USAID IUWASH - Guide To Urban Sanitation Promotion - EN PDF

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE
AND HEALTH
A Guide to Urban Sanitation Promotion
IMPROVING LIFESTYLE
AND HEALTH
IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH

Writers: IUWASH Team
Jakarta, May 2015
APPRECIATION:
Input and substance: Nugroho Tri Utomo (Bappenas); Valentina Ginting (Kementerian
Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak); Kristin Darundiyah (Kementerian Kesehatan);
Erly Silalahi (Kemeterian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat); Ayesha NZ, Wiwit Heris, Iin
Mendah, (SPEAK Indonesia); Dormaringan HS, Huseyin Pasaribu (Win Development); Eko Setyo,
Nurfadrina Mourbas (InDII); Hendra Murtidjaja (Pokja AMPL); Henning Darpito (MCA Indonesia);
Kania Mayang (Bappenas); Mahda Sirait, Pedaman H. (Wahana Visi Indonesia); Mildred Pantauw, Nur
Endah Shofiani, Trigeany Linggoatmodjo (USAID Indonesia); Ovik Yanuar S, Rin Mulyadi (Dit. PPLP
Kemeterian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat); Sarah Adipayanti (Jejaring AMPL); Yusmaidy
(SIMAVI).
Photo Credit:
Achmad Dardiri, Dadang Hidayat, Dwi Prihanto, Eko Purnomo, Harod Novandi, Hasan Zunaidi,
Pryatin Mulyo Santoso, Ratih Astati Dewi.
Cover Ilustration & Layout: Pryatin M Santoso
PREFACE
The Government of Indonesia is making huge strides in accelerating access to improved

sanitation by targeting Universal Access to drinking water and sanitation by the year 2019.
To achieve the universal access, contribution from everyone is necessary, including
stakeholders from government, international organizations, academia, private sector, NGOs,
and communities. While various guidebooks on sanitation promotion are available, focus of
those guidelines are limited to rural areas. They are very useful, but often adjustments are
often required for application in urban setting.
This Guide To Urban Sanitation Promotion: Improving Lifestyle and Health is designed to
serve as a reference for community leaders, health personnel, members of the Indonesian
womens association (Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga/PKK), academics and members of
community to improve sanitation condition in Indonesias urban areas. The guide contains
much information related to not only the actual promotion process, but also many other
critical areas required to improve their performance in the field. Such areas include broader
enabling environment for sanitation, sanitation financing, gender-related issues, technical
aspects of improved sanitation facilities, etc. Most importantly, it does not provide a rigid
process to follow, but rather an introduction to the field of sanitation promotion
programming that can and should be adapted to each specific setting.
Once again, for sanitation development to succeed, everyones help is needed, and your
efforts and contribution are sincerely appreciated.
Hopefully this Guide will be of great use in your important work.
Ir. Nugroho Tri Utomo, MRP

Director of Settlements and Housing
Ministry of National Development Planning/National Development Planning Agency
(Bappenas)
| iii
IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................................. III

GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ VI
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................ 1
1. STBM and the Urban Setting ....................................................................................................................................... 2
2. This Guide ................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
3. Your Job as an Urban Sanitation Promoter (USP) ......................................................................................... 4
4. What is an Urban Sanitation System? .................................................................................................................... 5
5. Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Promotion Activities ............................................................................. 8
CHAPTER 2 THE ENABLING ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................ 10
1. Promotion Planning and Coordination ..............................................................................................................11
2. Finance ...............................................................................................................................................................................12
3. Construction..........................................................................................................................................................................13
4. Maintenance and Technical Support ..................................................................................................................15
5. Sludge Removal and Treatment..............................................................................................................................16
6. Regulations and Enforcement ..................................................................................................................................17
CHAPTER 3 WHAT MOTIVATES PEOPLE TO INVEST IN SANITATION ................................................ 19
CHAPTER 4 COMMUNITY ENTRY AND SOCIALIZATION ....................................................................... 25
1. Learning About the Community and Collecting Data ............................................................................26
2. Advocacy to Community Leaders..........................................................................................................................28
3. Program Socialization .....................................................................................................................................................29
CHAPTER 5 COMMUNITY PLANNING ........................................................................................................ 34
CHAPTER 6 COMMUNITY-LEVEL PROMOTION ....................................................................................... 38
1. The Community Triggering Process: ................................................................................................................38
2. A Special Note on Triggering: ................................................................................................................................41
iv |
CHAPTER 7 HOUSEHOLD-LEVEL PROMOTION ....................................................................................... 43

1. Forming a household-level Promotion Team ............................................................................................43
2. The Household-Level Promotion Process ........................................................................................................44
3. The Household-Level Promotion Process ........................................................................................................45
4. The Construction Process and Construction Costs....................................................................................47
CHAPTER 8 SANITATION ENTREPRENEURS ............................................................................................. 50
1. Supply Chain Analysis .....................................................................................................................................................52
2. Sanitation Marketing .......................................................................................................................................................53
CHAPTER 9 SANITATION FINANCE ............................................................................................................. 56
CHAPTER 10 PROPER FACILITY USE, MAINTENANCE AND HANDWASHING WITH SOAP........... 62
1. Facility Use and Maintenance Guidelines .........................................................................................................62
2. Handwashing with Soap (HWWS) Guidelines ...............................................................................................63
CHAPTER 11 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ........................................................................... 66
ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................................... 69
ANNEX 1 Description of an On-Site or Household Wastewater Treatment System ..................69
ANNEX 2 Description of a Communal Wastewater Treatment System ..............................................72
ANNEX 3 List of Key Partners.............................................................................................................................................76
ANNEX 4 Tool for Basic Data Collection ....................................................................................................................79
ANNEX 5 Tool for Aiding in Activity Planning .......................................................................................................83
ANNEX 6 Environmentally-based Disease Transmission (mainly for diarrheal disease) ..........84
ANNEX 7 Using Communications Materials for Behavior Change .........................................................87
ANNEX 8 Gender Checklist for Urban Sanitation Promotion .....................................................................89
ANNEX 9 List of National Programs Involved in Sanitation Promotion .............................................91
ANNEX 10 Simple Tool to Support Participatory Monitoring ....................................................................94
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................................... 95
|v
GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS
Advocacy
Strategies, approaches and activities that increase the willingness of concerned parties to
produce policies, mobilize resources and create an environment that supports, in the case of
the Guide, increased access to safe water and improved sanitation, as well as improved
hygiene-related practices.
Attitude
A positive or negative evaluation or feeling that an individual has towards people, objects,
events, activities, and ideas. It is based on available information and experience and is
subject to change.
Behavior Change Communications (BCC)
An interactive process with individuals or, communities based on communication strategies
that promote positive behaviors that are appropriate to their settings.
City Sanitation Strategy (Strategi Sanitasi Kota/Kabupaten or SSK)
The strategic plan of a city or district as concerns sanitation sector development. Among
several elements that are part of the SSK, is the mapping of sanitation-related infrastructure
and conditions to better target interventions.
Communal Sanitation System Off-site system
Sanitation system that channels wastewater outside of the housing plot to a common facility
where such wastewater is collected and processed.
Community-Based
An organizational approach that confides responsibility and decision-making authority in
community members with a view towards enhancing stakeholder ability to independently
undertake actions that improve the quality of life and are sustainable.
Community-Based Organization / CBO
An organization formed, consisting of and managed by community members, that
addresses general or specific purposes that meet their interests.
vi |
Enabling Environment
A broad set of conditions that support the achievement of a particular goal, objective or
activity, including those related to political, institutional, social, economic, environmental
and other interests.
Gender
Everything related to the roles of and relationships between men and women, including
how they work together, share tasks, make decisions, and manage activities.
Healthy Latrine (Jamban Sehat)
Excreta disposal facility that uses sealed septic tanks and other systems to effectively
separate feces from human contact; thus breaking an important chain of disease
transmission.
Health Promotion
Process of improving the awareness, understanding and control of individuals or groups
over factors that influence their individual and collective health.
Household Sanitation Systems On-site systems
Sanitation system where the means of collecting and processing wastewater is located on
the plot of the house or in its immediate environment.
Hygiene
Practices or behaviors that support the maintenance of good health by blocking the
transmission of especially water and sanitation borne disease.
Investment
Placement of money or other resources in the hope of obtaining additional or specific
advantages.
Local Government Wastewater Management Institutions
Though many cities and districts do not have a separate institution responsible for
wastewater management services, of those that do, the most common forms are:
UPTD-PAL: A UPTD is a unit within a local government department (such as Public
Works) that is charged with implementing an activity that requires a longer-term and
more concerted effort than other departmental services. Any revenue generated by the
services it provides is managed by local government as part of the overall budgetary
process. A UPTD-PAL is such a unit that is charged with wastewater management.
PD-PAL: This is legally recognized as a company and is owned and operated by the local
government. A PD-PAL provides also provides wastewater management services, but
it serves separately from local government departments and can manage its own
revenue.
PDAM: This is a Water Utility that, in some municipalities, is also responsible for the
provision of wastewater management services.
| vii
Microfinance Institution
Financial institution specifically established to develop small-scale businesses and assist
community members in managing savings, obtaining small loans, and/or obtaining business
development services. An MFI is a legal form of cooperative or Limited Liability Company.
Millennium Development Goals / MDG
A set of eight (8) broad objectives formulated by member countries of the United Nations to
alleviate poverty and improve the quality of life. The eight goals describe the conditions that
are targeted to be met by 2015. The objective associated with improved sanitation and
hygiene is to "ensure environmental sustainability" and which includes reducing by half the
proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
Natural Leader
An individual who, with limited assistance or training, is especially apt at motivating others
to take action towards the achievement of a targeted objective.
Non-Governmental Organization / NGO
Organization founded by an individual or group of individuals who voluntarily provide
services to the public without the aim of making a profit from its activities.
ODF
An area free of the practice of open defecation
Perception
Interpretation of information in order to represent and understand an event, condition or
circumstance.
Septic Tank
A key component of small-scale wastewater treatment systems that is common in areas with
no centralized sewerage service. Septic tanks are fully sealed to keep fecal matter away from
human contact and promote the decomposition of the wastewater so that it can be safely
discharged into the environment.
Socialization
The process of transferring information or values to an individual or group.
Stakeholders
Institutions, groups or individuals that are affected by specific actions and, as such, should
have a role in how such actions are designed or undertaken.
Triggering
Process of changing people's behavior through specific messages or activities that are
designed to quickly increase awareness and move communities and individuals to a desired
action. In the case of hygiene and sanitation, this is commonly set forth in the CommunityLed Total Sanitation (CLTS) approach.
viii |
Universal Access to Water and Sanitation 2019

A goal that the Government of Indonesia (GOI) is committed to pursuing following the MDGs
by 2019. It is listed, among other goals, as the GOIs sixth goal and has the purpose of:
6a. Providing universal access to safe drinking water in houses, schools, health centers
and refugee camps.
6b. Eliminating open defecation, ensuring universal access to sanitation in schools and
the workplace, and improving access to sanitation at homes;
6c. Properly treating and disposing of all septage and other wastewater before it is
discharged into the environment.
The Government of Indonesian has coined the term 100-0-100 to describe the above water
and sanitation goals, meaning: 100% access to safe drinking water; 0% slums; and 100%
proper treatment and disposal of wastewater.
Vision
Thought, the concept of what is to be achieved, how to achieve it and why is believed to be
achieved within the prescribed period.
| ix
x|
| xi
Photo: Eko Purnomo/IUWASH East Java
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
INDONESIA IS SERIOUS ABOUT SANITATION. Through multiple initiatives, the Government of

Indonesia is significantly expanding assistance to the development of improved sanitation
1
systems in urban areas. The commitment of Indonesia to improve sanitation has been
evident throughout the duration of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) program and
continues through an initiative to ensure Universal Access to sanitation as well as water
supply and other services.
The focus on sanitation is important, especially in urban areas. Sanitation coverage rates in
urban areas in Indonesia are low compared to neighboring countries (see Table) and the
urban population of Indonesia is rapidly increasing to an estimated number of 200 million by
2035. The impact that a low rate of sanitation coverage has on Indonesian development is
serious. It leads to substantially increased rates of disease, especially among children. It
causes major environmental damage through degraded water resources and wildlife
habitat. And it leads to lost opportunity from tourism and many other sectors that depend
on a healthy workforce and healthy environment.
Tabel 1: Rates of Sanitation Coverage in ASEAN
Country
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Total
Urban Population
x1000
%
2,995
20%
127,100
51%
2,350
35%
21,485
73%
17,532
33%
47,440
49%
5,303
100%
23,001
34%
28,756
32%
276,278
45%
Improved
Sanitation
82%
71%
90%
96%
84%
79%
100%
89%
93%
80%
Open
Defecation
7%
14%
4%
0%
1%
3%
0%
0%
0%
7%
1. Per official MDG/JMP data of 2012 (latest available)

2. Does not include Brunei Darussalam (total pop. of 412,000)
1
Sanitation in this document refers to the management of domestic wastewater and not solid or industrial waste
nor drainage.
|1
While the Government is targeting many areas to improve sanitation coverage, one of the
most important is promoting improved sanitation to urban households and communities.
Promoting sanitation is the process by which urban communities and households are led to
invest in, properly use and take care of improved sanitation systems (such as latrines, septic
tanks, sewerage systems, etc.). These systems serve as barriers to the transmission of
sanitation borne disease and improve the natural environment. In addition to substantially
improving health conditions, such systems and the behaviors that sustain them have a very
positive impact on the dignity, status and well-being of all.
Promotion of improved sanitation is the responsibility of everyone, but the Ministry of
Health (MOH) has a very special role to play in the development and oversight of related
activities. Through the Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat (STBM) program, the Ministry of
Health is committed to promoting improved sanitation nationwide. STBM addresses
sanitation, health and hygiene in five programmatic pillars. The sanitation objective of
STBM (Pillar 1) is to attain open defecation free status at the community level. This means no
direct defecation or direct disposal of untreated domestic wastewater on land or into water
bodies. The promotion of improved sanitation is also part of the Governments "Universal
Access Water and Sanitation 2019" initiative that seeks to expand access to clean water and
sanitation to everyone by the end of 2019.
This Guide is part of the above effort as well. It is written for Urban Sanitation Promoters
(USPs) that are willing to take up the challenge of convincing people to invest in sanitation
improvements particularly in urban areas. This is not a simple task. If you are a USP, be
prepared for a challenging job, but one that is very necessary and one that will be highly
rewarding.
1. STBM and the Urban Setting

The Ministry of Health has achieved great success in implementing STBM in rural areas and
more recently has embarked on an initiative to expand STBM to urban areas. Although
various elements of STBM as it is implemented in rural areas can be applied in an urban
setting, some things need to be adapted to the specific conditions of urban areas. The table
below provides information on key differences between sanitation promotion in rural and
urban areas. Additional information on the implementation of STBM in urban areas is also
discussed in the Ministry of Health Regulation No. 3 of 2014.
2|
Tabel 2: Important Differences Between Urban and Rural Areas.
Important Differences Between Urban and Rural Areas

Physical
Environment
Urban areas are much more densely populated than rural areas. As such, basic, nonseptic latrines (cubluk) are not appropriate. They will not be effective in creating a
barrier to disease transmission because people live close by, and they will pollute
groundwater upon which many households depend for water.
Economic
Differences
Though urban incomes may be higher than rural areas, poor and low-income
household often have very limited resources (such as land or basic building materials)
and will find that investing in any improvement to their home or community is very
hard because of other more urgent day-to-day obligations. Also, as non-septic
latrines are not allowed in urban areas, the investment cost by families in appropriate
sanitation systems is much higher
Land Tenure
Many urban households do not own their home. They are renters or they may be
staying in their community on a temporary basis and, consequently, are reluctant to
invest in improving someone elses property.
Community
Cohesion
Members of rural communities are often more willing to work together to achieve a
common goal, while members of urban communities may not have the time or
willingness to work together. It is also generally more difficult to enforce communitylevel rules (such as a ban against Open Defecation) in urban areas.
Environmental
Regulations
Because of their complexity and the increased interaction among people, urban
environments naturally require more formal regulations and more strict enforcement
of those regulations. Indonesia and most other countries, for instance, require that all
human waste be collected, disposed of and treated properly. Such regulations need
to be respected and enforced.
2. This Guide
This Guide is intended for those who have accepted the task of promoting urban sanitation
in Indonesiaeither those who are directly working with communities to undertake this
important work or program managers who oversee these efforts on a broader scale. This
includes Sanitarians and other health workers, Womens Association members, NGO field
agents, or anyone else willing to undertake this important work. This Guide addresses
sanitation promotion among households that currently have no appropriate sanitation
system, as well as households that already have systems but that should be upgraded
through improving their septic tank, connecting to a communal wastewater management
system, or connecting to a larger sewerage system. This guide is divided into the following
main sections:
|3
The Basics
Creating Demand
Ensuring Supply
Chapter 1.
Introduction
Chapter 4.
Community Entry and Data
Collection
Chapter 8.
Sanitation Entrepreneurs
Chapter 2.
The Enabling Environment
Chapter 5.
Community-Level Planning
Chapter 9.
Sanitation Finance
Chapter 3.
What Motivates People to
Invest in Sanitation
Chapter 6.
Community-Level
Triggering
Chapter 10.
Facility Use, Maintenance
and Handwashing with
Chapter 7.
Household Level
Promotion
Chapter 11.
Monitoring and Evaluation
IMPORTANT: Because there are very many factors that influence the sanitation sector in
urban areas, this Guide is by no means an all-encompassing document that addresses
every situation. Rather, it is intended to provide basic directions, guidance and advice in
the urban sanitation promotion process. Many details will need to be worked out on a
case-by-case basis at a local level and with others involved. As a USP, you should get
used to asking many questions or many people.
3. Your Job as an Urban Sanitation Promoter (USP)

While the benefits of improved sanitation may be clear, the process of convincing
communities and individuals to invest in and make necessary changes is often challenging.
Through years of inappropriate behavior and lack of appropriate directions, many
households are reluctant to make the changes and investments required. Many urban areas
also lack the support systems (the enabling environment) to make the process easier. Given
this, your job as a USP is not simply to tell people that investing in sanitation and practicing
improved behavior is a good idea. Your job is much broader in scope. The following are
some key tasks of the USP.
4|
Key tasks of the Urban Sanitation Promoter (USP)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Know the basic elements of a proper urban sanitation system. Because there are many
different parts of such systems and because all of these parts are connected, be an
advocate for sanitation improvement not only among households and communities, but
also with local government leaders.
Know the enabling environment. Urban sanitation is complex-- there are many
individuals and institutions involved, and many variations of programs and approaches. In
order to lead people to invest in and maintain improved sanitation facilities), you need to
understand this environment very well.
Ask many questions and learn about the condition of the sanitation sector in your area.
This is important to not only be able to develop better promotional strategies and activities,
but also to be able to appropriately respond to questions from target groups.
Understand what motivates people to invest in sanitation and what restrains them. Only if
you understand this will you be able to lead people in a structured manner to choose to
invest in sanitation and improve their behaviors.
Identify and work with Sanitation Champions who can assist in the promotion process.
These include local celebrities, religious leaders, media outlets or even regular community
members who are especially passionate about sanitation development and can motivate
others. Sometimes even just a few words from a good Sanitation Champion can have a
great impact.
Build trust. Be aware that people at the community level are often skeptical of people
coming in with new ideas and programs. You can only be effective in the promotion
process if you have their trustand you can only have their trust if you understand the
issues and are willing to help them resolve problems.
Be clear and consistent in your messages and make sure that others involved in the
promotion process are equally clear and consistent.
Dont be discouraged and share information. Many others across Indonesia are doing
exactly what you are or will be doing. Because the issues are complex, there is often not one
right or wrong way. Share ideas, information and approaches.
INTERESTING FACT: In March 2014, the Aliansi Fasilitator Sanitasi Indonesia (AFSI) was
established as a forum to provide information and to build capacity in sanitation
programming. Its mission is to: increase awareness of the sanitation issue in Indonesia;
support accelerated sanitation development; serve as a bridge between government,
the private sector and communities; and improve the capacity and professionalism of
those assisting in sanitation programming. Check out their website at:
http://www.fasilitatorsanitasi.org/
4. What is an Urban Sanitation System?

Usually, the USP is not involved in every aspect of sanitation in their City, but because people
will ask them many questions, it is important that they understand the basic elements (the
building blocks) of urban sanitation systems. These building blocks are presented in the
graphic below which is referred to as the Urban Wastewater Framework. This Framework
|5
provides a picture of the components of wastewater services that any municipality must
develop, emphasizing the importance of both the individual blocks as well as
interdependence of each. As shown below, the main features include:
SAN 1:
Household Systems
SAN 2:
Communal Systems
SAN 4:
Integrated Septage Management
SAN 3:
City Sewerage
System
Regulation & Enforcement
Regulation & Enforcement
Behavior Change Communications (BCC)
City Sanitation Management Unit
6|
Technical Service Options (green boxes): At the core of a proper urban sanitation
system is infrastructure. This includes:
o
Household Systems (SAN-1): These are household latrines or toilets that are
connected to a sealed septic tank located on the property of the household. They
are fully maintained by the household and require periodic removal of sludge. See
Annex 2 for details. IMPORTANT: Household systems that do not have sealed septic
tanks but allow wastewater to seep into the ground or drain into water bodies are
not allowed per government regulations and should be replaced.
Communal Systems (SAN-2): These include community Wastewater Treatment

Plants (WWTPs) that usually 20 to 50 individual household latrines are connected to.
They are usually managed by a local CBO (KSM or KPP) and require a small monthly
service charge. These also include public toilets such as MCK or public toilets that
also have a communal septic system (generally referred to as MCK++).
Sewerage Systems (SAN-3): Sewerage systems are generally much larger

systems that hundreds of households connect to. In almost all cases, they are
maintained by a government agency and in some cases a Water Utility (PDAM). A
monthly service fee is charged to each household (and sometimes integrated into
the household water bill).
o
Integrated Septage Management (SAN-4): These include sludge treatment

plants (STP) located outside of the city. Sludge removal trucks collect sludge from
household and communal systems and then take it to the STP for disposal and
treatment. Customers (households or a CBO charged with managing communal
systems) must pay a fee to have the sludge collected, transported to the STP and
treated so that it is no longer dangerous.
Behavior Change (red box): Because many people in the city need to be persuaded to
invest in improving their household sanitation systems or connecting to communal or
sewerage systems, there is always very much triggering and promotional work to be
done. The Ministry of Health and local Department of Health are charged with this area
of sanitation development.
City Sanitation Management Unit (blue box): More and more cities are establishing
City Sanitation Management Units that are responsible for the overall management
(planning, construction operation and maintenance) of citywide wastewater
management services (see green boxes San-1 to San-4). Different forms of these units
exist, including UPTD, PD, etc.
Regulation and Enforcement (brown box): Accountable governance, the acceleration

of financing, enabling regulations, and adequate institutional support are key drivers for
the development of improved sanitation services in urban areas. Each urban area has
different regulations and policies and USPs should be familiar with these.
IMPORTANT: In addition to describing each individual part of a citywide sanitation
system, the Framework importantly highlights that one block of the Framework
cannot be undertaken in isolation of the others. The implications of this for the USP are
critical. If you are promoting household sanitation systems (SAN-1), you will also need
to explain to people how their septic tank can be emptied when it is full and how much
it will cost to empty (See SAN-4). Alternatively, if you are promoting a communal
system (SAN-2), you will need to explain to beneficiaries of that system where they can
go if the system develops technical problems (see City Sanitation Management Unit).
|7
5. Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Promotion Activities

Addressing gender issues in the promotion process is very important. This not only means
discussing about womens issues, but about ensuring that both men and women are able to
actively participate in activities, contribute to decisions over how resources are utilized, and
benefit from the new facilities. Gender mainstreaming also takes into account the specific
needs of all gender groups such as men, women, boys, girls, the elderly, and disabled. Taking
into consideration gender issues will also help ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of
improved sanitation facilities through improved use and maintenance. In this light, the USP
plays a key role in promoting gender mainstreaming throughout the sanitation
development process, starting from the planning stage. Additional reminders and tips on
gender are included throughout this Guide, and a Gender Checklist is included in Annex 8
to help USPs ensure that gender is well addressed throughout the promotion process.
8|
Photo: Pryatin M Santoso/IUWASH
|9
Chapter 2
THE ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
Urban sanitation systems are complex. There are many individuals and institutions involved,
and there are many variations of programs and approaches to improving urban sanitation
facilities for households. In order to be successful in the promotion process (and lead people
to invest in and maintain improved sanitation facilities), a USP must know very much about
the enabling environment their own program is operating in. The USP must know who to
work with and, importantly, be able to answer very many questions from the communities
and households they target. Below is a graphic with six boxes that summarize the main parts
of the enabling environment. Following the graphic are additional descriptions of each box.
What a USP needs to know before beginning promotion

1. PROMOTION PLANNING
AND COORDINATION
Local Government
Field Agents
Community Leaders and
Champions
Academic Institutions
4. MAINTENANCE/
TECHNICAL SUPPORT
Government Agency
CBO
SME
10 |
2. FINANCE
Cost Sharing
Microfinance
CSR
5. SLUDGE REMOVAL
How often to Empty

Sludge Removal Service
Wastewater Treatment
Plant
Cost
3. CONSTRUCTION
Design
Cost
Constuction Process
6. REGULATION
Health
Regulations
Construction
Regulations
Institutional
Regulations
1. Promotion Planning and Coordination

A. Research and Data Collection: Planning and coordination will only be effective if you
know what you are doing and who you are doing it for. This Guide provides very useful
forms and tools for collecting data related to:
The Enabling Environment (Annex 3)
Community-level data (Annex 4)
Monitoring (Annex 10)
In addition to this Guide, you may receive additional guidance on research and data
collection from specific programs (SANIMAS, USRI, etc.). There are also other good sources of
information available from various Indonesian websites that support sanitation
programming. A more complete listing of such websites is provided in Annex 9 and the
following are some of the more useful sites:
Agency:
APPENDS/Pokja AMPL
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Public Works
Ministry of Home Affairs
Website:
www.nawasis.com
PPPL.depkes.go.id
stbm-indonesia.org
www.promkes.depkes.go.id
www.pu.go.id
ciptakarya.pu.go.id/plp/
www.kemendagri.go.id
B. Institutional Coordination: One of the most

important (and sometimes most frustrating)
jobs of the USP is trying to coordinate with
other agencies and personnel. Typically, those
most involved in sanitation programming
include the Departments of Planning, Health,
Public Works, and Cleanliness; Universities;
Associations (such as the Womens Association- PKK), NGOs, Media (radio, newspaper, social
media like Facebook etc.). In some urban areas,
the Water Utility (PDAM) or another agency (a
PD-PAL or a UPTD under another department)
may also have responsibility.
C. Field-Level Coordination: One of the most important tasks in the promotion process is
to ensure that everyone is working according to the same plan and using consistent
messages. When you involve other staff and field agents, make sure that they
understand what the plan is for that community and what issues and messages are most
important.
| 11
D. Community Leaders / Champions: You do not need to be alone. You may not know it,
but there are many people in your area and in the target communities you work in that
want to contribute to the promotion process. These can be local community leaders
(RW/RT heads), religious leaders, youth group representatives, womens association
members, or community health workers. Make sure to work with both men and women
community leaders and representatives from other important groups to ensure that
urban promotion activities are broadly inclusive.
2. Finance
One of the greatest barriers to improving sanitation in urban areas is the cost. People do not
want to invest simply because they think it costs too much. If one considers the cost of not
having improved sanitation (higher health care costs, missed days at school or work,
decreased value of houses, etc.), this is not true. However, improved sanitation does cost
money, and anything that can be done to help make it affordable (especially for low-income
households) will greatly aid in the promotion process.
In considering issues related to cost, the USP needs to know what assistance may be
available to help households decrease the cost of their new or improved system. This can
take three forms:
A. Cost Sharing: Some programs at the national or local level may cover a portion of
construction costs for concerned households. This is because the cost of both
constructing and maintaining urban sanitation systems is usually much more expensive
than rural systems. This not only helps households pay for the new system, but it can
also help in the promotion process. If people know that they can benefit from such
assistance (and that such assistance may not be available later), they will be encouraged
to make the improvement now. The USP needs to check with the local government on
the availability of such cost sharing. In terms of providing cost sharing, the USP should
make sure that especially low-income women-headed households and other
economically disadvantaged groups (such as the elderly) can easily access such support.
B. Microfinance: Though not available everywhere, some Banks, Credit Unions and
Microfinance Institutes (MFIs) are beginning to make available microfinance in support
of sanitation. This allows households to make the sanitation improvement and then pay
for it over a period of one or more years in easy-to-pay installments. The decision of
obtaining microfinance by the household should be agreed to by wife and husband to
avoid problems in household budget management. See Chapter 9 for more detail on
this important topic.
C. Corporate Social Responsibility: Another possibility that has proven successful in
some areas is getting the support of local businesses to either provide some funding or
provide some building products (such as sand, cement or pipes). It can be especially
helpful for poor households that have very limited funds and may not be eligible for
microfinance or other support. For the business, it can be an effective way of showing
12 |
their support for the community and, in the process, for promoting their products and
services. THIS IS A GREAT IDEA!
3. Construction
A. System Design: Much of your work in promotion will be influenced by the type of
improvement that is being made. This manual deals with:
Household Systems (see Annex 1)

Making a Connection to a Communal System (see Annex 2)
Making a Connection to a Sewerage System (See Annex 2)
General construction details and issues related to the above systems are provided in the
Annexes indicated above. The design of sanitation facilities should consider the
different needs of men, women, pregnant women, boys, girls, the elderly, and disabled
people. This will help ensure the comfort and safety of the facility for everyone and thus
increase its use and peoples interest in maintaining it.
B. Cost: One of the most important factors in peoples decision to invest in sanitation
improvements relates to cost. Because the above systems are all different and will be
constructed in houses and communities that have different characteristics, there is not
one standard answer. Though the exact cost will vary, it usually ranges from IDR 1.5
million to IDR 3 million. See the Table below for some detail on typical construction
costs that one may need to pay.
For Gender Responsive Design of Sanitation Facilities, Make Sure...

1.
To have proper walls, roof and a secure door with a good latch.
2.
There is adequate space in the facility for everyones needs, as well as good air ventilation.
3.
If also used for bathing, the floor can be easily cleaned, has proper drainage, and isnt too
slippery.
4.
The facility is easily reachable by all family members, day or night.
5.
The position of the door provides easy access.
6.
There is a good water container and that it is never empty.
7.
The water container is placed on the right side of the WC and easy for users to access with a
water scoop after defecation;
8.
There is soap and clean towel available at all times.
9.
To include additional accessories such as a mirror and waste bin for solid waste (for soap
wrappings, shampoo sachets, etc.).
| 13
Tabel 3: Typical Construction Costs .
Construction Stage
Excavation Work
Household System
The amount of digging depends on
the type of septic system being
installed. Typically, this involves one
or two cylindrical septic tanks or a
box made of concrete or fiberglass.
These usually require digging pits
that are 2 - 2,5meter wide and 1.5 to
1.8 meters deep.
For portions inside the house, the
floor will need to be dug-up and
replaced.
Communal or Sewerage System

This involves digging a small trench
from the bathroom to the control
box of the communal or sewerage
system.
There should be a downward slope
of at least 2% from the bathroom to
the control box.
For portions inside the house, the
floor will need to be dug-up and
replaced
Septic Tank
Installation
Septic tanks are usually made of

cement rings or fiberglass. If the
septic tank will be used jointly by
more than one house (usually 2-3
home), the size should be enlarged
to increase the volume. More detail
can be found in appendix 2
Not needed.
Pipe Installation
This usually involves connecting a 4

diameter PVC pipe from the WC to
the septic tank.
This usually involves connecting a 4

diameter PVC pipe from the WC to a
Control Tub.
As a final word on Cost, USPs should make clear to people what costs they can expect to
pay over the long-term. For Household Systems, this can include the cost of desludging
the septic tank every two or three years (as needed) and for Communal or Sewerage
Systems this usually includes a small monthly fee. Be honest about these costs. If people
are not made aware of these costs, they will be less trustful of participating in sanitation
programs and less willing to make the necessary investments. Also, make sure that men
and women in the household agree on the cost of the sanitation investment and how it
will be paid for.
C. Contractors: In some cases, all construction work may be managed by the Local
Government (LG) or an outside contractor hired by the LG. However, in most cases, the
households themselves are responsible for finding a capable construction contractor.
Before beginning the promotion process, the USP needs to identify capable contractors
in the target area. The USP should assess their interest in and ability to construct
improved sanitation systems and help them to: 1) learn proper construction techniques;
and 2) market their services to the public. To better impact low-income households in
the area, the contractors should consider involving local men and women as laborers in
the construction of the sanitation facilities. The important topic of Contractors is further
addressed in Chapter 8.
14 |
4. Maintenance and Technical Support

A major part of the enabling environment is about the resources that are available after
construction to make sure the sanitation improvements are maintained and remain
operational. As a USP, you need to be able to explain to people what these resources are and
how to access them. The following are three possible sources of support for maintenance
and technical issues that may arise:
A. Government Agency: Check with your LG
about which agency is responsible for
wastewater management in your area.
Hopefully, your city has a single agency
responsible for this important area (such as a
UPTD or the local Water Utility). However, in
many cases, this responsibility may be divided
over many agencies. The Departement of
Cleanliness may be responsible for sludge
disposal; the Departement of Health may be
responsible for sanitation promotion; the Dept.
of Public Works may be responsible for
technical support; etc. Each LG is different, so
you will probably need to do some research.
Find out who in those agencies can provide
assistance and get their contact information.
Note: More and more LGs are developing City Wastewater Management Units (see
Glossary) to help deal with wastewater management issues. These units should be able
to advise on important issues related to repair and maintenance of sanitation systems. If
such a Unit does not exist, encourage your LG to establish one! The job of sanitation
development is huge and someone needs to be clearly responsible.
B. Community-Based Organization (CBO): Especially for communal sanitation systems,
many programs (such as SANIMAS, USRI, IDB, etc.) establish CBOs that are then
responsible for operation and maintenance of communal sanitation systems. They
usually have a Head, a Secretary and a Treasurerand someone who is designated as
the lead technician.
C. Small / Medium Enterprises: In many cases, households or CBOs may need the help of
a local SME. See Chapter 8 for more detail on this important topic!
| 15
5. Sludge Removal and Treatment

While promoting investment in sanitation improvements at the household or community
level is critical, all such systems depend on professional sludge collection, disposal and
treatment services. In fact, some of the very first questions a community will ask if they are
investing in a Household Sanitation System are:
How often do I need

to empty the septic
tank?
Who will empty it

for me?
How much does
it cost?
Usually Household Sanitation Systems need to be

emptied every two to three years. This depends on the
size of the septic tanks and how many people use the
toilet. For Communal Systems, this is not the concern
of individual households because these are managed
by a KSM or other agency. But the same factors apply:
It depends on how big the septic tanks are and how
many people use the system.
As concerns who will empty the septic tank and
how much it costs, each area is different. In most
cities, a public or private service is available with
special trucks that suck the sludge from the septic
tank and then transport it to an IPLT for safe disposal
and treatment (see below). The cost may be around
IDR 200,000 to IDR 300,000. In other cities, the
PDAM manages this service and charges a small
wastewater fee as part of the monthly water bill.
In this case, the customer simply calls the PDAM
that then collects the sludge at no additional cost.
IMPORTANT: Because each urban area is different, as a USP you need to research
sludge disposal services in your area. Get their contact information and make this
available to your target community.
16 |
Special Note on Disposal and Treatment: Sludge must be disposed of and treated
properly! This can only happen if the sludge is safely transported and disposed of at a
Sludge Treatment Plant (STP). These are managed by the LG and usually charge a fee for
sludge disposal. If properly managed, STPs can treat the sludge, make it safe, and even
make it into a valuable fertilizer that farmers can use on their crops. It is recommended
that USPs visit the STP that serves their target area to better understand how this critical
part of the sanitation system for their area works.
6. Regulations and Enforcement

In all countries where sanitation rates of coverage are high, people invest in improved
sanitation systems not necessarily because they want to, but because they must do so. They
must do so because it is written in governmental regulations that they must, and if they do
not, they risk being fined (or in extreme cases, imprisoned). This recognizes that sanitation is
a common concern that goes beyond individual likes and dislikes.
Indonesia also has very good regulations. At the national level in particular, there are very
many regulations that govern sanitation and related areas of water resources protection,
environmental protection, construction, etc. A very good listing of these regulations is
available at http://www.nawasis.com/
While national regulations are important, regulations at the local level are very influential. As
these vary greatly from one LG to the next, there are no standards. However, as a USP, you
should inquire about those that may in place and are related to:
Health promotion;
Water quality;
Sanitation;
Construction of sanitation systems;
Water resources protection
Environmental protection.
A representative from the Dinas Hukum (or others from BAPPEDA, Health, Kebersihan, PU,
etc.) can assist in the above.
As concerns enforcement, this is critically important. If any Government agency has
regulations, but does not enforce them, the regulations have little value. Check with your LG
about not only the regulations, but also their plans to enforce them and how they do or
intend to do it.
| 17
18 |
Photo: Dadang Hidayat/IUWASH West Java
Chapter 3
WHAT MOTIVATES PEOPLE TO

INVEST IN SANITATION
Before beginning to promote investment in a new urban sanitation system (or any new
product), it is necessary to understand what motivates people to make such investments.
Very importantly, research clearly shows that people are often motivated by many different
factors with some being much more important than others. Generally, it depends very
much on the individuals level of awareness and information towards the perceived benefits
of improved sanitation. In addition, the reasons that motivate people for investing in
sanitation may be very different if they are investing in their first household latrine/toilet or if
they are investing in a connection to a communal system or a sewerage system. Often,
reasons for investing or not in sanitation will also vary greatly between men and women.
While there are very good reasons for people to invest in improved sanitation, they will also
have many questions about how they build or connect to these systems and issues about
long-term maintenance and costs. It is very important that the USP be able to respond to
these queries. As each urban situation is different, the USP will need to do some research to
be able to respond appropriately.
The following are the most important reasons why people want to invest in a new
household sanitation system and a connection to a communal or sewerage system and likely
questions they may have.
| 19
Tabel 4: Reasons to Invest in a Household Sanitation System
Ten Great Reasons to Invest in a Household Sanitation System

1.
Improved health
Many people understand disease transmission and the role

of improved sanitation in decreasing exposure to sanitation
related disease.
2.
Social status/pride
People feel proud to have a toilet/latrine. Many people talk

about how a toilet makes their home seem more
comfortable, proper and maybe more modern.
3.
No waiting
Many like having a toilet in their home because they no

longer need to wait in line at a communal bathroom or for a
free space outside.
4.
Avoid discomfort
Avoid discomfort of going to the bathroom outside in rainy

weather, security (violence and harassment) or at night
(people, especially children, fear ghosts at night and no
need to always guide elderly and disabled people to use
bathroom at night).
5.
Accommodating Visitors
Many people want to invest in a new toilet to avoid

embarrassment when they have visitors.
6.
Improving groundwater
and surface water
Ensuring the appropriate collection and disposal of

wastewater means that the quality of ground water, water in
rivers and lakes will improve.
7.
Sense of control
People like the idea that they can control when and where
they go to the bathroom, as well as the bathrooms
cleanliness and smell.
8.
A better life for their

children
People want a toilet so their children have a better life. They

also make a connection between having a toilet, their
children getting sick less often, and missing less school.
9.
Wanting a clean
neighborhood
People want a clean community, meaning seeing less trash,

feces, etc.
10. Being a good neighbor
20 |
People understand that if they do not have a safe and

proper toilet, they contribute directly to pollution and many
talk a lot about being good neighbors and protecting the
communitys environment.
Tabel 5: Common Questions Regarding Household Systems
Common Questions Regarding Household Systems (Septic Tanks)

(USPs MUST be prepared to answer these)
1.
How much will it cost?
The cost of a household system is usually 1 million to 3

million rupiah. This consists of two elements: 1) a septic tank
that is typically a fixed price; and 2) the cost for the
connecting pipework to the latrine and the drain that varies
in accordance to distances and conditions. For providing a
reliable price, the supplier will first survey the premises for
determining the accurate cost.
2.
Is there a subsidy available?
Responses vary according to the program. Ask your LG

representatives or program manager!
3.
Is there a financing
(microfinance) available?
Responses vary according to the program. Ask your LG

representatives orprogram manager!
4.
What is the construction

process? How long will it
take?
This usually involves digging two pits about 2 meters deep,

installing a base, cement rings and a cover, and connecting
the septic tanks to the latrine and to the receiving drain. It
usually takes one week.
5.
Who can construct this for

me? Is there a SME
available?
Before you start with the promotion process, you need to be

aware of available suppliers. Hence, you should only
commence with the promotion after you have secured the
supply chain.
6.
How long will it take the

Septic Tank to fill up?
This depends very much on the volume/capacity of the

septic tank and the number of users, but usually takes 2 to 3
years.
7.
When it is full, how can I

have it emptied?
The process usually involves contacting a sludge removal

services that has a truck and pumping equipment.
8.
Who can empty the septic

tank?
This varies by location. Contact a representative in the LG or

get the information from the program manager.
9.
How much does it cost to

empty the septic tank.
If done by a government approved service provider the cost

is regulated by the local government (Perda). Private nonregistered service provides have varying cost that need to
be inquired.
| 21
Tabel 6: Ten Great Reasons to Invest in a Connection to a Communal Sanitation or Sewerage System
Ten Great Reasons to Invest in a Connection

to a Communal Sanitation or Sewerage System
1.
Improved health
Many people understand the process of disease

transmission and the role of wastewater management in
decreasing exposure to disease. A connection to a
communal or sewerage system moves wastewater (and
hence, exposure to disease) further away from the house.
2.
Social status/pride
Many people feel proud to connect to a more modern piped

system for reducing maintenance issues that come with
household systems. Many people talk about how it makes
their community more proper and maybe more modern.
3.
No need to empty their own

septic tank
Because the wastewater is channeled off-site and

maintained by a community group or the City operator, they
never need to empty a septic tank.
4.
Fewer bad smells and

mosquitos
Many communities whose households have connected to

communal systems report that a major benefit is fewer bad
smells and mosquitos. Because all of their wastewater is
going into the system, there is less polluted water in the
community.
5.
Improving groundwater
and surface water
Ensuring the appropriate collection and disposal of

wastewater means that the quality of water in rivers, lakes
and the ground will improve.
6.
Accommodating Visitors
Many people want to invest in a cleaner neighborhood to

avoid embarrassment (mosquitos and bad smells) when
they have visitors.
7.
Sense of control
People understand that improved wastewater management

is a part of an improved and better-controlled environment.
8.
A better life for their

children
People understand that improving wastewater conditions

contributes to a better life for their children. They also make
a connection between improved wastewater management
and their children getting less sick, and missing less school.
9.
Wanting a clean
neighborhood
People want a clean community, meaning seeing less trash,

feces, etc.
10. Being a good neighbor
22 |
People understand that if they improve the way they

manage their wastewater, they are contributing to a better
environment for everyone. Especially in the case of
sanitation, everyone needs to participate or the benefits are
not as great. It will make social dynamic in the
neighborhood become more stronger because people work
together to do social movement for their better
environment
Tabel 7: Common Questions Regarding Connection to a Communal Sanitation or Sewerage System
Common Questions Regarding Connection to a Communal Sanitation or Sewerage

System (Promoters MUST be prepared to answer these)
1.
How much will it cost?
The cost of the connecting to the communal or sewerage

system depends on each program. Usually, households are
responsible for all costs related to the connection and which
includes digging, pipes, replacing cement or tile floors, etc.).
Again, responses vary according to the program. Ask your
program manager!
2.
Is there a subsidy or
microfinance available to
help pay for the
connection?
Again, responses vary according to the program. Ask your

program manager!
3.
What is the construction

process? How long will it
take?
If you already have a toilet, this usually involves digging a

small trench and installing a pipe from the control box of
the communal system to your toilet. It may require digging
up the floor. The process usually takes about two (2) days.
4.
Who can construct this for

me? Is there a SME
available?
For each communal system, a CBO (KSM) has been

established to manage the system. Check with the CBO.
5.
What can I put in the drain?

Can I dispose of diapers or
kitchen waste?
This system is only for wastewater. DO NOT put solid waste

(diapers, kitchen waste, etc.) down the drain or it will get
clogged.
6.
If there is a problem with

the system, who can I
contact?
For each communal system, a CBO (KSM) has been

established to manage the system. Households that are
connected to the system should have contact information of
the person who is in charge of system maintenance.
For sewerage systems, there is a central office (sometimes in

the Water Utility) that oversees the system. Check with that
office.
For sewerage systems, there is a central office that responds

to problems and each household should have the number
to call in case of problems.
7.
Is there a recurring cost (i.e.

monthly fee)? How much
and to whom do I pay?
Almost all systems charge a monthly service fee. How much

and to whom you pay varies. Check with the program
manager.
| 23
24 |
Photo: Harod Novandi
Chapter 4
COMMUNITY ENTRY AND

SOCIALIZATION
A major part of the strategy for creating demand among community members for improved
sanitation conditions. The goal of demand creation is to build community support for
investing in improved sanitation facilities and adopting improved hygiene behaviors. The
MOH defines several steps to achieve this, including:
Increasing the role of all stakeholders in the planning and socialization process;
Developing public awareness of the consequences of poor sanitation habits followed by
triggering changes community behavior;
Improving the ability of communities to choose sanitation technologies;
Developing leadership in the community (natural leaders) to facilitate the triggering of
change in people's behavior.
Developing a reward system for the public to
improve and sustain their sanitation conditions.
This Guide breaks down the demand creation process
into four parts that are described in this and the next
four Chapters. These four parts include: 1)
Community Entry and Socialization; 2) Community
Planning; 3) Community-Level Promotion; and 4)
Household-Level Promotion. This Chapter describes
basic steps for the USP to undertake during
Community Entry and Socialization and which
include:
Learning about the Community and
Collecting Data
Advocacy to Local Leaders; and
Socialization
IMPORTANT: Though the overall process of demand creation is the same, you will need to
make adjustments based on the type of sanitation improvement that you are promoting.
For instance, if promoting household sanitation systems, it will likely be best to conduct the
process for the entire community. However, if you are promoting communal sanitation
systems, you may need to limit your approach to concerned neighborhoods only. You may
also need to adjust the sequencing of activities to what you, as USP, believe will be most
effective.
| 25
1. Learning About the Community and Collecting Data

Because each community is different, in order to initiate a successful demand creation
program for sanitation, the USP should spend time learning about the community they are
targeting. This includes learning about both the people in the community and what their
current sanitation conditions are. The following sets forth useful tools for accomplishing
both.
A. Stakeholder Analysis: A Stakeholder Analysis is a simple process for identifying formal
and informal community leaders and institutions that should be involved in
implementing sanitation promotion within the selected community. This includes
official community leadership as well as other community members that appear
especially influential or active in sanitation issues and can be involved in the promotion
process as sanitation champions. All can be involved in motivating and encouraging
others to make the decision to invest in sanitation improvements. A detailed form for
identifying and recording key local stakeholders is proved in Annex 3 and 4.
Note that in communities, some people, local groups and organizations are better
influencers than the others are. As a USP, it is important that you talk to people that
know the community to identify those that can be useful in the promotion process.
After knowing the community better, you might also want to add, delete or revise the
list according to your experience, so keep the list (and your mind) open for making
changes.
B. Data Collection: At the beginning of you work in the community, it is also important to
obtain basic information about the community. This includes:
1. Determining current sanitation-related conditions of the community; and
2. Identifying your direct stakeholders and analyzing their strengths and weaknesses
and their suitability and readiness for supporting your activities.
Mapping current sanitation-related conditions means to collect the latest data
(secondary data and field observations) about hygiene and sanitation related aspects of
the community, which are significant for your work in dealing with the community
during demand triggering and sanitation promotion. The assessment should follow a
standard procedure (see format below) and should capture both the physical conditions
within and outside the households and the prevailing attitude and awareness of
households on sanitation related impacts on health and the environment.
Obtaining data on current sanitation-related conditions is important because:
By knowing what the real sanitation conditions in the community are, you are
better placed to discuss what can and should be done with community leaders and
households.
It will help you to establish priority areas and activities. The data will show what
areas of promotion need more focus than others. You decide on areas and activities
26 |
that you want to prioritize based on existing conditions as well as community

demands and expectations.
It will serve as a baseline for your decision making process and for measuring the
success of all your following activities.
It will help in informing and reporting to decision makers or higher-level
stakeholders about the impacts of the intervention on the target community.
Baseline data collection starts with secondary data from BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik),
Kelurahan, RT, RW, Puskesmas, PKK, community kaders or Public Works office. However, to
strengthen your cause, you also need to talk with some key people from the community for
obtaining their views and opinions. You should also take photographs as evidence of
sanitation conditions in the surrounding areas to support your arguments. Below is a list of
basic data you need to build your cause.
Tabel 8: Basic Data to Create Map Sanitation Conditions.
Indicators
Households with basic
toilet in the
Kelurahan/RW/RT
Households with
improved toilet in the
Kelurahan/RT/RW
Desludging service
providers in surrounding
areas
Functionality of off-site
systems (communal
sanitation system and/or
sewerage (if any)
Socio-economic profile of
the community (income
and expenditures)
Source
Secondary data Data
Potensi Desa or Profil Desa,
data Rumah Sehat (Kaders,
Kelurahan, Puskesmas,
BPS, Bappeda)
Secondary data -Data
Potensi Desa or Profil Desa,
data Rumah Sehat (Kaders,
Kelurahan, Puskesmas, BPS,
Bappeda)
Interview, observation
Interview, observation,
secondary data (from
Kelurahan, KSM, Public
Works office)
Secondary data
Data Potensi Desa or Profil
Desa (from Kelurahan or
BPS)
Remarks
Households that practice OD

Households that use shared or
communal toilet
Households with private
toilet/latrine
U-bend/syphon, connected to
septic tank, communal system
or sewerage system
Manual or machine
Frequency
Dumping area
Planned, ongoing construction,
operating
number of houses connected
number of idle connections
SES A: 3.000.000 +
SES B: 2.000.000 3.000.000
SES C1: 1.500.000 2.000.000
SES C2: 1000.000 1.500.000
SES D: 700.000 1000.000
SES E : < 700.000
| 27
Indicators
Households occupation
and source of income
House ownership
Microfinance programs
and Credit Unions
operating in the area
Number of SMEs in the
immediate or
surrounding areas
Source
Remarks
Secondary data - Data

Potensi Desa or Profil Desa
(from Kelurahan or BPS), If
available take gender
based data (number of
men, women, children,
elderly and disabled
people)
Secondary data
Data Potensi Desa or Profil
Desa (from Kelurahan or
BPS)
For assessing income patterns (e.g.

daily, weekly, monthly, seasonal),
and activity time preferences for
scheduling community meeting. In
addition, to identify specific needs
based on gender and other issues
related to inclusiveness should be
accommodated.
For decision making on likeliness
for investment into improved
sanitation
Material stores, masons, family

businesses
For possible financial assistance
2. Advocacy to Community Leaders

Advocacy is an effort to influence both formal and informal community leaders to support
your vision and strategies accelerating community access to improved sanitation. Using the
information collected during the Stakeholder Analysis, you now conduct meetings and visits
with both formal and informal community leaders that you identified in the Stakeholder
Analysis to discuss your vision and strategies for moving forward in the sanitation promotion
process and to obtain their ideas and suggestions.
A key goal during this phase is to gain trust and build a rapport with these leaders and,
importantly, to gain their explicit endorsement for moving forward. This work needs to be
carried out by you, the USP, but as you build trust and relations in the community, others can
also help.
To initiate the advocacy process, it is important to start with an initial consultation meeting
with the Bapak/Ibu Lurah and other key stakeholders as possible to share your observations,
vision and proposed approach. Although a key purpose of the meeting is to share your
thoughts, the most important skill at this stage is to actively listen to peoples concerns and
perceptions and ask the right questions for directing your partners attention towards your
development objectives. Here, it is important to really understand what formal and informal
leaders have to say by providing feedback that shows you have internalized their
expressed concerns and expectations. The following should be done in the meeting:
28 |
a.
Portray the data you have obtained about the community, and share your vision and
intended approach (the use of photos and statistics will strengthen your argument).
b.
Initiate a discussion to understand:

Their perception about sanitation conditions within and around the community
Their perception about why people dont have improved toilets
Their thoughts about your vision and approach of providing access to improved
sanitation in their community (feasibility, possible barriers, supports, etc.)
Existing social norms (including gender perspective) and economic conditions,
regulations or programs that might be in support of or against your intended
activities
Their perception on what works and what does not work in changing peoples
behavior.
c.
Identify specific persons that the community respects and who are willing to support
your work.
d.
Discuss and agree what further activities you will conduct with their support and how
you hope to conduct them. Provide as complete of a picture as possible of what will
be done and who will be involved. Make sure you spend enough time on this topic
with community leaders so that they have a strong sense of ownership of subsequent
activities. This part of the advocacy process is important and is especially helpful in
avoiding any surprises that could arise later. If you discuss on who will be invited in
the further activities, you need to make sure that several gender groups are invited
(men, women, youth, etc.)
e.
Summarize the results of the above consultation process and make sure that you have
the consensus and support from community leaders that you need.
After the above, you should continue to meet with these and other community leaders and
stakeholders to seek their endorsement and support. Please note that Advocacy is a
continuous process. Getting full support from leaders and other community members does
not happen during one meeting and, even when it does, you will need to go back often to
make sure everyone remains committed.
3. Program Socialization
The purpose of the socialization process is to discuss what you have learned and what you
intend to do to help them improve their sanitation conditions, but also to listen to their
concerns and obtain their feedback and suggestions. Community socialization is an
important milestone on the road to increasing access to improved sanitation for the
following reasons:
| 29
It allows everyone to openly discuss, understand and appreciate sanitation-related

condition, including prevailing community perceptions, hopes, expectations and
frustrations; and
It helps you build support from the community for follow-on activities.
Socialization can be done during a large community assembly that includes targeted
community members and people representing various organizations and institutions. To
make sure that as many community members as possible can participate, you might need to
break the socialization event down into several meetings or piggyback on other
community meetings, such as arisan or other community meetings. Despite the time
factor, conducting socialization in a number of smaller groups enables you to obtain more
detail information and see in more depth the various pattern and perspectives of the
community.
The following are some tips for the socialization process:
Who: This work needs to be carried out by you, the USP, but you need to do this with
community leaders and others that you have identified as especially influential in the
community. Remember that even though you are critical to the sanitation promotion
process, you cannot do this on your own. You need to build a network of local
champions for successfully implementing your mission.
When: The socialization process begins any time after you have the understanding and
endorsement of community leaders. It should follow the agreed upon planning process
and at a time (or times) when community members are available especially give a
convenient time for different gender groups to attend the socialization meeting.
Where: Socialization activities need to be conducted within your target community.
The meeting(s) can be held in the Balai Kelurahan, Kelurahan office, house of RW, RT,
school, mosque, or even at the residence of a community member.
How: Although the main purpose is to explain the program to other community
members, remember that the role of the USP is to not only share your vision and the
vision of community leaders, but also to listen carefully to the concerns and opinions of
community members. A suggested agenda for socialization meetings is as follows:
A. Opening speech and introduction from community leader
B.
Introduction by the USP of the objective of this community meeting
C. Describe the sanitation conditions in the community (practices and facilities).

D. Ask people at the meeting:
i. If they agree or disagree with your description or if they have anything to add.
30 |
ii. If they have previous experience in trying to improve sanitation conditions.

iii. What they think is holding them back from having access to improved
sanitation?
iv. If they are willing to try an improve conditions now.
E.
Present basic information on your program and what you hope to accomplish.
F.
Ask them if they are willing to participate and what obstacles or constraints they
envision.
G. Wrap up with a commitment about when and where to conduct community

planning exercises (see next Chapter).
You have to remember that the above is not a prescription that you have to follow rigidly.
You need to modify the process according to the context (which includes your own views
and the communitys situation and conditions). Most important is that the community feels
as though they are having a dialogue (not just listening to a speech) and that they are
empowered to say yes or no.
A checklist and a format for notes are attached in Annex 4. Do not forget to make notes
about the information you gained from the meetings and pay attention to them because it
will help in fine-tuning your plans for other promotion activities.
| 31
Some Tips for Facilitating the Socialization Process

Helping a community decide to invest in sanitation improvements and their hygiene
behaviors make changes can be a difficult process. Most important is to remember that
such decisions ultimately need to be made by individual community members. As an
outsider, you as the USP can only facilitate the process. Some tips for dealing with common
obstacles that may arise are as follows:
When you are sensing that community members do not trust you because of your status
or position:
Dont emphasize on your position and do not enforce your opinion on them, but
discuss (i) the benefits the community will experience, (ii) the big picture of the
community as part of a growing modern city with an improving life-style and (iii)
community values and how you can help to achieve them.
Ensure that the community understands that you are not implementing a topdown process. Rather give the community the sense that they are in the driver
seat and that the decisions are ultimately their own based on their own
aspirations.
When Community leaders or members remind you about the poor quality of past public
infrastructure:
Show them real before and after illustrations/posters
Screen testimonials of beneficiaries from other locations
Explain the supply and value chain in place and how you safeguard good
workmanship and functionality of the facilities
When community leaders or members ask about the possibility of financial assistance:
Be clear from the very beginning about the availability of financial support, if any.
See also the Chapter on Financing.
When community leaders or members ask about the construction costs and process:
Explain that a household survey needs to be done first to determine the actual
scope of works and the associated real cost of improvements. Any cost
information prior to the survey should be handled with caution and can only be
tentative;
When community leaders or members reject your approach and/or development vision:
Be patient, dont be defensive nor offensive
Identify their values and find common grounds
Listen and rephrase your vision by using their values
If there is no progress in finding common ground, leave it where it is but get back
to them in a couple of weeks. As for now, strengthen your position by focusing
more on working with communities that want and need your support.
32 |
| 33
Photo: IUWASH East Java
Chapter 5
COMMUNITY PLANNING
With the commitment and support of community leaders and community members, the USP
can now engage the community in planning subsequent activities. Briefly, planning is the
process of deciding what to do and how to do it before actually beginning. No matter what
we are planning for, by thinking a project through in the beginning, we usually end up with
better results. A critical feature of the planning process is the involvement of as many
stakeholders as possible. When stakeholders are genuinely involved in planning, they tend
to have more ownership and, as a result, greater involvement in subsequent activities.
There are many forms that planning can take in the case of urban sanitation development.
This will often be very much influenced by the type of sanitation intervention being
discussed (household or communal systems). The basics of the planning process are,
however, similar and include:
Who is Involved: In all cases, the following should be involved:
The USP as a facilitator only. Remember that the community needs to own
the plan, so guide the process and try not to impose
Community leaders (local authorities, religious and others leaders);
As many community members as possible.
IMPORTANT: Make sure that representatives for various groups in the community participate in
the planning process. This includes: men, women, youth, people of different religious or ethnic
backgrounds, etc.
What is Needed: A large room, flip chart paper and markers.

How to Begin: The planning process is best if opened by an influential community
member (for instance the Kepala RT). After the opening, the USP should review with the
group: 1) data that was collected earlier concerning current sanitation conditions; 2)
what has been done and agreed to so far; and 3) the purpose of this planning exercise
that is to develop a clear schedule of activities going forward.
As the USP, you will know much better what needs to be planned and how those activities
need to be organized, so you will need to do much of the facilitation. In general, you need to
decide the Who, What, When, and Where for each of the following:
34 |
A. Promotional Activities: What will be done during the promotion process (community
meetings, transect walks, etc.) and how can community leaders make sure that as many
people as possible participate. Specify specific times and places to conduct these
exercises. Importantly, as not all community members will be available at the same time,
some activities (such as the Transect Walk) may need to be done more than once. It is
not necessary that everyone participate in all activities, but better if you make an effort
to accommodate everyones schedule as best as possible. See the next Chapter for more
ideas on what promotional activities to plan for.
B. Construction Services: How will those involved in construction be integrated into the
promotion process. This is especially important, as people will generally have very many
questions about what is required and how much it will cost. While some information can
be related in a large group setting, many households will have specific questions about
how facilities will be constructed in their homes and what the cost will be.
C. Support Services: What organization or program may be able to assist with financing.
This can include Credit Unions, Micro-Finance Institutions, Government Agencies or
others. Support services also include those that may assist with on-going operations and
maintenance issues, such as desludging services. It is important to schedule when can
they come and explain to community members the types of assistance they can provide.
D. Participatory Monitoring: How will the community monitor program progress and
continue to encourage people to effectively participate?
E.
Celebrations, Competitions and Rewards: How will those that successfully participate
in the program be recognized or rewarded. Can leaders establish a competition that will
motivate others? Is it possible to organize a special celebration for the community?
IMPORTANT: There is information on all of the above in other sections of this document, so make
sure you have a full understanding of its contents before undertaking community planning.
TIP: Depending on how many participants you have at the Community Planning meeting, you
may want to break up into small groups based on the above topics. Each small group can develop
a table of planned activities for their topic. This plan can include:
Sample Community-Level Activity Schedule
Activity
Transect Walk
Who Organizes It
Kepala RT and USP
Who Participates
10-20 community
members
When/Where
Will It Occur
April 01,
10:00-12:00
What Resources are

Required
Flip chart paper and
markers
| 35
After each group develops their table, they can present it to the larger group and the USP, as
the facilitator can work with them to synchronize all planned activities into a final
Community Plan. Once the Plan is agreed to, make sure that community leaders are ready to
take on the task of monitoring implementation of the plan and resoling any problems that
may arise.
REALLY IMPORTANT: Other Community Planning Programs
While the above describes Community Planning for a sanitation program, it is critical that USPs
be knowledgeable of the main community planning processes implemented by the Government.
Two of the more prominent forms of other community planning processes include:
Musrenbang: The umbrella process for participatory planning is the Musrenbang

process that the Government undertakes every year. In this process, community
leaders gather data on economic health and other conditions and, together with
community members, decide what activities they would like to undertake with
Government support. These plans are then discussed at Kelurahan level, continue at
Kecamatan level, and are then submitted to the local Bappeda office and used to
inform governmental departments and elected officials. By the time they are approved,
these budgets may (or may not) support plans submitted by communities. However,
through advocacy to decision-makers from community leaders, the USP and others, it
may be possible to direct more resources to specific sectors such as sanitation. The
more that decision-makers are aware that sanitation improvement is a priority for
certain communities, the more they are likely to support related budget allocations.
USPs should review the existing Development Workplan (Rencana Kerja
Pembangunan or RKP) for the community that was developed during the
Musrenbang process or try to have new sanitation activities integrated into the new
RKP that will be developed. To learn more about Musrenbang check out UU No.25
Tahun 2004, PP No. 8 Tahun 2008, Permendagri no. 54 Tahun 2010.
PNPM Perkotaan: The National Program for Community Empowerment in Urban
Areas (PNPM-Urban) is a community driven development program that is implemented
by the Ministry of Public Works. It delivers block grants to the urban poor for smallscale infrastructure projects and, to a lesser extent, small-scale social and economic
development projects. It currently serves all urban areas in Indonesia with the aim of
fostering community participation, improving local governance, and delivering basic
needs at the community level. Some areas have been highly successful in mobilizing
PNPM-Urban funding for household sanitation systems for the poorest members of
targeted communities. Under these schemes, PNPM has provided material support and
technical assistance, while the household themselves have been responsible for all
labor requirements and the construction of the part of the facility that is above ground.
If prioritized by community-level and supported by PNPM Perkotaan managers, this
can be an important source of support for low-income households that may not
otherwise be able to afford improved sanitation facilities.
36 |
| 37
Photo: Ahmad Dardiri/IUWASH East Java
Chapter 6
COMMUNITY-LEVEL PROMOTION
The community we live in has a powerful influence on what we think and do. It gives us
support, ideas and motivation to do things we may not have thought of on our own. It also
makes us feel more accountable for our actions. In the case of sanitation promotion, if the
community makes improving sanitation conditions a priority, it is more likely that individual
community members will join in the effort. Importantly, when all members of a community
adopt improved sanitation, the benefits to each individual community member are also
greatly enhanced.
While community-level buy-in to sanitation improvements is critical, the process is not
always easy. Some community members may quickly accept the idea of making investments
in sanitation improvement and changes in their hygiene behaviors. Others will need much
work to convince, and others may not want to participate at all. What is important to
remember is that, even if only one or two begin to make sanitation improvements, others
will be encouraged to do the same. People need their own reasons to make such
investments, but they will also be influenced by what other community members are doing.
Building on the work during Community Entry and Socialization stage, the goal of the USP
during Community-Level Promotion is to build awareness among community members that
will trigger them to take positive action to invest in sanitation improvements and adopt
improved hygiene behaviors. This is perhaps the most critical element of the CLTS approach
that the MOH uses in addressing Pillar 1 of STBM. This section describes the triggering
process and related activities.
1. The Community Triggering Process

Helping a community to decide to improve their sanitation conditions is not completed in a
single event. Rather, communities are triggered by participating in a series of activities
designed to increase their awareness of current conditions and what it will take to improve
them. The following are common tools used by USPs in the triggering process. Additional
information on these can be found in Modul Pelatihan Fasilitator Sanitasi Total Berbasis
Masyarakat (STBM) di Indonesia (Kementerian Kesehatan, 2014).
38 |
A. Social mapping: In this exercise, you and a group of community members create a
simple map of the neighborhood and identify specific groups within the community
and their sanitation and hygiene practices. Use big sheets of paper or flipchart for
plotting the neighborhood and for illustrating various sanitation conditions and
behaviors. Lead participants in a discussion about what is good and badand how
conditions can be improved. The benefit of using flipchart is that you can use it for
monitoring the progress and regularly sharing results with the community.
Photo: Ratih Astati Dewi/IUWASH East Java
B. Transect walk: This is simply a walk around the neighborhood with a group of
community members to observe sanitary conditions and behaviors. The transect walk is
the moment for you, the USP, to explore participants feelings towards current
sanitation conditions and practices. Identify practices that are both good and bad and
discuss how good ones can be expanded and how bad practices can be corrected. Ask
the participants many questions about how they feel about current conditions and what
they may be able to do to improve them. Have one of the participants take pictures. As a
group, interview people along the way, especially at households with good sanitation
conditions to understand the reasons and how they achieved better sanitary conditions,
including gender criteria of improved sanitation facilities. As you gain more experiences
in conducting transect walks, you will adjust your approach and arguments to create
| 39
best possible feedback from community members. Be sure to write down the results
and significant observations so that you can share them with others.
C. Focus Group Discussions (FGD): These are structured discussions with community
groups based on a prepared list of questions. It is a very good idea to conduct a FGD
after social mapping and transect walk exercises, but they can be done on other
occasions as well to promote discussion among community members and lead them to
become more aware of local conditions and what they can do to improve them.
Visualize as your finding as much as possible with pictures taken during transect walk
and bold sketches to facilitate the discussions with the community.
D. Fecal-Oral Transmission or F Diagram: This is an exercise to show how disease is
spread from human waste back to humans if such waste is exposed in the environment
and not properly contained and handled. Using an F-Diagram poster, the USP shows
how E.coli bacteria in the feces of humans and animals can get into the stomach
through a number of ways, including through the hands (fingers), water (fluid), and flies
(flies). The main message is that human waste must be contained, kept away from
humans and eventually treated. If not, then E. coli can enter our food and beverages and
make us sick. As a USP, you can use this to discuss what individuals and the community
can do to be protected from such contamination.
E.
Community Exchange Visit: As an outsider to the community, it is often very difficult

to explain to people what they can do to improve their sanitation conditions. They may
have limited trust in you or they may think that they do not have the resources to make
the changes that are needed. One of the most effective ways to convince them is to
have them visit another community that is more advanced in the sanitation
improvement process. This will help to Demystify the process by seeing how others
have made sanitation improvements. Make sure the community you want to visit is well
prepared and that key leaders are available and ready. Useful things to learn during the
visit include: how the community managed financing issues; successes and approaches
in mobilizing the community; review of the impact of triggering events; understanding
what were the most effective promotional messages; how the community plans to take
care of operation and maintenance needs of the community system; what kind of
celebration did they organize; and what they would do differently.
F.
Community and Other Meetings: As you begin to become more familiar with the
community and, importantly, the community becomes more familiar with you, it may be
possible for you to attend other meetings and gatherings to present what you are trying
to do and seek their support. This can be a meeting of local PKK members, an event at a
local school, or any other forum that gives you an opportunity to talk to community
members about sanitation conditions and what they think they can do to improve those
conditions.
40 |
REMEMBER: In urban areas, it can be very difficult to organize events and activities that
all community members can participate in. You will need to be flexible in scheduling
these activities. This will often mean that you will need to attend meetings and events at
night or on the weekends. Alternatively, conduct additional meeting to accommodate
specific concerns and needs of different gender groups (men, women, elderly and
disabled people). Especially if you identify that there is a dominant group will play a key
role to decide in supporting the development of improved sanitation facilities (husband
need to make decision on development of improved sanitation facilities but most of
husbands in this area are the fisherman who go to work at night. In this point, you need
to add additional meeting with the group of husband in different time to get a specific
support from them. Though it can be difficult, the benefits of working around everyone
elses schedule are great and the community will notice and appreciate your work even
more. Also, if there are not many participants at some of your first meetings, do not be
discouraged. It can sometimes take a while to get urban communities generally
interested in what is happening.
2. A Special Note on Triggering

In many other countries, traditional approaches to triggering improved sanitation behavior
focus on making people ashamed and disgusted by their current sanitation conditions.
However, because it might make people feel intimidated and unhappy with you as the
facilitator, there are other approaches that can be used and that build on positive emotions.
Such emotions include pride and self-esteem that people often feel when they have made
important changes in their sanitation conditions. In addition, religious values can get
individuals to act and engage in sanitation access improvement. Two other approaches
widely used and that focus on positive aspects include:
A. Positive Deviance (PD): This approach is an asset-based, problem-solving and
community-driven approach that enables the community to discover successful
behaviors and strategies that at least some community members are already practicing
and develop a plan of action to promote their adoption by others. To apply a positive
deviance approach, you can:
1.
2.
Find a typical household with a similar socio-economic status as other community

members and that has already invested in sanitation improvements and is already
practicing improved hygiene behaviors. This household is the positive deviant.
While avoiding saying that this household is better, facilitate a meeting so that
other community members to review what the positive deviant has done and is
doing and to discuss how they may be able to do the same.
The above is only part of the PD approach, and much additional information is available
at www.positivedeviance.org
B. Appreciative Inquiry (AI): This is also an asset-based approach that can be applied in
many settings (for communities, organizations, etc.). Its assumption is simple: Every
| 41
human system has things that work well and that can be used as references when
undertaking something new. AI focuses on the positive (not the negative) and builds
from there. When you the AI process in sanitation promotion, the followings are
common steps:
1.
Define: This is to define what the community has already done well in terms of
sanitation. A good question to define this is: When have we been most proud with
our neighborhood sanitation conditions? What can we learn and apply from those
positive moments?
2.
Discovery: Ask participants to recall the positive moments about the

neighborhoods sanitation condition. Ask questions such as: From the moment that
you feel proud about your neighborhood or environment, what characteristics/things
are present? These can be a person, an organization (like Karang Taruna, Majlis
Taklim, arisan), the government (such as Peraturan Kelurahan) or feelings (like sense
of community). Ask participants to tell their stories and identify positive things that
are present at their proud moments.
3.
Dream: Ask participants in small groups to create a future in which the high points
identified in the previous steps are the everyday reality. Ask them to design the
structure to achieve the desired future, and describe/explain it in a visual image and
word image.
4.
Design and destiny: Encourage participants to translate their visual images into an
appreciative action plan. Help them in this process and in making a schedule for
activities.
The above is only part of the AI approach and much additional information on AI is
available at http://www.centerforappreciativeinquiry.net/
42 |
Chapter 7
HOUSEHOLD-LEVEL PROMOTION
While a USP can register much success working at the community-level, all research and
experience shows that promotion at the household-level is equally critical in motivating
people to invest in sanitation and improve hygiene behaviors. This is logical. People may
seem supportive during a community meeting or event, but they may still not trust what
others are saying, they may still have important questions, or they may believe that they
have special circumstances that make them different from other community members.
Because urban residents often have busy schedules or may need to work at night, they also
may not have had the opportunity to participate in important community-level meetings or
activities, so may not understand the program. Very importantly, people will also want to
better understand exactly how the construction will be done and how much it will cost. In
brief, many households will need more information and more motivation than can be made
available at the community-level.
The following offers basic guidance on how to conduct promotional activities at the
household level, specifically addressing:
Forming a household-level Promotion Team
The household-level promotion process; and
The construction process and construction costs.
1. Forming a household-level Promotion Team

Anytime we buy something, it is based on our Willingness and Ability to buy it. Together,
these make up to basis of Demand. Willingness and ability are different, but related to each
other:
Willingness is sometimes described as how you feel after you make a decision. If you
feel good about the decision, your willingness is high. If you feel uncomfortable
about the decision, your willingness is low. The concept of willingness is a bit
vague, and it is difficult to measure, but it is very real and very important.
Ability is much more simple. It is based on your budget and the cost of what you are
thinking of buying.
| 43
Both willingness and ability are essential elements in each households decision to invest in
sanitation improvements and to improve their hygiene behaviors.
First, Form a Promotion Team: To ensure that you are maximizing both willingness and
ability, it is best to form a small Promotion Team. The team should include two or three
community leaders and sanitation champions. It is very important that they be trusted
members of the community who already have or are already willing to construct improved
sanitation facilities. Depending on the conditions you have observed so far in the
community, you will probably want to add:
Someone very knowledgeable of the construction process and construction costs.
This can include a Sanitation Entrepreneur (see Chapter 8), a Facilitator from a
program you are working with, or a construction contractor.
Someone familiar with the financing options that may be available. This can
include a representative from a micro-credit agency, a government subsidy
program, or a local construction contractor that is willing to accept payment in
installments (see Chapter 9).
With strong support of the USP, this small Promotion Team then conducts visits to discuss
with the household leaders the communitys sanitation program in more detail.
2. The Household-Level Promotion Process

Anytime we buy something, it is based on our Willingness and Ability to buy it. Together,
these make up to basis of Demand. Willingness and ability are different, but related to each
other:
Willingness is sometimes described as how you feel after you make a decision. If you
feel good about the decision, your willingness is high. If you feel uncomfortable
about the decision, your willingness is low. The concept of willingness is a bit
vague, and it is difficult to measure, but it is very real and very important.
Ability is much more simple. It is based on your budget and the cost of what you are
thinking of buying.
Both willingness and ability are essential elements in each households decision to invest in
sanitation improvements and to improve their hygiene behaviors.
First, Form a Promotion Team: To ensure that you are maximizing both willingness and
ability, it is best to form a small Promotion Team. The team should include two or three
community leaders and sanitation champions. It is very important that they be trusted
members of the community who already have or are already willing to construct improved
sanitation facilities. Depending on the conditions you have observed so far in the
community, you will probably want to add:
Someone very knowledgeable of the construction process and construction costs.
This can include a Sanitation Entrepreneur (see Chapter 8), a Facilitator from a
program you are working with, or a construction contractor.
Someone familiar with the financing options that may be available. This can
include a representative from a micro-credit agency, a government subsidy
44 |
program, or a local construction contractor that is willing to accept payment in

installments (see Chapter 9).
With strong support of the USP, this small Promotion Team then conducts visits to discuss
with the household leaders the communitys sanitation program in more detail.
3. The Household-Level Promotion Process

Using the concepts of Willingness and Ability, the following is guidance for Promotion
Teams on household-level visits. This will need to be adapted to each situation and
community, but covers the basics of what you should plan for.
A. Household Willingness:
Introducing yourselves and thank them for

their time, assess the households
willingness by asking simple questions,
such as:
o Based on what you know now, do you
plan to invest in an improved sanitation
facility?
o What are some of the reasons that
make you want to invest or not want to
invest?
If the household says that they are willing

to invest, congratulate them on their
decision and ensure them that the
community will work together to support
each other.
If the household is still undecided or not willing to invest, try to:

o Identify specific concerns they have. Aside from cost, these may relate to:
changes they will need to make to their house; trust of the agencies or vendors
involved in the program; future maintenance requirements; etc.
o Acknowledge their concerns and try to address each one as a Team. Household
leaders may be much more willing to accept explanations from community
leaders and sanitation champions, so let talk the most. The first time the
Promotion Team does this, it may be difficult, but they will get better as they
visit more households.
o Highlight the benefits of improved sanitation and hygiene. Some of the more
common ones are listed in Chapter 3. Stress the importance of everyone in the
community participating. When everyone participates, the benefits to the
communitys health and the environment are much greater. If they do not
participate, it also hurts everyone.
| 45
Reassess their willingness and continue to try to convince them. However,

some households may be very difficult to convince. If they are too difficult,
thank them for their time and go on to the next house. You can always visit
them again later.
B. Household Ability: In many cases, households

will say that they are willing, but that they cannot
afford the cost.
Review with them the construction process

and construction costs (see the Section
below), so they understand what they will be
receiving and how much they will be
expected to pay.
Review with them the economic benefits

that they will receive by having an improved
sanitation facility and practicing improved
hygiene behaviors. This includes:
lower health care costs;
fewer school and work days that
are lost due to illness;
less time spent in going to the
bathroom outside the house; etc.
Weigh these economic benefits against the
cost of the improved sanitation facility.
FACT: In all cases, the benefits over the
long-term are much greater than the
costs.
46 |
If they genuinely need assistance, review

the Sanitation Finance options that may
be available (see Chapter 9 for more
details). Important: As a USP, you need to
know these very well. Try to have detailed
information available on financing options
that are available for your target
community. If possible, schedule a visit by the person or people responsible for that
option, such as a representative from a micro-credit program or from a
Government subsidy program.
4. The Construction Process and Construction Costs

As part of the above or during a separate visit, you also need to give households much more
detailed information on the construction process, construction costs, as well as maintenance
requirements and costs. To do this, you can use the same Promotion Team, but should add
someone very knowledgeable of the construction process and construction costs. As a team,
you should explain in simple language the type, function, use, maintenance requirements
and the cost of the facility that will be built.
Of great interest to households is also the construction process and the work that will be
done on the physical structure of their home. This can include: digging up the floor for
installing pipes; digging pits where the septic tanks will be installed; etc. See table 3 and the
discussion below for more details.
The following matrix summarizes the type of cost-related information that a household will
expect to receive during the promotion process:
Tabel 9: Frequently Asked Questions About Facility Construction.
No.
Household Facility
Communal Facility
What is the most suitable spot for

building a new septic tank, considering:
Location of kitchen, bathroom and
WC
Accessibility during construction
and later for sludge emptying
How will piping from the kitchen,

bathroom and WC connect to the sewer
located outside?
Where is the location of the
connecting pipe within the
premises?
What is the size and location of the
control box
Are there any physical modifications needed inside my house? What type of
modifications?
Who will build the facility and how long it takes to be built?
What are the total costs for getting the facility ready to operate terima bersih?
What contributions can I make in-kind or in labor to lower the cost?
What are the payment conditions and is there any supporting financial facility for
reducing the cost burden?
What are the monthly follow-up costs for operation and maintenance?
Whom can I contact if I have a problem with the facility that is due to poor
construction?
Whom can I contact if I have another type of problem with the facility?
| 47
VERY IMPORTANT: To give the best understanding of the actual cost for the household, the
person that will be in charge of construction should:
Make a measurement within the premises of the areas that are effected by the intended
sanitation improvement measure;
Make a simple sketch and identify the cost items associated with the intended
improvement measure (e.g. provision of water, toilet, connecting pipes, septic tank,
discharge pipe, etc. as appropriate);
Present the sketch and associated cost to the household for discussion and decisionmaking.
An example of a simple sketch and price calculation sheet is included in Annex 1 and 2.
48 |
| 49
Photo: Hasan Zunaidi/IUWASH East Java
Chapter 8
SANITATION ENTREPRENEURS
Though some sanitation programs may use large-scale contractors for construction work
and supplies, the majority of sanitation improvements depend on small-scale businesses,
especially for individual household systems,. These businesses may be formally registered as
Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) or they may be part of the informal sector. They make up
the supply chain for sanitation goods and services, and they are essential to expanding and
sustaining access to improved sanitation facilities. The leaders of these businesses are
referred to as Sanitation Entrepreneurs and they are involved in such areas as:
Sanitation promotion and marketing;

Technical design of facilities;
Development of cost estimates for required construction work;;
Financing;
Supply of construction materials and equipment;
Construction work such as masonry and plumbing;
Desludging service operation; and
Facility maintenance and repair.
When Sanitation Entrepreneurs improve and expand

their services, the entire sanitation sector benefits.
Although Sanitation Entrepreneurs are absolutely
critical to sanitation development, there are often not
enough and more need to be encouraged to become
involved in sanitation work. As important, those that do
exist often need to further develop their capacity in the
above listed areas, as well as in basic business
management (accounting, marketing, planning, etc.).
Once a community is triggered, the community will
need access to improved sanitation goods and services.
If these are not appropriately available (limited in
supply, not technically appropriate or too expensive), the community will be frustrated and
lose interest. On the other hand, if they know that Sanitation Entrepreneurs are ready to
respond to their needs with reasonably priced and good quality products, they will be far
more willing to invest in sanitation improvements.
As USP, you need to:
50 |
Understand what the types of work that Sanitation Entrepreneurs can or should be
involved in. This will vary according to the type of sanitation intervention that you are
promoting;
Know the Sanitation Entrepreneurs that already work in your target area, and know
what they need to improve the quality of their services. This can include training in such
areas as: marketing, construction according to SNI standards; business planning and
accounting; and many other areas.
Encourage others to become Sanitation Entrepreneurs. Sanitation development in
Indonesia represents a rapidly growing business sector that many will find profitable.
Sanitation Business and Empowerment Association of Indonesia (APPSANI)

Founded in 2012, the Asosiasi Pengusaha dan Pengelola Sanitasi Indonesia (APPSANI)
is an important network of sanitation businesses and organization that seeks to
support the government in promoting sanitation business development. Some of its
specific areas of interest and involvement include:
developing management and technical capacity among sanitation entrepreneurs;
encouraging womens participation in sanitation service delivery;
facilitating partnerships and cross-sector collaboration;
developing high quality and affordable technologies;
encouraging the emergence of new sanitation businesses;
anticipating subsidized interventions;
and improving the skills and knowledge of human resources for sanitation.
For more information, see http://www.appsani.org)
| 51
1. Supply Chain Analysis

Sanitation Supply Chain Analysis: As defined by UNICEF, the sanitation supply chain is the
network of businesses involved in the production, delivery and sale of sanitation products
and services to the consumer. A supply chain has three key parts: raw materials,
manufacturing and distribution. Businesses that sell sanitation products and services work
with and depend on other businesses to get final products into the hands of the end
consumer. Once you know the types of sanitation goods and services your target
community needs, you can examine in more detail what it takes to produce and deliver
those good and services. Answering the following for each good or service needed will be
very helpful in accomplishing this task:
What businesses are involved in producing this good or service?
For each business:

o How large are they?
o What is their business model (this includes their approach to business and
financial management, human resources, cash flow, and credit)?
o What is their approach to marketing, promotion and sales?
How do input suppliers, manufacturers, transport service providers, and others link
together?
How do all of the above businesses compete and/or collaborate?
What is the current market for this good or service and what is the expected
increase in this market following promotional activities?
Are existing businesses large enough, competent enough or sufficient in number to

respond to anticipated increases in demand?
How can existing businesses be improved or new businesses be encouraged to

become involved?
The information collected on existing sanitation businesses and available products helps us
understand how to improve how the market functions and how individual business can
better respond to that market. More guidance on supply chain analysis can be found in the
UNICEF Sanitation Marketing Learning Series (see Guidance Note No. 3).
52 |
2. Sanitation Marketing
One of the ways to better understand how Sanitation Entrepreneurs can respond to
increased demand from communities is to analyze their sanitation business in terms of basic
marketing elements. These are often represented as the Four Ps which include: Product
(Produk), Price (Harga), Promotion (Promosi) and Place (Lokasi). These are further described
as:
Product: Sanitation products must comply with the needs and desires of
consumers, including the special needs of women, children, the disabled and
others. They must also comply with government regulations and standards.
Price: This is the amount of money charged for a product or service. It needs to be
considered as affordable by the consumer and must also generate a reasonable
profit for the sanitation business.
Promotion: This includes all activities undertaken to communicate and promote

the businesses products in the target market. Promotion can be done through
broad advertising, community-level sales promotion, or one-on-one marketing at
the household level. It is often most effective if it uses all of these methods.
Place: This is the location of a wide range of activities undertaken by the business to
make its products accessible and available to consumers.
Understanding how a Sanitation Entrepreneur is addressing the above areas is very useful
for determining their strengths and weaknesses and identifying opportunities where there
may be opportunities to improve their services. This can include:
Expanding the types of products or services they provide through technical

training;
Improving how they establish the price for their products to make sure they are
successful in marketing them and also make a reasonable profit;
Helping them to develop basic marketing materials that they can use to promote
their sanitation products;
Facilitating visits with community members to assist them in targeting their

promotional activities;
Proving business management training to improve their capacity to expand and

serve more consumers.
Very importantly, this can also include teaching them more about why improving sanitation
facilities and adopting improved hygiene behaviors is so important and how to convey
| 53
those messages to community members. This will both assist in their marketing efforts and
your own promotional messages to the community.
It is important to understand that sanitation marketing activities can also be much more
effective if they are supported by microfinance institutions (MFIs) that have funding
available for sanitation improvements. This is because sanitation marketing supports its
business. As a USP, you become familiar with MFIs that serve your target community and, if
they do not support sanitation improvement now, you should encourage them to do so.
More Guidance on Sanitation Marketing

One of the best resources for better understanding sanitation marketing is available in
WSPs Introductory Guide to Sanitation Marketing. The document and accompanying
toolkit were developed by WSP to give practical guidance on the design,
implementation, and monitoring of rural sanitation marketing programs (including
projects in Indonesia). Though oriented towards rural sanitation programming, it is also
applicable to most urban settings.
54 |
| 55
Photo: Dwi Prihanto/IUWASH East Java
Chapter 9
SANITATION FINANCE
In many respects, the decision-making process that someone follows for investing in an
improved sanitation facility is the same that they follow for any other major purchase they
make (for a new motorcycle, a new cell phone, a family vacation, etc.). Common questions
that people will ask themselves include:
1. What type of product do I want and need?
2. What level of quality or special features do I want?
3. Whom will I buy it from? Do I trust the vendor?
4. What is a fair and reasonable price for the product?
5. When and how will it be delivered or built?
6. What am I willing to spend? How will I pay for it? Can I afford it?
Very many urban sanitation programs have successfully led communities and households to
want to invest in improved sanitation. They successfully answered the first five sets
questions above. However, these programs ultimately did not achieve the results they
wanted because they were not able to adequately help people respond to the sixth set of
questions about financing. Improved sanitation facilities in urban areas cost money, and if
financing issues and options are not taken into consideration, your success as a USP will
likely be very limited.
Although of critical importance, there is usually no standard set of financing options
available to choose from. Each sanitation improvement program and each community will
likely have different issues and possibilities. As USP, you need to understand what financing
options can be made available to your target community.
Below are descriptions of some financing options that may be available to your target
community. You will need to research these further and, importantly, advocate to local
government, banks, microfinance institutions, local businesses and others to improve the
availability of financing for improved sanitation facilities.
A. Sanitation Micro-Credit: One of the most effective ways to assist people in being able
to afford to invest in improved sanitation facilities is through micro-credit. Experience in
triggering shows that people are often willing to make the investment, but cannot do
it all at once. Through micro-credit programs, they can break-up the cost into affordable
payments. These payments may be made on a weekly or monthly basis, and they usually
56 |
extend over a one to two year period. Micro-credit loans can be made available through
a number of channels, including:
Banks: Very many banks in Indonesia have micro-credit programs. These include
Bank Pembangunan Daerah (BPD), Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI), Bank Syariah
Mandiri (BSM), Bank Perkreditan Rakyat (BPR), many provincial and local
government banks, etc.
Non-Bank Micro-Finance Institutes: This includes larger organizations that are
specialized in micro-credit such as Credit Unions, Cooperatives and many others.
Other Lenders: This can include Sanitation Entrepreneurs such small-scale
construction companies that will build the facility and allow their customer to pay
the amount they owe in installments. Another example is some sanitarians or
community kaders who will extend personal loans for sanitation improvements to
households that they know and trust. This can be a big risk for the lender, so care
should be given before widely promoting this.
All micro-credit providers are always worried about the rate of Non-Performing Loans
or NPL. These are loans that have been provided, but for which the recipient is late in
making payments or has stopped making payments entirely. This can be disastrous for a
micro-credit provider because it means they will need to cover that amount from their
own funds. To protect themselves against a high NPL rate, many micro-credit
providers have specific rules and limitations. Many will provide micro-credit loans:
Only for income generation activities and not for household improvements.
Only to people that have had accounts with them for a year or more and have a
proven track record in saving money. Many follow the rule of savings before
credit and will not lend to someone until they see that they have good
financial management habits and are more apt to repay the loan.
Only to people that have acceptable collateral (such as a house with a formal
title);
Only to people that have a steady job and can prove it.
Though many micro-credit providers have rules and limitations, many are also
interested in expanding their business. They might be attracted to the sanitation sector
because it is a growing market. By providing micro-credit loans for improved sanitation
facilities, they can increase their overall portfolios (and profit) and expend their
customer base. Many local governments are also interested in improving the availability
of micro-credit for sanitation and may be interested in facilitating the process through
supporting loan funds. Two great examples of this is include Kabupaten Bandung and
| 57
Kabupaten Jombang which have each provided IDR 5 billion to a local bank, specifically
to support micro-credit loans for household-level sanitation improvements.
The national-level Pokja-AMPL is also very interested in increasing the availability of
micro-credit for sanitation. So it will be important to monitor this sector closely for
positive changes.
A good resource for further understanding the important area of micro-credit is
available from Water.Org and MicroSave, two organizations that jointly developed a
series of toolkits to provide information and tools for financial institutions to develop
microfinance products for water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) investments. To review
this Toolkit (in English) visit http://www.washmicrofinance.org.
B. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Many Indonesian companies and other
businesses are interested in contributing to social development initiatives. Through CSR
programs, they are able to help communities and demonstrate to their customers and
workers that they are good members of society. This also helps them market their
products and improves their operations.
Because CSR can be a Win-Win for companies and communities, the USP should work
with community members to approach local business and ask if they are interested in
helping. Some tips for doing this are:
See if your local government has already established a CSR Forum. These Forums
can be very useful for networking and trying to identify businesses that are
interested in providing CSR assistance to your program.
Prepare a short brochure and powerpoint presentation that describes the

community and the type of assistance they need to improve their sanitation
conditions. This can also include letters of support from local authorities. Businesses
want to understand well what they will be contributing to and how others are
involved.
With community leaders, conduct visits to business that you believe may be
interested in proving CSR assistance and explain what you hope they can help with.
Remember: Businesses like to have options, so do not propose just one thing.
Examples of different contributions that businesses can make include in-kind
contributions, cash contributions or reduced rates for:
o Basic construction materials such as sand, gravel and cement;
o Plumbing products;
o Skilled labor;
o Community events and awards;
Businesses may also want to make their contributions available only to those in
greatest need, such as poor or low-income households, the elderly, the disabled,
etc. In all cases, be flexible in asking for CSR support.
58 |
C.
Form a small committee in the community to transparently manage any funds or

materials that may be provided. Businesses will be more willing to help, if they see
that there contributions are being used properly.
Subsidies: Because sanitation improvements in urban areas must comply with

regulations and standards, many urban sanitation initiatives provide subsidies. These
may be provided indirectly or directly to households. Examples of indirect subsidies
include most all large-scale sewerage systems and many communal sanitation systems.
This is because the Government usually funds construction of the main system and
households only need to cover the cost of connecting it to.
Examples of direct subsidies included cash or in-kind contributions directly to
households. Sometimes these are available to all households in a community, and other
times they are given only to those with special needs (such as poor and low-income
households). Even when subsidies are available, they usually cover only part of a
households costs. The PNPM-Perkotaan program, for instance, sometimes provides
subsidies for sanitation improvements, but they only provide these in the form of
materials and technical assistance for construction of the basic toilet and septic system.
The poor households must themselves provide labor, all costs associated with
construction of the room for the toilet, and of course, the cost they will eventually need
to pay for maintenance and desludging services.
The availability of subsidies varies widely among urban centers and among sanitation
programs. An important job of the USP is to research what may be available to their
target community. Key questions to ask are:
What subsidy programs are available?
What do they provide in terms of cash or in-kind contributions?
Whom do they provide these subsidies to?
How long will the subsidy be available?
When explaining possible subsidies to the community, be very careful to be accurate in
how you describe the possibility. Do not build up peoples expectations for a subsidy, if
you are not 100% certain they are eligible.
D. Community Resources: In addition to resources outside the community, it may be

possible to mobilize financial assistance within the community. This can take the form
of:
Community-Based Savings and Arisan Groups: These are small revolving funds
where community or group members contribute a small amount of money each
month that allows one or more participants to finance their sanitation
improvement. The groups decide how funds are administered. Though it may take a
while for all members to obtain their improved sanitation facility, such programs
can be successful because participants will support each other. Through peer
| 59
pressure, they will also make sure that everyone benefits and that no one does not
pay back what they owe. Similar to community-based savings; the only difference is,
instead of having to borrow money, the community members have to contribute a
certain amount of money every certain period of time and then there will be a
random drawing every certain period of time to decide which community member
will get the fund on that period.
60 |
Community Benefactors: Some communities may have current or former

community members that have done well in business and, with their own resources,
can afford helping the community in its efforts.
| 61
Chapter 10
PROPER FACILITY USE, MAINTENANCE

AND HANDWASHING WITH SOAP
Investing in improved sanitation is critically important to reducing water and sanitation

borne disease, but sanitation facilities need to be used and maintained properly. Proper use
also means handwashing with soap after use the facility. USPs should make sure that people
are trained in these areas. The following are basic guidelines for both sanitation facility use
and maintenance and handwashing with soap.
1. Facility Use and Maintenance Guidelines
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
62 |
1.
Provide a water basin and small bowl with handle inside the toilet room
for water storage, anal cleaning, flushing, handwashing and cleaning of
the latrine.
2.
Ensure that handwashing facilities nearby are regularly maintained with

clean water and soap.
3. Teach all users of the toilet (especially children) to do the following:

Before use, pour some water to wet the pan. This reduces the risk of excreta
sticking onto it.
Position the feet properly on the foot-rests to ensure that the excreta drops into
the pan.
Preferably, clean your bottom without getting in physical contact with your
own excreta. Use a ladle with your right hand and wipe your bottom with your
left hand.
After defecation, pour water to flush the excreta. Usually, 2 liters of water are
used for stools and half a liter is used for urine.
ALWAYS wash your hands with soap and water after defecation.
NEVER throw solid waste (diapers, kitchen waste, rocks, leaves, etc.) into the
pan, as this will clog the system.
4.
The squatting pan should be cleaned daily with a soft broom or soft
brush.
5.
If any construction defect is observed during the guarantee period,

report the matter to the local authority or the construction agency.
6.
If the trap is clogged, it may be possible to unclog it by using a wire, after

removing the cover of the drain or junction chamber. Call a specialist if
needed.
7.
After a couple of years of normal use, the septic tank will become full and
flushing will either become much slower or not work at all. Have the
phone number of the septage removal service handy to arrange for it to
be emptied and taken to a proper treatment facility. Make sure the
operator knows they must dispose of it properly.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Maintenance of the sanitation facility is critically important for the
sustainability of its benefits. Though many assume that this is the work of women,
everyone can and should contribute to its regular cleaning and, if needed, repair.
Family members need to identify what needs to be done and work together to agree
on who will do what and when.
2. Handwashing with Soap (HWWS) Guidelines

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates
that incidence if diarrheal disease could be
reduced by 32% through improving peoples
access to basic sanitation, 45% through washing
hands with soap, and 39% through safely treating
water in households. In addition, by integrating the
three behavioral interventions, incidence if
diarrheal disease can be reduced by 94%. See
Ministry of Health, National STBM Strategy
(852/MENKES/2008) for more information.
USPs should work with community leaders and
representatives from the area Health Center to
hold events to promote Handwashing with Soap.
Such events are especially effective when done at
area schools because the children then take the messages they learned home and help to
reinforce positive behavior among other family members. Good ideas and guidance for
conducting Handwashing with Soap educational events are available in the Kurikulum dan
Modul Pelatihan untuk Pelatih (TOT) Fasilitator STBM, 2014 (available at http://stbmindonesia.org).
| 63
Key Steps and Times for Handwashing with Soap

A. The Correct Steps of Handwashing with Soap (HWWS):
1. Wet your hands with clean running water.
2. Rub soap on the palms of the hands until it lathers and rub the back of both
hands, fingers, both thumbs, until all surfaces in contact with the foam soap.
3. Clean the fingertips and the sidelines under the nail.
4. Rinse with clean water, rubbing both hands until the soap is gone.
5. Dry your hands using a cloth, towel net, or tissue paper, or shaking them off
until dry.
B. Critical Times to Wash Hands, among others:
1. Before eating.
2. Before preparing and serving food.
3. Before breastfeeding.
4. Before feeding the baby or toddler.
5. After defecation.
6. After holding an animal or poultry
Minister of Health Decree, Number 3, 2014
64 |
| 65
Chapter 11
MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) is not boring! Used properly, M&E is not only critical for
measuring progress, adjusting approaches and providing reports, it can also be a powerful
tool in the actual promotion process. This is especially the case when M&E is used in a
participatory manner that allows for local stakeholders to be heavily involved.
Monitoring is defined as a continuous process of collecting and analyzing information to
determine how well an activity is being implemented compared to expected results.
Monitoring aims at providing everyone involved in the implementation process with regular
feedback and early indications of progress or problems, so that approaches can be adapted
and corrective actions can be taken. Evaluation is similar, but it is undertaken at a specific
point in time to help us determine if the activity we are implementing has achieved or is
achieving its objectives. It also gives us ideas about how the approach to implementing
similar activities in the future can be improved.
There are different types of M&E that USPs undertake for sanitation promotion programs.
The STBM program has defined a very comprehensive framework for monitoring progress in
the Stop BABS campaign, including both the adoption of improved sanitation facilities, as
well as handwashing with soap (HWWS). Note that very much of this information is collected
for communities at the Puskesmas level, and all USPs should work closely with Puskesmas
staff to make sure that they are aware of current data and that they regularly consult with
and report to Puskesmas staff on progress in their own promotional efforts.
The STBM program further has very many materials available to support the monitoring
process. These can be found on the STBM website (at www.stbm-indonesia.org) with main
resources including:
Kurikulum dan Modul Pelatihan Fasilitator STBM;
Monitoring dan Evaluasi: Verifikasi ODF di Komunitas;
Starter Kit bagi Petugas Monitoring Kabupaten/Kota; and
Starter Kit bagi Petugas Monitoring Kecamatan/Puskesmas.
Some of the above includes information on the importance of participatory monitoring and
how this can best be undertaken. This section only adds to that information, stressing the
importance of involving local stakeholders as much as possible in the monitoring and
evaluation process.
66 |
Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E): This type of monitoring is important for
several reasons:
By involving community members in the monitoring process, their sense of

ownership will increase. The program will become their program and not the
initiative of an outsider;
When their sense of ownership increases, they will be more helpful in ensuring that
others participate and ensuring that, if problems arise, those problems are quickly
resolved;
They will feel more empowered and more in control, and they will develop a greater
sense of responsibility and pride. All of these are essential parts of a successful
sanitation promotion program;
The results of PM&E can be used to show the greater impact of the program
activities and can be used to advocate the results in order to get more supports
from local stakeholders.
Simple ways to begin PM&E: Instead of beginning with very formal monitoring process, it is
sometimes best to begin by getting people involved in simple but important tasks. This can
include having a community member or members:
After each community activity, ask the participants how they felt about the activity
and how, in their opinion, it could be improved. They can write this down and
discuss it later as a group;
Prepare and use simple tools to ease the implementation of PM&E. Also, It will help
to involve more community members to take part in the PM&E activities;
Have someone keep a record of who participates in different activities. This is not to
embarrass those that do not or are not able to participate. Rather, it demonstrates
that the community is serious about their work;
Keep a board in a public place that shows the number of households in the
community and the number that have improved sanitation facilities. Every time that
someone completes construction of an improved sanitation facility, add it to the
total. This way the whole community will see how they are progressing.
Some of the best information and guidance on PM&E is available from WSP in their Training
of Trainers Manual on Community-driven Total Sanitation.
Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E) by USP:
USP can involve the community in conducting monitoring and evaluation by PM&E in many
areas and especially the following three:
The construction of new latrines;
The prevalence of Open Defecation; and
The practice of Handwashing with Soap (HWWS)
| 67
There are two tools that are particularly useful in monitoring the above, including a social
map and Simple Monitoring Form. Social maps are used to plot the number of healthy
latrines in areas where promotion activities are undertaken. This does not need to be a new
map, but can build on the same map generated during the Social Mapping exercise
described earlier (see Chapter 6 of the Promotion of Community Level). The development of
new latrines can be plotted on the map by the USP together with community members, and
using information from community meetings or information provided through involvement
of PKK members or the local health post.
The second tool that can be used is Simple Monitoring Form that serves to record
information about latrine ownership, defecation behavior, and HWWS behavior (See Annex
10). Information can be recorded on a monthly basis by community members with
assistance and oversight of the USP.
Both of the above are not only useful for tracking progress in the sanitation promotion
process, but are highly valuable in improving local ownership of the overall sanitation
promotion process.
House
No.
68 |
Family Name
Healthy Latrine
Ownership Status
(a)
Defecation Behavior
(b)
Handwashing Behavior
(c)
ANNEXES
ANNEX 1
Description of an On-Site or Household Wastewater
Treatment System
4
Legend:
1. Control Box
2. Septic Tank
3. Sludge Removal Truck
4. Wastewater Treatment Plant
Graphic: Illustration of Local Wastewater Treatment System
| 69
Brief Description
An on-site or household wastewater treatment system collects wastewater from the WC
(called "black water") and wastewater from the kitchen and bathing/washing areas (called
"gray water"). The purpose of wastewater treatment is to remove or substantially reduce
harmful bacteria so that the remaining water can be disposed of safely back in the
environment. The is made possible through the use of septic tanks
Processing Working Principle:
Many different household septic systems exist. Those most common in Indonesia have the
following characteristics:
Wastewater from the house flows through a 4" pipe into the septic tank where the water
resides for several, allowing organic material to decompose. It is aided in this process
by bacteria that attaches itself to a filter media as well as use of an upflow filter
process.
After household wastewater passes through septic system, the water can be safely
discharged into a leach field or drainage channel.
The decomposed organic material is called sludge and, usually after two to three years,
enough sludge builds up in the septic tank that it needs to be pumped out and taken to
a sludge treatment facility to be further treated and disposed of properly. If done
properly, the dried sludge can be used as a fertilizer.
1. Technical Overview
a. Land requirement = about 2x 3.5 meters
b. Construction material = Primarily concrete rings and PVC pipe.
Tuas untuk mengangkat tutup saat penyedotan
Pipa yang menyalurkan air

hasil olahan tangki septik
ke Up Flow Filter
Tutup Up Flow Filter
Tutup Tangki Septik
Pipa Masuk ke Tangki Septik
Muka Air
Muka Air
Pipa pembuangan dari Up Flow Filter
ke Saluran Drainase
Media Filter (Potongan Pipa PVC)
Arah Aliran
Dudukan Media Filter
Akumulasi lumpur dari
degradasi Tinja
Arah Aliran
TANGKI SEPTIK
70 |
UP FLOW FILTER
Saluran Drainase Umum
2. Photos showing the process of building an On-Site Septic System
Left: Excavation for placement of septic tanks and upflow filter.

Right: Mold used to make the septic tank wall.
Photo: Yayan Nuryawan/IUWASH Central Java
Left: Holder for filter media, which will be incorporated into the tank upflow filter.
Right: PVC pipe bundle tied together by plastic rope and which will serve as filter media. In addition to PVC
pipe, filter media can also be made of bamboo, bioball, old mineral water bottles, or another material that
creates much surface area for bacteria to cling to.
Left: Rebar framework for the septic tank and upflow filter covers. In this example, the cover is square,
but many are circular, according to the shape of the septic tank.
Right: Image after the installation is complete with an access hole in the middle for eventual desludging.
| 71
ANNEX 2
Description of a Communal Wastewater Treatment System
2
1
Legenda:
1. Control Tubx
2. Piping system
3. Communal Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)
Illustration of a communal wastewater treatment system.
Brief Description
A communal wastewater treatment system is a centralized system that usually serves 20 to
50 households, depending on the size of the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP).
Wastewater is distributed by using a piping system towards a processing building called the
WWTP (Wastewater Treatment Plant). This system is often referred to as a communal system
(for a limited area (20-100 houses) or centralized wastewater treatment systems scale
regional / urban (sewerage system) for greater regional coverage / comprehensive. The
system is usually managed by an agency or agency manager, namely the public, private and
government.
Ideally, a WWTP has the capacity to treat sludge, but smaller systems usually do not, and
they must have accumulated sludge pumped out periodically and transported to a sludge
treatment facility.
72 |
Basics of System Design

Communal WWTPs may be the best option in dense residential areas, where most
homes do not have enough land available to build individual household systems and
where they do not have the option of connecting to a larger sewer system.
A Communal WWTP is usually designed for a certain number of households, and if either
too many or too few households are connected to the system, it may not work
effectively.
The WWTP must be accessible to sludge collection services.
They also must be located "downslope" from the houses they serve so that gravity will
push the wastewater through the piping network to the WWTP. A minimum slope of 2%
is required; meaning that for every 10 meters of pipe length there is a decrease of at
least 20 cm.
These systems should be designed so that pipes are kept straight and without any
bends.
To establish a connection to a households wastewater drains (from toilets, showers,
kitchens and washing areas, some interior construction will likely be required, including
digging up the floor to install pipe.
From the household connection, wastewater flows through the pipe into a "Control
Tub".
The Control Tub traps heavier waste and grease and helps keep the pipes from getting
clogged. It also makes cleaning or unclogging easier. Several homes may use the same
"Control Tub".
After the Control Tub, the wastewater flows through another pipe to the WWTP. In the
WWTP, there is a series of chambers that collect the wastewater, allow organic matter
(sludge) to settle to the bottom, and treat it through a variety of usually natural
processes (depending on the specific technology used). Once wastewater has passed
through the WWTP, harmful bacteria have been killed, and the water can be safely
discharged back into the environment. Because of the above, surveys and careful
planning are needed to determine the best location of the WWTP, the Control Tubs and
house connections.
| 73
KM+WC
BK
DOP
1 BK
KM+WC
2 BK
BK
IC
JALAN / GANG UMUM
TANGKI SEPTIK
EKSISTING
TROTOAR
DRAINASE UMUM
DOP
DAPUR
BoQ Alt. A:
Titik 1-2 = 1,5 m Pipa 4
BK = 4 bh
Dop 4 = 1bh
Dop 2 = 1bh
ALTERNATIF A
GAMBAR : INSTALASI PIPA TYPICAL DI DALAM RUMAH TANGGA
LEGENDA
PAGAR
BK
IC
BAK KONTROL
PIPA BARU
PIPA EKSISTING
BATAS RUMAH
PIPA UTAMA SISTEM TERPUSAT
TANGKI SEPTIK EKSISTING
INSPECTION CHAMBER
House Connection Plan

Alternative A.
KM+WC
BK
IC
TANGKI SEPTIK
EKSISTING
JALAN / GANG UMUM
BK
DOP
DRAINASE UMUM
BK
TROTOAR
DAPUR
KM+WC
ALTERNATIF B
GAMBAR : INSTALASI PIPA TYPICAL DI DALAM RUMAH TANGGA
LEGENDA
PAGAR
BK
BAK KONTROL
BATAS RUMAH
PIPA BARU
PIPA EKSISTING
IC
INSPECTION CHAMBER
PIPA UTAMA SISTEM TERPUSAT
TANGKI SEPTIK EKSISTING
House Connection Plan

Alternative B.
74 |
BoQ Alt B:
BK = 3 bh
Dop 4 = 2bh
Dop 2 = 1bh
Some Important Benefits for the Household

There is no need to build a septic tank and, consequently, no need to use up land. The
household also does not need to organize and pay for desludging of its own septic tank.
Because wastewater from toilets, showers, the kitchen and laundry is transported by
pipe far from the house and treated, there are usually fewer bad odors and fewer
mosquitos around the house and groundwater is also safer from contamination.
Other Things Households Should Consider
Some minor construction work on the house will likely be required to make the piping
connections (such as digging up and repairing the floor). Households need to be clear
on the extent of work that needs to be done, who will do it, and how much it will cost.
There is usually a small monthly fee households connected to a WWTP (or sewer system)
will need to pay to cover system maintenance.
All households need to make sure they do not dispose of waste that can clog the
system. This includes diapers, vegetable peelings, etc.
| 75
ANNEX 3
List of Key Partners
The following table is a guide to record key information relating to the enabling
environment for sanitation improvements at the community level. As the enabling
environment in each location will vary, the table should be adjusted to local conditions.
1. Promotion Planning and Coordination

Institution
Local Government
Position
Name / Phone Number
WASH Working Group

Department of Planning
Department of Health
Department of Public Works
Department of Cleanliness
Dept. Of Womens
Empowerment
Dept. of Environmental
Health
Institution
Urban Village Structure
Sub-Village
Neighborhood
Womens Empowerment
Assoc.
Health Center
Health Post
School
CBO 1
76 |
Community Level
Position
Name / Phone Number
Head
Secretary
Infrastructure lead
Health lead
Head
Secretary
Head
Secretary
Head
Cadre
Head
Sanitarian
Health Promotion
Head
Cadre 1
Cadre 2
CBO 2
Religious Org.
Local Champions
Media Outlet Name
Media
Contact Name / Phone Number
2. Funding-Related
Possible Cost Sharing Sources
Institution Name
Institution Name
Microfinance Sources
Company Name
Possible Sources of CSR Support

3. Construction and Construction Supply Companies

Company Name
Contact Name
Phone Number
| 77
4. Technical and Maintenance Services

Company Name
Contact Name
Phone Number
5. Sludge Removal Services

Company Name
Contact Name
Phone Number
Contact Name
Phone Number
6. Regulations and Laws

Institution Name
78 |
ANNEX 4
Tool for Basic Data Collection
1. A list of local stakeholders
Name of
Institution/Org.
Village
BKM
RW
RT
PKK
Posyandu
School
Other CBOs:
Position
Name/Tel. No.
Level of
Interest
Possible role in
program
Head
Secretary
Infrastructure
and/or health
section
Head
Head
Secretary
Head
Secretary
Chairperson
Cadre
Head
Midwives
Cadre
Head
__________
__________
__________
2. The Data community

Indicator
# or%
Source
Description
Percentage of households
with toilets in the village
Households practicing OD
Households using public
or shared facility
Households with private
toilets
% of households with toilets
% of households with proper
septic tanks
Presence of WWTP or sewer
system
| 79
Indicator
# or%
Source
Description
Income level of households

(No.)
SES a: 3,000,000 +
SES B: 2,000,000
3,000,000
SES C1:1,500,000
2,000,000
SES C2: until RP.1.000.000
1,500,000
SES d: 700,000 until
RP.1.000.000
SES e: < 700,000
Basic Household Livelihoods
Home ownership
Personal property
Rent
A family-owned
The number and the name of
the small and micro
entrepreneurs related to
sanitation
3. Information obtained from the meetings with the community

Discussion topics
Your Vision
Perception about the condition

of poor sanitation in the
community
Reasons given for not having

proper latrines with septic
systems
Potential barriers that should be
considered in the strategy of
increasing the access of the
community towards sanitation:
Social norms
Economic conditions
80 |
Summary information and resources

Community Leaders
Members Of The Public
Summary information and resources

Community Leaders
Members Of The Public
Discussion topics
Regulation
Groups/difficult people
approached
Potential factors that may

support your activities
Social norms
Economic conditions
Regulation
Or donor programs
Community groups/people
that support
Influential community members
Activities approved by the

community in public meeting
4. Example of a Neighborhood Profile

Neighborhood
Area
: Petemon
: Sawahan
Map
Total population
Number of households
The number of children
The number of RW
The number of Neighborhoods
RW focus
:
:
:
:
:
:
41,435
6,255
11,385
18 RWs
123RTs
RW IX (12 RT) RW XI (RT 5), RW XIII (5RT)
Socio-Economic Conditions
Petemon reflect conditions across the city, with heterogeneous populations, in terms of
religion, ethnicity and livelihood. Those originally from the area and newcomers generally
get along well. In terms of the status of socio-economic status, the majority of households
are low income.
Custom CHAPS
The majority of houses have private toilets, but many toilets dispose of all wastewater into
local drains. A small portion uses public toilet facilities.
| 81
Water resources and use

There are two main sources of water in the community: piped water from the utility and
private wells. Households that use piped water typically boil it. Well water is often dirty and
can only be used for bathing and washing.
Wastewater Management
Almost all wastewater from toilets, washing areas, kitchens, etc. is disposed of directly into
drains and small channels without treatment. Parts of the village are prone to flooding in the
rainy season, because the capacity of the sewer is incompatible with the discharge of water.
The drain has become shallow and clogged, because of the litter and sediment and a lack of
cleaning.
Civic Organizations
These include: the Womens Association, a Youth Group, a local Mosque, and a Church.
Community Activities
The Womens Association is very active. The community holds a community cleaning day
twice a month.
The WASH program that had worked in the neighborhood
There is no active program in the area.
Health centers
The Health Center is interested in supporting promotion and needs to be further
coordinated with the Health Center director, sanitarian and health promotion staff.
Potential financial support
Bank ABC has a microfinance program in the area and is interested in supporting household
sanitation improvements for its long-time customers. Some possibilities exist for CSR
support from local companies (especially for very poor households), but they need to be
explored further.
82 |
ANNEX 5
Tool for Aiding in Activity Planning
Goal:
Result Indicator:
Activity
Timefram for
Implementation
Coordinator
Key Resources
Necessary
Potential
1.
2.
3.
| 83
ANNEX 6
Environmentally-based Disease Transmission
(mainly for diarrheal disease)
The transmission chain for envionmentally-based diseases is often represented by the F
Diagram within which each key means of disease transmission begins with the letter "F" (in
English), including Feces, Fingers, Flies (and other insects), Field (ground), Fluid (water), Food
(food) and Future victims (hereinafter victim). Some detail includes:
Human feces: These breed germs and bacteria that cause various diseases, especially
diarrhea, typhoid and intestinal worms. Therefore, human feces must be isolated so as not to
spread disease and pollute the environment.
F Diagram
The F diagram shows that germs and bacteria from feces / human waste are transferred to
the human body through the five main pathways:
84 |
Fingers: Germs in feces can easily stick to fingers and can move directly into the body by
touching the mouth or indirectly, by touching food and beverages.
Flies: Flies perched on feces transfer germs to food, eating utensils, food preparation areas,
or directly into the human mouth.
Water: Bacteria that exists in feces can easily contaminate water used to wash your food,
eating utensils and drinking water for brushing teeth.
Soil: The bacteria that exist in feces contaminates soil if disposed of improperly (such as in
fields, gardens or anywhere if not in a septic system) and can easily spread.
Food: Bacteria from feces can very easily enter the body through contaminated food. Food
can be contaminated with germs when touched by the fingers, flies, or by contaminated
food, cooking or water.
Latrine with septic tank/communal sanitation/city sewerage system
Drinking water treatment

and safe storage
Safe food
handling
Household solid
waste management
Handwashing with Soap

(HWWS)
F Diagram and disease transmission chain breaker
The F Diagram and the transmission chain breakers show how behavior can prevent
bacteria from feces / human waste being transferred to the human body. Means of
prevention include:
| 85
1.
2.
3.
4.
86 |
Defecation in healthy latrines equipped with septic tanks in accordance with the
Indonesian National Standard (SNI).
Handwashing with Soap (HWWS) with clean running water at such critical times
as: after defecating, before preparing food, before eating and feeding children /
infants, before holding the baby, after holding the animal.
Protecting food and drinking water from flies / other insects so they are not
exposed to germs.
Treating water and storing it in a secure storage container. Water can be treated
by boiling, chlorination, filtration, or by the SODIS method.
ANNEX 7
Using Communications Materials for Behavior Change
Behavior Change Communication (BCC) is an effort to influence individuals and groups to
change their behavior in order to achieve a better quality of life. It used to be referred to as
Information-Education-Communication (IEC), but BCC is now used to emphasize a shift from
the mere production and use of IEC materials to the design of strategic programs to change
behavior. BCC program benchmarks of success involve a positive change in knowledge,
attitudes and practices.
Typically, BCC is carried out with community mobilization and mass communication using a
variety of media, from posters, brochures, videos, to community activities and interpersonal
communication.
Before deciding to use specific media, there are things you should consider, especially
relating to the characteristics of the target audience:
Age, Gender and Culture: BCC materials need to be adjusted for age, gender and the
culture of the target population. Posters, for instance, can be used for the general public,
but may be be more effective if the style of poster is designed in accordance with the
age, gender and cultural target audiences. Placement of posters, for example, should
also be adapted to the characteristics of the target audience. For instance, a poster
targeting fathers have little impact if (in many communities) it is posted at a wet market
that men do not generally frequent.
The Literacy Rate in the Community: Posters and brochures can be very helpful in
building awareness and disseminating information, but in a society with a low literacy,
language and verbal images will be more effective. Consider the use of videos or
community activities in such instances.
In addition to the above general characteristics of the target populations, USPs should
consider the stage of community readiness to change. This can be understood by classifying
target populations (or specific segments) as follows:
Pre-contemplation: At this stage, people are not yet aware of the problem; have no
discernable willingness to change; and may even be intimidated by the suggestion that
they should change. If you immediately begin to provide information on the importance
of investing in healthy latrines, they may reject such information, especially if they
believe that there will be no consequences for maintaining the status quo. In such a
case, spending more time in cultivating the support of individuals first (such as local
leaders, those you may have identified as possible champions, individual households,
etc.)
Contemplation: At this stage, people are aware of the possible need to change, but still
| 87
hesitant and have no clear plan to do so. If asked when and how they will change (or
make needed investments in improved sanitation), they may say directly or indirectly
that they are still not convinced or that they are still unsure of the benefits. In sum, they
require more detailed information and more encouragement. They will generally be
very receptive to receiving more information (through brochures, flyers, etc.) as well as
to attending community meetings where they can see how others are reacting.
Preparation: At this stage, people are ready for change or for making an investment,
but have probably not thought about everything that is required. If they are not
encouraged at this stage, they may become frustrated. Encouragement and spirit are
needed at this stage. Especially useful can be stories from others who have made
positive changes and now see the benefits and are satisfied. Discussions with such
Positive Deviants such as those in their own or a neighboring community that have
already made a change or investment can be a powerful source of encouragement.
Video testimonials from these same people can also be very effective. Flyer, brochures
and other written information is helpful, but listening to real stories from others helps
people to empathize and follow in the footsteps of those who made changes and
investments earlier.
Action: It can take much time and energy for people to change, and as they take their
first steps to change, there is always a risk that they will become disinterested and fall
back into their old habits. Direct interaction is needed at this stage. Reinforcement in the
form of small awards (which can be in the form of a sticker or even just saying thank
you) and technical assistance (technical information specific to their situation) are
important in this stage.
Maintenance: Until someones new behavior becomes an old habit, there is always a
need for maintenance of the behavior and occasional outside support to remind them
of the great achievement they have made and how bad their situation was before.
Posters, brochures, and other materials about the importance of healthy latrines, about
the long lines at communal latrines they had to wait in before, or about how much
cleaner their environment has become are all useful. People at this stage can also help
others in the process of changing (and which reinforces their own new and improved
behavior as well).
A major point of the above discussion is that materials and other media are a very necessary
and important part of the behavior change and sanitation promotion process. However, just
handing out brochures probably will not do much good. USPs need to know and be able to
adapt to the needs of their specific target populations.
88 |
ANNEX 8
Gender Checklist for Urban Sanitation Promotion
The Gender Checklist is a tool to ensure that gender issues are taken into account in the
sanitation promotion process. The following is an example that should be adapted to each
specific program.
No
Question
Yes
No
Comment
Planning and Coordination

1
Upon beginning the program, did you discuss
with womens-related groups that exist.
2
Are there cultural barriers to involving men and
women directly in the same activity (or do
activities need to be conducted separately)
3
Did you try to identify problems / issues that
affect men and women differently?
4
Did you discuss with community leaders how to
best involve both men and women in the
sanitation promotion process.
5
How many women and men participated in
specific activities that you organized?
6
In group discussions, did you ensure that
women and men had an equal opportunity to
state their opinions and ideas?
Funding
1
If additional funding is needed for sanitation
improvements, does the husband decide?
2
improvements, does the wife decide?
3
improvements, is it a joint decision?
4
Is there a difference in the womens and mens
access to credit or subsidies?
5
Are there differences in the terms of credit for
women and men?
Construction
1
Do you identify the specific needs of women or
men associated with the design of sanitation
facilities to be built?
2
Did both women and men participate actively

in determining the design of sanitation facilities
will be built?
Did you deliver and promote sanitation facilities

that are gender-responsive
Do you discuss with women and men about the
| 89
No
Question
possibility of donating labor in the

development process of sanitation facilities?
5
Do you discuss with the person in charge of
construction about how women and men may
be able to contribute?
Care and Technical Support
1
Do you discuss with community members
about the role of the equality of women and
men in maintaining sanitation facilities?
2
Is there agreement on the roles of both men
and women in facility maintenance?
3
Especially for communal facilities, did you
ensure that there is good representation on the
CBO of both women and men.
90 |
Yes
No
Comment
ANNEX 9
List of National Programs
Involved in Sanitation Promotion
http://stbm-indonesia.org/
Community Based Total Sanitation (STBM) is an approach

developed by the Ministry of Health to change the behavior of
hygiene and sanitation through community empowerment. It is
an adaptation of CLTS approaches as practiced in other countries,
but in Indonesia, it has been expanded beyond focusing on
improved sanitation facilities. In Indonesia, it encompasses five
programmatic pillars, including: 1) access to basic sanitation; 2)
drinking water and food management; 3) access to handwashing
facilities; 4) household wastewater management; and 5)
household solid waste management.
National Working Group on Water and Sanitation (PokjaAMPL) is an ad hoc organization formed in 1997 as a forum to
improve communications and coordination among national
agencies involved in the water supply and sanitation sector. A
number of national programs are coordinated through the Pokjahttp://www.ampl.or.id/
AMPL, including Program for Accelerating Access to Sanitation
(PPSP), Community Based Total Sanitation (STBM), Community-Based Water Supply and Sanitation
(PAMSIMAS), Community Based Sanitation (SANIMAS), Drinking Water Safety Plans (RPAM), Sanitation
Information System (NAWASIS), etc. A National Secretariat oversees the work of the Pokja-AMPL.
http://www.sanitasi.net/ppsp.html
Program Percepatan Pembangunan Sanitasi Permukiman

(PPSP) or the Accelerated Sanitation Development Program
contributes to the achievement of sanitation targets of the
National Development Plan. PPSP targets: the elimination of open
defecation; improved solid waste management services; and
reduced flooding in urban areas.
Penyediaan Air Minum & Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat

(Pamsimas)
Program WSLIC-3/PAMSIMAS or Community-Based Water Supply
& Sanitation is a program funded by the World Bank that seeks to
improve water supply, sanitation and public health, especially as
concerns diarrheal and other water and sanitation borne disease.
http://new.pamsimas.org/
| 91
SANIMAS or Community-Based Sanitation is a program for the

provision of wastewater infrastructure for people in densely
populated urban slums. The Indonesian government has
committed to increase resources in support of replication and
scaling-up of decentralized sanitation facilities (decentralized wastewater treatment systems DEWATS) nationally through the SANIMAS program.
Asosiasi KSM Sanitasi Seluruh Indonesia is an association of

sanitation-focused Self-Help Groups Sanitation that seeks to
improve information sharing among managers of sanitation CBOs
all over Indonesia, especially those related to the management of
communal sanitation systems.
http://aksansi.org/tentang/profil.html
Sanitation Business and Empowerment Association of

Indonesia (APPSANI), is an important network of sanitation
businesses and organizations that seeks to support the
government in promoting sanitation business development.
Some of its specific areas of interest and involvement include:
developing management and technical capacity among sanitation
entrepreneurs; encouraging womens participation in sanitation
service delivery; facilitating partnerships and cross-sector
collaboration; developing high quality and affordable
technologies; encouraging the emergence of new sanitation
businesses; anticipating subsidized interventions; and improving
the skills and knowledge of human resources for sanitation.
For more information, see http://www.appsani.org
http://nawasis.info/
NAWASIS or the National Water Supply and Sanitation

Information Service is an internet-based information center for
monitoring and improving the coordination of water and
sanitation programs and activities. NAWASIS seeks to facilitate
program evaluation, advocacy and capacity building. NAWASIS
does not replace other information sources, but serve3s to
complement and enhance those that already exist.
http://sanitasi-usri.org/
The Urban Sanitation and Rural Infrastructure (USRI) program aims

to improve the quality of people's lives, both individually and in
groups, through various infrastructure development initiatives. In
urban areas, one particular focus of the program is on the
development of communal sanitation facilities.
92 |
Aliansi Fasilitator Sanitasi Indonesia (AFSI) is an alliance of those involved in facilitating the
implementation of sanitation programs that serves as a forum for communication and information
exchange.
http://www.fasilitatorsanitasi.org/
http://www.promkes.depkes.go.id/
Pusat Promosi Kesehatan (PromKes) is the Ministry of Healths

Center for Health Promotion that supports MOH efforts in
community development and health promotion. In addition to
the preparation of technical policy and guidance, the Center
serves as a repository for health promotion materials, including
those related to water supply, sanitation and hygiene.
| 93
ANNEX 10
Simple Tool to Support Participatory Monitoring
Neighborhood:
Village:
Sub-District:
Month:
House
No.
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
Family Name
Healthy Latrine
Ownership Status
(a)
Defecation
Behavior
(b)
Handwashing
Behavior
(c)
a. A Healthy Latrine: Mark Yes if the household has a latrine that ensures the separation of
human feces from direct/indirect human contact.
b. Defecation Behavior: 1 = Latrine at home; 2 = Shared latrine; 3= Public latrine; 4 =. Other (specify)
c. Handwashing Behavior: 1= After defecation; 2 = After diaper change / helping child to defecate;
3= Before eating; 4 = Before child feeding / breastfeeding; 5 = Before preparing food
94 |
References
Devine, Jacqueline and Craig Kullmann. (September 2011). Introductory Guide to Sanitation Marketing
Kurikulum dan Modul Pelatihan untuk Pelatih (TOT) Fasilitator Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat (STBM),
Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan
Lingkungan 2014.
Kurikulum dan Modul Pelatihan Untuk Pelatih (TOT) Wirausaha Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat
(STBM), Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan
Lingkungan 2014.
Kurikulum dan Modul Pelatihan Wirausaha Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat (STBM), Kementerian
Kesehatan RI. Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan 2014.
Panduan Praktis Menjalankan Sistem Monitoring STBM; Starter Kit bagi Staf Kabupaten/Kota, Starter
Kit bagi Petugas Puskesmas/Sanitarian, Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Direktorat Jenderal
Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan 2014.
Pelaksanaan Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat dalam Program Pamsimas.
Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 3 Tahun 2014 tentang Sanitasi Total Berbasis
Masyarakat, Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Penyakit dan
Penyehatan Lingkungan 2014.
Sudjimah, Emah. (2008). Buku Pedoman Sanimas: Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat. Jakarta: Direktorat
Pengembangan Penyehatan Lingkungan Permukiman, Ditjen Cipta Karya, Departemen
Pekerjaan Umum.
UNICEF and World Health Organization. (2012). Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: 2012
Update. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.
Community-Led Urban Environmental Sanitation, CLUES (EAWAG, WSSCC, UN HABITAT, 2011).
Handbook on Community Led Total Sanitation. (Plan Int., K. Kar, R. Chambers, 2008)
www.washmicrofinance.org
www.stbm-indonesia.org
www.positivedeviance.org
www.centerforappreciativeinquiry.net
| 95
INDONESIA URBAN WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE

Mayapada Tower 10th Fl
Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 28
Jakarta 12920
Indonesia
Tel. +62-21 522 - 0540
Fax. +62-21 522 0539
www.iuwash.or.id
| 97

USAID IUWASH - Guide To Urban Sanitation Promotion - EN PDF

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

USAID IUWASH - Guide To Urban Sanitation Promotion - EN PDF

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH

The Government of Indonesia is making huge strides in accelerating access to improved

Ir. Nugroho Tri Utomo, MRP

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................................. III

CHAPTER 7 HOUSEHOLD-LEVEL PROMOTION ....................................................................................... 43

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

Universal Access to Water and Sanitation 2019

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

INDONESIA IS SERIOUS ABOUT SANITATION. Through multiple initiatives, the Government of

1. Per official MDG/JMP data of 2012 (latest available)

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

1. STBM and the Urban Setting

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

Tabel 2: Important Differences Between Urban and Rural Areas.

Important Differences Between Urban and Rural Areas

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

3. Your Job as an Urban Sanitation Promoter (USP)

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

Key tasks of the Urban Sanitation Promoter (USP)

4. What is an Urban Sanitation System?

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

Regulation & Enforcement

Regulation & Enforcement

Behavior Change Communications (BCC)

City Sanitation Management Unit

Communal Systems (SAN-2): These include community Wastewater Treatment

Sewerage Systems (SAN-3): Sewerage systems are generally much larger

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

Integrated Septage Management (SAN-4): These include sludge treatment

Regulation and Enforcement (brown box): Accountable governance, the acceleration

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

5. Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Promotion Activities

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

Photo: Pryatin M Santoso/IUWASH

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

THE ENABLING ENVIRONMENT

What a USP needs to know before beginning promotion

How often to Empty

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

1. Promotion Planning and Coordination

B. Institutional Coordination: One of the most

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

Household Systems (see Annex 1)

For Gender Responsive Design of Sanitation Facilities, Make Sure...

The facility is easily reachable by all family members, day or night.

The position of the door provides easy access.

There is a good water container and that it is never empty.

There is soap and clean towel available at all times.

IMPROVING LIFESTYLE AND HEALTH: A GUIDE TO URBAN SANITATION PROMOTION

Tabel 3: Typical Construction Costs .

Communal or Sewerage System

Septic tanks are usually made of

This usually involves connecting a 4

This usually involves connecting a 4