Defining Terms

1. Sexual reproduction- is a reproduction forming the involvement of the fusion

of male and female
haploid gametes.
2. Meiosis I- is the forming of two haploid cells from one diploid cell.
3. Meiosis II- is the splitting of sister chromatids in haploid cells produced in
meiosis 1, creating 4 daughter cells.
4. Gamete- a reproductive cell that is haploid and can unite with another gamete
to form the cell (zygote) that develops into a new individual
5. Homologues- one of a group of similar DNA sequences that share a common
ancestry.
6. Fertilization- is a union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
7. Bivalent- a double chromosome or in dyadic form.
8. Crossing over- an exchange of equivalent genetic material between
homologous chromatids during meiosis.
9. Synapsis- the side-by-side association of homologous chromosomes (maternal
and paternal chromosomes) during the first prophase of meiosis.
10.Chiasmata- the contact point between the two chromatids of a chromosome
during meiosis.
11.Interkinesis- is the producing of more organelles.
12.Genetic recombination- the formation of genetic combinations in offspring
that are not present in the parents.
13.Oogenesis- the formation, development, and maturation of an ovum.
14.Spermatogenesis- the process of sperm production in the testes.
15.Polar body- one of the small cells that are by-products of the meiosis that forms
an egg.
16.Oocyte- a cell that develops into an egg or ovum.
17.Independent assortment of chromosomes-when two or
more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assortindepende
ntly during gamete production, giving different traits an equalopportunity of occ
urring together.
18.Zygote- a fertilized egg cell.
19.Mutation- an individual resulting from such variation.
20.Evolution- the change in the genetic composition of a population over
successive generations.

Reading/s
1. Pangenesis Theory

Study Questions
1. Why did early investigators predict that there must be a reduction division in
the sexual reproduction process?
-Meiosis' main function is to half the number of chromosomes in a cell. If the
gamete of an organism doubled the number of chromosomes in each
reproductive event the next generation would have double as that and the
next double as the second, and so on. This would lead to an exponential
growth which would produce genetic mistakes in every generation due to an
inaccuracy chromosome number.
2. What are the events of meiosis that account for the production of four
daughter cells with the haploid number of chromosomes having a different
genetic makeup compared to those in the mother cell?

3. Draw and explain a series of diagrams that illustrate the happenings of

meiosis I.

4. Draw and explain a series of diagrams that illustrate synapsis and crossingover. Indicate what holds the sister chromatids together. Indicate what holds
the homologues together.

5. Draw and explain a series of diagrams that illustrates the happenings in

meiosis II.

6. Draw a diagram to illustrate the life cycle of humans and compare

spermatogenesis to oogenesis (with Venn diagram).

7. Construct a chart to describe the many differences between meiosis and

mitosis.

8. What accounts for the genetic similarity between daughter cells and the
mother cell following mitosis and the genetic dissimilarity between daughter
cells and the mother cell following meiosis?

9. List the ways in which sexual reproduction contributes to variation among

members of a population. What is the evolutionary significance of this
variation?

Thought Questions
1. Youll recall that the evolutionary process is conservative and tends to add
new processes onto old processes. Use this concept to explain the existence
of meiosis I and meiosis II.

2. There are protists that carry on either asexual or sexual reproduction. Asexual
reproduction occurs when environmental conditions are favorable and sexual
reproduction occurs when they are unfavorable. Why is this consistent with
your knowledge of these two processes?

Objective Questions
1. A bivalent is
a. A homologous chromosome
b. The paired homologous chromosomes
c. A duplicated chromosome composed of sister chromatids
d. The two daughter cells after meiosis
2. If a mother cell has 12 chromosomes, then the daughter cells following
meiosis will have
a. 12 chromosomes
b. 24 chromosomes
c. 6 chromosomes
5

d. Any of these
3. At the equator during metaphase of mitosis, there are the
a. Diploid number of duplicated chromosomes
b. Haploid number of duplicated chromosomes
c. Diploid number of bivalents
d. Haploid number of bivalents
4. At the equator during metaphase I of meiosis, there are
a. Singled chromosomes
b. Unpaired duplicated chromosomes
c. Bivalents
d. 23 chromosomes
5. At the equator during metaphase II of meiosis, there are
a. Singled chromosomes
b. Unpaired duplicated chromosomes
c. Bivalents
d. Always 23 chromosomes
6. Gametes contain one of each kind of chromosome because
a. The homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis
b. The chromatids never separate during meiosis
c. Two replication of DNA occur during meiosis
d. Crossing-over occurs during prophase I
7. Crossing-over occurs between
a. Sister chromatids of the same chromosomes
b. Two different bivalents
c. Nonsister chromatids of a bivalents
d. Two daughter nuclei
8. During what stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate?
a. Propase II
b. Telophase II
c. Metaphase I
d. Anaphase I
9. Fertilization
a. Is also a source of variation during sexual reproduction
b. Is fusion of the gametes
c. Occurs in both animal and plant life cycles
d. All of these
10.Which of these is not a difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis in
humans?
Spermatogenesis
a. Occurs in males
b. Produces four sperm cells per
meiosis
c. Produces haploid cells
d. Always goes to completion

Oogenesis
Occurs in females
Produces one egg cell per meiosis
Produces diploid cells
Does not always go to completion