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OperationalAmplifiers
OpAmps
Chapter9
IdealOperationalAmplifiersandOpAmpCircuits
DonaldA.Neamen (2009).Microelectronics:CircuitAnalysisandDesign,
4thEdition,McGrawHill
Preparedby:Dr.HaniJamleh,SchoolofEngineering,TheUniversityofJordan
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MedicalElectronics Dr.HaniJamleh JU
IntegratedCircuit
An integrated circuit (more often called an IC, microchip, silicon chip,
computer chip, or chip) is a piece of specially prepared silicon (or
another
semiconductor)
into
which
a
very
complex
electronic circuit is etched using photographic techniques.
IntegratedCircuit(ICChip)
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Introduction
An operational amplifier (opamp) is an integrated circuit that:
Amplifies the difference between two input voltages and
Produces a single output.
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Introduction
The term operational amplifier comes from the original applications
of the device in the early 1960s.
Opamps, in conjunction with resistors and capacitors, were used in analog
computers to perform mathematical operations to solve:
Differential equations and
Integral equations.
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OpAmp
Resistors
Capacitors
Arithmetic
Operations:
Addition
Subtraction
Integration
Differentiation
..etc.
Inductors
Diodes
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Introduction
Our aim is to develop the ideal characteristics of the opamps, instead
of simply stating the ideal parameters as postulates.
Once the ideal properties have been developed, the student can then
be more comfortable applying these ideal characteristics in the design
of opamp circuits.
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Introduction
Just as we developed equivalent circuits of transistors that include:
Dependent sources representing gain factors.
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9.1TheOperationalAmplifier
The now classic A741, by Fairchild,
was introduced in the late 1960s.
Since then, a vast array of opamps with
improved characteristics, using both
bipolar and MOS technologies, have been
designed.
Most opamps are very inexpensive (less
than a $dollar$) and are available from a
wide range of suppliers.
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9.1TheOperationalAmplifier
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9.1TheOperationalAmplifier
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9.1TheOperationalAmplifier
From a signal point of view, the opamp has:
Two input terminals and
One output terminal,
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9.1TheOperationalAmplifier
The opamp also requires DC power, as do all
transistor circuits, so that the transistors are
biased in the active region.
Opamp is an active device.
and
.
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Figure9.1(b)
12
9.1TheOperationalAmplifier
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and
13
9.1TheOperationalAmplifier
There are normally 20 to 30
transistors that make up an opamp
circuit.
The typical IC opamp has parameters
that
approach
the
ideal
characteristics.
For this reason, then, we can treat
the opamp as a simple electronic
device, which means that it is quite
easy to design a wide range of circuits
using the IC opamp.
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9.1TheOperationalAmplifier
In this chapter:
We develop the ideal set of opamp
parameters.
We consider the analysis and design of a wide
variety of opamp circuits, which will aid in
our understanding of the design process of
electronic circuits.
We generally assume, that the opamp is
ideal.
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9.1.1IdealParameters
What is the basic operation principle of op
amp?
The ideal opamp senses the difference between
two input signals, i.e.
and , and amplifies this
difference to produce an output signal .
Figure9.1(a)
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9.1.1IdealParameters InputResistance
Ideally, the input resistance
terminals 1 and 2 is infinite, i.e.
between
:
Figure9.2
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9.1.1IdealParameters OutputResistance
The output terminal of the ideal opamp acts as
the output of an ideal voltage source:
Meaning that the smallsignal output resistance
is zero, i.e.
0.
Figure9.1(a)
Figure9.2
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9.1.1IdealParameters DifferentialVoltageGain
The parameter
shown in the equivalent
circuit is the openloop differential voltage
gain of the opamp.
In the ideal opamp, the openloop gain
is
very large and approaches infinity, i.e
Figure9.1(a)
Figure9.2
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9.1.1IdealParameters Inverting/Noninverting
InputTerminal &
Terminal (1):
Is the inverting input terminal, designated by the
notation.
Terminal (2):
Is the noninverting input terminal, designated by
the + notation.
Figure9.1(a)
and
Figure9.2
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9.1.1IdealParameters Inverting/Noninverting
InputTerminal &
Since the ideal opamp responds only to the
difference between the two input signals
and :
The ideal opamp maintains a zero output signal for
.
When
0:
Figure9.1(a)
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9.1.1IdealParameters Inverting/Noninverting
InputTerminal &
Because the device is biased with both positive
and negative power supplies, most opamps are
directcoupled devices (i.e., no coupling
capacitors are used on the input).
Therefore, the input voltages
and
shown in
Figure 9.2 can be DC voltages, which will produce a
DC output voltage .
Figure9.1(a)
Figure9.2
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9.1.1IdealParameters Bandwidth
Another characteristic of the opamp that must
be considered in any design is the bandwidth or
frequency response.
In the ideal opamp, this parameter is
neglected, . .
.
Figure9.1(a)
Figure9.2
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