Q 1: Which of the following terms is not directly related to the others?

Answer B
Q2: is a lattice of proteins between homologous chromosomes that
forms during Prophase I.

Answer synaptonemal complex,

Q 3: Crossing over events occur between

Answer C

Q 4: In a diploid cell (2n = 8), how many chromatids are present during
metaphase II?

Answer D
Q 5: Peering into a light microscope, you observe that the chromosomes
in cell appear as distinct X shapes. Which of the following conclusions
is consistent with this observation?

Answer D
Q 6: Crossing over events occur during which phase of meiosis?

Answer B
Q 7: Homologous chromosomes align on the metaphase plate during ______;
sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate during

Answer A
Q 8: Haploid cells are the product of . AND ARE OFTEN GAMETES

Answer B
Q 9: Which of the following events is NOT mediated by microtubules?

Answer C
Q 10: Centrosomes are important to the process of meiosis because:

Answer C
Q 11: Which of the below is a feature of meiosis but NOT mitosis?

Answer C
Q 12: A reduction division occurs during

Answer B
Q 13: For a diploid cell (2n = 4), the number of chromosomes in each
daughter cell at the end of meiosis II is ______; the number of chromosomes
in each daughter cell at the completion of mitosis is

Answer C
Q 14: Sexual reproduction and the formation of gametes from meiotic
events contribute to the genetic variability of offspring. The genetic
variability provided by meiosis results from:

Answer B
Q 15: Comparing the meiotic divisions of different -------------light on the evolution of meiosis.

may shed

Answer protists
Q 16: In organisms with
of reproducing.

Answer

___ ___ reproduction, every individual is capable

Asexual
Q 17: Sexual reproduction is advantageous over asexual reproduction
when

Answer D
Q 18: Which of these is NOT a main category of life cycles in multicellular
organisms?

Answer C
Q 19: Humans, cats, elephants, and birds fall into what category of lifecycles?

Answer A
Q20. Haploid multicellular plants are called

Answer C

Review Questions
Chromosomes are duplicated during what portion of the cell cycle?
1. G1 phase
2. S phase
3. prophase
4. prometaphase

B
Separation of the sister chromatids is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis?
1. prometaphase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase
C
The individual chromosomes become visible with a light microscope during which
stage of mitosis?
1. prophase
2. prometaphase
3. metaphase
4. anaphase
A
What is necessary for a cell to pass the G 2 checkpoint?
1. cell has reached a sufficient size
2. an adequate stockpile of nucleotides
3. accurate and complete DNA replication
4. proper attachment of mitotic spindle fibers to kinetochores
C
Meiosis produces ________ daughter cells.
1. two haploid

2. two diploid
3. four haploid
4. four diploid
C
What structure is most important in forming the tetrads?
1. centromere
2. synaptonemal complex
3. chiasma
4. kinetochore
B
At which stage of meiosis are sister chromatids separated from each other?
1. prophase I
2. prophase II
3. anaphase I
4. anaphase II
D
At metaphase I, homologous chromosomes are connected only at what structures?
1. chiasmata
2. recombination nodules
3. microtubules
4. kinetochores
A

Which of the following is not true in regard to crossover?

1. Spindle microtubules guide the transfer of DNA across the synaptonemal
complex.
2. Non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material.
3. Chiasmata are formed.
4. Recombination nodules mark the crossover point.
C
What phase of mitotic interphase is missing from meiotic interkinesis?
1. G0 phase
2. G1 phase
3. S phase
4. G2 phase
C
The part of meiosis that is similar to mitosis is ________.
1. meiosis I
2. anaphase I
3. meiosis II
4. interkinesis
C
If a muscle cell of a typical organism has 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes
will be in a gamete of that same organism?
1. 8
2. 16

3. 32
4. 64
B
The genotype XXY corresponds to:
1. Klinefelter syndrome
2. Turner syndrome
3. Triplo-X
4. Jacob syndrome
A
Abnormalities in the number of X chromosomes tend to be milder than the same
abnormalities in autosomes because of ________.
1. deletions
2. nonhomologous recombination
3. synapsis
4. X inactivation
D
Aneuploidies are deleterious for the individual because of what phenomenon?
1. nondisjunction
2. gene dosage
3. meiotic errors
4. X inactivation
B

Glossary
chiasmata
(singular, chiasma) the structure that forms at the crossover points after genetic
material is exchanged
cohesin
proteins that form a complex that seals sister chromatids together at their
centromeres until anaphase II of meiosis
crossover
exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids resulting in
chromosomes that incorporate genes from both parents of the organism
fertilization
union of two haploid cells from two individual organisms
interkinesis
(also, interphase II) brief period of rest between meiosis I and meiosis II
meiosis
a nuclear division process that results in four haploid cells
meiosis I
first round of meiotic cell division; referred to as reduction division because the
ploidy level is reduced from diploid to haploid
meiosis II
second round of meiotic cell division following meiosis I; sister chromatids are
separated into individual chromosomes, and the result is four unique haploid
cells
recombination nodules
protein assemblies formed on the synaptonemal complex that mark the points
of crossover events and mediate the multistep process of genetic recombination
between non-sister chromatids
reduction division
nuclear division that produces daughter nuclei each having one-half as many
chromosome sets as the parental nucleus; meiosis I is a reduction division
somatic cell
all the cells of a multicellular organism except the gametes or reproductive cells
spore
haploid cell that can produce a haploid multicellular organism or can fuse with
another spore to form a diploid cell
synapsis
formation of a close association between homologous chromosomes during
prophase I
synaptonemal complex

protein lattice that forms between homologous chromosomes during prophase I,

supporting crossover
tetrad
two duplicated homologous chromosomes (four chromatids) bound together by
chiasmata during prophase I
aneuploid
an individual with an error in chromosome number; includes deletions and
duplications of chromosome segments
autosome
any of the non-sex chromosomes
chromosome inversion
the detachment, 180 rotation, and reinsertion of a chromosome arm
euploid
an individual with the appropriate number of chromosomes for their species
karyogram
the photographic image of a karyotype
karyotype
the number and appearance of an individuals chromosomes, including the size,
banding patterns, and centromere position
monosomy
an otherwise diploid genotype in which one chromosome is missing
nondisjunction
the failure of synapsed homologs to completely separate and migrate to
separate poles during the first cell division of meiosis
polyploid
an individual with an incorrect number of chromosome sets
translocation
the process by which one segment of a chromosome dissociates and reattaches
to a different, nonhomologous chromosome
trisomy
an otherwise diploid genotype in which one entire chromosome is duplicated
X inactivation
the condensation of X chromosomes into Barr bodies during embryonic
development in females to compensate for the double genetic dose
anaphase
the stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each
other
cell cycle
the ordered sequence of events that a cell passes through between one cell
division and the next
cell cycle checkpoints

mechanisms that monitor the preparedness of a eukaryotic cell to advance

through the various cell cycle stages
cell plate
a structure formed during plant-cell cytokinesis by Golgi vesicles fusing at the
metaphase plate; will ultimately lead to formation of a cell wall to separate the
two daughter cells
centriole
a paired rod-like structure constructed of microtubules at the center of each
animal cell centrosome
cleavage furrow
a constriction formed by the actin ring during animal-cell cytokinesis that leads
to cytoplasmic division
cytokinesis
the division of the cytoplasm following mitosis to form two daughter cells
G0 phase
a cell-cycle phase distinct from the G 1 phase of interphase; a cell in G0 is not
preparing to divide
G1 phase
(also, first gap) a cell-cycle phase; first phase of interphase centered on cell
growth during mitosis
G2 phase
(also, second gap) a cell-cycle phase; third phase of interphase where the cell
undergoes the final preparations for mitosis
interphase
the period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G 1, S, and G2 phases;
the interim between two consecutive cell divisions
kinetochore
a protein structure in the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and
binds spindle microtubules during prometaphase
metaphase plate
the equatorial plane midway between two poles of a cell where the
chromosomes align during metaphase
metaphase
the stage of mitosis during which chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase
plate
mitosis
the period of the cell cycle at which the duplicated chromosomes are separated
into identical nuclei; includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase,
and telophase
mitotic phase

the period of the cell cycle when duplicated chromosomes are distributed into
two nuclei and the cytoplasmic contents are divided; includes mitosis and
cytokinesis
mitotic spindle
the microtubule apparatus that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes
during mitosis
prometaphase
the stage of mitosis during which mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores
prophase
the stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and the mitotic
spindle begins to form
quiescent
describes a cell that is performing normal cell functions and has not initiated
preparations for cell division
S phase
the second, or synthesis phase, of interphase during which DNA replication
occurs
telophase
the stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles,
decondense, and are surrounded by new nuclear envelopes
binary fission
prokaryotic cell division process
FtsZ
tubulin-like protein component of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is important
in prokaryotic cytokinesis (name origin: Filamenting temperature-sensitive
mutant Z)
origin
(also, ORI) region of the prokaryotic chromosome where replication begins
(origin of replication)
septum
structure formed in a bacterial cell as a precursor to the separation of the cell
into two daughter cells