Sip (G2) Chap1-5

ATENEO DE ILOILO
Santa Maria Catholic School

Pison Avenue, Brgy. San Rafael, Mandurriao, Iloilo City
Consumption of African Night Crawlers (Eudrilus eugenia), Superworms

(Zophobas morio) and Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) of Various Types of
Plastics
Carla Angela Oberio Ladrido

Jel Agtoto Galicia
Marian Jayne Pama Ausan
Hansel Banzuela Didulo II
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
This
chapter
has
five
parts:
(1)
Background
of
the
Study,
(2) Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis, (3) Significance of the Study, (4)
Delimitation of the Study and, (5) Definition of Terms.
Part One, Background of the Study and Theoretical Framework, discusses
the rationale of the study and its theoretical framework.
Part Two, Statement of the Problem and the Hypothesis, states the
problem and specific questions to be answered and its proposed hypotheses.
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Part Three, Significance of the Study, discusses the benefit that can be
derived from the result of the study.
Part Four, Delimitation of the Study, specifies the coverage and scope of
the study.
Part Five, Definition of Terms, provides the conceptual and operational
definitions of the important terms used in the study.
Background of the Study

After many generations, the deterioration of the environment has become
increasingly evident. Since the rise of technology and global industrial revolution,
man has generated a negative impact on the environment. One such issue is the
accumulation and fragmentation of plastics.
Since its mass production began in the 1940s, plastics wide range of
unique properties has propelled it to an essential status in society. But the
chemical building blocks that make plastics so versatile are the same
components that might harm people and the environment. Since plastics are a
form of non-biodegradable waste, they cannot be broken down into its base
compounds by micro-organisms, air, moisture or soil in a reasonable amount of
time. Normally, plastic items can take up to 1000 years to decompose in landfills.
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Plastic bottles take up a large amount of space in landfills, contributing to

the Earths waste disposal problem. According to the Clean Air Council, residents
of the United States alone throw away 2.5 million plastic bottles every hour.
Thats 60 million plastic bottles each day.
Incineration is one method of disposing of plastic bottles that doesnt
reduce the available space in landfills. Unfortunately, incinerating plastic bottles
comes with hazards all its own. The State of California Department of
Conservation notes that burning plastic bottles releases toxic fumes into the
atmosphere. The chemicals released from burning bottles poses a health risk to
consumers and contributes to the breakdown of the Earths ozone layer.
According to ehow.com, Vermicomposting is a method of using worms to
transform organic waste into a nutrient-rich fertilizer. This was seen to only apply
to biodegradable materials, but a study in 2011 proved otherwise.
According to a study by the University of Baguio Science National High
School, Annelids, specifically Eudrilus eugeniae, and Eisenia foetida, have
shown satisfactory results in as polyethylene Consumers. African Night Crawlers
(Eudrilus eugeniae) have consumed 16.42% of the same size of plastic strip.
Based on an ongoing study by Stanford engineers, in collaboration with
researchers in China, shows that common mealworms can safely biodegrade
Styrofoam. "Our findings have opened a new door to solve the global plastic
pollution problem," according to Wei-Min Wu, a senior research engineer in the
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford.
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This gave rise to the conduct of the study. The investigators of this study
have aimed to further investigate about the vermicomposting abilities of African
Night Crawlers (Eudrilus eugeniae), Superworms (Zophobas morio) and Meal
worms (Tenebrio molitor)
The aim of this investigation is to find out which among the three species
is most capable in consuming different types of plastics, thus attempting to find a
cost-effective and environment-friendly alternative to proper waste disposal.
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Theoretical Framework
This study is concerned with Effectiveness of Annelids in Consuming
Various Types of Plastics
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
African Night
Crawlers
(Eudrilus Eugeniae)
Polyethylene
Terephthalate
Consumption of
worms in various
Superworms
(Zophobas Morio)
Low-Density
Polyethylene
types of plastics:
Percentage of
area consumed
Polystyrene
Mealworms
(Tenebrio molitor)
Figure 1.
A paradigm conceptualizing the relationship between variables
Figure 1 shows the schematic relationship of African Night Crawlers,

Superworms and Mealworms and their consumption of different types of plastics.
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Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine whether African Night Crawlers (Eudrilus
eugeniae), Superworms (Zophobas morio), and mealworms (Tenebrio molitor)
are capable of consuming other types of Plastics such as a) Polyethylene
Terephthalate, b)Low-Density Polyethylene, and c)Polystyrene
Specifically, this aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What is the effectiveness of African Night Crawlers (Eudrilus eugeniae)
in consuming
a) Polyethylene Terephthalate
b) Low-Density Polyethylene
a) Polystyrene
2. What is the effectiveness of Superworms (Zophobas morio) in consuming:
c) Polystyrene
3. What is the effectiveness of Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) in consuming:
c) Polystyrene
4. Is there a difference among African Night Crawlers, Superworms and
Mealworms as plastic decomposers?
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Hypotheses
Based on the aforementioned problem, the investigators tested the
following hypotheses:
1. There is no difference among African Night Crawlers, Superworms and
Mealworms as plastic decomposers
Significance of the Study

This study aimed to determine whether African Night Crawlers,
Superworms and Mealworms are capable of consuming other types of Plastics
such as Polyethylene Terephthalate, Low-Density Polyethylene, and Polystyrene.
The results of this study would be beneficial to the following groups:
Vermiculture enthusiasts
This study may help vermiculture enthusiasts to know the extent of the
vermicomposting capabilities of annelids especially in the decomposition of
plastics.
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Environmentalists
This study may help environmentalists search for other methods in plastic
management. This may serve as one of their references in finding other ways to
resolve the issue of plastic wastes and its negative effects to the environment.
Future investigators
This study encourages future researchers to further expand the research
and the potential of vermicomposting in plastic decomposition. They may use this
research as one of their references or in comparison of data in their own study
related to this topic.
Delimitation of the Study

This study aimed to determine whether how effective annelids are in
consuming various types of plastics. The study was conducted in the school year
2015 2016 at the Science Laboratory of Ateneo de Iloilo SMCS High School
Building. The process of vermicomposting was used to determine the capability
of African Night Crawlers, Superworms and Mealworms of consuming other
types of Plastics.
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Although the investigators researched on other related studies about

annelids in vermicomposting, they did not use regular earthworms (Lumbricus
terrestris) as one of the independent variables because of its unsatisfactory
results having consumed 0% of Polyethylene strip (according to a study by the
University Of Baguio Science National High School).
Vermicomposting was the method used in the study but the worm castings
were not determined whether it was toxic or not. The main objective is all about
whether these variables can eat plastic consistently.
Definition of Terms
For better understanding of this study, the key terms used were given their
respective conceptual and operational definitions.
African Night Crawlers (Eudrilus eugeniae)

Any of various large earthworms that dig deep burrows in the ground and
emerge at night. They are often used as fish bait. (thefreedictionary.com) They
prefer colder temperatures and breed slower than Red Wiggler worms (Retrieved
on August 9,2015 from rainfern.com).
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In this study, African Night Crawlers worms are set as a dependent

variable in determining their effectiveness in decomposing different types of
plastics.
Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor)

A larva of any of various darkling beetles, especially Tenebrio
molitor,
which infests flour and other grain products andis often used as food for birds
and reptiles and as fish bait
(Retrieved
on
February
26,
2016
from
thefreedictionary.com).
In this study, mealworms are set as a dependent variable in determining
their effectiveness in decomposing different types of plastics.
Superworms (Zophobas morio),

Zophobas morio is a species of darkling beetle, whose larvae are known
by the common name superworm or zophobas. Superworms are common in the
reptile pet industry (Retrieved on February 26, 2016 from Wikipedia.com).
In this study, Superworms
are set as a dependent variable in
determining their effectiveness in decomposing different types of plastics.
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Vermiculture
The cultivation of annelid worms (as earthworms or bloodworms)
especially for use as bait or in composting (Retrieved on August 9, 2015 from
merriam-webster.com).
In this study, vermiculture is the method used into cultivating the different
species and preparing them for the consumption of plastic strips.
Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting is the process of using worms and micro-organisms to
turn kitchen waste into black, earthy-smelling, nutrient-rich humus (Retrieved on
August 9, 2015 from lancaster.unl.edu/).
In this study, Vermicomposting is the process used where in the variables
African Night Crawlers, Superworms and Mealworms are utilized and their ability
in the consumption of plastics is observed.
Plastics
It is a synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers such
as polyethylene, PVC, nylon, etc., that can be molded into shape while soft and
then set into a rigid or slightly elastic form (Retrieved on August 9, 2015 from
oxforddiaries.com).
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In this study, different types of plastics are being used as constant

variables for the African Night Crawlers, Superworms and Mealworms to
consume.
Polyethylene Terephthalate
It's a plastic resin and the most common type of polyester. Two monomers
modified ethylene glycol and purified terephthalic acid are combined to form the
polymer (Retrieved on August 9, 2015 from napcor.com).
In this study, Polyethylene Terephthalate is one of the plastic variables
being tested to determine how the different species present in this study can
consume this type of material.
Low-Density Polyethylene
A widely used thermoplastic that is inexpensive and easy to process. Low
density polyethylene is the softest and most flexible version of this material, and
is commonly used in packaging and injection molding (Retrieved on August 9,
2015 from dictionaryofconstruction.com).
In this study, Low-Density Polyethylene is one of the plastic variables
being tested to determine how the different species present in this study can
consume this type of material.
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Polystyrene
Smooth surface plastic that breaks easily when bent, used in making
Styrofoam packaging and insulating sheets (Retrieved on August 9, 2015 from
businessdictionary.com).
In this study, Polystyrene is one of the plastic variables being tested to
determine how the different species present in this study can consume this type
of material.
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Chapter 2
RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents studies and topics related to the capacity and
effectiveness of Annelids in consuming various types of plastics.
The topics include: (1) Definition of Plastics (2) Types of Plastics (3)
Negative Effects of Plastics to the Environment (4) Plastic Degradation (5)
Styrofoam-eating Mealworms (6) Definition of Vermicomposting (7) Role of
Annelids in Vermicomposting (8) African Night Crawlers in Vermicomposting,
and (9) Benefits of Vermicomposting
Plastics
According to Merriam-Webster.com a plastic substance; specifically: any
of numerous organic synthetic or processed materials that are mostly
thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers of high molecular weight and that can
be made into objects, films, or filaments. Since its inception, plastic enabled
countless advances in our industry and way of the life. Created to be light,
durable, chemically resistant, non-reactive to outside influences, and easy to
manufacture, plastic was a perfect building material for countless articles. It
accounts for the largest usage of plastics worldwide and is used in numerous
packaging applications including containers, bottles, drums, trays, boxes, cups
and vending packaging, baby products and protection packaging.
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Types of Plastics
The Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI) established a classification
system in 1988 to allow consumers and recyclers to identify different types of
plastic. Manufacturers place an SPI code, or number, on each plastic product,
usually molded into the bottom. In our study, we focused on only three types of
plastics: Polyethylene Terephthalate, Low-Density Polyethylene and Polystyrene.
Polyethylene Terephthalate. This type of plastic sometimes absorbs odors
and flavors from foods and drinks that are stored in them. Items made from this
plastic are commonly recycled. PET plastic is used to make many common
household items like beverage bottles, medicine jars, rope, clothing and carpet
fiber. According to the Natural Resources Defense Council, PET or PETE plastic
is commonly understood as safe. Some studies, such as those published in
Environmental Health Perspectives, contend that PET has been shown to leach
endocrine disruptors into contents under some conditions during common use,
such as use during prolonged high temperature.
Similarly, according to an article from the Journal of Environmental
Monitoring, water stored in PET bottles remains within the EU's permissible limit
of toxin levels even when stored in temperatures up to 140 degrees Fahrenheit.
The same article argues that after storing water at room temperature for
approximately a year, levels of toxins such as phthalates and antimony may
exceed the EU limit. So, though it's primarily safe for single-use, it is
recommended not reusing, refilling or reheating.
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Because of its recyclability, value in the market and the large amount of
PET that is produced and eventually thrown away, recycling PET and using that
material to produce other products (like textiles and other fabrics) is easier to do
than with other plastics.
Low-Density Polyethylene. This type of plastic is sometimes recycled. It is
a very healthy plastic that tends to be both durable and flexible. Items such as
cling-film, sandwich bags, squeezable bottles, and plastic grocery bags are made
from LDPE.
According to the British Plastics Federation, LDPE plastic is highly
resistant to breakdown due to chemicals from acid, oils, greases, alcohols and
more. Too, the Recycling Operators of New Zealand point out that recovered
LDPE packaging is capable of being recycled in new products. Most research
has not shown leaching of carcinogens or hormone-disrupting chemicals
Flexible, impact-resistant and tough, it's approved for use with food and
beverages.
Polystyrene. This type of plastic is commonly recycled, but is difficult to
do. Items such as disposable coffee cups, plastic food boxes, plastic cutlery and
packing foam are made from PS. Harvard's Polystyrene Fact Sheet, among other
sources, identifies numerous environmental impacts of polystrene, such as urban
litter, marine debris, wildlife detriments when ingested and many more.
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Furthermore, the California Integrated Waste Management Board

contends that polystyrene food containers leach the toxin Styrene when they
come into contact with warm foods or drinks, alcohol, oils and acidic foods
causing human contamination and posing a potential health risk to people who
come into contact with it.
Negative Effects of Plastics to the Environment

Production of plastic materials started on an industrial scale in the1940s
and 1950s. In the last 15 years the global annual production of plastics has
doubled, reaching 245 million tons in 2008 (calculated from Plastics Europe,
2009). Consumption, of course, leads to waste, and in the case of plastics, large
volumes
of
extremely
persistent
waste
are
created.
The largest plastic waste fraction goes to landfill. Landfill space is scarce
in many countries which lead to emissions from transportation over long
distance, and increasing the landfill area may require valuable land. Emissions
from landfills may also contaminate ground and surface water. Alternatives to
landfilling are mechanical recycling, energy recovery, or chemical recovery. The
heterogeneity of plastic products and types obstructs recycling, or makes plastic
recycling
difficult
in
many
cases
(Hopewell,
2009).
A very large fraction of plastic waste ends up as litter in the terrestrial and
marine environment. Large and increasing amounts of plastic products, debris,
fragments and even micro particles are found in the open ocean, on the surface,
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in the deep ocean and ocean bed, in coast lines, in sediments, and in organisms
(Barnes et al., 2009; Thompson et al., 2004). The sources are not solely from
dumping at sea, but a large quantity is likely to come from land sources, e.g.
littering on land (especially coastal areas), plastics blown from landfill sites, and
sewage effluents, as well as spillage during transport and accidents (Barnes et
al., 2009).
Plastic degradation
The persistence of plastic waste is another problem. Most plastic polymer
types are resistant to biodegradation, i.e. degradation by microorganisms, and
the two most abundant ones, polyethylene and polypropylene, are extremely
resistant to biodegradation (Nicholson, 2006). In a polyethylene polymer only
0.1% of the carbon will be transformed into CO2 per year by biodegradation
under optimal laboratory exposure conditions, according to Andrady (1998).
There are a few biodegradable plastics which today only have a minor, but
growing, share in the plastic market. Not all of them, however, are completely
biodegradable in the natural environment (Rudnik, 2008; OBrine and Thompson,
2010).
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Non-biodegradable polymers can be degraded by heat, oxidation, light,

ionic radiation, hydrolysis and mechanical shear, and by pollutants such as
carbon monoxide, Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and ozone (Ravve, 2000). This
causes the polymer to get brittle, to fragment into small pieces and to release
degradation products. Different degradation mechanisms exist and which of them
that will dominate depends on the polymer type. Chain scission involves breaking
the chemical bonds in the polymer molecule, and is often random, but for some
polymers it proceeds at the polymer end chains and the initial monomers are
broken off, a process called depolymerisation (Alger, 1997; Braun, 2005).
Another 5 degradation mechanism is chain stripping in which the side
atoms/groups attached to polymer main chain are released; usually these are
volatile molecules (Wilkes, 2005). Crosslinking can also occur for some polymers
and bonds are then created between the polymer chains (Wilkes, 2005).
Complete conversion of the plastic product and its breakdown products, into
carbon dioxide, water and inorganic molecules by photo- and biodegradation
(Gregory and Andrady, 2003), is for most plastic types extremely slow (Innocenti,
2003). In the marine environment degradation is especially slow, since
degradation mainly is likely to occur by solar radiation and slow thermal oxidation
(Gregory and Andrady, 2003).
This means that the time frame for complete degradation is very long and
could, in some situations, be several hundred years.
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Styrofoam-eating Mealworms
Researchers at Stanford University have learned that the mealworm can
live on a diet of Styrofoam and other types of plastic.
Inside the mealworm's gut are microorganisms that are able to biodegrade
polyethylene, a common form of plastic, according to new studies published in
Environmental Science and Technology by co-authors Professor Jun Yang and
his doctorate student Yu Yang of Beihang University, and Stanford University
engineer Wei-Min Wu.
In the lab, 100 mealworms ate between 34 and 39 milligrams of Styrofoam
about the weight of a small pill per day. The worms converted about half of
the Styrofoam into carbon dioxide, as they would with any food source.
Within 24 hours, they excreted the bulk of the remaining plastic as biodegraded
fragments that look similar to tiny rabbit droppings. Mealworms fed a steady diet
of Styrofoam were as healthy as those eating a normal diet, Wu said, and their
waste appeared to be safe to use as soil for crops.
Researchers, including Wu, have shown in earlier research that
waxworms, the larvae of Indian mealmoths, have microorganisms in their guts
that can biodegrade polyethylene, a plastic used in filmy products such as trash
bags. The new research on mealworms is significant, however, because
Styrofoam was thought to have been non-biodegradable and more problematic
for the environment.
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Researchers led by Criddle, a senior fellow at the Stanford
Woods Institute for the Environment, are collaborating on ongoing studies with
the project leader and papers' lead author, Jun Yang of Beihang University in
China, and other Chinese researchers. Together, they plan to study whether
microorganisms within mealworms and other insects can biodegrade plastics
such as polypropylene (used in products ranging from textiles to automotive
components), microbeads (tiny bits used as exfoliants) and bioplastics (derived
from renewable biomass sources such as corn or biogas methane).
As part of a "cradle-to-cradle" approach, the researchers will explore the fate of
these materials when consumed by small animals, which are, in turn, consumed
by other animals.
Definition of Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting is the process by which worms are used to convert
organic materials (usually wastes) into a humus-like material known as
vermicompost. The goal is to process the material as quickly and efficiently as
possible. Like conventional compost, provides many benefits to agricultural soil,
including increased ability to retain moisture, better nutrient-holding capacity,
better soil structure, and higher levels of microbial activity.
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Role of Annelids in Vermicomposting
Earthworms play an important role in the recycling of N in different agro
ecosystems, especially under jhum (shifting cultivation) where the use of
agrochemicals is minimal. Bhadauria and Ramakrishnan (1996) reported that
during the fallow period intervening between two crops at the same site in 5- to
15-year jhum system, earthworms participated in N cycle through cast-egestion,
mucus production and dead tissue decomposition. Soil N losses were more
pronounced over a period of 15-year jhum system.
The total soil N made available for plant uptake was higher than the total
input of N to the soil through the addition of slashed vegetation, inorganic and
organic manure, recycled crop residues and weeds.
African Night Crawlers in Vermicomposting

Due to their voracious appetites and ability to quickly reproduce African
night crawlers are quickly gaining popularity with vermicomposters. However due
to their warm weather roots ANCs are not able to tolerate the environmental
conditions that red worms and European night crawlers can handle with ease.
African Night Crawler are a distinctive mix of a grey and purple color and
grow to over twice the size of red worms, often reaching over 8 inches. If you are
familiar with red worms one of the things you will immediately notice about the
ANC is how large and muscular it is compared to the red worm.
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You may also be surprised at the large size of their castings.African night
crawlers have lots of characteristics that make them suitable for the worm farm.
While not as tolerant to environmental changes as the European Night Crawler
ANCs are still a valuable addition to the worm bin, this is especially true in
warmer climates.
The tremendous appetite of the African Night Crawler makes them ideal
for the compost bin and prolific worm casting (a.k.a. worm poop) producers;
given the right environment. ANCs get much larger than red wigglers, over 8
inches is not uncommon. True to their size they eat a lot more than red worms
and European night crawlers. Some estimates say the African can eat nearly 1.5
times its body weight each day.
Benefits of Vermicomposting
Vermicompost spread on farm land will not result in pathogen
contamination of ground or surface waters having pasturelands seeded and reseeded with E. fetida cocoons (as they would be if vermicompost were routinely
applied) could help to prevent water contamination by pathogens, since fresh
manure dropped by grazing animals will be quickly colonized by compost worms
vermicompost, like conventional compost, binds nutrients well, both in the bodies
of microorganisms and through their actions. This means less nutrient run-off.
This is an extremely important environmental benefit of both composting and
vermicomposting.
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Nutrient run-off from agricultural land is a major environmental problem

worldwide, with eutropication of surface waters as its principal manifestation.
Vermicomposting is a simple biotechnological process of composting, in
which certain species of earthworms are used to enhance the process of waste
conversion and produce a better end product.Vermicomposting differs from
composting in several ways (Gandhi et al. 1997). It is a mesophilic process,
utilizing microorganisms and earthworms that are active at 1032C (not ambient
temperature but temperature within the pile of moist organic material).
The process is faster than composting; because the material passes
through the earthworm gut, a significant but not yet fully understood
transformation takes place, whereby the resulting earthworm castings (worm
manure) are rich in microbial activity and plant growth regulators, and fortified
with pest repellence attributes as well. In short, earthworms, through a type of
biological alchemy, are capable of transforming garbage into gold (Vermi Co
2001, Tara Crescent 2003).
From earlier studies also it is evident that vermicompost provides all
nutrients in readily available form and also enhances uptake of nutrients by
plants. Sreenivas et al. (2000) studied the integrated effect of application of
fertilizer and vermicompost on soil available nitrozen (N) and uptake of ridge
gourd (Luffa acutangula) at Rajendranagar, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter shows the materials needed, the procedures to be followed
and the test methods used to determine whether African Night Crawlers,
Superworms and Mealworms are capable of consuming other types of Plastics
such as Low-Density Polyethylene, Polyethylene Terephthalate, and Polystyrene.
Material/Equipment
1. 30 African Night Crawlers
2. 30 Superworms
3. 30 Mealworms
4. 6 pieces of Grocery food bags (LDPE) (2 in x 1.5 in)
5. 6 pieces of PET Bottles (PET) (2 in x 1.5 in)
6. 6 pieces of Styrofoam (Polystyrene) (2 in x 1.5 in)
7. 6 Plastic bins
8. Masking tape
9. Permanent marker
10. Scissors/ Cutter
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Procedures
The worm compost
system was created
Different worms were

acquired
Worms were
separated into their
respective bins
The plastic strips

were fed and
distributedto their
respective worm bins
Biodegradable waste
was fed (Day 3)
Biodegradable waste
was fed (Day 2)
Observation period
began (for 3 days)
Feeding of
biodegradable materials
continued (to encourage
consumption)
After 3 days, the

plastics were
gathered and the
measurements of
the area consumed
were made
Figure 1.
A flowchart showing the specific procedures in the conduct of the study.
Before the worms were acquired, the researchers had made the worm
bins that were used as the composting set-ups. The worm bins served as the
homes for the worms, and the place where they digested the materials. 6 large
identical 1.5 gallon plastic tubs were used. The bins were throughly cleaned with
soap and was left out to sit in clean water for a day to avoid contamination.
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Afterwards, several inch holes were cut at the bottom and at the bottom
sides of each bin for ventilation.
The bedding had to be moist but not soggy. Newspapers were cut into 1
inch strips and were soaked in water. After removing the excess water, the bin
was then filled with moist newspaper strips. The researchers ensured that the
bedding was loose and not packed down to provide air for the worms. Four cups
of soil (and old leaves) were scattered into the bin where
beneficial
microorganisms introduced. Gritty soil particles also aids the worms' digestive
process.
Using masking tape, the bins were labeled into the ff: LDP SW (LowDensity Polyethylene Superworms), PET SW (Polyethylene Terephthalate
Superworms), PLYS SW (Polystyrene Superworms), LDP ANC (LowDensity Polyethylene African Night Crawlers), PET ANC (Polyethylene
Terephthalate African Night Crawlers) , and PLYS MW (Polystyrene
Mealworms), LDP MW (Low-Density Polyethylene Mealworms), PT MW
(Polyethylene Terephthalate Mealworms), PLYS MW
(Polystyrene
Mealworms)
Three species of worms amounting to 30 worms per specie were used:
African Night Crawlers (Eudrilus eugeniae ), Superworms (Zophobas morio) and
Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor). 10 worms per specie were placed in their
respective bins. The bins were elevated from the ground
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using rocks, covered using damp cardboards, and kept in a dark room under
room temperature.
On the second and third days, the worms were fed with biodegradable for
them to adapt in their new environment. Crushed eggshells, banana peels and
other fruits and vegetable scraps were cut into small pieces and buried under the
bedding to avoid fruit flies. The whole process is called Vermicomposting.
On the next day, 3 pieces of 2 inches x 1.5 inches plastic strips (Grocery
food bags, PET Bottle, Styrofoam) were fed to each respective set-up of species.
The observation period was started at this day.
The physical appearance of the plastic strips was observed for three days.
After the 3 days observation period, the physical changes and dimensions
of the plastic strips were measured and recorded. In order to determine the
results, the investigators scanned the different plastics and used the analysis tool
in photoshop to get the accurate measurements of the area of consumption of
each type. The results were compared to the original area of the plastic to geth
the differences and percentage of consumption.
The percentage of the area consumed was measured by the formula:

100 =
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Chapter 4
Results and Analysis
This chapter describes the result and analysis which were drawn out after
the testing of each hypothesis. It consists of tables filled with data and graphs for
deeper integration of the results and explanation describing each table and
graph.
The tables present the results gathered from the measurement analysis
after the experimentation. Each material was cut into 2 x 1.5 inch squares, with 3
food bags for Low-Density Polyethylene, 3 water bottles for Polyethylene
Terephthalate and 3 Styrofoam pieces for Polystyrene. The observation period
lasted for 3 days. The areas consumed was divided over the original area of the
plastic sheets and was then multiplied to a hundred, this resulted with the
percentages of decomposition as shown in the tables below.
This investigation aimed to answer the questions:
1. What is the effectiveness of African Night Crawlers (Eudrilus eugeniae) in

consuming:
c) Polystyrene
29
ATENEO DE ILOILO
2. What is the effectiveness of Superworms (Zophobas morio) in consuming:

c) Polystyrene
3. What is the effectiveness of Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) in consuming:

c) Polystyrene
Testing of Hypothesis 1
The first hypothesis states that African Night crawlers can decompose
Polyethylene Terephthalate, Low-Density Polyethylene and Polystyrene. 3
compost systems were created and 10 worms were placed in each of the 3 setups and were fed for two days in preparation for the plastic consumption. After
which, the plastics were placed in their respective bins for the experimentation.
The results are as follows:
30
ATENEO DE ILOILO
Table 1.
Decomposition rate of African Night Crawlers of Polyethylene
Terephthalate (PET Bottles)

Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Area of the plastic
7.713010 in2
7.713010 in2
7.713010 in2
Percentage of
Decomposition
0%
0%
0%
Table 1 shows that no consumption took place in the duration of the

experiment.
Table 2.
Decomposition rate of African Night Crawlers of Low-Density
Polyethylene (Food bags)

Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Area of the plastic
7.713010 in2
7.713010 in2
7.713010 in2
Percentage of
Decomposition
0%
0%
0%

experiment.
31
ATENEO DE ILOILO
Table 3.
Decomposition rate of African Night Crawlers of Polystyrene
(Styrofoam)
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Area of the plastic
7.713010 in2
7.713010 in2
7.713010 in2
Percentage of
Decomposition
0%
0%
0%

experiment.
The second hypothesis states that Superworms can decompose
Polyethylene Terephthalate, Low-Density Polyethylene and Polystyrene. 3
compost systems were created and 10 worms were placed in each of the 3 setups and were fed for two days in preparation for the plastic consumption. After
which, the plastics were placed in their respective bins for the experimentation.
The results are as follows:
32
ATENEO DE ILOILO
Table 4. Decomposition rate of Superworms of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET

Bottles)
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Area of the plastic
7.713010 in2
7.713010 in2
7.713010 in2
Percentage of
Decomposition
0%
0%
0%

experiment.
Table 5. Decomposition rate of Superworms of Low-Density Polyethylene (Food

bags)
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Area of the plastic
7.713010 in2
7.713010 in2
7.713010 in2
Percentage of
Decomposition
0%
0%
0%

experiment.
33
ATENEO DE ILOILO
Table 6. Decomposition rate of Superworms of Polystyrene (Styrofoam)

Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Area of the plastic
7.713010 in2
7.713010 in2
7.713010 in2
Percentage of
Decomposition
2.142321%
4.179975%
5.804666%
Table 6 shows that there is an increase of consumption of Styrofoam in

the duration of the experiment. The researchers observed that there were visible
bite-marks from plastic sheets
The third hypothesis states that mealworms can decompose Polyethylene
Terephthalate, Low-Density Polyethylene and Polystyrene. 3 compost systems
were created and 10 worms were placed in each of the 3 set-ups and were fed
for two days in preparation for the plastic consumption. After which, the plastics
were placed in their respective bins for the experimentation. The results are as
follows:
34
ATENEO DE ILOILO
Table 7. Decomposition rate of Mealworms of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET

Bottles)
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Area of the plastic
7.713010 in2
7.713010 in2
7.713010 in2
Percentage of
Decomposition
0.%
0%
0%

experiment.
Table 8. Decomposition rate of Mealworms of Low-Density Polyethylene (Food

bags)
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Area of the plastic
7.713010 in2
7.713010 in2
7.713010 in2
Percentage of
Decomposition
0%
0.545157%
0.545618%
Table 8 shows that there is an increase of consumption in the duration of

the experiment. From the data gathered, although there were very little
differences in the consumed area of the plastic sheet, measurable differences
can be made. Small bite-marks can be visible at the sides of the LDPE sheet, but
none can be seen that pierced through the sheet.
35
ATENEO DE ILOILO
Table 9. Decomposition rate of Mealworms of Polystyrene (Styrofoam)

Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Area of the plastic
7.713010 in2
7.713010 in2
7.713010 in2
Percentage of
Decomposition
2.237598%
4.622662%
6.681036%
Table 9 shows that there is an increase of consumption in the duration of

the experiment. The researchers observed that there were visible bite-marks
from plastic sheets.
36
ATENEO DE ILOILO
Testing of Hypothesis
There is a significant difference among African Night Crawlers (Eudrilus
eugeniae), Superworms (Zophobas morio) and Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) as
effective plastic decomposers.
Figure 1. Comparison of all Polyethylene Terephthalate set-ups
1
0.9
Area in Square inch
0.8
0.7
0.6
African night Crawlers
0.5
Superworms
0.4
Mealworms
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Figure one shows the comparison among the consumption rate of African
Night Crawlers, Mealworms and Superworms in the decomposition of
Polyethylene Terephthalate. The percentage of decomposition of all the worms
are equal to zero for the PET bottle set-up, which means no consumption took
place during the duration of the experiment.
37
ATENEO DE ILOILO
Figure 2. Comparison of all Low-Density Polyethylene set-ups
0.045
0.04
Area in square inch
0.035
0.03
0.025

Superworms
0.02
Mealworms
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Figure two shows the comparison among the consumption rate of African
Night Crawlers, Mealworms and Superworms in the decomposition of LowDensity Polyethylene. Only the mealworms were able to consume the food bag
set-up but in very miniscule amounts. This resulted with the researchers to
observe the very slow rate of consumption.
38
ATENEO DE ILOILO
Figure 3. Comparison of all Polystyrene set-ups
0.6
Area in square inch
0.5
0.4
0.3
Superworms
Mealworms
0.2
0.1
0
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Figure three shows the comparison among the consumption rate of

African Night Crawlers, Mealworms and Superworms in the decomposition of
Polystyrene. The African Night Crawlers had a zero percentage in the
decomposition thus no consumption took place. Only the Superworms and
Mealworms were able to consume the Styrofoam with a significant amount during
the duration of the experiment. The Mealworms observed to have consumed
more than the Superworm.
39
ATENEO DE ILOILO
Chapter 5
Conclusions and Recommendations
Based on the given results of the investigators conducted, the following

conclusions were derived:
1. All worms in this investigation cannot decompose Polyethylene
Terephthalate in three days.
2. Mealworms are proved to have consumed LDPE but the rate of
consumption is very slow in comparison to the consumption of
Polystyrene.
3. African Night Crawlers proved to be the least effective worm for
decomposition with 0% consumption on all Polyethylene materials.
4. Polystyrene is the only material that proved to have been
decomposed by a significant percent by both Superworms and
Mealworms
5. There is a difference in the rate of consumption among African Night
Crawlers, Superworms in decomposing plastic.
Based on all the conclusions made as patterned after the results of the
investigation, the investigators conclude that Superworms and Mealworms are
effective Polystyrene consumers. The investigators emphasize that there is a
number of errors in the experiment that have affected the rate of consumption of
the worms.
40
ATENEO DE ILOILO
They would like to stress that the numerical results of the experiment are
inaccurate.
This is because of the inaccuracy in the computation for the area of
consumption of the polystyrene set-up due to the 0.41 cm thickness of the sheet
that the researchers failed to notice beforehand. Thus the computations are not
accurate as some visible bite-marks were not able to pierce through the sheet
and were then not recorded. The type of bedding may have also affected the
consumption of the worms because soil was used for the bedding of African
Night Crawlers and rice husk was used in the bedding of the Superworms and
Mealworms
Also, the African Night Crawlers, Superworms and Mealworms were all
store bought and not cultured, thus the difference in age, original environment,
and other conditions in their growth may have affected in the consumption of the
plastic set-ups.
41
ATENEO DE ILOILO
Based on the aforementioned findings, the following are recommended:

1. Researchers who would like to retest the study again are advised to
perform the testing over a longer period of time
2. Superworms, which were proven to be able to consume Styrofoam, are
recommended to be used by student investigators for further research
3. The weight of the plastic is recommended to be measured (Using a digital
balance, etc.) instead of the area of consumption in order to achieve more
accurate results.
4. Using cultured worms is recommended to be used instead of store-bought
worms in order to control all the factors that can affect their consumption.
5. During the experimental period, it is advised to feed the worms only the
polyethylene instead of the biodegradable materials. This may affect their
rate of consumption.
6. Precise cutting equipment is encouraged to use in the cutting of the plastic
sheets for the experiment.
7. African Night Crawlers are not advised to be used in the consumption of
plastics.
8. Future researchers are also recommended to have patience despite the
meticulous process involved in order to achieve a much successful and
reliable study
42
ATENEO DE ILOILO
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Books and Other Hard Copy Materials
1. Barquilla. C.F. et. al. (2011). Annelids as Polyethylene Consumers.
Baguio City: BATO BALANI for Science and Technology.
B. Internet Resources
1.
(Not Stated) How to Make a Worm Compost System. Retrieved on February

26, 2016 from http://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Worm-Compost-System
2. (Not Stated) Manual of On-Farm Vermicomposting and Vermiculture.

Retrieved on September 17, 2015 from http://oacc.info/docs/
vermiculture_farmersmanual_gm.pdf.
3. (Not Stated) Vermicomposting: Composting with Worms. Retrieved on
September 17, 2015 from http://lancaster.unl.edu/pest/resources/
vermicompost107.shtml.
4. (Not Stated). Benefits of Plastic. Retrieved on July 31, 2015 from
http://www.historyof plastic.com/plastic-facts/benefits-of-plastic/.
5. (Not Stated). Cheap and Easy Worm Bin. Retrieved on February 26, 2016 from
http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/compost/easywormbin.htm
6. (Not Stated).African Night Crawler. Retrieved on September 17, 2015

from http://www.wormfarmfacts.com/African-Night-Crawler.html
7. BPF. (2015). Plastic Applications. Retrieved on July 31, 2015 from
http://www.bpf.co.uk/plastipedia/applications/Default.aspx.
43
ATENEO DE ILOILO
8. Edwards, C. (February 15, 2015). Harmful Effects of Plastic Bottles .

Retrieved on July
24,
2015
from
/article/172156-harmful-effects-of-
http://www.livestrong.com
plastic-bottles.
9. FONG, J. and Hewitt, P. (Not Stated). Six Easy Steps to Setting Up a Worm Bin.
Retrieved on February 26, 2016 from
http://compost.css.cornell.edu/worms/steps.html
10. Hamilton, K. (2015). Plastic-Eating Mealworms Could Help Reduce

Landfill Waste. Retrieved on November 30,
2015
from
http://www.iflscience.com/environment/plastic-eating-mealwormscould- help-reduce-landfill-waste
11. IETC. (Not Stated). Project Converting Waste Plastic Into Fuel Retrieved
on July 24,
2015
from
http://www.unep.org/ietc/OurWork/
WasteManagement/Projects/wastePlasticsProject/tabid/79203/
Default.aspx.
12. Jordan, R. (2015). Plastic-eating worms may offer solution to mounting
waste, Stanford researchers discover. Retrieved on November 30,
2015
from
https://news.stanford.edu/pr/2015/pr-worms-digest-
plastics-092915.html
13. Knoblauch, J.A. (July 2, 2009). Plastic Not-So-Fantastic: How the
Versatile Material
Harms the Environment and Human Health.
Retrieved on July 24, 2015 from http://www.scientificamerican

.com/article/plastic-not-so-fantastic.
44
ATENEO DE ILOILO
14.
Lithner, D. (2011). Environmental and health hazards
of chemicals in
plastic
polymers and products. Retrieved on
July 31, 2015
from https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/24978/1/
gupea_2077_24978 _1.pdf
15. Nagavallemma, K.P. et. al. (August 2006). Vermicomposting: Recycling
Wastes into Valuable Organic Fertilizer. Retrieved on July 31,
2015
from
http://ejournal.icrisat.org/agroecosystem/v2i1/
v2i1vermi.pdf.
16. Reuseit. (2015). The 7 Most Common Plastics and How They are
Typically Used. Retrieved on July 31, 2015 from http://www.reuseit.
com/product-materials/learn-more-the-7-most-common-plasticsand-how-they-are-typically-used.htm.
17. Rydegale. (Not Stated). Different types of plastics and their classification.
Retrieved on July
31,
2015
from
http://www.ryedale.gov.uk/
attachments/article/690/Differentplastic_polymer_types.pdf
45
ATENEO DE ILOILO
APPENDICES
Financial Report
In order to successfully conduct their experiment, the investigators spend
the following amount for the materials and fare.
ITEMS
EXPENSES
Fare
Php 200 .00
Disposable food container
Php 71.50
Water bottle
Php 20.00
Cling Wrap
Php 64.50
Styrofoam
Php 14.90
Masking Tape
Php 31.00
Gloves
Php 56.25
Superworms
Php 30.00
Mealworms
TOTAL:
Php 750
Php 1,288.40
The investigators certify that the amount of money as stated was used and the
previous pages are true and were for the benefit of the study.
Carla Angela Oberio Ladrido

Leader
Marian Jayne Pama Ausan
Jel Agtoto Galicia
Member
Member
Hansel Banzuella Didulo II
Member
46
ATENEO DE ILOILO
APPENDICES
PHOTO GALLERY
THE ACQUISITION OF WORMS. At the upper left are African Nightcrawlers which were given
by Ms. Altamira, at the upper right are are Superworms which were bought in Pet Palace and at
the bottom center are Mealworms which were bought and shipped from Ms. Castaeda in
Davao City Carla Ladrido
47
ATENEO DE ILOILO
INVESTIGATORS HOLDING THE WORMS. At the upper left, Hansel is holding the
Superwomrs, at the upper right, Marian is holding the African Night crawlers and at
the bottom center are Marian and Hansel are examining the Superworms Marian
Ausan
48
ATENEO DE ILOILO
PREPARATION OF THE POLYETHYLENE. Jel is cutting the Styrofoam, while (at

the left) Carla is cutting the PET bottle and measuring the LDPE Carla Ladrido
49
ATENEO DE ILOILO
PREPARATION OF THE DIFFERENT SET-UPS. These are the containers where the
worms (along with their respective type of plastic) are placed Carla Ladrido
50
ATENEO DE ILOILO
PLACEMENT OF THE WORMS. At the upper right, Carla and Jel are transferring the
African Nightcrawlers into the containers. The zoomed up picture of the ANC can be seen
at the left. At the lower right, The researchers are also transferring the Superworms into
their respective containers for the experiment. Carla Ladrido
51
ATENEO DE ILOILO
THE FINAL RESULT. At the upper row are the results of the mealworms Styrofoam
consumption of day 1, day 2 and day 3 respectively. At the lower row are the results of the
superworms Styrofoam consumption of day 1, day 2 and day 3 respectively. Carla Ladrido
52
ATENEO DE ILOILO
Name:
Marian
Jayne Ausan
Address: Puerto Princesa Street, Puerto Real de Iloilo Lapaz Iloilo City
Age: 16
Gender: Female
Date of Birth: December 16, 1999
Place of Birth: St. Pauls Hospital Iloilo City
Nationality: Filipino
Height: 53
Weight: 54 kg
Landline/Cellphone: 09994531205
E-mail: marianjayne16_99@yahoo.com.ph
ANALYZING THE DATA. These are screenshots from solving for the area of consumption
using the Analysis Tool in Photoshop Cs6. Carla spent sweat, tears, and eye-burning hours
during entire process of solving for the measurement, meticulously scanning around the bitemarks and pretending everything is okay. Carla Ladrido
53
ATENEO DE ILOILO
Parents
Fathers name: Joey Frank L. Ausan
Age: 56
Occupation: Civil Engineer
Mothers name: Maria Ana P. Ausan
Age: 52
Occupation: Doctor
Language: English, Filipino, Hiligaynon
Religion: Roman Catholic
Skills: Singing, Dancing, Playing the violin, piano
Hobbies: Shopping, Yoga, going out with friends, surfing the net
Career Ambition: Dermatologist
Schools Attended
Year Grade Level
School Year
Santa Isabel
International
School
Nursery to Kinder 2
2004-2006
Santa Isabel
International
School
Grade 1-6
2006-2011
Valedictorian
Ateneo de IloiloSMCS
Grade 7-10
2012-2016
Honorable Mention
Name: Hansel B. Didulo II

Address: Villa San Lorenzo, Lapaz, Iloilo City
Age: 15
Gender: Male
Date of Birth: May 4, 2000
Place of Birth: Mission Hospital Iloilo City
Height: 57
Weight: 65 kg
E-mail: hanseldidulo05@gmail.com
54
Achievements
ATENEO DE ILOILO
Parents
Fathers name: Hansel O. Didulo
Age: 44
Occupation: Lawyer
Mothers name: Irene B. Didulo
Age: 47
Occupation: Judge
Skills: Singing, Dancing, Playing Basketball, Photography
Hobbies: Playing Basketball, Listening to music, beginner-level music production
Career Ambition: Businessman, Entrepreneur
Schools Attended
Sta. Clarita
International
School
Year Grade Level

Nursery Kinder
2
School Year
2004 - 2006
Ateneo De Iloilo SMCS
Grade 1 Grade
10
2006 -2011
Name: Carla Angela O. Ladrido

Address: Tabucan, Mandurriao, Iloilo City
Age: 17
Gender: Female
Date of Birth: August 8, 1998
Place of Birth: St. Pauls Hospital, Iloilo City
Height: 52
Weight: 47 kg
Landline/Cellphone: 321-21-54/09493551427
E-mail: caladrido@gmail.com
55
Achievements
Awarded best in
Math
Awarded best in
English
Honor Student
from Grade 1-6
Graduated with
Honorable
Mention(GS)
ATENEO DE ILOILO
Parents
Fathers name: Ramon Felipe Ladrido
Age: 52
Occupation: Government Employee
Mothers name: Jovita Oberio Ladrido
Age: 52
Occupation: Government Employee
Skills: Drawing, Photo manipulation, Video editing,
Attention to detail
Hobbies: Drawing, Beginner Photo manipulation, Beginner filmmaking
Career Ambition: Biomedical Scientist
Schools Attended
SPED-Integrated
School for
Exceptional Children
Year Grade Level

Kinder 1-Grade 6
School Year
2003-2011
Ateneo de Iloilo
Santa Maria
Catholic school
Grade 7-Grade 10
2012-2016
Achievements
1. DSPC Champion
(Feature Writing
English)
2. Golden Pen Most
Promising Writer
3. Outstanding
Literary Writer
(Regional Literary
Write shop)
4. DENR Poster
Making Contest
Champion
With Honors (20122016)
Name: Jel A. Galicia

Address: Firsthomes,Brgy.Navais, Mandurriao, Iloilo City
Age: 15
Gender: Female
Date of Birth: July 4, 2000
Place of Birth: Zamboanga Del Norte Medical Center Hospital Dipolog City
Height: 51
Weight: 58 kg
56
ATENEO DE ILOILO
E-mail: jel.galicia90@gmail.com
Parents
Fathers name: Joel M. Galicia
Age: 40
Occupation: Manager of Metro Bank Zamboanga Sibugay
Mothers name: Elvie A. Galicia
Age: 41
Occupation: Optometrist
Language: English, Filipino, Hiligaynon, Cebuano
Religion: Protestant
Skills: Singing,
Hobbies: Listening to music
Career Ambition: Pediatrcian
Schools Attended
Baptist Zamboanga
Sibugay
Marian College
Zamboanga
Sibugay
Huasiong College
of Iloilo
Year Grade Level

Nursery- Kinder I
School Year
2003-2004
Achievements
With honors
Kinder II Grade 6
2005-2011
With honors
Grade 7
2012-2013
3rd place in Chinese

singing competition
Ateneo de Iloilo
Santa Maria
Catholic school
Grade 8 - Present
2013-2016
57

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ATENEO DE ILOILO

Santa Maria Catholic School

Consumption of African Night Crawlers (Eudrilus eugenia), Superworms

Carla Angela Oberio Ladrido

Background of the Study

Plastic bottles take up a large amount of space in landfills, contributing to

Figure 1 shows the schematic relationship of African Night Crawlers,

Statement of the Problem

Significance of the Study

Delimitation of the Study

Although the investigators researched on other related studies about

African Night Crawlers (Eudrilus eugeniae)

In this study, African Night Crawlers worms are set as a dependent

Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor)

Superworms (Zophobas morio),

are set as a dependent variable in

determining their effectiveness in decomposing different types of plastics.

In this study, different types of plastics are being used as constant

Furthermore, the California Integrated Waste Management Board

Negative Effects of Plastics to the Environment

Non-biodegradable polymers can be degraded by heat, oxidation, light,

African Night Crawlers in Vermicomposting

Nutrient run-off from agricultural land is a major environmental problem

Different worms were

The plastic strips

After 3 days, the

1. What is the effectiveness of African Night Crawlers (Eudrilus eugeniae) in

2. What is the effectiveness of Superworms (Zophobas morio) in consuming:

3. What is the effectiveness of Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) in consuming:

Decomposition rate of African Night Crawlers of Polyethylene

Terephthalate (PET Bottles)

Area of the plastic

Table 1 shows that no consumption took place in the duration of the

Decomposition rate of African Night Crawlers of Low-Density

Polyethylene (Food bags)

Area of the plastic

Table 2 shows that no consumption took place in the duration of the

Decomposition rate of African Night Crawlers of Polystyrene

Area of the plastic

Table 4 shows that no consumption took place in the duration of the

Table 4. Decomposition rate of Superworms of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET

Area of the plastic

Table 4 shows that no consumption took place in the duration of the

Table 5. Decomposition rate of Superworms of Low-Density Polyethylene (Food

Area of the plastic

Table 5 shows that no consumption took place in the duration of the

Table 6. Decomposition rate of Superworms of Polystyrene (Styrofoam)

Area of the plastic

Table 6 shows that there is an increase of consumption of Styrofoam in

Table 7. Decomposition rate of Mealworms of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET

Area of the plastic

Table 7 shows that no consumption took place in the duration of the

Table 8. Decomposition rate of Mealworms of Low-Density Polyethylene (Food

Area of the plastic

Table 8 shows that there is an increase of consumption in the duration of

Table 9. Decomposition rate of Mealworms of Polystyrene (Styrofoam)

Area of the plastic

Table 9 shows that there is an increase of consumption in the duration of

Area in Square inch

Area in square inch

African night Crawlers

Area in square inch

Figure three shows the comparison among the consumption rate of