Success Maths SPM 2014 (Pocket F4)

Mathematics
Made Easy
FORM 4
Virtual
Notes
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CHAPTER 1
Standard Form
Significant figures
Relevant digits in integers or decimal
numbers which are rounded off to a
value of a certain degree of accuracy.
Rules in determining the number of significant figures:
All non-zero digits of a

number are significant.
Example
1289 (4 sig. fig.)
87.3 (3 sig. fig.)
Zeros at the end of a whole

number are not significant
unless stated otherwise.
Example
500 (1 sig. fig.)
5 760 000 (3 sig. fig.)
Zeros on the left of non-zero

digits of a decimal less than
1 are not significant.
Zeros on the right of

non-zero digits of a decimal
are significant.
Example
0.06 (1 sig. fig.)
0.00097 (2 sig. fig.)
Example
4.0 (2 sig. fig.)
36.50 (4 sig. fig.)
Zeros that lie between non-zero digits are significant.

Example
901 (3 sig. fig.)
3.0497 (5 sig. fig.)
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014
Standard form
A way of writing numbers in the form
n
A 10 , where 1 A < 10 and n is an
integer.
Example
12 300 = 1.23 104
0.0000028 = 2.8 106
Stating numbers in standard

form:
Converting numbers in standard

form to single numbers:
Example
5 900 000 = 5.9 106
0.00000006 = 6 108
Example
4.8 106 = 4 800 000
7.68 105 = 0.0000768
Operations
Addition
Subtraction
a 10n + b 10n
= (a + b) 10n
a 10n b 10n
= (a b) 10n
Multiplication
Division
(a 10m) (b 10n)
a
= 10m n
b
(a 10m) (b 10n)
= (a b) 10m + n
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CHAPTER 2
Quadratic Expressions and Equations
Factorisation
Expansion
Two linear expressions

(mx + p)(nx + q)
m, n, p and q are constants
Quadratic expression
ax 2 + bx + c, a 0
a, b, c are constants, x is an unknown
or
(mn)x 2 + (mq + np)x + pq
m 0, n 0
ax 2 + bx,
c=0
Factorise
x(ax + b) or dx(ex + f)
where d is a common
factor of a and b
ax 2 + c,
b=0
Factorise
d(ex 2 + f) where d
is a common factor
of a and c
(dx)2 e 2
Factorise
(dx e)(dx + e)
ax 2 + bx = 0
x(ax + b) = 0
Factorise
b
Solve : x = 0 or x =
a
Solutions
Quadratic equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
a0
a, b, c are constants,
x is an unknown
or
(mn)x 2 + (mq + np)x + pq
m 0, n 0
ax 2 c = 0
c
x2 =
a
Solve : x =
(dx)2 e 2 = 0
(dx e)(dx + e) = 0
Solutions
Factorise
e
Solve : x =
d
Solve or find roots
of the equation.
Solutions
(mn)x 2 + (mq + np)x + pq = 0
(mx + p)(nx + q) = 0
Factorise
p
q
Solve : x = or x =
m
n
Solutions
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CHAPTER 3
Sets
Defined:
using words
e.g. P = {first three positive integers}
by listing elements
e.g. P = {1, 2, 3}
using set-builder notation
e.g. P = {x : 1 x 3, where x is an integer}
Set
a collection of well-defined objects
objects in a set are called elements / members
e.g. set P = {1, 2, 3}
1, 2, 3 are elements of set P.
Number of elements in set P : n(P) = 3
Do not use braces for number
of elements of a set.
Represented using
Venn diagram:
P
1
3
2
Universal set:
contains all elements in a discussion
Equal sets: =
same elements
e.g.
A = {1, 2}
B = {2, 1}
A =B
Subset:
Q
P
PQ
Empty set: { } or
no elements
a subset of all sets
e.g. A = { }
n(A) = 0
Complement of
a set:
e.g.
= {a, b, c}
A = {a, b}
A' = {c}
Complement
of A
A'
No braces for
number of
elements of a set.
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Intersection :
A B = {b, c}
n(A B) = 2
B
a
c
e
d
f
A B C = {b}
A B = {b, c}
A C = {b, e}
B C = {b, f}
AB
Operations on sets
e.g.
A = {a, b, c, e}
B = {b, c, d, f}
C = {b, e, f, g}
Combined operations
e.g.
(A B)' C = {g}
n[(A B)' C] = 1
Union :
A B = {a, b, c, d, e, f}
n(A B) = 6
A
AB
CHAPTER 4
Mathematical Reasoning
Sentence
Can determine truth value

(True or false but not both)
Statement
Cannot determine truth

value
Not a statement
e.g.
Instruction
Question
Exclamation
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Quantifiers
all:
every, any
Each and every case

satisfies the statement
10
some:
several, one of, part of
At least one case satisfies

the statement
Operations on statements
combine two statements

e.g. p, q
Negation: no, not

e.g.
p : 3 is an odd number.
~p : 3 is not an odd number.
symbol for negation of p
Compound statement
~p
True
False
False
True
Negation changes the truth value
using 'and'
using 'or'
p and q
True
True
True
False
False
True
False
False
p or q
p and q
True
True
True
True
False
False
False
True
False
False
p or q
True
False
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Implications
p if and only if q
x = 5 if and only if x 3 = 2
x=5x3=2
p:x=5
q:x3=2
If p, then q.
p : antecedent
q : consequent
e.g. If x = 5, then x 3 = 2.
x=5x3=2
If q, then p.
q : antecedent
p : consequent
e.g. If x 3 = 2, then x = 5.
x3=2x=5
Converse
12
Arguments and Reasoning
Arguments
Argument Form I
Argument Form II
Premise 1 : All A is B.
Premise 2 : C is A.
Conclusion : C is B.
Argument Form III
Premise 1 : If p, then q.
Premise 2 : Not q is true.
Conclusion : Not p is true.
Premise 1 : If p, then q.
Premise 2 : p is true.
Conclusion : q is true.
13
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Reasoning
Reasoning by deduction
14
= 23
= 25
= 29
=
Area of square of length 2 cm

= (2 2) cm2
= 4 cm2
e.g. 21 22 = 21 + 2
22 23 = 22 + 3
24 25 = 24 + 5
=
e.g. Area of a square

= (length length) units2
Draw a general conclusion

(generalisation) based on the pattern
of specific cases (generalisation is
not necessarily definite)
Conclusion for a specific case

based on a given general statement
(conclusion is definite)
Reasoning by induction
2a 2b = 2a + b
CHAPTER 5
The Straight Line
Gradient of a straight line

The gradient of a straight line is the ratio of the vertical distance to the horizontal
distance between two points on the straight line, i.e.
Gradient =
Vertical distance
Horizontal distance
y
y-intercept
(x2, y2)
x-intercept
(x1, y1)
x
Gradient, m =
y-intercept
x-intercept
b
=
a
Gradient, m =
x 2 x1
Positive gradient
A straight line which forms an
acute angle with the positive
x-axis has a positive gradient.
Negative gradient
A straight line which forms an
obtuse angle with the positive
x-axis has a negative gradient.
y
m<0
m>0
(acute)
O
y2 y1
Gradient = tan > 0

m>0
(obtuse)
x
Gradient = tan < 0

m<0
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Equation of a straight line

The equation of a straight line with gradient, m, and y-intercept, c, is
y = mx + c
Gradient
Straight line parallel to the x-axis
y-intercept
Straight line parallel to the y-axis

y
y
y=a
x=b
a
O
The equation of a straight line

parallel to the x-axis (with
y-intercept, a) is y = a.
Point of intersection of two

straight lines
The point of intersection of two
straight lines can be determined by:
(a) drawing the two straight lines
(b) solving the equations of the two
straight lines simultaneously
16
The equation of a straight line

parallel to the y-axis (with
x-intercept, b) is x = b.
Parallel lines
(a) If two straight lines are parallel,
their gradients are equal.
(b) If the gradients of two straight
lines are equal, they are
parallel.
CHAPTER 6
1
Statistics
Size of a class interval

= Upper boundary
Lower boundary
Class
=
midpoint
Ungrouped data
Mode is the value of data which occurs
most frequently in a set of data.
Lower limit + Upper limit

2
Grouped data
Modal class is the class which has
the highest frequency. It is
represented by the highest bar of a
histogram.
Frequency
Modal class
Frequency
polygon
O
Lower boundary
of the first class
Sum of all the values of data

Number of data
x
x=
n
Mean =
Mean =
x =
Values
of data
Upper boundary
of the first class
Sum of the values of

(frequency class midpoint)
Sum of frequencies
fx
f
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Ungrouped data
Median is the value
located at the centre of
a set of data after the
values of data are
arranged in ascending
order.
Grouped data
From the ogive:
Median = Value of data that corresponds to the
n
th value of the cumulative frequency
2
Cumulative frequency
n
18
Median
Values of data
(upper boundary)
Ungrouped data
First quartile is the
value of data that
divides all the values
of data that are less
than the median into
two equal parts,
after the data is
arranged in
ascending order.
Third quartile is the
value of data that
divides all the values
of data that are more
than the median into
two equal parts,
after the data is
arranged in
ascending order.
Interquartile range
= Third quartile
First quartile
Grouped data
From the ogive:
First quartile = Value of data that corresponds to the
n
th value of the cumulative frequency
4
Third quartile = Value of data that corresponds to the
3
n th value of the cumulative frequency
4
Cumulative frequency
n
3
n
4
n
4
Values of data
(upper boundary)
O
First quartile
Third quartile
Interquartile range
= Third quartile First quartile
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CHAPTER 7
A sample space is the set of all the possible outcomes of

an experiment.
An event is a set of outcomes which satisfy a specific

condition and it is a subset of the sample space.
The probability of an event A is given by
P(A) =
20
Probability I
Number of times of the

occurrence of event A
Number of trials
where 0 P(A) 1.
If P(A) = 0, then the event A will certainly not occur.
If P(A) = 1, then the event A is certain to occur.
CHAPTER 8
Circles III
The tangent to a circle is a straight line which touches the circle at only one point.
P
O
O
Tangent
x
x
y
y
The properties of two tangents to a

circle are as follows:
(a) AP = AQ
(b) AOP = AOQ = x
(c) PAO = QAO = y
(d) OPA and OQA are congruent.
The radius of a circle which passes

through the point where the tangent
touches the circle is perpendicular
to the tangent.
S
x
y
y
P
x
Q
The angle formed by a tangent and the chord which

passes through the point where the tangent touches the
circle is equal to the angle in the alternate segment which
is subtended by the chord, i.e.
(a) RQT = QST = x
(b) PQS = QTS = y
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A common tangent to two circles is a straight line which touches the two circles,
each at only one point.
One common tangent
Two common tangents
22
Three common tangents
Four common tangents
23
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CHAPTER 9
Trigonometry II
Unit circle
y
1
2nd quadrant
1st quadrant
3rd quadrant
4th quadrant
1
A unit circle is a circle, of radius 1 unit, with the origin (0, 0) as its centre.
24
Values of sin , cos and tan

y
y
x
opposite
y
sin = = = y
hypotenuse
1
adjacent
x
cos = = = x
hypotenuse
1
opposite
y
tan = =
adjacent
x
25
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Signs of sin , cos and tan
+
x
+
x
sin
cos
+
x
O
+
tan
26
Relations between the values of sin , cos and tan and the values of sin , cos
and tan , where is the reference angle (or basic angle):
(a) 2nd quadrant

( = 180 )
(b) 3rd quadrant

( = 180)
sin = + sin
cos = cos
tan = tan
sin = sin
cos = cos
tan = + tan
(c) 4th quadrant

( = 360 )
y
sin = sin
cos = + cos
tan = tan
27
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Graphs of y = sin x, y = cos x, y = tan x, y = sin 2x and y = cos 2x

y
90 180 270360
90 180 270360
(a) Graph of y = sin x
(b) Graph of y = cos x
y
1
90 180 270 360
90 180 270360
(c) Graph of y = tan x
(d) Graph of y = sin 2x
y
1
0
90 180 270360
(e) Graph of y = cos 2x
28
CHAPTER 10 Angles of Elevation and Depression
ht
ig
Point of
observation
ne
Li
s
of
Object
Angle of elevation
The line of sight lies above the

horizontal line through the point
of observation:
Angle of elevation
Horizontal line
object higher than

observation point
The line of sight lies below the

horizontal line through the point
of observation:
Angle of depression
Horizontal line
ht
Angle of depression
ne
object lower than

observation point
Object
Li
of
g
si
Point of
observation
Angle of elevation = Angle of depression

Angles of elevation and depression are equal.
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CHAPTER 11 Lines and Planes in 3-Dimensions

Angle between a line and a plane
The angle between a line and a plane is the angle between the line and its
orthogonal projection.
W
L
V
S
Normal
Line LT
M
H
T
P
Orthogonal
projection
The angle between the line LT and the plane PTMH is LTH, where
LH Normal to the plane PTMH
HT Orthogonal projection
30
Angle between two planes

The angle between two planes is the angle between two lines, one on each plane,
that are drawn from a common point on the line of intersection of the two planes, and
are perpendicular to the line of intersection.
P
R
The angle between the plane PCB and the plane ABCD is PQR, where
PQC = 90 and BQR = 90.
31

First published 2015
ISBN 978 983 47 1340 9
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recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of
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Mathematics

Rules in determining the number of significant figures:

All non-zero digits of a

Zeros at the end of a whole

Zeros on the left of non-zero

Zeros on the right of

Zeros that lie between non-zero digits are significant.

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

Stating numbers in standard

Converting numbers in standard

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

Quadratic Expressions and Equations

Two linear expressions

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

Can determine truth value

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

Cannot determine truth

Each and every case

At least one case satisfies

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

combine two statements

Negation: no, not

Negation changes the truth value

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

Arguments and Reasoning

Argument Form III

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Area of square of length 2 cm

e.g. Area of a square

Draw a general conclusion

Conclusion for a specific case

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

The Straight Line

Gradient of a straight line

Gradient = tan > 0

Gradient = tan < 0

Equation of a straight line

Straight line parallel to the x-axis

Straight line parallel to the y-axis

The equation of a straight line

Point of intersection of two

The equation of a straight line

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

Size of a class interval

Lower limit + Upper limit

Sum of all the values of data

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

Sum of the values of

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

A sample space is the set of all the possible outcomes of

An event is a set of outcomes which satisfy a specific

The probability of an event A is given by

Number of times of the

If P(A) = 0, then the event A will certainly not occur.

If P(A) = 1, then the event A is certain to occur.

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

The properties of two tangents to a

The radius of a circle which passes

The angle formed by a tangent and the chord which