okys {ks=k gSaA bldh nqxZe fLFkfr vU; ftyksa
dh rqyuk esa bldh de lkekftd&vkfFkZd izxfr ds fy,
mRrjnk;h gSA ;g ftyk u dsoy vius izkd`frd lalk/uksa ds
vf/d nksgu rFkk dqizca/u dk xokg jgk gS vfirq tehu]
ikuh vkSj ouLifr lalk/uksa ds csdkj izca/u ds dkj.k blus
de d`f"k mRiknu dh leL;k dk Hkh lkeuk fd;k gSA bl ftys
mik;
foLr`r varj&foHkkxh; cSBd vk;ksftr djus ds ckn ftyk
iz'kklu us vf/dka'k tutkrh; tula[;k okys 300 pqfuank
xzkeksa esa vkbZ,uvkj,e ifj;kstuk dh izk;ksfxd tkap djus dk
fu.kZ; fy;kA bl laca/ esa ;g fu.kZ; fy;k x;k fd egkRek
xka/h ujsxk ds rgr vf/dkj&vk/kfjr izko/kuksa ds ckjs esa
xgu tkx:drk izlkj vfHk;ku pykdj bl igy ds ckjs esa
45
II
46
lkj
47
II
48
lanHkZ lkexzh
(v;k; esa fn, x, e ds vuqlkj)
1- nso] egsUnz ,l_ (2010)] ^lajpukRed lq/kj vkSj
d`f"k % eqn~ns vkSj uhfr*] Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd la?k]
Hkqous'oj ds 92osa okf"kZd lEesyu ds fy, eq[;
fVIi.kh isijA
2- eSF;w] yhekeksy (2010)] ^dksfiax fon 'kse vkQ
iwoVhZ*] euksfoKku vkSj fodkl'khy lekt] i`"B
385&407A
3- feJk] Jhthr (2008)] ^Hkkjr esa tksf[ke] fdlku
vkRegR;k rFkk d`f"k ladV % D;k bldk dksbZ
lek/ku gS\* Hkkjrh; d`f"k vFkZ'kkL=k if=kdk 63(1)]
38&54A
4- vafdrk vxzoky] vk'kh"k xqIrk vkSj vafdr dqekj
(2012)] ^>kj[k.M esa ujsxk dqavksa dk ewY;kadu*
bdkWuksfed ,.M ikWfyfVdy ohdyh XLVII (35)A
5- HkkLdj] vatksj vkSj iadt ;kno (2015)] ^lc dqN
Bhd gS ;fn dqavk Bhd gS% >kj[k.M esa egkRek xka/h
ujsxk dqavksa dk vkfFkZd ewY;kadu*] ekuo fodkl
laLFkku] iwohZ dsUnz] jkaph] >kj[k.M us jk"Vh; fodkl
laLFkku] gSnjkckn dks fjiksVZ izLrqr dh gSA
6- lEcks/h vuqla/ku vkSj lapkj izkbosV fyfeVsM
(2012&13)] egkRek xka/h jk"Vh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj
xkjaVh vf/fu;e ds rgr oS;fDrd tehu ij l`ftr
dh xbZ ifjlEifRr;ksa ds izHkko dk ewY;kaduA
v;k; ikap
49
II
izLrkouk
xzkeh.k Je cktkj fofo/ iz.kkfy;ksa ds dkj.k leL;kvksa dk
lkeuk dj jgs gSa tks lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd :i ls laiUu
O;fDr;ksa ds i{k esa gS vkSj bl izdkj xjhc rFkk Hkwfeghu
Jfed leku :i ls dk;Z djus esa l{ke ugha gSaA
xzkeh.k Je cktkj ds ladV ds izR;qRrj ds :i esa cM+s
iSekus ij O;fDr;ksa rFkk ifjokjksa ds ra=k dk lkeuk djus
dh leL;k ds :i esa fo'ks"k :i ls Hkwfeghu rFkk NksVs
fdlkuksa tSls detksj lewgksa dk varj.k vfuok;Z :i ls
ns[kk tkrk gSA bl izdkj etnwjh] xzkeh.k Je cktkj rFkk
varj.k bl laca/ esa egkRek xka/h ujsxk mik;ksa ls vfHkUu
:i ls tqM+s gSaA
bu flkarksa ds ckjs esa yksdfiz; vo/kj.kk rFkk izca/u ls
dqN lansg mRiUu gksrk gS %
D;k egkRek xka/h ujsxk us d`f"k etnwjh esa o`f
II
II
rkfydk 5-1 % foRr o"kZ 2012&13 ls foRr o"kZ 2014&15 rd ifjokjksa dh la[;k (djksM+ esa) ls dk;Z dh ekax dh
ekfld&okj izo`fRr
foRr o"kZ (ekg)
vizSy
ebZ
twu
tqykbZ
Qjojh
ekpZ
201415
1.53
1.9
2.31
1.64
10.0
.8
.7
.75
.86
.93
1.23
1.34
201314
1.4
1.78
1.91
1.28
10.4
10.8
1.13
1.22
1.72
2.11
2.11
1.96
201213
1.22
1.6
1.88
1.3
.9
.9
.88
.86
1.04
1.24
1.47
1.56
vkd`fr 5-1 vkSj 5-2 esa ifjokjksa dh vksj ls dk;Z dh ekax rFkk vR;f/d d`f"k ekSle ds nkSjku O;fDr;ksa esa gksus okyh
deh dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
25000000
20000000
15000000
10000000
5000000
vizSy
ebZ
twu
tqykbZ
2014-15
2013-14
Qjojh
ekpZ
2012-14
rkfydk 5-2 % foRr o"kZ 2012&13 ls foRr o"kZ 2014&15 rd O;fDr;ksa (djksM+ esa) dh vksj ls dh xbZ dk;Z dh
ekax dh ekfld&okj izo`fRr
o"kZ (ekg)
vizSy
ebZ
twu
tqykbZ
vxLr
flrEcj
201415
2.3592440
3.0083771
3.4299836
2.2676672
1.3153818
1.1726248
201314
2.1231838
2.6195548
2.7083067
1.6874613
1.3152553
1.3654128
201213
1.6939393
2.3955000
2.6048108
1.6801464
1.2721496
1.2388724
o"kZ (ekg)
vDrwcj
uoEcj
fnlEcj
tuojh
Qjojh
ekpZ
201415
.9506968
.9742808
1.1070897
1.2246341
1.6606424
1.8529647
201314
1.4333125
1.5607499
2.3340476
3.0157686
3.0677847
2.8515094
201213
1.0971779
1.0793949
1.3294059
1.6338009
2.0169176
2.2079101
55
II
vkd`fr 5-2 % foRr o"kZ 2013&14 ls foRr o"kZ 2014&15 rd O;fDr;ksa (djksM+ esa) dh vksj ls egkRek xka/h ujsxk
dk;Z ds fy, dh xbZ ekfld&okj ekax
40000000
35000000
30000000
25000000
20000000
15000000
10000000
5000000
0
vizSy
ebZ
twu
tqykbZ
2014-15
2013-14
Qjojh
ekpZ
2012-14
II
58
pqukSfr;ka
24 nf{k.k ijxuk 8]165 oxZ fd-eh- {ks=k esa QSyk gqvk gS]
;g dksydkrk egkuxj ls ysdj caxky dh [kkM+h ds eqgkus
rd rVh; xzkeksa okyk lqnwjorhZ {ks=k gS_ ftys dh 84 izfr'kr
tula[;k xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa jgrh gS vkSj ftys ds 29 lkeqnkf;d
fodkl CykWd (lhMhch) esa ls 13 CykWd lqUnjou esa vkrs gSa&
tks Tokj dPN ouLifr ou dk lcls cM+k ,dy CykWd gSA o"kZ
2009 esa ,;yk pokr ds dkj.k bl ftys dk dPN ouLifr
ou lekIr gksus dh fLFkfr esa FkkA dPN ouLifr ou ds bl
izdkj lekIr gksrs tkus ls ftys ds lqnwjorhZ LFkkuksa ij jgus
okys 25 yk[k O;fDr;ksa ds thou rFkk thou&;kiu fLFkfr;ksa
59
II
djus okys cPps dh f'k{kk esa ekStwn varjky dks ikVus esa
lgk;rk fey ldrh gSA bl losZ{k.k esa ikap ftyksa ds 70
xzkeksa ds yxHkx 700 ifjokjksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
buesa ls vk/s ls vf/d Lo&fu/kZfjr vuqlwfpr tutkrh;
ifjokj FksA blds vfrfjDr bl v;;u esa 'kkfey fd;k
x;k {ks=k vR;f/d xjhc Fkk@gS& 93 izfr'kr ifjokjksa ds
Q'kZ xans gSa_ 71-3 izfr'kr ifjokjksa esa fctyh dh lqfo/k ugha
gS_ izk;% 60 izfr'kr efgyk,a 45 o"kZ vkSj blls vf/d
vk;q dh Fkh ftUgksaus thfor f'k'kq dks tUe fn;k Fkk tks ckn
esa ej x;k Fkk_ vkSj bl {ks=k esa vkSlru o;Ld efgyk us
,d o"kZ dh Hkh Ldwyh f'k{kk iwjh ugha dh FkhA bl v;;u
esa iyk;u ij egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds izR;{k izHkko ij ;ku
dsfUnzr ugha fd;k x;k vfirq blesa fo'ks"k :i ls efgykvksa
ij rFkk blds ckn cky dY;k.k] fo'ks"kdj mudh Ldwyh
f'k{kk ij iyk;u ds izHkko dk v;;u fd;k x;k gSA tkWu
iSi (2012) }kjk fd, x, v;;u ij ;ku fn;k tk,
ftlesa blh v;;u {ks=k esa iyk;u djus okyksa dh vksj
ls egkRek xka/h ujsxk dk;Z dh vf/d ekax dk irk pyk
gS rFkk muds Lo;a ds vuqla/ku uewuk ds lk{; ij ;ku
fn;k x;k ftlesa ;g mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd egkRek
xka/h ujsxk ekrk&firk fo'ks"k :i ls ekrk dks iyk;u u
djus ds fy, eukus dk mi;ksxh rjhdk gSA blfy, dksQs
;g rdZ nsrs gSa fd ^de iyk;u ls xSj&ekrk&firk f'k'kq
ns[kHkky dh vko';drk de gksxh vkSj ;fn ekrk ds
iyk;u ls cPps dk iyk;u gksrk gS rFkk ;fn iyk;u ls
f'k{kk dk laca/ vkdfLed gS rks blls cPpksa ds f'k{kk ds
Lrj esa lq/kj gksxkA
61
II
dsUnz]
lanHkZ lkexzh
(v;k; esa fn, x, e ds vuqlkj)
1- Hkkjr xzkeh.k fodkl fjiksVZA vksfj;.V CySdLoku (2013)
orientblackswan.com/ebooksfree/./ content/
irdr%20full%book.pdf.[vkWuykbu]
ij miyC/A
62
v;k; N%
63
II
izLrkouk
egkRek xka/h ujsxk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa esa ,d ;g Hkh gS
fd og leqnk; ds lkFk&lkFk O;fDr;ksa ds fy, ifjlEifRr
l`tu dh egRoiw.kZ laHkkouk ds lkFk 100 fnu dk etnwjh
jkstxkj iznku djus okyk dk;Ze gSA etnwjh ik=krk bl
vf/fu;e dk egRoiw.kZ igyw gSA etnwjh ds fy, dk;ksZa dk
p;u] ftldh ifj.kfr mRiknd vkSj LFkk;h ifjlEifRr;ksa
ds :i esa gksrh gS] lkekftd&lkaLd`frd ds vuqlkj ugha
gksrkA ;g bl lanHkZ esa gS fd ftu dk;ksZa dks djus dh lwph
miyC/ djkbZ xbZ gS] mlesa O;fDr;ksa vkSj leqnk; ds fy,
viuh vko';drkvksa rFkk mi;ksfxrkvksa ds vuqlkj dk;ksZa
dk p;u djus dh xqatkb'k gSA
ifCYd Mksesu esa O;Dr yksdfiz; vo/kj.kkvksa vkSj fopkjksa
esa egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds varxZr 'kq: fd, x, rFkk iwjs
fd, x, dk;ksZa dh izd`fr ij lansg O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA
buesa ls dqN iz'u bl izdkj gSa%
egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds varxZr fy, x, vkSj 'kq:
II
II
ty dh miyC/rk ty dh miyC/rk ds
ds fnuksa dh la[;k esa fnuksa dh vkSlr la[;k
o`f n'kkZus okys xkaoksa
esa o`f
dh la[;k
12.4 - 57.0
10
13-88 days
1.7 - 44.1
5-45 days
10
0.9 - 5.8
10
190-365 days
0.2 - 2.3
30-90 days
rkfydk 6-2 % e`nk dh moZjrk vkSj e`nk esa vkWxsZfud dkcZu dh ek=kk (,lvkslh)
ftyk (jkT;) uewuk xkaoksa pqus x, egkRek xka/h
dh la[;k ujsxk Ldhe ds dk;Z
esMd
(vka/z izns'k)
fp=knqxZ
(dukZVd)
/kj (e;
izns'k)
HkhyokM+k
(jktLFkku)
10
10
10
10
xkn dk iz;ksx
[kkbZ vkSj cka/ Vhyk xM~<+s
ckxokuh fodkl
jksd cka/
flapkbZ lqfo/k
xkn dk iz;ksx
Hkwfe fodkl
vU;*
dfiyk /kjk
fNnz VSad
ikS/jksi.k
rkykc laca/h dk;Z
jksd cka/
leksPp fodkl
ugj fuekZ.k
pjkxkg Hkwfe fodkl
ikS/jksi.k
ouhdj.k
mu xkaoksa
dh la[;k
tgka dk;Z
fdz;kfUor
fd, x,
,lvkslh
esa o`f
dh lhek
izfr'kr
10
50
33
0.30-1.13
61
64
0.30-1.48
54
50
0.31-0.49
10
264
85
0.49-1.65
68
88
0.59-1.03
66
90
0.40-1.73
14
80
0.65-1.57
10
90
0.65-1.46
10
49
83
.054-0.62
16
70
0.56-0.58
75
0.49-0.68
56
65
0.55-0.58
10
119
62
0.38-1.16
11
75
0.48-1.14
24
60
0.24-1.36
18
88
0.24-1.02
12
70
0.26-1.02
dqy
899
72
fVIi.kh % *vU; esa [ksr rkykc] ikbiykbu] ckxokuh] QhMj pSuy vkSj vkmVysV fodklA
lzksr % la'ys"k.k fjiksVZ % egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds ek;e ls i;kZoj.kh; vuqdwy ykHk vkSj vfrlaosnu'khyrk esa deh (Hkkjrh; foKku laLFkku 2013)A
68
tqrkbZ {ks=k
esa o`f dh
izfr'krrk (%)
Qly mxkus
esa o`f lwfpr
djus okys xkaoksa
dh la[;k
Qly mxkus
esa o`f lwfpr
djus okys
fdlkuksa dh
izfr'krrk
(%)
Qly mxkus
esa izfr'kr
o`f
esMd
(vka/z izns'k)
2.0-16.9
25
0.9-15.9
fp=knqxZ
(dukZVd)
22
0.9-1.2
5.8-26.7
/kj
(e; izns'k)
98
43.5-101.2
10
100
53.9-123.1
HkhyokM+k
(jktLFkku)
10
0.9-9.2
fVIi.kh% */kj ftys esa] tqrkbZ {ks=k dk O;kid :i ls c<+us dk dkj.k flapkbZ ty dh miyC/rk c<+us ls jch ekSle esa ,d vfrfjDr Qly mxk;k tkuk FkkA
II
rkfydk 6-4 % foRr o"kZ 2015&16 ds fy, dk;ksZa dh la[;k] O;; vkSj laHkkfor ifj.kkeksa dks n'kkZus okyk lkj
dz-la
dk;Z Js.kh dk
uke@dk;Z dh
mi&Js.kh dk
uke@dk;Z dk
izdkj
tkjh dk;Z
lEiUu
dk;Z
O;;
u, dk;ksZa
dh la[;k
bdkbZ
vuqekfur
ifj.kke
vuqekfur
ykxr (yk[k
:- esa)
ty laj{k.k@
lap;u
14,87,197
5,27,217
3,542
18,366.79
4,18,849
gSDVs;lZ
30,64,471
5,01,828.60
flapkbZ
14,13,408
5,31,151
3,212
23,497.26
3,89,558
9,14,564
8,13,376.99
ou&jksi.k@
ckxokuh
23,73,411
10,63,136
1,976
12,624.82
5,15,928
gSDVs;lZ
gSDVs;lZ
6,21,161
6,25,046.36
d`f"k
11,05,958
3,78,597
3,437
10,611.14
3,87,371
2,01,524
3,06,128.12
lEc {ks=k
10,88,513
5,83,744
4,251
8,636.89
3,94,540
2,36,465
1,64,695.31
lM+dsa
22,24,694
11,03,256
5,771
46,275.58
3,99,763
1,79,672
95,237.52
LoPNrk
53,63,377
21,28,348
14,182
3,441.11
6,37,951
6,37,951
47,413.64
54,560
42,406
73
3,239.59
4,716
gSDVs;lZ
la[;k .
fd-ehla[;k
la[;k.
13,047
15,760.83
vkbZ,okbZ@ vkokl
;kstuk
4,40,643
2,71,089
736
3,697.31
50,591
la[;k.
50,591
8,383.29
10
74,13,274
15,35,461
2,249
14,623.20
8,71,760
la[;k.
8,71,760
54,222.64
2,29,65,035
81,64,405
39,429
1,45,013.69
40,71,027
ldy ;ksx
26,32,093.30
71
II
pqukSfr;ka
Qrsgiqj
xkn dks jksdus ds fy, unh vkSj >hy lzksr ds pkjksa vksj
isM+ yxkukA
gLr{ksi dh vko';drk
o"kZ 2012&13 esa izdkf'kr nwjLFk laosnh fjiksVZ ij dk;Z djrs
gq,] ftys ds fo'ks"kKksa us ty ladV ds foLr`r fo'ys"k.k dk
lgkjk fy;kA ftys ds N% leqnk; fodkl CykWdksa (lhMhch) dks
ladViw.kZ ik;k x;k tcfd lkr vU; dks vZ&ladViw.kZ ik;k
72
x;kA fjiksVZ esa pkj lhMhch dks MkdZ tksu ds :i esa Js.khc
fd;k x;k D;ksafd ogka Hkwfexr ty Lrj dh iqu% HkjkbZ ugha dh
tk ldrh FkhA leL;kxzLr {ks=kksa dh igpku ds i'pkr] ftyk
vf/dkfj;ksa us bu pkj lhMhch esa ,dhd`r eqnk vkSj ty laj{k.k
ifj;kstuk ds izFke pj.k dh ;kstuk cukus rFkk bls fdz;kfUor
djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA bl ifj;kstuk dk iz/ku mn~ns'; llqj
[ksnsjh unh dks iquthZfor djuk FkkA
gLr{ksi
egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds rgr ,dhd`r ifj;kstuk dks flapkbZ
foHkkx esa fupyh xaxk ugj izHkkx }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k FkkA
ifj;kstuk ij iqjkus rjhds ls ,d varj&foHkkxh; fo'ks"kK
lfefr esa ppkZ dh xbZ FkhA bl lfefr esa jktLo] flapkbZ]
lkekftd ou&izkar] xzkeh.k fodkl rFkk iapk;rh jkt foHkkxksa
ds ofj"B vf/dkjh 'kkfey FksA ;kstuk ds vuqlkj] ifj;kstuk
ds izFke pj.k ds fu"iknu ds fy, yxk;k x;k vuqeku 12
djksM+ #i, Fkk ftls llqj [ksnsjh AA ds iquthZou ds fy, Je
lkexzh ds 75%25 vuqikr esa iz;ksx fd;k tkuk FkkA bl dk;Z esa
7-4 gsDVs;j ds >hy {ks=k vkSj 38 fdeh- yEcs unh ds tyekxZ
dks iquthZfor djuk FkkA gkykafd izkjafHkd ;kstuk esa unh dh
lewph yEckbZ ds lkFk bldh lexz pkSM+kbZ dks okil ykuk Fkk]
varj&foHkkxh; lfefr us unh ds fu;ksftr jkLrs ij ppkZ dhA
73
II
pqukSfr;ka
rfeyukMq jkT; ljdkj us egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds fngkM+h&jkstxkj
mn~ns'; dks O;kid cukus ds fy, blds fdz;kUo;u esa fofHkUu
ubZ vo/kj.kkvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k gSA ;s u, vo/kj.kk
izLrko dkexkjksa ds fy, efgyk laosnu'khy lk/uksa dh
lqfuf'prrk ls ysdj cky ns[kHkky vkSj vU; dk;Z&LFky
lqfo/kvksa ds izko/ku ij u, fljs ls ;ku fn, tkus rd
lhekafdr gSaA uhfrxr fu.kZ; ds vuqlkj] jkT; egkRek xka/h
ujsxk ds varxZr mu Ldheksa dks dk;kZfUor djrk gS tks
100 izfr'kr vdq'ky gLr dk;Z lqfuf'pr djrh gSaA egkRek
xka/h ujsxk 2005 ds varxZr ;Fkk&fu/kZfjr dY;k.kdkjh
izko/kuksa dks O;kid cukus dh vksj ;g ,d ldkjkRed dne gSA
o"kZ 2010&11 rd] 'kq: fd, x, O;kid dk;ksZa esa cM+s tyk'k;
vkSj lkeqnkf;d ifjlEifRr;ka 'kkfey FkhaA bu dk;ksZa ds izHkko
dks lewps leqnk; }kjk eglwl fd;k x;k gSA rFkkfi] O;fDrxr
t:jrksa ij ,dhd`r ;ku ugha fn;k x;k FkkA O;fDrxr
fdlkuksa ds fy, flapkbZ lqfo/kvksa vkSj ifjokjksa ds fy, LoPNrk
lqfo/kvksa dk Hkh lek/ku ugha fd;k x;k FkkA
gLr{ksi dh vko';drk
rfeyukMq dh ljdkj us egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds lalk/uksa ds
rkyesy ds fy, vU; fodkl dk;Zeksa ds lkFk laLFkkxr gksus
dh bPNk O;Dr dhA eq[; eqn~nk ;g Fkk fd egkRek xka/h
74
gLr{ksi
ldsfUnzr ifj;kstukvksa esa] izHkkoh leUo; vkSj fdz;kUo;u dk
LokfeRo vfr egRoiw.kZ gSA jkT; Lrj ij] vfHklj.k ifr
vkSj fdz;kUo;u izfdz;kvksa ij ppkZ djus rFkk fu.kZ; ysus
ds fy, varj&foHkkxh; cSBdsa vk;ksftr dh xbZA Hkkxhnkj
fo"k;&foHkkxksa dh Hkwfedkvksa vkSj mRrjnkf;Roksa dh Li"V :i
ls :ijs[kk rS;kj djrs gq, foLr`r dk;Z ;kstuk,a cukbZ xbZ FkhaA
blds vfrfjDr] vkSipkfjd vkns'kksa vkSj funs'kksa ds ek;e ls
fu.kZ;ksa dks ftyksa ds ikl izofrZr dj fn;k x;k FkkA
jkT; }kjk dh xbZ dsfUnzr igyksa esa fuEufyf[kr 'kkfey gSa %
bls izpkfyr djus ds fy,] jkT; us ,uch, dks egkRek xka/h ujsxk
ds lkFk rkyesy djus ds fy, O;kid fn'kk&funs'Z k rS;kj fd,]
buesa uewuk vuqeku vkSj ykxr Hkh 'kkfey gSAa {ks=kh; ewY;kaduksa
ds vuqlkj] ,d i`Fkd ikfjokfjd 'kkSpky; (vkbZ,p,p,y) ds
fuekZ.k esa 'kkfey vkSlr ekuo fnol 20 vdq'ky O;fDr fnolksa
vkSj N% dq'ky O;fDr fnolksa dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k Fkk_ bUgsa
egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds varxZr foRriksf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA 6]600
#i, ds lkexzh ?kVd (2]500 #i, dk jkT; dk va'knku) dks
,uch, ds varxZr lgk;rk nh xbZ FkhA ;g uksV djuk izklafxd
gS fd rfeyukMq us vkbZ,p,p,y esa jkT; ds va'knku dks (Hkkjr
ljdkj }kjk fn, lq>ko vuqlkj) 1]400 #i, ls c<+kdj 2]500
#i, dj fn;k & ftls ,d nwjn'khZ igy ds :i esa ns[kk tk
ldrk gSA
izkjaHk esa] jkT; iz'kklu us lwpuk dks izlkfjr djus vkSj ekax
dks l`ftr djus dk tu vfHk;ku pyk;kA blds vfrfjDr]
fHkfRRk&fp=kksa vkSj jsfM;ks&lans'k ds ek;e ls rFkk ?kj&?kj
tkdj vfHk;ku pyk;k x;k rkfd bl igy dh igqap dks
75
II
lkj.kh 6-5% o"kZ&okj] jkT; }kjk forfjr fngkM+h vkSj lkexzh O;;
(yk[k :- esa)
vf[ky Hkkjr
Je
2015-2016
2014-2015
2013-2014
?kVd
?kVd
?kVd
lkexzh
dqy
(%)
lkexzh
(%)
(%)
dqy
Je
lkexzh
(%)
(%)
dqy
0
(0)
0
(0)
745.13
(98.52)
11.17
(1.48)
756.3
1610
(99.24)
12.32
(0.76)
1622.32
1229.01
(40.37)
1815.13
(59.63)
3044.14
160618.69
(71.7)
63406.63
(28.3)
224025.32
331450.42
(70.45)
139054.33
(29.55)
470504.75
168.35
(67.65)
80.5
(32.35)
248.85
1766.53
(65.15)
944.82
(34.85)
2711.35
5948.85
(64.76)
3236.53
(35.24)
9185.38
vle
1448.13
(65.34)
768.25
(34.66)
2216.38
33607.45
(70.28)
14208.64
(29.72)
47816.09
45386.38
(68.63)
20748.74
(31.37)
66135.12
fcgkj
3848.27
(59.28)
2642.98
(40.72)
6491.25
52468.46
(54.75)
43368.67
(45.25)
95837.13
108385
(55.63)
86451.51
(44.37)
194836.51
paMhx<+
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.71
(100)
0
(0)
0.71
0.55
(100)
0
(0)
0.55
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
neu o nho
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
xksok
5.16
(88.36)
0.68
(11.64)
5.84
339.21
(76.34)
105.13
(23.66)
444.34
204.68
(70.34)
86.29
(29.66)
290.97
xqtjkr
821.24
(63.07)
480.93
(36.93)
1302.17
27936.55
(63.91)
15776.64
(36.09)
43713.19
28982.16
(64.57)
15905.33
(35.43)
44887.49
gfj;k.kk
31.42
(97.46)
0.82
(2.54)
32.24
16116.94
(77)
4814.54
(23)
20931.48
24729.21
(67.11)
12119.21
(32.89)
36848.42
fgekpy izns'k
7.92
(68.28)
3.68
(31.72)
11.6
28831.14
(74.47)
9885.39
(25.53)
38716.53
37709.06
(69.39)
16637.71
(30.61)
54346.77
12.94
(32.27)
27.16
(67.73)
40.1
16824.22
(52.03)
15513.1
(47.97)
32337.32
40047.48
(54.59)
33317.07
(45.41)
73364.55
vaMeku o fudksckj
vka/z izns'k
v:.kkpy izns'k
76
Je
(yk[k :- esa)
vf[ky Hkkjr
Je
2015-2016
2014-2015
2013-2014
?kVd
?kVd
?kVd
lkexzh
dqy
(%)
Je
lkexzh
(%)
(%)
dqy
Je
lkexzh
(%)
(%)
dqy
977.4
(59.58)
662.97
(40.42)
1640.37
100337.91
(62.29)
60756.1
(37.71)
161094.01
142392.38
(71.18)
57659.94
(28.82)
200052.32
dsjy
13940.7
(98.38)
229.26
(1.62)
14169.96
150173.79
(96.97)
4692.84
(3.03)
154866.63
120293.39
(96.98)
3743.33
(3.02)
124036.72
e; izns'k
2301.42
(29.2)
5580.93
(70.8)
7882.35
183681.94
(66.79)
91341.21
(33.21)
275023.15
165695.16
(68.35)
76722.87
(31.65)
242418.03
egkjk"V
6187.54
(63.1)
3619.08
(36.9)
9806.62
103350.22
(68.63)
47238.89
(31.37)
150589.11
80887.01
(68.25)
37629.36
(31.75)
118516.37
y{k}hi
0.24
(100)
0
(0)
0.24
21.91
(63.75)
12.46
(36.25)
34.37
33.84
(72.09)
13.1
(27.91)
46.94
ef.kiqj
235.39
(94.88)
12.7
(5.12)
248.09
17405.35
(69.35)
7692.26
(30.65)
25097.61
17442.16
(73.49)
6291.95
(26.51)
23734.11
es?kky;
3.79
(100)
0
(0)
3.79
20767.68
(70.68)
8614.97
(29.32)
29382.65
24557.82
(80.52)
5941.85
(19.48)
30499.67
fetksje
321.67
(98.2)
5.91
(1.8)
327.58
7411.48
(69.43)
3262.52
(30.57)
10674
20430.46
(83.92)
3913.86
(16.08)
24344.32
ukxkySaM
0
(0)
0
(0)
8489.43
(64.53)
4666.46
(35.47)
13155.89
20101.31
(70.98)
8217.97
(29.02)
28319.28
mM+hlk
19967.35
(62.01)
12230.51
(37.99)
32197.86
71710.4
(70.45)
30073.92
(29.55)
101784.32
92605.33
(75.4)
30215.49
(24.6)
122820.82
iqMqpsjh
0
(0)
0(0)
530.31
(100)
0
(0)
530.31
1041.48
(100)
0(0)
1041.48
iatkc
36.72
(85.89)
6.03
(14.11)
42.75
15829.65
(75.77)
5061.26
(24.23)
20890.91
17081.44
(69.07)
7650.59
(30.93)
24732.03
jktLFkku
6290.11
(64.66)
3437.64
(35.34)
9727.75
210956.31
(69.21)
93850.59
(30.79)
304806.9
181722.29
(74.8)
61213.35
(25.2)
242935.64
flfDde
97.2
(58.8)
68.1
(41.2)
165.3
3413.01
(50.1)
3399.79
(49.9)
6812.8
5849.65
(57.19)
4378.75
(42.81)
10228.4
7072.92
(79.63)
1809.28
(20.37)
8882.2
69473.56
(89.75)
7936.84
(10.25)
77410.4
69714.96
(68.22)
32480.71
(31.78)
102195.67
11117.82
(61.7)
6902.58
(38.3)
18020.4
198161.42
(66.65)
99158.67
(33.35)
297320.09
222756.08
(68.43)
102755.7
(31.57)
325511.78
5797.36
(98.79)
70.77
(1.21)
5868.13
274775.28
(71.76)
108139.66
(28.24)
382914.94
249379.63
(70.19)
105937.03
(29.81)
355316.66
238.92
(3.28)
7054.68
(96.72)
7293.6
124080.77
(75.48)
40312.86
(24.52)
164393.63
147203.34
(76.98)
44019.58
(23.02)
191222.92
2291.98
(78.28)
635.83
(21.72)
2927.81
70780.66
(72.52)
26825.67
(27.48)
97606.33
58001.31
(67.69)
27682.29
(32.31)
85683.6
53.63
(71.54)
21.33
(28.46)
74.96
19386.27
(64.35)
10741.24
(35.65)
30127.51
23116.12
(62.95)
13605.8
(37.05)
36721.92
rsyaxkuk
4271.56
(88.96)
530.03
(11.04)
4801.59
98396.12
(66.16)
50336.06
(33.84)
148732.18
0
(0)
0
(0)
rfeyukMq
24798.13
(94.7)
1389.17
(5.3)
26187.3
312763.34
(84.49)
57415.03
(15.51)
370178.37
364088.42
(96.89)
11684.07
(3.11)
375772.49
dukZVd
f=kiqjk
mRrj izns'k
if'pe caxky
NRrhlx<+
>kj[k.M
mRrjk[k.M
lzksr% ebZ 2015 ds vuqlkj ,evkbZ,l fjiksVZA izfof"V dk;Z ds vHkh pyus ds dkj.k o"kZ 2015&16 ds vkadM+s vuafre gSaA
77
II
II
II
lanHkZ lkexzh
(v;k; esa fn, x, e ds vuqlkj)
1- lEcks/h fjlpz ,aM dE;wfuds'kUl izk0 fy0
(2012&13)] egkRek xka/h jk"Vh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj
xkjaVh vf/fu;e ds rgr O;fDrxr Hkwfe ij l`ftr
ifjlEifRr;ksa dk izHkko ewY;kaduA
2- vxzoky] vafdrk] vk'kh"k xqIrk vkSj vafdr dqekj
(2014)] >kj[k.M esa ujsxk dqavksa dk ewY;kaduA
gSnjkckn % ,uvkbZvkjMhA
3- HkkLdj] vatksj vkSj iadt ;kno (2015)A ^var
Hkyk rks lc Hkyk*% >kj[k.M esa egkRek xka/h ujsxk
dqavksa dk vkfFkZd ewY;kadu] ekuo fodkl laLFkku]
iwohZ dsanz] jkaph] >kj[k.M] 2015 }kjk jk"Vh; xzkeh.k
fodkl laLFkku] gSnjkckn dks izLrqr fjiksVZA
4- ukjk;.ku vkSj vU; (2014)] egkRek xka/h ujsxk
dk;Z vkSj muds izHkko % egkjk"V esa ,d rhoz
ewY;kaduA eqEcbZ % bafnjk xka/h fodkl vuqla/ku
laLFkku (vkbZthvkbZMhvkj)A
82
v;k; lkr
83
II
izLrkouk
tsaMj dks le>uk ,d foys"kukRed izf;k gS ftlds
ek;e ls lkekftd fuekZ.k lekthdj.k dh izf;k] tks
ckj&ckj gksrh gS vkSj ftlesa O;fDr dks iq#"k ;k efgyk
ds :Ik esa <yrs gq, ns[kk tk ldrk gSA rRipkr~ ;s iq#"k
vkSj fL=k;ka lekt ds lkekftd :Ik ls ekudh; dk;Z djrs
gSa vkSj viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
lk/kj.k kCnksa esa bldk vFkZ gS fd lekt dh
fopkj/kjk O;fDr;ksa ds fodkl dks iwoZ&fu/kZj.k djrh gSA
bu fopkj/kjkvksa dk lkekftd :Ik ls fuekZ.k gksrk gS vkSj
blfy, tsaMj ,d lkekftd fuekZ.k izf;k gS vkSj blesa
lekthdj.k ds fodkl dh izf;k kkfey gksrh gSA bl
izdkj lkekftd vkpj.k curk gSA
lkekU; n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[ksa rks tsaMj dk v;;u djuk
lkekU;r;k iq#"k vkSj fL=k;ksa dks lkekftd Jsf.k;ksa ds :Ik
esa le>us rd lhfer gksrk gS] ysfdu ;g dsoy iq#"k vkSj
efgyk ds gksus vkSj cuus rd lhfer ugha gksrk cfYd blesa
igpku vkSj ojh;rk Hkh kkfey gksrh gSA
lekthdj.k dh izf;k esa tsaMj vf/dkj vkSj vf/dkjghurk
84
II
rkfydk 7-1% foRrh; o"kZ 2012&13 ls foRrh; o"kZ 2014&15 rd jkT; esa efgykvksas dh Hkkxhnkjh dk i`Fkd lewg
-la-
30
vka/z izns'k
v#.kkpy izns'k
vle
fcgkj
NRrlhx<+
xqtjkr
gfj;k.kk
fgekpy izns'k
tEew o d'ehj
>kj[kaM
dukZVd
dsjy
e; izns'k
egkjk"V
ef.kiqj
es?kky;
fetksje
uxkySaM
vksfM'kk
iatkc
jktLFkku
flfDde
rfeukMq
rsyaxkuk
f=kiqjk
mRrj izns'k
mRrjk[kaM
if'pe caxky
vaMeku vkSj fudksckj
nknjk o uxj gosyh
31
neu o nho
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
32
33
34
35
86
jkT;
xksok
y{k}hi
iqM~Mqpsjh
paMhx<+
dqy
201314
201415
(05/05/2015 rd)
58.34
58.68
58.72
30.27
30.35
30.21
26.01
24.75
28.19
30.63
34.97
37.17
46.93
48.53
49.87
42.86
43.96
43.24
39.86
41.71
41.66
60.69
62.52
61.04
19.88
23.15
25.38
32.71
31.89
32.06
46.25
46.59
46.86
92.99
93.37
92.17
42.42
42.65
43.22
44.55
43.69
43.47
34.01
35.25
38.27
41.07
41.62
42.57
26.15
30.20
40.27
26.01
28.93
31.28
35.95
33.57
33.79
46.36
52.74
57.43
68.95
67.76
68.26
43.71
44.85
48.18
74.15
83.94
85.42
61.07
41.08
47.11
49.36
19.70
22.17
24.75
46.93
44.88
50.56
33.71
35.55
41.37
45.11
47.18
50.44
..
..
..
..
..
..
79.13
75.30
74.88
29.55
22.50
36.59
84.05
85.65
86.29
..
..
..
51.30
52.80
54.86
II
7 tkWu] iSIis vkSj bEcVZ Dys,esaV (2014)] vYidkfyd okl vkSj Hkkjr
dh jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstukA eqacbZ% bafnjk xka/h fodkl vuqla/ku laLFkkuA
8 nkl] mikld (2014)] ^D;k xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk vYikof/
iyk;u dks de dj ldrh gS* if'pe caxky] Hkkjr ls lk{;] bafnjk
xka/h fodkl vuqla/ku laLFkku esa isij Lrqfr A
9 dksQs] Mh- (2013)] ^xzkeh.k Hkkjr ls cPpksa ds dY;k.k vkSj vYidkfyd
iyk;u*] fodkl v;;u if=kdk 49(8)% 1101&117-
fgLlk FkkA ftys us d`f"k foHkkx rFkk jk"Vh; d`f"k vkSj xzkeh.k
fodkl cSad (ukckMZ) ds lkFk vU; lkeatL; ifj;kstuk,a Hkh
kq: djus dk iz;kl fd;kA
ckjkcadh
ckjkcadh ftys esa [kqys esa kkSpky; tkuk ,d xaHkhj leL;k gSA
tcfd egkRek xka/h ujsxk kkSpky;ksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, fueZy
Hkkjr vfHk;ku (,uch,) ds lkFk lkeatL; miyC/ djkrk gS]
ftyk izkf/dkfj;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd 2000 #i, (xzkeh.k fodkl
ea=kky; }kjk fofufnZ"V vuqlkj) dh ;wfuV ykxr ds vanj
89
II
90
91
II
92
xbZ FkhA ;g Hkwfe ijrh cuh jgh D;ksafd ifjokjksa ds ikl Ik;kZIr
lalk/u ugha FksA bl Hkwfe dk egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds varxZr
O;kid fodkl fd;k x;kA
ijrh Hkwfe ds fodkl ds fy,] fofHkUu dk;Z fd, x, tSls
dkaVsnkj >kfM+;ksa] [kjirokj dks gVkuk] <syksa dks gVkuk] fdukjksa
ij [kkb;ka [kksnuk] Hkwfe lery cukuk rFkk rkykc cukukA
blds ckn] bl Hkwfe esa o"kkZ flafpr Qlysa yxkbZ xbZA o"kZ
2009 esa] lHkh 12 ykHkkfFkZ;ksa us lkewfgd :i ls flapkbZ ds fy,
izfrekg 500 #i, dh nj ls yht ij ,d eksVj yhA
ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks ,u,p,e vkSj ,evkbZih ds lg;ksx ls 2010 esa
vke dh ikS/ nh xbZA ckxkuksa esa vke ds ikS/ksa dks ikuh miyC/
djkus ds fy, fMi flapkbZ lqfo/k miyC/ djkbZ xbZA ykHkkfFkZ;ksa
us gj laHko iz;kl fd, vkSj vius [ksrksa esa 100 izfrkr ikS/ksa
dks thfor j[kus eas lQyrk izkIr dhA
fu;fer d`f"k Qlykas izHkkfor fd, fcuk rFkk fdlkuksa dks
vuqiwjd vk; miyC/ djkus ds fy, 2010&11 esa [ksr dh
es<+ ij ikS/s yxk, x,A eq[;r% lkxkSu vkSj jsM lsaMj iztkfr;ka
yxkbZ xbZaA ikS/ksa dks ou foHkkx] ou ulZfj;ksa vkSj vU;
ikS/kkykvksa ds lg;ksx ls yxk;k x;kA j[kj[kko ykxr dh
nks o"kZ rd thfor cps izR;sd ikS/s ij izfro"kZ 50 #i, dk
Hkqxrku djds olwyh dh xbZA
Hkwfeghu misf{kr oxksZa ds fy, vk; dk lqfufpr l`tu djus
ds fy, bfUnjEek ikNk rksj.ke ds varxZr jktLo foHkkx
vkSj xzkeh.k xjhch mUewyu lkslk;Vh (,lbZvkjih) us o"kZ
2013&14 esa o`{kksa ij vf/dkfj;ksa }kjk fjDr ljdkjh Hkwfe
esa ikS/jksi.k izkjaHk fd;k x;k] ftlesa dk;Ze ds ykHkkfFkZ;ksa
dks igpku nh tkrh gSA p;fur ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks O;kid vf/
dkj (psV~Vq&iV~Vk) fn;k tkrk gS rFkk 100 ls 200 ckxokuh
ikS/ksa dh dye yxkbZ tkrh gSA vke] ukfj;y] phdw ve:n]
lhrkQy] beyh] tkequ] dVgy vkSj dktw dh Qlysa yxkus
ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks egkRek xka/h
ujsxk vkSj vU; ;kstukvksa ds ek;e ls ikS/jksi.k] xM~Mk [kksnus]
moZjdksa] ckM+ yxkus] ikuh nsus ds izHkkj vkSj ekfld vuqj{k.k
izHkkjksa dk Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gSA
fFkIikbZxqMk esa fodflr ijrh Hkwfe ds ykHkkfFkZ;ksa us [khjk] fjt
ykSdh] lse] VekVj] fepZ] dkyk puk vkSj jktek dh Qyh dks
fodflr Hkwfe esa fefJr Qlyksa ds :Ik esa mxkuk kq: fd;k
gSA buesa ls izR;sd 12 ifjokj fefJr Qlyksa ls 10]000 #i,
izfro"kZ ls vf/d dh vk; dek jgs gSaA fefJr Qlyksa ls vftZr
93
II
jkT;
vka/z izns'k
v#.kkpy izns'k
vle
fcgkj
NRrlhx<+
xqtjkr
gfj;k.kk
fgekpy izns'k
tEew o d'ehj
>kj[kaM
dukZVd
dsjy
e; izns'k
egkjk"V
ef.kiqj
es?kky;
fetksje
uxkySaM
vksfM'kk
iatkc
jktLFkku
flfDde
rfeukMq
rsyaxkuk
f=kiqjk
mRrj izns'k
mRrjk[kaM
if'pe caxky
vaMeku vkSj fudksckj
nknjk o uxj gosyh
neu o nho
xksok
y{k}hi
iqM~Mqpsjh
paMhx<+
dqy
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
6
34
35
33
lzksr% www.mgnrega.nic.in.
94
8,082,172
4,102,454
50.76
84,119
27,128
32.25
3,439,413
1,094,553
31.82
5,427,926
1,986,870
36.60
7,074,240
3,337,656
47.18
3,917,929
1,845,313
47.10
1,002,084
410,819
41.00
1,013,446
535,929
52.88
1,291,245
337,342
26.13
3,721,450
1,413,271
37.98
11,471,580
5,366,556
46.78
2,500,748
1,983,906
79.33
11,928,104
5,421,164
45.45
5,165,562
2,188,970
42.38
304,150
157,311
51.72
153,456
91,486
59.62
359,709
170,235
47.33
207
92
44.44
6,769,475
2,848,891
42.08
1,088,461
488,314
44.86
11,120,501
6,109,465
54.94
105,192
49,183
46.76
8,188,255
6,226,540
76.04
2,780,320
1,490,366
53.60
1,306,889
604,985
46.29
12,306,176
2,966,655
24.11
957,478
457,814
47.81
14,310,438
5,378,546
37.58
13,033
6,725
51.60
2,190
1,884
86.03
#DIV/0!
19,198
13,259
69.06
7,736
2,541
32.85
76,783
54,796
71.36
107
35
32.71
125,989,772
57,171,054
45.38
II
rkfydk 7-3% o"kZ 2012&13 vkSj 2014&15 ds chp 'kq: fd, x, vkbZ,p,p,y dk;Z
- o"kZ
la-
dk;ksZa dh la[;k
dqy
vuqeksfnr
(vf[ky
fdarq
Hkkjr) izkjaHk ugha
;wfuVksa dh la[;k
py jgs
gSa
iw.kZ
dqy
iw.kZ
3=4+5+6
7=8+9+10
10
201516
128,334
51,397
40,935
36,002
130,370.5
53,106
41,262
36,002
201415
1,445,351
226,100
867,654
351,597
2,160,321
292,171
1,313,599
554,551
201314
1,919,895
278,499
732,972
908,424
3,299,649
357,471
1,080,025
1,862,155
201213
1,394,432
495,022
285,318
614,092
1,598,968
496,864
431,820
670,284
II
lanHkZ lkexzh
(e ftlesa os v;k; esa n'kkZ, x, gSa)
1- eku] uhyk{kh vkSj ojn ikaMs (}kjk ladfyr)A fefgj
'kkg (laiknu) (2012)] egkRek xka/h ujsxk leh{kk%
egkRek xka/h jk"Vh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/fu;e]
2005 ij 'kks/ v;;u dk ,d ladyuA
2006&2012 - ubZ fnYyh% xzkeh.k fodkl ea=kky;]
Hkkjr ljdkjA
2- dksQs] Mh (2013)] xzkeh.k Hkkjr ls cky dY;k.k vkSj
vYikof/ iyk;u] fodkl v;;u if=kdk 49(8)
1101 &1173- isyhLlkjh] lksuh vkSj lqfer dqekj tkyku] ifjorZudkjh
lkekftd laj{k.k dh vksj% Hkkjr ds jkstxkj xkjaVh
vf/fu;e (egkRek xka/h ujsxk) dk tsaMj fo'ys"k.kA
vkuan% xzkeh.k ca/u laLFkku (vkbZvkj,e,)A
4- HkV~Vkpk;Z] vkj vkSj ih- oSD;ksjfyu (2013)] ,d Hkze
;k xzkeh.k thou js[kk\ vle dh efgyk ykHkkfFkZ;ksa
ij egkRek xka/h xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/fu;e
ds Hkko dk fo'ys"k.k] varfj{k vkSj laLd`fr] Hkkjr
01%11_
98
v;k; vkB
99
II
izLrkouk
lkekftd tokcnsgh dks ^lkkoku vius dk;ksaZ ds fr
ftEesnkjh gksaxs* ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA ;g
vf/dkjksa vkSj ftEesnkfj;ksa dh O;k[;k djrk gS tks yksxksa
vkSj laLFkkuksa ds chp fo|eku gSa vkSj ftudk muds thou]
fo'ks"k :i ls jkT; ds drZO;ksa vkSj ukxfjdksa dh gdnkjh ij
Hkko iM+rk gS (;w,uMhih 2013)A ;ku nsa fd ;g ifjHkk"kk
tokcnsgh dh vo/kj.kk ds Hkhrj lkekftd] dkuwuh vkSj
uSfrd vfuok;Zrk dks n'kkZrh gSA blds vykok] lkekftd
tokcnsgh dh vU; ifjHkk"kkvksa esa ukxfjd dkjZokbZ ij
tksj nsuk ;k nkf;Ro dh ekax1 esa ^ukxfjd usr`Ro*2 djuk
'kkfey gSA tSlk fd ik=krk v;k; esa mYys[k fd;k x;k
gS] U;k; lkekftd uhfrxr <kaps ds ewy esa gSA egkRek
xka/h ujsxk ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa] lkekftd lekos'k bldh
:ijs[kk dk fgLlk gS vkSj ;g foHkktu djus okys U;k; dh
fopkj/kkjk ls lacaf/r gSA
bldk vFkZ gS fd lekt ds de lqfo/k kIr yksxksa dks
fuf'pr :i ls uhfr esa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA egkRek
xka/h ujsxk dh :ijs[kk esa ekax vk/kfjr lqfo/kvksa dk
1 fdlh jkT; ds ikjn'khZ gksus vkSj U;k; nku djus esa dfFkr :i ls
vlQy jgus dk ;g lanHkZ ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk] lcls
detksj vkSj misf{kr oxksaZ dks tqVkus rFkk yksdra=k dks etcwr cukus
dh fn'kk esa Li"V tokcnsgh dh ekax ls tksM+k tk ldrk gS rFkk 1970
ds ckn ls ;g ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa vkSj lkekftd lf;rk ds
fodkl dk vk/kj cuk gSA lwpuk dk vf/dkj (vkjVhvkbZ) vuqla/ku
& vfHk;ku etnwj fdlku 'kfDr laxBu (,eds,l,l) uked ,d
cqfu;knh laxBu }kjk 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk tks blds lQj esa ,d ehy dk
iRFkj lkfcr gqvkA ,slk rhr gksrk gS fd forj.kkRed U;k; (lalk/uksa
dk vkoaVu) esa fu.kZ; ysuk eqf'dy Fkk vkSj vkSipkfjd dkuwuh O;oLFkk
esa lSkaafrd :i ls naM nsus okyk vkSj n`<+ U;k; fn;k tkuk pkfg, Fkk] ogka
,eds,l,l ds ukxfjd lekt dk;ZdrkZvksa us os'k fcanq ds :i esa U;k;
ds f;k laca/h igyqvksa ij ;ku dsafr fd;k rkfd vU;k; vkSj laxhu
tqeZ ds f[kykQ tksjnkj <ax ls vkokt mBkbZ tk lds ftls jktLFkku esa
lcls vf/d xjhc vkSj misf{kr oxZ ds yksx lkeuk dj jgs FksA ns'k ds
lcls xjhc] misf{kr vkSj vyx&Fkyx iM+s ukxfjdksa us ^nLrkost* dk
bLrseky fd;k ftls os ekax djds ns[k ldrs Fks] eglwl dj ldrs Fks
vkSj ,d dykd`fr ds :i esa j[k ldrs Fks ;g muds vkSj jkT; ds
chp ukxfjdksa ds :i esa muds vf/dkjksa dk nkok djus ds fy, ,d
izeq[k vuqca/ FkkA bl ^nLrkost* dk bLrseky djds xjhc U;k;laxr
lalk/uksa dk vkoaVu fd, tkus ds fy, yM+ ldrs Fks] /ks[kk/kM+h
vkSj xcu ds ekeyksa dks lkeus yk ldrs Fks vkSj frdkj vkSj cgkyh
dh ekax dj ldrs FksA bl nLrkost ds vfLrRo esa vkus ls xjhcksa dk
bl ij fu;a=k.k c<+ x;k] tcfd ;g dnkpkj dk ^ekewyh* ekeyk FkkA
bl rjg] ^lwpuk dk vf/dkj* ys[k dk iquxZBu gqvk vkSj blus jkT;
vkSj mlds ukxfjdksa ds chp ^lkekftd laca/* dks yksdrkaf=kd cuk;kA
2 ns[ksa ;w,uMhih (2013] lkekftd tokcnsgh ij fopkj% lglzkfCn fodkl
y{;ksa dks kIr djus ds fy, xfr esa rsth ykus gsrq yksdrkaf=kd 'kklu
dk vfHksj.kA vksLyks] ukoZ ;w,uMhihA
100
II
flagkoyksdu
bu v;;uksa dh leh{kk ls irk pyrk gS fd tSls
kfDrghuksa dks nck fn;k tkrk gS] vf/dkj lEiUu yksxksa
esa vikjnf'kZrk jgrh gS vkSj blfy, tokcnsgh dk la?k"kZ
vf/dkjghu vkSj vf/dkj lEiUu nksuksa fy, la?k"kZ cu
tkrk gSA kklu ds blh lw{e Lrj ij ihvkjvkbZ dh {kerk
egRoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA ihvkjvkbZ dks u dsoy LFkkuh;
kklu dh izf;k] foRrh; fLFkfr vkSj vU; igyqvksa cfYd
mUgas yksdrkaf=kd dk;Ziz.kkyh ds laHkkfor igyqvksa dks Hkh
le>uk gksrk gSA efgyk ihvkjvkbZ dh Hkwfedk vkSj mudh
LFkk;h {kerk ij fu.kZ; ysus dks egkRek xka/h ujsxk dks
ykxw djuk ,d izeq[k fyad gS ftl ij vuqla/kudrkZvksa
dks v;;u djuk pkfg,A
egkRek xka/h ujsxk esa lkekftd tokcnsgh] ftls bl
v;k; esa dkuwuksa] iz.kkfy;ksa] izf;kvksa vkSj laLFkkuksa ds
tfj, cuk;k x;k gS] ukxfjdksa vkSj lekt dks dk;Ze
ds fu.kZ;ksa vkSj dk;kZUo;u ds izHkko dh tkap djus esa
l{ke cukrh gS ftudk muds thou ij izHkko iM+k FkkA
lkekftd tokcnsgh yksxksa ds vf/dkjksa dk ;g irk yxkus
ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd dk;Ze ds dk;kZUo;u esa ^dSls*
vkSj ^D;ksa* fu.kZ; fy, x, FksA
kkg (2009) us leh{kk&I esa egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds
dk;ZdrkZvksa dh {kerk dks eq[; kklu pqukSrh ds :Ik esa
igpku dh FkhA {kerk izkklu esa fu"i{k vkSj ftEesnkj
fu.kZ; ysus dk mYYks[k djrh gSA blfy,] ewy esa {kerk
kklu esa tokcnsgh esa ifj.kr gksrh gS vkSj ;g
;kstuk dk Hkkoh ekxZ nkkZrh gSA
7 pksiM+k] nhIrk (2014) ^os dk;Z ugha djuk pkgrha* cuke ^os dk;Z
nsuk ugha pkgrs*% jktLFkku esa egkRek xka/h ujsxk dh fxjkoV ds fy,
Li"Vhdj.k dh ekaxA eSupsLVj] fczVsu% Hkkoh jkT;ksa vkSj lekos'kh fodkl
vuqla/ku dsa (bZ,lvkbZMh)A
103
II
104
12
II
rkfydk 8-1% vka/z izns'k lkekftd ys[kk&ijh{kk fopyu (31 ekpZ 2015 dks)
1
Rs 624.14 djksM+
#i,
Rs 122.73 djksM+
#i,
Rs 54.41 djksM+
#i,
Rs 48.36 djksM+
#i,
Rs 19.54 djksM+
#i,
Rs 34.86 djksM+
#i,
548
5,114
22,472
10
68
11
4,507
107
II
lanHkZ lkexzh
(e] ftlesa os v;k; esa n'kkZ, x, gSa)
1- ;w,uMhih (2013)] lkekftd tokcnsgh ij ehekalk%
lglzkfCn fodkl y{;ksa ds fy, izxfr dks rst djus
gsrq yksdrkaf=kd 'kklu dks sfjr djukA vksLyks] uksosZ
;w,uMhihA
2- ukjk;.ku] usdka vkSj fufru yks[kaMs (2013)] ^fMtkbu
egkjk"V esa egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds f;kUo;u*%
yM+[kM+kuk vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd lkIrkfgd
XLVIII 26&27-
108
v;k; ukS
109
II
ubZ igy
1- vk/kj lefFkZr izR;{k ykHk varj.k dh
vko;drk
egkRek xka/h ujsxk] ljdkj dh lcls cM+h lkekftd
dY;k.k ;kstukvksa esa ls ,d gSA rFkkfi] O;kid :Ik ls
QSys ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks etnwjh Hkqxrku iznku djus ds fy,
visf{kr e;ofrZ;ksa ds O;kid usVodZ ls dkQh vf/d
ykHk chp esa gh viofrZr gks tkrs gSaA blls ljdkj dks
ykHk iznku djus esa vf/d ykxr vkrh gS vkSj okafNr
ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks iwjs ykHk ugha fey ikrsA
110
111
II
lekiu
fiNys v;k;ksa esa] iwoZ iz;kl& egkRek xka/h ujsxk leh{kk
dks tkjh j[krs gq, egkRek xka/h ujsxk leh{kk djus dk
iz;kl fd;k x;k FkkA bl leh{kk ds fy, 2012 vkSj 2014
ds chp izdkfkr v;;uksa vkSj Lora=k vuqla/ku dk p;u
fd;k x;kA iwoZ vuqla/ku ls dqN egRoiw.kZ v;;uksa dks
Hkh fujarjrk ds fy, kkfey fd;k x;kA egkRek xka/h ujsxk
leh{kk vkSj egkRek xka/h ujsxk lakks/u us bl egRoiw.kZ
dkuwu ds dk;kZUOk;u ds ukSaos o"kZ ij vuqla/ku lk{; dk
lays"k.k fd;kA ;s egkRek xka/h ujsxk esa lwfpr tkudkjh
j[kus vkSj Hkkjrh; kklu iz.kkyh ds [kqysiu vkSj fodkl
ds O;kid lapyu n'kkZrs gaSA
,d foys"kukRed <kapk fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k vkSj izR;sd
fo"k;d {ks=k dk ljdkjh egkRek xka/h ujsxk ,evkbZ,l]
izdkfkr vuqla/ku lk{;] ekStwnk dfe;ksa rFkk uhfrxr
flQkfjksa] ;fn dksbZ gksa] ds vkyksd esa foys"k.k fd;k
x;kA ;g uksV fd;k x;k fd dqN fo"k; laca/h {ks=k esa
vuqla/ku #fp Fkh] tcfd dqN vU; fo"k; {ks=kksa esa leku
:Ik ls egRoiw.kZ {ks=kksa dk lek/ku ugha fd;k x;k FkkA
mnkgj.k ds fy, vk; ds fo"k; laca/h {ks=k us y{; ls
lacaf/r dqN izuksa esa #fp fn[kykbZ Fkh tcfd vkthfodk
vkSj d`f"k rFkk dk;Zdykiksa esa vf/d ;ku fn, tkus dh
112
113
II
114
tSlk fd izkjafHkd v;;uksa esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] egkRek xka/h
ujsxk dh O;k[;k dk lg&fu.kZ;] okn&fookn vkSj izfrLi/kZ
dk dkj.k cuus vkSj vuqla/ku #fp] tks blus l`ftr
dh gS] lHkh ladsrd gSa tks laHkor% blds vfHkO;fDr
dh Lora=krk iznku djus esa ekewyh ;ksxnku gS vkSj ;fg
vk/qfud Hkkjr gSA ;g nLrkost vuqla/ku ds lk{; ij
bl O;k[;k dks dsUnz esa ykus dk iz;kl gS vkSj ;g miyC/
lk{; ds vkyksd esa blds vuqekuksa vkSj vo/kj.kksa dh
egRoiw.kZ :Ik ls tkap djrk gSA
lanHkZ lkexzh
(e] ftlesa os v;k; esa n'kkZ, x, gSa)
1- fxMsal] ,aFkksuh (1979)] lkekftd flkar esa dsUh;
leL;k,a% lkekftd fo'ys"k.k esa dkjZokbZ] volajpuk
vkSj fojks/kHkklA cdZys] dSfyQksfuZ;k% dSfyQksfuZ;k
fo'ofo|ky; slA
2- tks'kh] vksedkj] vkSj vU; (2014)] egkRek xka/h ujsxk%
vafre lgkjs ds :i esa fu;ksDrk\ ubZ fnYyh% Hkkjr ekuo
fodkl losZ{k.k] ofdaZx isij 2014&1] ,ulh,bZvkj vkSj
eSjhySaM fo'ofo|ky;] fnlacjA
3- nslkbZ] lksukYMks (2014)] http: //www-ncaer-org/
publication_details-php\pID 240-www-ncaerorg- [vkWuykbu]] fnlEcjA
rkfare&serve&as&a&substitute&for&weatherin
surance&the&case&of&nrega&in&andhra&prad
esh/-ifmrlead-org- [vkWuykbu]] ij miyC/A
II
jktuhfrd lkIrkfgd XLVII (35)24- HkkLdj] vutksj vkSj iadt ;kno (2015)] ^var Hkyk rks
lc Hkyk% >kj[kaM esa egkRek xka/h ujsxk dqvksa dk vkfFkZd
ewY;kaduA ekuo fodkl laLFkku] iwohZ dsU] jkaph] >kj[kaM
}kjk jk"Vh; xzkeh.k fodkl laLFkku dks Lrqr fjiksVZA
25- Hkkjr xzkeh.k fodkl fjiksVZA vksfj,aV CySdLoku (2013)]
orientblackswan-com/ebooksfree/
---/content/
irdr%20full%20book-pdf- [vkWuykbu]] ij miyC/A
49% 1101&117
37- vxzoky] vafdrk] vk'kh"k xqIrk vkSj vafdr dqekj
(2014)] >kj[kaM esa ujsxk dqvksa dk ewY;kaduA gSnjkckn%
,uvkbZvkjMhA
38- ukjk;.ku] lq/k vkSj vU; (2014)] egkRek xka/h ujsxk
ds dk;Z vkSj muds Hkko% egkjk"V ij ,d Rofjr
vkdyuA eqacbZ% bafnjk xka/h fodkl vuqla/ku laLFkku
(vkbZthvkbZMhvkj)A
39- bZLVhOl Vh-] ds-oh- jko] ch- flUgk vkSj ,l-,l- jkW;
(2013)] i;kZoj.kh; ykHk vkSj egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds
ek;e ls tksf[ke esa deh% ,d la'ys"k.k fjiksVZ% xzkeh.k
fodkl ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj vkSj Mw'k thvkbZtsMA
40- flUgk] ch (2013)] egkRek xka/h ujsxk ds varxZr fufeZr
ifjlaifk;ksa dh fLFkjrkA Hkksiky% Hkkjrh; ou ca/u
laLFkkuA
41- lscfLV;u] eSF;w ds- vkSj ih-,- vtht (2014)] ^egkRek
xka/h ujsxk vkSj tSo fofo/rk*] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd
lkIrkfgd XLIX (10)A
42- oekZ] ,l-,l- (2011)] ,eth&ujsxk ifjlaifk;ka vkSj
xzkeh.k ty lqj{kk% fcgkj] xqtjkr] dsjy vkSj jktLFkku
esa {ks=kh; v;;u dk la'ys"k.kA vkuan% xzkeh.k ca/u
laLFkkuA
43- lsu] dq.kky (2014)] Hkkjr esa egkRek xka/h ujsxk
dk;kZUo;u esa lQyrk vkSj foQyrkA eSupsLVj] fczVsu%
Hkkoh jkT;k vkSj lekos'kh fodkl (bZ,lvkbZMh)A
44- pksiM+k] nhIrk (2014)] cuke ^os dke ugha djuk
pkgrs cuke* ^os dke nsuk ugha pkgrs*% jktLFkku esa
egkRek xka/h ujsxk dh fxjkoV ds fy, Li"Vhdj.k dh
ekax% eSupsLVj] fczVsu% Hkkoh jkT; vesfjdk vkSj lekos'kh
fodkl vuqla/ku dsa (bZ,lvkbZMh)A
45- isyhLlsnjh] lksuh vkSj lqfer dqekj tkyku] ifjorZudkjh
lkekftd lqj{kk dh vksj% Hkkjr dh jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/fu;e
ds fo'yl"k.k dk tsaMj (egkRek xka/h ujsxk)A vkuan%
xzkeh.k ca/u laLFkku (vkbZvkj,e,)A
46- HkV~Vkpk;Z] vkj- vkSj ih- oSD;ksyhu (2013)] ^,d Hkze
;k xzkeh.k thou js[kk\ vle dh efgyk ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ij
egkRek xka/h xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/fu;e ij Hkko
dk fo'ys"k.k] varfj{k vkSj laLd`fr] HkkjrA
47- tkWu] iSis vkSj bEcVZ DysoesaV (2014)] vYidkfyd
iyk;u vkSj Hkkjr dh jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstukA eqacbZ% bafnjk
xka/h fodkl vuqla/ku laLFkkuA
48- ;w,uMhih (2013)] lkekftd tokcnsgh ij fopkj% lglzkfCn
fodkl y{;ksa dh xfr esa rsth ykus ds fy, yksdrkaf=kd
'kklu dks sfjr djukA vkslyks] ukosZ ,u,uMhihA
117
118
II
>kj[kaM esa [kkuflj thih esa vk;ksftr jkstxkj fnol ds nkSjku viuh
ekax dks iathd`r djkrs tkWc dkMZ /kjd
uksV~l%
uksV~l%