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modeled
as heat generation
and can
-bx be approximated by g !
generation
approximated
by g=g
0e , where g0 is the rate of heat absorption
expressed as and cang be
#bx
e , where g is the rate of heat absorption at the top surface
0
r
r + r
0
0
at the top surface
unitvolume
volume
is a constant.
perdT
unit
andand
b is abconstant.
Obtain aObtain
relation aforrelation
the to- for the total rate
d per
r
0
of heat generation
layer of surface
thickness
L at the top ofFIGURE
the P222
of heat generation
in a waterarea
layerAofand
surface
area A and
dr talinrate
dra water
Chapter
2
Heat
Conduction
Equation
pond.
thickness L at the top of the pond.
dT (r1 )
Q223
= 300 Starting
W
with an energy
h[T (ri ) T ]
dr generation per unit volume in the uranium rods is given. volume
2-16 The rate of heat
The total
rate ofderive
heat the on
element,
Radiation Solar
dT
(
r
)
generation in eachk rod is2 to be
2
r
conduction equation for a spher
r2
q s determined.
734.6 W/m
beam being energy
h 1
dr
3 generation.
ductivity
heat
absorbed
Assumptions Heat is generated0 uniformly
in the uranium rods.
g = 7 and
107 no
W/m
T
k
D = 5 cm
L=1m
temperature of the surrounding surfaces is Tsurr. The average convection heat transfer
Assumptions Heat is generated uniformly in steel plate.
coefficient
is estimated
to beheated
h. Assuming
variable thermal
conductivity
and transient
g in
2-50
A spherical
metal balla that
inarea
an oven
Ti throughout
Analysis
We consider
unitissurface
of 1toma2temperature
. The total ofrate
of heat is allowed to cool
one-dimensional
heat
transfer,
express
the
differential
equation
and
the
boundary
and
ambient
air
at
T
by
convection
and
radiation.
Assuming
constant
thermal
conductivity
and
transient
onegeneration in this section of the plate is
dimensional
heat
transfer,
the
mathematical
formulation
(the
differential
equation
and
the
boundary
and
initial conditions of this heat conduction
problem.
Do not solve.
L
6
3
2
5
initial
conditions)
to be obtained.
10 W /problem
m )(1 mis )(0.03
m) 1.5 10 W
G gV
g (ofA thisL)heat(5conduction
plate
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is given to be transient and one-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity is given
that this
heat will
dissipated
from
both
sides of4 the
the heatat r = r is subjected to
3 There
is nobeheat
generation
in the
medium.
The plate,
outer surface
toNoting
be variable.
0
flux on either
surface of the plate becomes
convection
and radiation.
G
Aplate
1.5 10 5 W
2 1m
75,000 W/m 2
2-16
T (0, t )
0
r
T (r0 , t )
k
h[T (r0 ) T ]
r
T (r ,0) Ti
T
t
Tsurr
k
[T (r0 ) 4
r2
T
h
Ti
4
Tsurr
]
2-51 The outer surface of the North wall of a house exchanges heat with both convection and radiation.,
while the
interior
surface
is subjected
to convection
only. Assuming
the heatoftransfer
the walland
to be
Q.3
Water
flows
through
a pipe
at an average
temperature
60C.through
The inner
steadyradii
and one-dimensional,
differential equation
and the
boundary
and
outer
of the pipe arether1mathematical
= 8 cm andformulation
r = 9 cm,(the
respectively.
The outer
surface
ofthe
initial conditions) of this heat conduction
problem2 is to be obtained.
pipe is wrapped with a thin electric heater that consumes 400W per m length of the pipe.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is given to be steady and one-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity is given to
The
exposed3surface
is heavily
insulated4 so
thesurface
entireatheat
in to
There isofnothe
heatheater
generation
in the medium.
Thethat
outer
x = Equation
Lgenerated
is subjected
be constant.
Chapter
2 Heat
Conduction
the
heater is
to the
pipe.surface
Heat at
is transferred
fromto the
inner surface
of the pipe
convection
andtransferred
radiation while
the inner
x = 0 is subjected
convection
only.
2 consumes
2-48
flows
through
a
pipe
whose
outer
surface
is
wrapped
with
a
thin
electric
heater
that
toAnalysis
the Water
water
by
convection
with
a
heat
transfer
coefficient
of
h
=
65
W/m
C.
Assuming
Expressing all the temperatures in Kelvin, the differential equation and
300
W
per
m
length
of
the
pipe.
The
exposed
surface
of
the
heater
is
heavily
insulated
so
that
the
entire
constant
thermal conductivity
one-dimensional
transfer,
express the differential
the
heatand
conduction
can heat
be expressed
heatboundary
generated conditions
in the heaterfor
is this
transferred
to the pipe.problem
Heat is transferred
from theas
inner surface of the pipe
equation
thed 2boundary
conditions of the heat conduction in the pipe during steady
to the waterand
by convection.
T Assuming constant thermal conductivity and one-dimensional heat transfer, the
0
operation.
not solve.
mathematicalDo
formulation
2 (the differential equation and the boundary conditions) of the heat conduction in
dx for steady operation.
the pipe is to be obtained
dT (0)
Assumptions
k 1 Heat transfer
h [T is given
T (0)]to be steady and one-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity is given to Tsky
There is1 no 1heat generation in the medium. 4 The outer surface at r = r2 is subjected to
be constant. 3 dx
uniform heat flux and the inner surface at r = r1 is subjected to convection.
dT ( L)
4
T 1
T 2
k heat flux hat1[the
T( L
) Tsurface
T (pipe
L) 4 is Tsky
Analysis The
outer
of
2]
2 the
dx
qs
Qs
As
Qs
2 r2 L
h1
400 W
300
734.6 W / m 2
707.4
2 (00.09
.065 cm)(1 m)
h2
Noting that there is thermal symmetry about the center line and there is uniform heat flux at the outer
surface, the differential equation and the boundary conditions for this heat conduction problem can be
expressed as
d
dT
r
dr
dr
dT (r1 )
dr
dT (r2 )
k
dr
k
Q = 400
300 W
h[T (ri ) T ]
q s 707.4
734.6 W/m 2
h
T
r1
r2
2-49 A spherical metal ball that is heated in an oven to a temperature of Ti throughout is dropped into a
large body of water at T where it is cooled by convection. Assuming constant thermal conductivity and
transient one-dimensional heat transfer, the mathematical formulation (the differential equation and the
boundary and initial conditions) of this heat conduction problem is to be obtained.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is given to be transient and one-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity is given
Q.4
Consider
a long
barin of
x-direction
b intothe
3 There
is norectangular
heat generation
the length
medium.a4 in
Thethe
outer
surface at r and
= r0 iswidth
subjected
to be constant.
convection.
Analysis Noting that there is thermal symmetry about the midpoint and convection at the outer surface,
the differential equation and the boundary conditions for this heat conduction problem can be expressed as
1
T
r2
r
r2 r
1 T
t
y-
direction that is initially at a uniform temperature of Ti. The surfaces of the bar at x=0 and
y=0 are insulated, while heat is lost from the other two surfaces by convection to the
Chapter
2 Heat Conduction
Equation
surrounding medium at temperature T with a heat transfer
coefficient
of h. Assuming
constant
thermal
conductivity
andat transient
two-dimensional
transfer
with
2-121 A long
rectangular
bar is initially
a uniform temperature
of Ti. The heat
surfaces
of the bar
at xno
= 0heat
and
generation,
write
the
differential
equation
and
the
boundary
and
initial
conditions
of
this
y = 0 are insulated while heat is lost from the other two surfaces by convection. The mathematical
formulation
of this problem.
heat conduction
problem
is to be expressed for transient two-dimensional heat transfer
heat
conduction
Do not
solve.
with no heat generation.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is transient and two-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant. 3 There
is no heat generation.
Analysis The differential equation and the boundary conditions for this heat conduction problem can be
expressed as
2
1 T
t
b
T ( x ,0, t )
x
T (0, y , t )
x
h, T
T (a , y , t )
x
T ( x , b, t )
k
x
T ( x , y ,0)
h, T
h[T (a , y , t ) T ]
h[T ( x , b, t ) T ]
a
Insulated
Ti
Q.5
Consider a large plane wall of thickness L=0.3m, thermal conductivity k=2.5 W/mC,
and surface area A=12m2. The left side of the wall is maintained at a constant temperature of
Heat is generated at a constant rate in a short cylinder. Heat is lost from the cylindrical surface at r =
T2-122
1=80C while the right side loses heat by convection to the surrounding air at T =25C with a
r0 by convection to the surrounding medium
at temperature T with a heat transfer coefficient of h. The
heat transfer coefficient of h=30W/m2C. Assuming constant thermal conductivity and no heat
bottom surface of the cylinder at r = 0 is insulated, the top surface at z = H is subjected to uniform heat flux
generation
in the wall, (a) write the differential equation and the boundary conditions for steady
qh , and the cylindrical surface at r = r0 is subjected to convection. The mathematical formulation of this
one-dimensional heat conduction through the wall, (b) obtain a relation for the variation of
problem is to be
two-dimensional
heatequation,
transfer. and (c) evaluate the rate of heat
temperature
in expressed
the wall for
by steady
solving
the differential
Assumptions
1 Heat
transfer
through
thetransfer
wall. is given to be steady and two-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant.
3 Heat is generated uniformly.
Analysis The differential equation and the boundary conditions for this heat conduction problem can be
expressed as
2
T
1
r
r r
r
T (r ,0)
z
T ( r , h)
k
z
T (0, z )
r
T (r0 , z )
k
r
T
z2
g
k
qH
0
qH
go
h
T
z
0
h[T (r0 , z ) T ]
ro
2-56 A large plane wall is subjected to specified temperature on the left surface and convection on the right
surface. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature, and the rate of heat transfer are to be
determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant. 3
There is no heat generation.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 2.3 W/m C.
Analysis (a) Taking the direction normal to the surface of the wall to be the x direction with x = 0 at the left
surface, the mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
d 2T
dx 2
T (0)
T1
and
80 C
dT ( L)
h[T ( L) T ]
dx
(b) Integrating the differential equation twice with respect to x yields
dT
C1
dx
k
T ( x)
T1=80C
2
A=20
12 m
0.3 m
L=0.4
T =15C
30 W/m2.C
h=24
C1x C2
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give
x = 0:
T (0)
x = L:
kC1
C1 0 C2
C2
h[(C1 L C2 ) T ]
T1
C1
h(C2 T )
k hL
C1
h(T1 T )
k hL
Substituting C1 and C2 into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be
T ( x)
h(T1 T )
x T1
k hL
30 W / m 2 C)(80 215) C
(24
x 80 C
2.5
(2.3 W / m C) (24
30 W / m 2 C)(0.43 m)
143.47x
.x
80 1311
kA
dT
dx
kAC1
kA
(2.35W/m C)(20 m 2 )
h(T1 T )
k hL
(30
24 W/m 2
C)(80 215) C
30W/m 2
(2.35W/m C) (24
C)(0.4 m)
6030 W
22297.3W
Note that under steady conditions the rate of heat conduction through a plain wall is constant.
Q.6
2-89 Heat is generated uniformly in a spherical radioactive material with specified surface temperature. The
mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the sphere, and the center temperature are to be
determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any changes with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the mid point. 3 Thermal conductivity is
constant. 4 Heat generation is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 15 W/m C.
Analysis (a) Noting that heat transfer is steady and one-dimensional in the radial r direction, the
mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
1 d
dT
r2
2 dr
dr
r
and
T (r0 )
Ts
g
k
with g
constant
k
g
Ts=80C
r
0
ro
dT (0)
0 (thermal symmetry about the mid point)
dr
(b) Multiplying both sides of the differential equation by r2 and rearranging gives
g 2
d
dT
r2
r
dr
dr
k
Integrating with respect to r gives
dT
g r3
r2
C1
(a)
dr
k 3
Applying the boundary condition at the mid point,
dT (0)
g
0
0 C1
C1 0
B.C. at r = 0:
dr
3k
Dividing both sides of Eq. (a) by r2 to bring it to a readily integrable form and integrating,
dT
g
r
dr
3k
g 2
T (r )
r C2
(b)
and
6k
Applying the other boundary condition at r r0 ,
g 2
g 2
Ts
r0 C2
C2 Ts
r0
B. C. at r r0 :
6k
6k
Substituting this C2 relation into Eq. (b) and rearranging give
g 2
T (r ) Ts
(r0 r 2 )
6k
which is the desired solution for the temperature distribution in the wire as a function of r.
(c) The temperature at the center of the sphere (r = 0) is determined by substituting the known quantities to
be
gr02
g 2
(4
5 10 7 W/m 3 )(0.045m ) 2
T (0 ) T s
(r0 0 2 ) Ts
80 C +
791
C
70
1458.9
C
6k
6k
6 (15 W/ m. C)
Thus the temperature at center will be about
711C
1388.9
C above the temperature of the outer surface of the
sphere.
Q.7
In a food processing facility, a spherical container of inner radius r1 =40 cm, outer radius r2
=42cm, and thermal conductivity k =1.2W/m C is used to store hot water and to keep it at 100C at all
times. To accomplish this, the outer surface of the container is wrapped with a 600W electric strip heater
and then insulated. The temperature of the inner surface of the container is observed to be nearly 100C at
all times. Assuming 10 percent of the heat generated in the heater is lost through the insulation, (a) write
the differential equation and the boundary conditions for steady one-dimensional heat conduction through
the container, (b) obtain a relation for the variation
2-49 of temperature in the container material by solving the
differential equation, and (c) evaluate the outer surface temperature of the container. Also determine how
much water at 100C this tank can supply steadily if the cold water enters at 20C.
qs
Qs
0.90 600
500 W
2m) 2
4 (0.41
r22
243.6
213.0 W/m 2
Noting that heat transfer is one-dimensional in the radial r direction and heat flux is in the negative r
direction, the mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
d
dT
r2
dr
dr
and
T (r1 )
T1
Insulation
100 C
dT (r2 )
k
dr
T1
Heater
r1
qs
r2
r2
dT
dr
C1
dT
dr
r2
C1
r
T (r )
C2
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give
C1
r = r2:
r = r1:
T (r1 )
qs
r22
T1
q s r22
k
C1
C1
r1
C2
C2
T1
C1
r1
T1
q s r22
kr1
Substituting C1 and C2 into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be
T (r )
C1
r
100 C
C2
C1
r
1
0.40 m
T1
C1
r1
T1
1
r1
1
C1
r
243.6W/m
W/m 2 )(0.412m) 2
1 (213
r
1.5 W/m C
T1
1
r1
2
1 q s r2
r
k
100+28.65
100 23.87 2.5
1
r
1
r2
100+28.65
100 23.87 2.5
1
0.412
103.4C C
101.5
600 W = 540
Noting that the maximum rate of heat supply to the water is 0.9 500
450 W, water can be heated
from 20 to 100 C at a rate of
mC p T
Q
Cp T
0.540
0.450 kJ / s
0.0016
0.00134 kg / s =5.81
4.84 kg / h
(4.185 kJ / kg C)(100 20) C
2-35
Q.8
Consider a large plane wall of thickness L = 0.05 m. The wall surface at x = 0 is insulated, while
the surface at x = L is maintained at a temperature of 25C. The thermal conductivity of the wall is k = 20
W/m C, and heat is generated in the wall at a rate of g= g e-0.5x/L W/m3 where g = 8x106 W/m3.
0
g( x)
k
dx 2
where
g0 e
and
dT (0)
dx
T ( L)
0.5 x / L
k
g
25
T2 =30C
Insulated
and g0 = 8 106 W/m3
0 (insulated surface at x = 0)
L
T2 25
30 C (specified surface temperature)
g 0 L2
[4(e 0.5 e 0 ) (2 0 / L )]
k
(8 10 6 W/m 3 )(0.05 m) 2
25
30 C
[ 4 (e
(30
20 W/m C)
T (0 ) T 2
0.5
1) (2 0)] 451.1
314.1 C
Consider a water pipe of length L=15m, inner radius r1=15 cm, outer radius r2=20 cm, and
thermal conductivity k=15W/mC. Heat is generated in the pipe material uniformly by a 30kW electric
resistance heater. The inner and outer surfaces of the pipe are at T1=50C and T2=80C, respectively.
Obtain the relation for temperature distribution in the pipe at steady state and determine the temperature at
the center plane of the pipe.
2-136 A hollow pipe is subjected to specified temperatures at the inner and outer surfaces. There is also
heat generation in the pipe. The variation of temperature in the pipe and the center surface temperature of
the pipe are to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional since the pipe is long relative to its
thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about the centerline. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 15
20 W/m C.
Analysis The rate of heat generation is determined from
W
V
W
( D2
30000
25,000 W
2
D1 ) L / 4
(0.4 m)
(0.3 m) 2 (12
15 m) / 4
36379
37,894 W/m 3
Noting that heat transfer is one-dimensional in the radial r direction, the mathematical formulation of this
problem can be expressed as
g
k
1 d
dT
r
r dr
dr
and
T (r1 ) T1
T (r2 ) T2
50
60 C
T1
80 C
T2
d
dT
r
dr
dr
r1
r2
r
T (r )
gr 2
4k
C1 ln r C 2
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give
r = r1:
T (r1 )
r = r2:
T (r2 )
gr1 2
4k
C1 ln r1 C 2
gr2 2
4k
C1 ln r2
C2
(36379
37,894)(0.15) 2
4(15
20)
C1 ln(0.15) C 2
80
36379
(37
,894)(0.20) 2
4(15
20)
C1 ln(0.20) C 2
C2
331.41
257.2
Substituting C1 and C2 into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be
T (r )
Q.10
37,894r
36379
4(15
20)
2
141.16
98.34 ln r
331.41
606.32
257
.2 331.41
257.2 473
.68r 2
141.16
98.34 ln r
Consider a cylindrical shell of length L, inner radius r1, and outer radius r2 whose thermal
conductivity varies linearly in a specified temperature
range as k(T) = k0(1 +T) where k0 and are two
2-76
specified constants. The inner surface of the shell is maintained at a constant temperature of T1, while the
outer surface is maintained at T2. Assuming steady one- dimensional heat transfer, obtain a relation for (a)
the heat transfer rate through the wall and (b) the temperature distribution T(r) in the shell.
2-100 A cylindrical shell with variable conductivity is subjected to specified temperatures on both sides.
The variation of temperature and the rate of heat transfer through the shell are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is given to be steady and one-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity varies
linearly. 3 There is no heat generation.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k (T )
T) .
k0 (1
k(T)
T T
2 k ave L 1 2
ln(r2 / r1 )
Qcylinder
T2
k (Tave )
k0 1
T1
r1
r2
r
T2 T1
2
k (T ) A
dT
dr
where the rate of conduction heat transfer Q is constant and the heat conduction area A = 2 rL is variable.
Separating the variables in the above equation and integrating from r = r1 where T (r1 ) T1 to any r where
T ( r ) T , we get
Q
r
r1
dr
r
2 L
Substituting k (T )
Q ln
r
r1
T
T1
k (T )dT
k0 (1
2 Lk 0 [(T T1 )
(T 2
T12 ) / 2]
2 k ave ln(r / r1 )
(T1 T2 ) T12
k 0 ln(r2 / r1 )
T1
which is a quadratic equation in the unknown temperature T. Using the quadratic formula, the temperature
distribution T(r) in the cylindrical shell is determined to be
T (r )
1
2
2 k ave ln(r / r1 )
(T1 T2 ) T12
k 0 ln(r2 / r1 )
T1
Discussion The proper sign of the square root term (+ or -) is determined from the requirement that the
temperature at any point within the medium must remain between T1 and T2 .
Q.11 Obtain the heat conduction rate and the temperature variation in a solid truncated cone whose
curved surface are well insulated while the base and the top are maintained at constant temperatures. The
circular cross section of the cone has a diameter of D=ax where a=0.25. The small end is at x=50mm with
T1=400K while the large end is at x=100mm with T2=600K.
2-56