3 don't / doesn’t have to We use don't / doesn't have toto say that something isn'tnecessary. It isnot an order or instruction like mustn't, but instead expresses an absence of obligation You don't have to finish the report today. Tomorrow will be fine. The summary doesn’t have to be too detaiied it’s up to ‘you how long to mate it need to ‘We use need toin a similar way to have to,totalk about general rules or the requirements of a situation. need to receive your estimate today if you want to be considered for this contract Do.we both need to attend the meeting? don't / doesn’t need to We use don't / doesn’t need to in the same way as don't/ doesn't have to, i.e. to express an absence of obligation, You don’t need to finish the report today. The summary doesn't need tobe too detailed Note that we don't use must as frequently as have toor need to First conditional, should have done First conditional We use the first conditional totalk about a situation and its probable result. We use ifto introduce the situation, while the main clause expresses the likely result. Ifclause Main clause If your tools fall while you're working up there, they will harm someone = If + Present Simple + will‘) + infinitive The order ofthe clauses note that the subject of nbe changed round, but sentence should be clear. Your tools wil! harm someone if they fall while you're working up there oT Phepreeriaimsomenmen pointe fl Grammar reference 121 Note that when the ifclause comes first, it is followed byacomma. ‘We can use a negative verb in either or both clauses. Ifitgets too dangerous to workin an area, you won't find peopie to work there. Ifyou don't weara lifeline, you'll be in great danger as the conditions are slippery up there Iftdon't work overtime, I won'tearn enough money to support my family. should have done ‘We use should (not| have + past participle when we ‘think that someone didn’t take the right course of action The equipment should have been checked every day. (=the fact that it wasn't caused a problem) The accident was caused by a spark from a vehicle, but the vehicle shouldn't have been there. Note that this is a fixed expression. Nor Heshouldnothas 14 Predicting the future Two ways of predicting the future are to use the Present Continuous and will won't. Present Continuous We use the Present Continuous totalk about fixed plans in the future. As the plans have been decided upon, we don't generally use this tense for a period of time along way ahead. s'mdoing a course in deep-sea diving (= Ihave booked aplace on the course) We often use a future time expression with the Present Continuous to make it clear that we are talking about the future rather than the present. Future time expressions include: later, tomorrow,122 Grammar reference will / won't We use will won't + infinitive to talk about things that we expect orare sure will happenin the future, and for general predictions, When oil and gas run out, we'll have to get our energy fromother sources. Itwon't bean easy task, but 'm sure it will be interesting ‘When we think something is possible but we are not sure it will happen, we can use the verb think before will won't Ithink I'll 100k for a job on an oil platform. When the prediction is negative, we use {don't think + will Idon't think itl be easy. NOT Hhinbitwontbeeasy: Wecan also use could, may, or might + infinitiveto make uncertain predictions about the future. could live with my brother ori might get afiat with my friend They may not finish the project on time. Talking about the future here are several ways of talking about the future. going to ‘We use be + going to + infinitive when we can see the probable result ofa situation that is happening now. Itsgoing to be difficult to find a job in the present economicclimate. You're going tofind the exam tough if you don’tstart revising now. We also use this structure totaik about intentions. and fixed plans The National Oil Company is recruiting staff. sol'm going to apply fori. We're going to visit the new oil rig next week. will / won’ We use will / won't infinitive for a prediction about the future which is not based on a present situation, You'll find the course challenging, but interesting It will be useful to have as much in can give me. mation as you Weals someth use willl} tornake an insta g Mrs Taylor isn't here today, sol show you where everything i. Present Continuous We use the Present Continuous totalk about future plansand arrangements. in order to makeit clear that we ae referring tothe future rather than the present, wwe often use future time expressions such as later, tomorrow, on (Friday), next (month). We'reall doing a safety course in May. sJ'm working at Head Office next week. Note that the Present Continuous and going to are used in a similar way when talking about arrangements. However, the Present Continuous suggests that the plan or arrangement is definite while going to can convey simply an intention. He's leaving his job on Friday (= definite) He's going to leave his job on Friday. (= definite) He's going to leave his job (= this may be definite or simply an intention to leave) Present Simple We use the Present Simple to talk about events that are part ofa timetable. As with the Present Continuous, we use future time expressionsto make itclear that we referring to a situation in the future The course starts tomorrow. The flight leaves at 06 10.Listening scripts 123 ———— EE Listening scripts Listening Part A When it comes out ofthe ground, crude ol Isblack, green or even clear. I's not very Useful ints original state soit has to be refined in an o. refinery I travels there by water ina tanker or by pipeline Two billion tonnes of oi trave! by tanker each year across the seas. They carry eighteen lion bartels of oil trough the Straits of Hormut in the Gulf every day. Pipelines vary in length. The longest pipeline i the world isthe Drushba pipeline that runs 4000 kilometres from south-east Russia tothe Crech Republic and Germany. transport over a million bar Part 3 When we measure oi, we usualy talk about barrels. & barrel of oll contains 42 Us gallons, but st can make 4 gallos petroleum products. The main use of crude ollis to produce fuel for energy. After it reaches its destination, crude ol ischanged into different petroleum procucts. Just aver nineteen gallons become petrol or sed as jt fuel The rest ‘sturned into heavy fue ci heating o and LPG ~that's liquid petroieurn gas The Jast seven gallons ave changed into o Parte ‘This amazing range of products made from, pelicleurn ranges from ammonia, tothe bitumen we put on our roads, to plastics But there ae other products whose connection vith petroleum is hard to imagine Fo instance, the gum you chew and the deodorant you use may beth use petroleum Incredible ist? Vocabulary beercise3 2 maintenance technician 3 petroleum chemist 4 piping designer 5 fefnery manager 6 safety ofcer| Exercise 4 1 Lwork offshore most ofthe time; ook after the machinery and keep everything in working order. The aim is that nothing breaks down, but if it does,'m there to repairit 2 monitor safety onb she rigand vake sute there are no accidents, Anew trainee called Hamdan: fllowing me 1d thie week. lam showing hirs i the jo invelves, 3. Thave alot of responsibilty. in overall charge ofthe facity and everything from the arrival of the crude oll Of couse. | have a big team of ‘managers and specialist engineers who report tee. 4 design the piping systems that carty the oll and gas around the refinery. At the ‘moment, Tm working on a design fora pipeline for anew gas field 5. Tem nvolved ir the exploration stage. My Jobisto idetiy the best paces toil for clland ges. We use a numberof different techniques te help us, for example aerial, photography and seismic exploration § My jobis to analyse samples for traces of hydrocarbons. These samples ean be rock ‘ot sou samples, ot even samples from the Speaking Conversation A G=MrGibson, A=Dr Al Harbi,H= Hamdan G Good afternoon, Dr Al arbi, [A Hello, Mr Gibson. Good afternaon How ate you today? ‘Ym very well thank you, and you? ‘fine. thank you May Lbother you a moment? I ike 10 introduce you to my new trainee. This Hamdan 6l Nuam, ts hisfist week A. Welcome tothe refinery. 'm very pleas to meet you, Hamdan How do you do, Dr Al Harbi Solhow ate you finding HL Imyery happy tobe here, There's so much teem, ‘A. Well. Me Gibson isan excellent teacher, Please excose me, 1 have te got0a meeting. hope ta see you again saon H look forwaidtoxt. Goodbye, Dr Al Harb) oro sofar) Conversation B G= Mr Gibson, F= Farid, H=Hamdan have you got & minute? want you ‘meet someone. This s Hamdan ~ he's Bnew trainee to, F Hi Hamdan nice to meet you H Nice toreet you, F So.how'sit going? H Tmhaving a great time, thanks.!'m fearing a lot What about you? F mwith one of the piping designers.1n fact he's beeping me naw Sorry, have te 80. H aye F Yes, see you arcund Unit 2 er Listening sa, when did people begin to use ol? We ‘wer that people uted ol about four thousand years ago inthe Middle East. They ase ton the ouside of boats ard ships, This wast make them waterpro! They also uted it when they were buleing They putit between the Budi stones They found the olin smal pools. There was also ci along sive bans Tt simply seeped from below the grounct the surface and collected therein pools. At about the sare time, people Egypt and apan used al toligh their homes They aso ueedilas medicine treat several nesses. And we also know that btursen was used onthe carly teetsof Baghdad Bitumen sa black, atmos old form a Teopl dried ot thousendsot! yearsago in hina Theinteresting thing i that they didat want. They wanted sa. Theol wasn't important so they threw way Buti the middie of the nineteenth centr, ple realited how impertant could be ‘They found they could distil oi to produce erosene which they burned no amps 0 ight their homes This happened in severe different counties~in Americ, Rusia, and Fomaria Feople didnt use ail asa fuel for transport for many yeas. That ckanged whan the aulomabile~thecer~ was mvented When they dstiled ol te make kerosene fr lamp oi, they alse produced pettal.o gasoline, and this became avery important product The ca was the eal start ofthe a industry. Toyo use fort of hings—fuel for cor lores, aitraft eating and coling of buildings ards alse used in many ingusal jroceses Forexample fs used to make Plastic, mecicne Sbres and cetegents Pronunciation collected used wasted rented burned rained produced ware —analysed Seeped distilled _—irvested stored vvorked It’s my job I werk as 2 recording helper, or jug hustle When oi companies ave exploring fo ai shey have to start by studying rock formations inan area, They want to find out wht’ below the surface of the ground and kopefully find ail So they employ geophysicists te study the pry charactersUnit 3 Rec VER aE OESTRONE Listening Teteacher, A,B = students T asyouall know oiand go are fossil fuels.an someone tell me what that se seismic recording equipment to produce computer images ofthe land. It's my jeb to move this equipment. Ir responsible for placing and removing cables and geophones used. the tests Ihavete check that everything’ in place and working well 'm line boss. so have esponsibility fr four Ine crew helpers hard work We work in difficult environments for twelve to fourteen hours day, sever days a week Of course, we also get time off. the moment, 'm working 28 days on and seven days off We have tounioad the equipment from transport vehicles and then lay it out, The cables ané equipment are very heavy and we have to camy thern over a large area. Most days! ‘walk between six and twenty kilometres! Left school with good results, but didn’t ‘want to study a college. | wanted an ‘outdoor job with some excitemert. S,1got job as jug hustler with an oil eompay tsa very physically-deranding job. The company gave me basic training in safety and petroleum industsy hazards and I took special driving test for driving heavy vehicles. hope I can become a coordinator soon. Then ll have responstaty forall the field equipment, managing crews, and duction Yes, plants and animals that led ‘milion of years aga The ol and gas We extract today were formed between ten and 160 million years ago Seas and wet areas ate rich in bacteria and microscopic plants and arumals, known, as phytoplankton and zooplankton When they die, they sink to the batters ofthe water and forrs thick layers of organic matter This gets slowly covered in layers of md, sand, and other mineral deposits These sedimentary layers uid upon top of eachother. What do you think happens tothe temperature and pressure, Dani? B Ex. the pressure inceases? T Thats right. As the layers increase, the pressure and temperature rise to. There ine a inthe organic matter but anaerobic bacteria, which lve without cxygen, begin to work onthe organic matter ang change As this happens, wax. fat, and ol fom the buries organic matter form dark spots called kerogen Rocks that contain oil and gas this form are known as source rocks in this diagram you car see that the sour rockis the bottom layer Deeper down, the temperature rises further Chains of hydrocarbons became sherter and break away to give light oi and gas. Vocabulary bercie? 1 one thousand. six hundred and fifty 2 seven point four million 3 one hundred and eighty-seven thousand 4 5 five point seven billion dollars ‘three hundied and eighty thousand. five Tnundred euros 6 four million, five hundred and fifty-five ‘thousand, two hundred Exercise 3 B ve heard that cil from the North Sea is 1 Athousand workers now liveinthisarea——_‘ightail 2 Twenty billion collasis lot of money. Yes, that’s ight Well,we know that of 3 oll was formed 300 million yess aga. and gas are less dense than water 50 4 Nine milion barrels of refinery each day the oll and gas that have formed in this way begin te slowly move upwards into porous racks that have large spaces in them. These paces are known a pores Can someone tell me the name af 2 porous rack? Sandstone? T Yes, that's3 good example, These porous rocks are reservoir racks, However, oi and gas continue torise until they reach ‘the surface ofthe ground ot become trapped under a layer of impermeable trap or cap rock You can see this in diagram hers Pronunciation Exercise gedlogist ‘geoph ‘geochemist Exercise3 pettoleun geologist petroleum geophysicist peltoleum geochemist ist Listening Parté 1 interviewer, B= Dr Bell, 1. Ate people using mere oll? B Yes, oll consumption keeps rising, Between 1994 and 2006, 1t went up 17% yearn fact, in one year bs 2003 and 2004 it increased by 3.4%. The main reason for this nrease i ve development of China and india inching for instance, consumption doubled between 1996 and 2006, and t has grown by 8% each year since 2002, By 2030, tis expected torise to about 120 milion barrels a day, but mach will depend onthe weeld economy. Part 1 What are the main uses of oi? B Wel. sn order of importance, the four principal uses are transportation, domestic you know, for heating people'shomes, commercial, and, in fourth place, sndustrial But there are big Uhiferences between countries. Globally lover hafof ll the ol we uses for sransp ‘but in the US, this oes up 070% And in China and india, most ci, 'sfor industry. Ofcourse hiss probably going tochange as more people in ‘these counties buy thei own cars One day, transportation will become principal reason for oil consumption as elsewhere So the situation ischanging allthe time Speaking Se Steve, R= Rafig, A= Arcin What de you think about th cil sands, Rafiq? Well ita good opportunity for Canada togetolland make money A. Mim, yes. Butts risky to. I's very expensive te process. It's OK ifthe price foil high, but when the price is low, isn't proftabe SU hear what you're saying, bat in my opinion. there ae things that are mozeimportant than money. They should think about the environment as well Some people say they're going to destroy big avea of ferest. Yes, but they can replant the forest afterwards Oil companies espect the ‘environment these days. What's your ew, Amin? ‘A Inmy opinion, they should leave the mm out ol Listening $= Simon, 5. Sotell me lack, who' in charge tthe rg? 5) Youcoute say the cmpany man because he represents the ol company thats paying forthe dling Fe checks they're cing the wel the way hs company wants. $- Ise buthe dest othe diting himself Who's inchargesf the dling team? 1 Theduil pusher He'sin overaickarge of ig that goes on When they ve Gling. hes there ay and aig. Tha’ big responsiblity. How many people does heave inf team? 1 Thatall depends but his second commands te der onthe platform called the monkey board He supersize ench time they ade‘ remove piece ofthe dil sting Each time they wart addr take off pipe, they need oliftpart ofthe dil string out ofthe well and ower aguin Ths ed ppg out and tipingin $ What anamazing expression! know that there ae some funy nares for ov members too ike the mud man. ‘hy istmudimportan? 1 There are thee main reasons Fst of shelpe te ubiate te a $Ukeoilina motor 1) That ight otherwise the dil a gets woohot Sra the other reasons? 1. The mud cares the rec that has been drilled tote op you know range upthrough te porenoe tothe srtce Mid alse help conto the pressure in the well 5. athe mad the hind of stu we fn in the garden? 1 Notenacts dite ss usually a misture of nt things. Sothe mud man you talked about is the engineer who isin charge of the mud supply 5 Oh.right Sowho else is there then J Well theres the motor man who's in charge of the motors He's important because if the motors break down, the equipment doesn't work And we mustn't forget the roughnecks and reustabouts Basically, the roustabout is fa general helper who does whatever is needed to support the tearm And what about the roughnecks? J Well they're the guys onthe drilling floor. They move the pipes and jenn them up. Roughnecks are strong tough guys who do physical workin diff Conditions, That's how Istared out nthe busines, Speaking ‘A= Ali S=Saleh, M= Mare ‘A. Ok, everyone. So let's talk about the best ‘way of exploiting the new ste. What do you think, Saleh? § isnot very far effshore. How about 0!) vtoasten orjoino nnachemial process accommodation unit 201 ssnit) nthe part of an ol platforrn where the staff live acid rain Vv main that contains harmful chemicals from factory gases and that damages trees, ‘crops, and buildings ambition cy b/s. m something that jou want to do or achieve very much analysis > ‘examination of a substance in order tofind out what it contains apply vto make 3 formal request, usually in writing, for ayeb apprentice ‘> penis ma young person who works for an employer for a fixed 1d of timé in order tolearn the particular skills needed in their job area "soris’ n the amount of space that is covered by a surface or piece of land, usually described as a measurement artificial ‘adj made to copy a natural thing or substance; nat real thing to another avoid vo prevent something bad from happening bit w/the cuiting part ofa dil bitumen ifonn, (rm E asphatt) n a thick black substance obtaine oil, used for covering toads or roots blend bi iv namixture of different types of the same thing. blow-out bis: ui) nthe sudden and uncontrolled flow of large amounts of cll, gas, or other well fluids into an cil well boiling point -ov/yy punt nthe ature at which a liquid starts become a gas bond in. vo oin two things feniy nthe name of a product that is sold by 3 break down machine, vehicle, etc} to stop working because ofa fault brief fyi’ v to give somebody information about something so that they are prepared to deal with it budget ba:/si nthe amount of money that is available for a particular plan or project build up >! yy vto gradually increase in number or quantity over a period of time burn ‘bos vio destroy something by fice 20 use oil gas, etc to produce heat or energy burst pipes Sst pips! n tubes ying ol that break open or split by accident, causing oil to paur out caprock “Iivp rok a layer of non-porous rock above a deposit of ol or gas which prevents the oil or gas from moving upwards capacity ‘> pies m the ameunt of 6 5 etc. that 2 tanker or pipeline can hold or transportcareer ko'riols¥'n the sevies of jobs that @ person has in a particular a work carry out kur) “uot vtodoand camplete a task atch up kei) yp/vto spend extra time doing something because you have not done it earlier ‘cause koiz’ vtomake something happen chase up 1p (Am E = chase down) v to contact somebody in order to remind them to do something chemical “keithl) adj using processes which make changes to atoms or molecules chromatograph | krsu'muciongrast a a device that analyses the chemicals contained in a mixture by passing the mixture through a material that separates the different elements collision ‘kisi: man accident in which two vehicles, people ete. crash into each other column “kolo rr atall vertical pos which supports building suchas an oil platform combined vn! banc ad including ar joining two or more things complete (awell) om pli vto prepare an cil well for production by erabling the ol to Flow and connecting the well to pipes on the surface compressor kor'piesoir aa mach used to supply gas at increased pressure condenser Jon'enssiri ‘na device that cools gas in order to change it into aliquid connect AL vjoin together two or ‘more things; o be joined together contract “knnirekt nan official written agreement o0l ee) vto become or to make something become cold corrosion 'ks rougn’ mthe gradual destruction of metal by chemical action corrosive i:s'°3.91\ adj tending to slowly destroy metal by chemical action rane ‘kre: ma tall machine with a long arm, used to lift and move heavy objects crew ‘kru:’ pall the people working on a ship. plane,ete crude crude oil, Krux! il iin its natural state, before it has been treated with chemicals damage ! Uismicy) vto harm or spoil something dangerous. cine cause harm database 'Jcitobeis’ nan organized set of data that is stored in a computer nd can be looked at and used in adj likely to various ways deadline. loulum’ nthe latest time cordate by which a task must be completed decommission (licks! inifn’ vto equipment out of operation decrease iii'bri:s) vito become smaller size, numb: deep-sea. i) 51: adj of orn the lowest parts of the ocean delegate “le'icei! vto give part of your work to somebody in a mote junior position than you density “lens! mthe thickness of a substance measured by its mass per unit of volume depot ‘cep naplace where large amounts of fuel ae stored derrick “erik: na tal structure over an cil well for holding the drill pipe detection the act or process of discovering or noticing something especially by using scientific methods disaster © an unexoected ‘event, such 2s 2 very bad accident, that causes alot of damage or kills many peopie ischarge is’ uxiy v (of a gas or liquid) to flow somewhere; t g2s or liquid todo this isplay i spl" v[of a computer or device} to show information distance “disions. nthe amount of space between two places or things distill sv to separate the different substances within crude ol by heating the oil untilit becomes 2 gas, then ake cooling it and collecting the gas and liquids that form at cifferent temperatures distract di sirekty vite take somebody's attention away from what they are doing distribution | ist bju:jn’ n the system of supplying gas.oll, etc. toa number of peopie or places domestic ilo'mestik: adj for use in the home; lating to the home double "abil vto become twice as large downstream sinamy adj elating to the refining, processing, and selling of olland gas draw up dr: ‘ap! vto prépare ang write a document such asa contract, Grill ini v to make a hole in the ground inorder toget oilor gas rill pipe "in pup’ n along tube that, is connected to other tubes in order to join the kelly tothe dril bit d’dril string “ni stray nthe part of a dri consisting ofthe dril pipe and kelly and ending in the dril bit economical, cho! norkl’ cho- adj providing good value in relation to the ‘amount of money spent ecosystem “ishsvsisisin’ all the plants ‘and living creatures in a particular area considered in relation to their physical environment enormous vis’ adj extremely large envitonment in saiioiiant’ athe natural world in which people, animals, and plants ive equipment bsvipont’ nthe tools, machines, etc. that you reed for 3 particular task or activity estimate stuns! ma guess ora Calculation of the likely cost of something, based on the information ‘that you have excess "chses! adj more than is equired experience sk spisrions’ othe knowledge and sill that you have gained through doing something for a riod of time; the process of gaining thisexpertise cksyos'tiv’ m great skill or knawiedge in a particular subject, activity oF job extract k’sinkt! vto remove or obtain oil, gas, etc. from something by using {an industrial or a chemical process fall fl! vto drop down from a higher level ta lower level finite resources fuinait r1sxsiz) a a supply of something that has a define limit or fixed size first aid [5st ‘exd! n emergency ‘medical treatment that is given to somebody before a doctor comes or before the person is taken to hospital ‘loo! v{of aliquid or gas} to mave flow 0: steadily in a particular direction forklift truck | f>:kh/t rok (Am E forklift} a vehicle with two long bars fon the front for moving and lifting heavy objects fossil fuel ps! Jus! m fuel such as coal a ol, that was formed over millions of years from the remains of animals or plants FPSO cl pis cs 20 m= Floating Production, Storage and Offtake facilities (= 2 large vessel used at sea to store and process oll or gas before it is taken away by tankers) fractionating column kolo’ nalarge vertical tube that is used to separate the different substances within crude oil fractured svct|ou! ad) lof rock) cracked fuel “Yjucol! na material that you burn +0 produce heat or power fuel jul vto supply something with ‘material that can produce heat or power fuel cell juss! sel’ na device for producing energy by the action of chemicals, used to provide power fora car or other vehicle {gas gathering plant plasnt’ na place where gas from different wells is stored and processed es giedsrTa before itis distributed gather u.vdoir} vtocollect together in cone place generate vte produce or create something such as electricity generator “djenorriss/ pamachine for producing electricity geochemist “5:20 hemist: na scientist who studies the chemistry of the earth and its rocks and minerals geologist «s'niodnist_mascientist who studies the earth including the origin and history of the rocks and sail of which the earths made get on (with) get ‘on wid) vto make progress ina task global warming | jlovbl wosnn’ the ise in temperature ofthe earth's atmosphere that is caused by the increase of particular gases, especially catbon dioxd go ahead °go0 hed’ v1tohappen 2 to begin to do something especially after somebody has given permission governor si nate na device that controls the pressure ofa gas supply gravimeter 9-9 vim instrument thst shows the density of rock by measuring the diference in the force of gravity from one place to another greenhouse gas yrinhaus es many of the gases that ae thought to cause global warming especially carbon dioxide habitat “hichsiet) athe place where a particular type of animal or plants normally found halve ho’ vto reduce by a half heavy “hes! adjused when asking how much something weighs holdup. noold sp vtoselay progress of something horizontal adj(of the direction of ériling) going across and parale to the ground rather than going straight down human enor hv mistakes made by people rather than machines, computers, etc increase in kris vto become greaterin amount, number, value et instrument snsiroinon wa device that is usee for measuring things, such as speed, temperature, et insulation ou: J)) mn materia that is placed around a tank to prevent heat from passing through Glossary 133 internship “sntcnjip’ {Am € = placement) na period of time during which a student or new graduate gets practical experience ina jo, for example during the summer holiday Interpret Jv iszprit vto translate one language into snother as you hear it invent in'vent’ vto produce or design something that has not existed before kelly “keli' na strong pipe that is connected to the top of the drill pipe Incrderto turnit and lower it into the well load ‘oud! vt put alarge quant things on or in a vehicle, aco te local >::k1/ aj in the area nearby logo ‘or symbol that a company or an organization uses as its speclal sign magnetometer micontnpitair) nan instrument for measuring magnetic force maintain inci icin’ vto keep a building, a machine, etc, in good condition by checking or repairing t regularly maintenance nthe act keeping something in good candition by checking or repairing it reguiatly measure “Wey! vio find the size, weight, quantity, etc. of something by using an instrument. meter “nici vto mes: quantity or rate of something using a meter molecule tnt, consisting of a group of atoms, into which a substance can be divided monitor 291/011), vto regularly observe and check something in order to make sure that itis working corectly negotiate fn: ov [ict! vto try to reach ‘an agreement by formal discussion offshore \n! [>v)- ag) happening or existing inthe sea,not far ‘rom the land aucun! ma printed design re the likiu: m the smallest offtake "nites nthe removal of oil or 95 from a place where itis stored oll refinery "061 Foun ma place where crude oll s separated into different substances and processed in ord duce petro plastic ete gasoline, gas,134 Glossary oil spill 21! spul na large amount of il that has poured out of its container by accident; an occasion when this hapgens opportunity. npo'su:naii ma time when a particular situation makes it possible to do something; a chance to do something. oversee | 2us2'si! vo watch somebody or something in order to make sure that ajob or an activity is done correctly permeability ps:miabului’ nthe degre to which a rock allows a liquid or gas, to pass through it permission ips mijn! a the act of allowing somebody to do something; official approval to do something. Personnel 0's the people who work for an organization piles puriz’ mlarge posts that are pushed into the ground and used to support a building, oil platform, etc pipeline piplain’ na series of pipes that are used for carrying oll, gas, etc. cover long distances plan lien. vto make detailed preparations for a task ar project plant lost) na living thing that grows in the ground and usually has leaves and roots platform "plwifsn na structure that stands on the floor of the sea to Provide a stable base above water for drilling poisonous “p>1/2>s' adj causing death or illness if taken into the body pollution ‘i9licjn’ nthe process of raking ait, water, soil, ete, dirty, the state of being dirty pontoon iu. none of several hollow structures, used to support a Fosting oil platform Population ' piu leijn’ mall the people who live na particular area, city, or country pote jsx{rl) none of the small spaces in a rock that contains a liquid or gas Porosity jos isois nthe amount of, space (pores) within a rock compared to the amount thats solid rock, usually given as a percentage porous.’p2:r9s. aaj (of arock) having many small holes that allow liquid or 25 to pass through slowly precaution pri'ka:ji’ m something that is done in advance in order to prevent problems or to avoid danger pressure ’pre{ar) nthe amount of foice that a gas or liquid produces ina pipe or container priority pra brat m something that you think is more important than ‘ther things and should be dealt with first Procedure (pra sixl5a1r) man offical ‘way of doing something process "prsuses! na series of things that are done in order to achieve a particular result progress report." prouyies tips na spoken or written account of the work that has been done during a particular period promote pis'maai vto move somebody to a higher cank or more senior job protect patch! vto make sure that something or somebody is not harmed, injured, damaged, etc pump pump vtomake a liquid gas, etc.flow in a particular direction by Using a pump {=a machine that uses pressure to force a liquid, gas etc. into or out of something) qualification _kwoits kein! nan exam that you have passed or a course of study that you have successfully completed recommend rcks'ment! vto advise somebody to do something. reference ‘elrous maletter written by someaody who hnows you to anew employer, giving information about your character and abilities refine 11 ain’ vtomake crude ot into gasoline, plastic etc. by separating it into different substances regulation regju lei[n, n an official rule made by a government or some other authority reheat ris hist’ vto make something hot or warm again remotely isu 'li adv from a distance renewable 1 nju:shl! adj [of energy and natural resources) able to be replaced and used without the risk of finishing ital for example energy from the sun se3, wind, etc reputation rpj'te that people generally have about a person, company, etc reserve ii'zicv! na supply of oil, gas, etc. ‘that you can take from the ground reservoir rock ‘czava: ook na type ‘of rock with spaces inside it that contain oll or gas, responsibility rsponsa'bilali ma duty to take care of something that you are required to do as part of your job fig 19! nalarge structure n the sea ‘with equipment for drilling for ail and {gas under the seabed risk assessment “risk 9 sesmanu nthe process of examining the potential dangers involved in a particular situation or way of working road tanker 's91x4 twyhoiry 9a truck that carries ol, gas, or petralin large quantities rotary Fovior/ adj (of a machine) nv p the opinion having parts that turn around (e rotate) rotate ‘rou leit) vto move or turn around; to make something do this roustabout “rausiabauts naman with ro special sills who does basic work fon an cil or gas Fig rule: ma regulation or principle that determines what someone can or cannot do in a particular situation run out rn ‘sot! v(ofa supply of something) to become used up or finished so that none remains safety si) a1 the state of being safe ‘and protected from danger or harm 2 [before other nouns] something that is designed to prevent injury or damage saline "seslain’ adj containing salt sample 'su:mpl: na small amaunt of something that is examined in ‘order to find out what the rest of the substance is likesiting seta (Grea Clarendon Street, Oxford on2 60" to axplaneTatie Lat Oxford University Press isa éepariment of te University of Oxon Maze, 34(Iwo ot tankers cole! 1nfuarthers he Univers abjetv of excellence in research scsi, Pltormeorge Steinmetz, 3 FL and education by publishing word i DObiquitou, 270M rig on fesMOReuters) 43 {ROY submessibieJonathan (Oxford New York ‘lin 4 Metering pumpyErika Koch. 57 Natural gos ame/Paul Souder, “vida Cape Town Dares Salim Hong Kong Karachi 6¢ (0 tankeriRon SachsICNP, 6 Tanker ucllLowell Georgia. 6 Storage Koala Lumpur Madr wetboumne- Mexico CRY; New Delhi Shanghai Tsiper Toronto ’ , Ai joetifenten) 7601 Termialan ee Son Hong Koger \wanomtehaule "Jojo! 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OdAPICLEDE CAE hi ant Studio pp.25, 29 (prepositions). 35.42, 48,53. 54 (author: Glessetgimetor holding oil or gas successful way 58, 64.71.73: Mark Duffin pp.65 trans Siberian pipeline}, 70, 88 [protective Te puto seco tar estate kd pers. din 108.8 -fohgeiasiam pp 9 one greeting 5,1 pie ca), 3 eros digger at of eto. 7 Ay eft gh umn) 78 8.95 i alan Philp Trager to pct sorter images com. 12 Onl feg ag rR app te, 1.8 18 sandstone en che REBATE Shei cin nl ei OF ater Sousa FRHOMS in O-C aap YAR af 75, 0m es 89 ‘Wieman) beiieendegeamgtinatgtharahe-ker Ashley Gorsbvock are ip Ghd AB {OMe ae nae hohe er emo rd Land Ender peices com! 3H YP alimoe os dadpaos fork mate pape om stor pe ET FE de ee a ghaCete given’ lus apap ein com Roti by ind perm: [real aes sed from At Dhabi, AE 03 February 2010, Energy Management. 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