6.1.1 - Introduction.

Note 1: The purpose of this unit is to recover gas (FG Flue Gas and LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas) and gasoline derived from distillation and cracking
processes.

This recovery basically consists of four systems:

a) - Compression System and Gas Cooling.

b) - Naphtha Rectification System (Deetanizer).
c) - Primary and Secondary Absorption System.
d) - Pressure Control System of Gas Recovery Unit.
e) Light Fractions Fractionation System (Debutanizer).

Besides the above processes employed, it is necessary to treat the

derivatives due to the contaminants such as H2S, mercaptans, CO2 and
other process inherent.

For removal of such contaminants the following products are used:

a) DEA treatment (diethanolamine) of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) and

(fuel gas).
b) LPG Caustic Treatment.
c) Gasoline Caustic Treatment.

U-600 in Recap, in the current design conditions, can process a load of

3700 m per day of AT (Atmospheric Residue) in the converter (ARFCCU
Atmospheric Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit) and the conversion of the
catalytic unit is around 66 to75%, which can generate the following amounts
of products:

a) FG = 185 t / d;

b) LPG = 1 150 m3 / d;
c) Gasoline = 2500m3 / d (Light chains for the solvents Units are present
within these fractions).

6.1.2 - Process Description.

6.1.2.1 - Compression and Gas Cooling System.

The gases and vapors compression process is necessary due to the following
factors:

a) To transfer and elevate the pressure of gases and non-condensable

vapors from the top of fractionator drum (O-503) for the gas recovery
section (U-600).
b) To promote the absorption of heavier fractions than ethane (C2), thus not
wasting valuable fractions.
c) To control the pressure in the separation drum/ fractionator system (K-572
/ C-503), allowing the converter to work with a relatively constant pressure.

For compression of these gases and vapors RECAP-OU utilizes a centrifugal

compressor (V-603), possessing two compression stages with cooling
between them aiming at reducing the power required as well as to avoid
excessive temperatures in the gas stream.
The compressor driver equipment is a turbine (V-603-T), which is fed by high
pressure superheated steam (30S). In the turbine outlet, there is a vacuum
system (about -500Hgmm) obtained by the condenser (M-0600062). Its
function is to increase the efficiency of the turbine, reducing the effort of the
equipment and reduce energy consumption.
The sealing of the compressor is done with LPG, supplied by O-719 drum.
The PDC-60347 controls the differential pressure between LPG inlet to the
1st and 2nd stage seals and the discharge pressure of 1st stage (2nd stage
suction). This control maintains a spread of 200 g / cm, thereby ensuring
sealing. This LPG sealing may be replaced by nitrogen, especially during the
unit starting process. Between the seals and atmosphere, there is a
chamber in which is injected a small amount of N2, to maintain an inerted
environment should there be a seal rupture.

The lubrication system of the V-603 is supplied by a small tank (P-603). This
reservoir has an internal heating system via coils (M-638) heated by 5S (Five
Steam). This system is used during the compressor start up, to establish
proper oil temperature lubrication to the machine operation. The oil tank has
also a water removal system consisting of a coalesce filter ( FT-605), where
oil and possible emulsified water is extracted. The J-638A/ B pumps, B being
a turbine (30S), make the circulation of lubricating oil. The pump "A" has a
pressure switch automatic drive. The pump discharge flow passes through a
heat exchanger (M-636A/B) being cooled by water. These exchangers
possess an in parallel temperature controller (TV-60341) keeping the oil
temperature within 35C. At the discharge of the pumps there is a PCV,
which controls pressure 10 kgf / cm, discharging its surplus for the P-603
drum.
The lubrication system has two reservoir systems. The first (P-576)
maintains the oil pressure system as stable as possible before the PCV,
which controls pressure at around 7 kgf/cm. The second, P-604, known as
"run-down-Tank", is used to keep the V-603 lubrication until its stoppage
should there be an operational problem with the circulation pumps. To
secure the compressor stoppage, this reservoir is placed above the
compressor so the column weigh can supply the oil circulation.
In normal working conditions, the suction and discharge pressures of the
compressor are respectively 1,00kgf / cm and 22kgf / cm, whereas the
discharge pressure is maintained by controlling pressure PV 60602, PV60602A and / or PV-60973, located after the secondary absorber (N-611)
and FG DEA treatment (N-601). It is important to notice that an increase in
this pressure, despite favoring the absorption, causes difficulty to the LPG
rectification.
The suction pressure is controlled by varying the compressor turbine speed.
And to prevent the compressor work in the region of instability, a system
which ensures a minimum flow to each stage (known as anti-surge). The
valves responsible for this protection are: FV-M60075 (1st stage) and FVM60077 (2nd stage), and the Switchboard Operator has no action on them,
then controlled by a local control panel of the CCC (Controls Compressor
Corporation).
Once compressed, the gas to follow the high-pressure vessel (O-636). This
vessel is considered to be the charging source for the gas recovery system.
That is why it circulated throughout the unit load and is where is the original
separation between the fuel gas and naphtha instabilizada (LPG + petrol).
This degree of separation can be achieved by C2 percentage of the liquid
stream and the C3 percentage in the gas stream. But the index matters
most is the amount of C3 in the gas stream, since the intention is to
minimize the value thus resulting in a greater amount of LPG recovered.

Note 1: Wash System of Vane Compressor.

In the suction of the first and second V-stage compressor 603 is injected
slightly naphtha (spray), coming from the top of fractionator vessel (O-503),
via a shunt the discharge J-601A / B bomb. This is to avoid gum formation in
the compressor blades that can cause an imbalance. This maneuver is
performed 2 times a week for half an hour.

6.1.2.1.1 - Flow.

U-600 given as a filler, a liquid phase and one gaseous.

The liquid phase of the vessel O-503 is pumped by J-601A / B in its entirety
to the primary absorption tower (N-612), entering a little above the second
bed rings.
The aqueous phase of the O-vessel 503 is pumped through the J-560A / B
for UTAA (Water Treatment Unit Acid).
The gases and vapors from the top of fractionator vessel (O-503) following
to the compressor suction vessel O-633, where they are sucked by the first
compressor stage V-603-1. At this time the pressure is lifting 1.0 kgf / cm
2 to 5,6kgf / cm2. During this compression, there is a rise in temperature
of these gases and vapors from 30 to 80 C. The output of the first
stage the gases are given a water injection rectified arising from the UTAA
(U-640) ( 50 C) for dissolution of salts and absorption of corrosive gases,
thus minimizing fouling and corrosion in the cold area equipment (U-600) .
Subsequently this current passes through coolers M-0600061 (Air Cooler)
and M-630A / B (water cooling), in which the inlet temperature and product
outlet are, respectively, 95 and 30 . Go to the interstage vessel O634. The liquid phase of the vessel O-633 is pumped back into the vessel
503 by O-J-633A / B. In the entrance 633 there is a gas-return line (C3 mostly propane) Braskem Petrochemical, which is incorporated into the load
compressor.
O-gas vessel 634 are routed to the second stage compressor (V-603-2), and
after being compressed acquire a pressure of 22kgf / cm2 to join with the
top gasses of the rectifier tower (N-606 ).
This current goes to a cylinder with two spray nozzles (Z-602/3), which
performs further washing of gases. One of sprinkled water coming from the
nozzles UTAA and the other part of the liquid (oil and wash water) of the
vessel bottom 634-pumped through the J-634A / B bomb.

The sum of the volume of water injected before the M-630A / B and
sprinkler drum washing of gases and vapors corresponds to 4% of RAT load
(atmospheric residue) to the Unit Catalytic Cracking (RFCC U-).
In the second line there is a spray nozzle gas return connection (mostly C2)
of Propylene unit (U-1200). These gases are added to the load U-600.
After the spray cylinder, the gas stream is added rich gas in the primary
absorbing background (N-612). In this combined stream is then cooled in0600060A M / B (Air Cooler) and then the M-631A / B, 612A-F / B
(resfrimento water) according to the high-pressure vessel O-636. This
cooling allows for better absorption of the heaviest fractions of the gas (LPG)
for gasoline. The product enters this coolers bank with 87C and go out
with 30 C.
In the high-pressure vessel (O-636) products are divided into three phases:
an aqueous phase, liquid hydrocarbon phase and gas phase.
The contaminated water by washing the gas is withdrawn by the vessel
bottom, flowing to the P-682 (Cargo Tank. U-640) for differential pressure.

6.1.2.2 - Rectification System Naphtha (Deetanizadora).

Its purpose is to remove the lighter fractions propene (C3 +) which are
absorbed in the liquid of high pressure vessel (O-636). These gases
recovered in the rectifier tower (N-606) to return the high pressure vessel.
Thus, looking obtain a tower bottom product rectifier with a low content of
C2, so as not to significantly increase the LPG vapor pressure.
Since hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has its boiling point of ethane and propene,
the rectification system also controls the distribution of this compound in
waste gas streams and stabilized naphtha.
We must always be aware of the temperature of the system. The low
temperature may cause the drag of light by the bottom of the column,
which in addition to pressurize the Debutanizadora tower (N-616), brought
with him a higher percentage of H2S to be added to the stabilized naphtha
and LPG. This treatment eventually overloading the system with DEA (N613), and committing the caustic UHDS the gas treatment system.
A high temperature can cause the effect we call "internal circulation". That
is, typically less heavy products leaving the bottom of the column,
eventually leaving the overhead stream of the rectifier. These end totally
condensing the high pressure vessel (O-636) and therefore later returning to
rectifying tower, thus creating a vicious cycle. To correct this event, we

should download a little rectification temperature or slightly increase the

system pressure.

6.1.2.2.1 - Flow.

The liquid hydrocarbon phase high pressure vessel (636-O) is pumped

through the J-603A / B for rectifying tower (N-606), entering the top of the
column above the first tray serving also as reflux. The top outlet of this
tower returns to the high-pressure vessel along with the unit load as
mentioned above.
The heat needed to rectify the N-606 is supplied by high-pressure saturated
steam (V30) in the M-611 and the tower reboiler background gas stream
Desbutanizadora (N-616) in the M-632 reboiler. The vapor flow rate in M-611
is controlled according to the temperature TI-60685 located at the bottom of
the column, together with the flow of the overhead stream. The column
bottom temperature is maintained between the 116 100 C.

6.1.2.3 - Primary and Secondary Absorption System.

The purpose of the absorption system is to retain heavier than ethane

fraction (C2) that are present in the high pressure vessel gas, thus ensuring
a greater recovery of LPG.
The absorption takes place by countercurrent flow of product which is in
vapor state and another state of liquid of low volatility.
The absorption liquid used in the primary absorption tower (N-612) is
naphtha from the top vessel the fractionator (O-503), and the flow rate of
this product is insufficient to make good absorption is used stabilized
naphtha Debutanizadora ( N-616) as top reflux.
The secondary absorbing (N-611) aims to recover components of naphtha
that were vaporized in the primary absorber, thereby optimizing the degree
of system recovery. This tower is used as liquid absorption RCI (reflux
Current Intermediate) coming from the fractionating column (N-503). As
absorption occurs at low temperatures, the RCI after absorbing heavy GC,
returns the fractionator at a lower temperature, thus functioning as current
reflux, and assisting in the thermal balance of the N-503.
When an excessive drag C3 primary absorber for secondary, its absorption
by RCI can cause undesirable consequences when returned to fractionator.
This excessive absorption may slightly change the characteristic of RCI,

making it lighter and thus causing the pressurization N-503. Mainly because
before returning to this RCI fractioning flow meets another stream with a
much higher temperature ( 135).
Another important factor is the bottom sealing level the N-611. With the
loss of this level will be the passage of gas (GC) into the fractionator (N503), which end abruptly pressurizing. This drastically decreases the
separator vessel gaseous stream (K-572) to the fractionator (N-503). May
cause events such as PSV's opening fractionator (N-503); Drag catalyst to
atmosphere; Loss of catalyst seal legs of the cyclones of the separator
vessel; Product shipping to increase torch. In short, this will cause
undesirable variations in the whole process unit.

6.1.2.3.1 - Flow.

The gas phase of the O-C-636 612 enters the tower bottom, a tower just
above the liquid column, and undergoes absorption by the gas from the
second bed in 503-rings. A stabilized gasoline injection derived from the N616 of background, after being cooled to 40 C, is pumped through the J635A / B to the top of this tower, above the first bed rings completing the
first absorption stage. The rich gasoline N-background 612 is then pumped
through the J-637A / B to the high pressure vessel inlet O-636, with the unit
load, as mentioned earlier.
The N-primary absorber 612 is retrieved about 82 mol% of C3 and 89%
mole fraction of the C4 fraction contained in the gas-636.
The gas from the primary absorber (overhead stream) is sent to the
secondary absorber (N-611) where they are absorbed more light
hydrocarbons bringing the total recovery to 97 mol% C3 and C4 in 99% mol.
Net absorption of N-611 is part of RCI N-503 fractionation. The RCI, before
entering the secondary absorbing, through the M-629A (RCI Rico) and M629B (Cooling Water), where it is cooled to 30 C. The J-626a / B pump is
responsible for the elevation of RCI (poor) to the top of the absorption
column. RCI (Rico) exits the bottom of the column and heats the M-629A
(RCI poor), returning to fractionation with 65 C.
The gas exits the top of the tower and passes through the vessel 624 where
entrained droplets of absorption liquid are separated for subsequent
drainage (O-503), and proceeds to AED treatment tower with the N-601.

6.1.2.4 - Pressure Control System of Gas Recovery Unit.

This system has the purpose of maintaining the pressure of the gas
recovery unit as stable as possible, thereby ensuring that there are no
disturbances in the process. This system is complemented by Gasan station
(Natural Gas - Pipeline Santos) in order to meet the refinery's needs.

6.1.2.4.1 - Flow.

Once treated, the GC leaves the top of the N-601, going to the Pressure
Control System of Gas Recovery Unit. The PV-60602, 60602A and 60973 PVcontrol system pressure, keeping it as stable as possible in about 20 kgf /
cm2. After going through the PVs fuel gas is mostly sent to Braskem Qpar as
HLR (Hydrocarbon Take Refinery passing before the O-687 vessel for liquid
retention) and the surplus if there is goes to the vessel lung O-620 where
the pressure It is controlled at about 5 kgf / cm2 pressure by controlling PV60633A.
In Gasan station, the natural gas passes first through a filter basket type,
with filtration degree of 50 microns. After the filter are installed two
automatic locking valve (XV-XV-60254 and 60253), and then two reducing
valves operated self pressure. The inlet pressure of the system is 45 kgf /
cm2, and after passing the first reduction (VP-60792), the pressure reaches
15 kgf / cm2. After passing the second reduction (VP-60794), this pressure
lowers to within 5kgf / cm2.
Off the PV-60794 have a flow-regulating, and after a registrar meter FE60118 flow, according to the vessel O-620.
The second pressure reducing valve is set to work with 5.0 kgf / cm2, that
is, when the pressure-O 620 reaches a value equal to or smaller than that, it
opens injecting gas into the system. On the other hand, when the pressure
exceeds this value, the valve closes, reducing the consumption of natural
gas.
The xvs-60253 and 60254 will be driven by the gas itself whenever the
pressure after the second reducing valve reaches 6.0 kgf / cm2. The reset
these xvs is only done by the operator on site, where you can also perform
the pressure setting of the second reduction.
The pressure control of this system is complemented by the PV-60633B,
which ensures smooth operation of this system if there is a trip of xvs in a
situation that requires natural gas injection.
In Gasan after the first pressure reduction station, there is a branch that
feeds the UDS (Unit Solvent dearomatization). Natural gas is used to make
the desorption reactors and remove the BTX (benzene-toluene-xylene),
controlled by the PV 60738, PV-PV-11201 and 11205. This gas after

circulating around the circuit and remove the BTX UDS M-1110 passes
through the cooler (cooling water), and proceeds to the vessel-1104, where
all of BTX is retained. After the gas returns to the O-620, which is added to
the refinery gas.
The O-620 fuel gas is distributed to all gas consumers in the refinery. The
main ones are: Oven (L-506) of U.D.A. (Atmospheric Distillation Unit); GV6301 boilers, GV-6302 and L-402 Utilities area.

6.1.2.5 - Fractionation System Fractions of Light.

This system employs a Debutanizadora tower (N-616), which aims to

separate the stabilized naphtha, coming from the rectifying tower, into two
fractions. Getting the top of the column LPG and the bottom stabilized
gasoline. This separation must be accomplished in order to specify the vapor
pressure (PVR) of petrol and the LPG frame weathering.
A bad rectification load this tower may result in the presence of light (C2)
that end up forming gas pockets at the top cooling system debutanizadora.
In addition to obstruct in the top heat exchange system, these gases are
trapped at the top vessel (O-635) and must be relieved to O-634, suction
vessel of the second stage compressor (V-603-2). This recycling need to be
minimized by optimized system operation.
The top cooling system presents a particularity, the product passes in
parallel by fans F-614A / B / C / D. This implies a smaller differential pressure
(delta P), causing cooling of the product while all ventilators, i.e. passing the
bubble point for the dew point while all fans and leaving that very cool
because the system pressure fall. If the flow were the fans in series, each
chiller that the product has passed consecutively phase change, thus
leading to disposal problems and hence pressure.
The top of the vessel debutanizadora (O-635), in addition to serving GLP
accumulator acts as center of pressure of the system. The pressure control
is done by controlling PV-60634A and 60634B-PV. There is a line joining the
top of the column with the vessel. This line call "Hot bypass", and has a
controlling (PV-60601). This line exists to maintain a constant top pressure
due to subcooling of the top flux which causes the pressure drop.

6.1.2.5.1 - Weathering.

This analysis consists of collecting LPG in a graduated cylinder to a quantity

of 100ml. And with the aid of a thermometer, obtains the degree of

weathering a 95% distillate. It is a way of identifying, roughly the amount of

heavy products (C5 +) in GLP. With this you can adjust the debutanizadora
tower (N-616) in order to frame the weathering of LPG and PVR (Vapor
Pressure) gasoline. PVR is the content of (C5) in gasoline.
Determining the process area is made 700 mmHg (local pressure), and the
specification is 760 mm Hg (sea level). The ASTM method provides a
difference of 2 C, so the result of the determination in the area of 95% of
vaporized product must be increased by + 2 C.
Generally the sample is collected after weathering treatment (O-719). If
necessary the removal of sample in the J-636 (before treatment), it is
compulsory to wear a respirator with chemical filter for Combitox H2S or
standalone set or arcofil provided by SMS.

6.1.2.5.2 - Antioxidant Addition in Gasoline.

During storage of gasoline, it undergoes a natural degradation, commonly

known as oxidation, whose speed depends on its chemical composition,
which can be quite variable depending on the oil that gave rise and
production process. In addition to the composition, contact with oxygen from
the air, temperature and exposure to light also interfere in the oxidation
phenomenon. The main gas oxidation of the gum product is a substance
that is normally dissolved in the fuel but which, when it is completely
evaporated, remains on the surface as an adherent, insoluble resin.
The gum formation in gasolines is classically explained by the following
sequence of reactions where the peroxidation is the initial step, ie the
formation of peroxide in the reaction of a hydrocarbon (typically an olefin)
with oxygen. The sequence of reactions is as follows:

CxHy + O2 Cx Hy-1O-OH (1)

(olefin) (hydroperoxide)
n (CxHy) + n (O2) (-CXHYO-O-) n (2)

In reaction (1) substitution occurs to form the hydroperoxide, whereas

reaction (2) is an oxidation example to form a high molecular weight
polymer (rubber).
It is believed that the mechanism of these reactions chain is as follows:

(The)
Initiation
HR R
(B)
Propagation
R + O2 R-O-O
R-O-O HR + R-O-OH + R
(c)
Termination
R + R R-R
R-O-O + R R-O-O-R
(d)
Termination
R-O-O + HA R-O-O-H + A

The dot () means a deficiency of electrons in a free radical intermediate.

By repeating the step (b), oxidation continues until the termination occurs
as in step (c), or until a rust inhibitor (AH) is added to complete the chain as
in step (d).
Antioxidant additives are used in unstable chains that make up the gasoline
pool in order to retard the formation of gum. There are two major types of
antioxidants used - aromatic diamines and alkylphenols. The first is
recommended if the olefin content in gasoline is high, and this is the case
with UO-RECAP.
It is important to mention that some compounds such as H2S, mercaptans
and thiophenols may interfere with the effective implementation of the
antioxidant. Therefore, the gasoline caustic treatment must be effective.

6.1.2.5.3 - Flow.

The N-606 bottoms product is sent to the tower desbutanizadora N-616,

differential pressure. Goes above the 17th plate of the column.
The M-613 reboiler supplies heat to the tower in exchange for high pressure
saturated steam (V30). The vapor flowrate for this reboiler is adjusted
according to the temperature in the 30th plate of the column, working from
130 to 140 C.
The top product of the N-616 turret (LPG) is cooled to 55 to 41 C in
M-614A / B / C / D (air cooler), and proceeds to the M-625 and M-647
(cooling water) which cools up to 30 C. The LPG is then received in the
top vessel O-635, from where it is pumped through the J-636A / B as reflux
to the first course of the tower and for treatment towers with DEA and soda,
N-613 and N-614 respectively.
At the bottom of the boot there is a 635-(O-682) where the water is
collected that perhaps been dragged during the process. This water is
drained O-634, suction vessel of the second stage compressor (V-603-2).
After treatment, the LPG is sent to the washing vessel O-719. This vessel
work with a certain level of wash water (condensate M-0,600,062). The GLP
direct contact with water, will cause some possible drag soda N-614 is
retained at this time. The aqueous phase is drained from the vessel when
the level reaches a predetermined value and replenishing water occurs
when the aqueous solution is saturated, thereby reducing its absorption
capacity. The vessel has the PV-77027 which keeps the pressure below
11Kgf / cm. If there is some slight detachment of product (C2) that was
absorbed by GLP up to this point, it is sent back to O-503 to be reprocessed.
The LPG is pumped through the J-701C / D to the towers depropanizadoras
N-704 and N-1201 with the excess being sent to storage sphere.
The N-616 tower bottom product (Petrol) to 175 is pre-cooled in M-632
(N-606 background) and proceeds to the M-617 and M-622 fans, reaching a
temperature of 120 C in the first and 80 in the second. Cooling the
end we are given M-624 and M-616 chillers (cooling water), where gasoline
has 30 C. So gasoline goes to the UHDS unit (Unit Hydrotreating petrol
and after tanking) and the surplus to treatment with caustic soda in the
vessel O-618. After caustic treatment gasoline goes to the coalescer vessel
(O-0600088) of gasoline that contains a structured filling, which is retained
a drag soda. This current is sent to the final storage tank. At this point,
before the pressure controller in the gas system, a predetermined amount of
Santoflex H-tank 601 is injected via a dosing pump (J-630). This product is
the aminic antioxidant to the OU-RECAP used to retard the formation of gum
in gasoline.
The pressure control of the caustic treatment system, is given by PV-60644
controller, after the O-618 and O-vase 0600088.

After the M-616 is a bottom level controlling valve 616 N- (debutanizadora),

and it receives signal 616 of the N-level transmitter. After this LV there is
also a derivative of the stabilized gasoline, controlled by FV-60626 to O-503
in function very low level in this vessel.
The reverse must also be considered. When we have a sudden increase in
the 503-level under any operating trouble, VF-50 165 sends part of the
vessel of the product to O-618. Importantly, this should be avoided as much
as possible, as this product contains a percentage of H2S and other
contaminants above the stabilized gasoline, and that ultimately hurts the
caustic treatment. A better explanation of such an event can be observed
further.

6.1.2.6 - Treatment with GLP and GC DEA.

DEA (diethanolamine) is a weak organic base which has the property of

reacting with acids. Therefore aims to remove H2S and CO2 present in LPG
or GC to be treated, so that these fractions can meet the specifications
related to corrosiveness and sulfur content. The CO2 is more soluble in
alkaline solutions that H2S hinders the regeneration of DEA.
The DEA treating process is called absorption. However this absorption is
actually a chemical reaction that takes place according to a balance of
reactants and products. This means that under suitable conditions, the
reaction can be reversed, then there is the possibility of recovery of both the
amine, the compounds of acids.
For other amines such as monoethanolamine (MEA) and triethanolamine
(TEA), the DEA is the one that best fits gases of H2S removal produced in
cracking because these gases contain carbonyl sulfide (COS), which form
stable and irreversible compounds of MEA and TEA, thus, regeneration of
these impaired.
In the absorption tower (N-613 and N-601), which is the reaction in the
forward direction, the temperature is relatively low ( 35 and 45 ,
respectively), and the pressure is relatively high ( 11kgf / cm and
20kgf / cm, respectively). Under these conditions the DEA absorbs such
acid gases. This contaminated DEA we call Rica DEA.
The reactivation tower DEA solution (N-603), the temperature is relatively
high ( 115 C), and pressure is low ( 0,95kgf / cm). Under these
conditions, the reaction shifts to the side of the reagents (reverse) and said
DEA releases the previously absorbed compounds. This DEA reactivated we
call poor DEA.