EEE2101_A1

P15005905

Teo Fuh Lin /

Numbering systems
1.
(a) [F4.A116 1100.00112 ] to octal equivalent with 3 octal points accuracy.

11110100.101000012

F4.A116 to binary =
=

11 110 100.101 000 012

11 110 100.101 000 0102

364.5028

1100.00112
=

364.5028

001 100.001 1002

14.148

14.148

350.3428

(b) [ 2101.208 118 ] to hexadecimal equivalent with 2 hexadecimal points

accuracy.

2101.208
23113.208

118

23113.208

010011001001011.010000 2

=
=

0010 0110 0100 1011.0100 0000 2

2 6 4 11. 4 0 16

264 B.40 16

(c) [ FADE . BEEF 16

+ FEED .CAFE 16 ] to decimal equivalent with 8 decimal

points accuracy..

FADE . BEEF 16

1 | Page

FEED .CAFE 16

1 F 9 CC .89 DD 16

EEE2101_A1
P15005905

Teo Fuh Lin /

1 F 9 CC .89 DD 16

= 129484. (8 16

) + (9 16

) + (14 16

) + (14

164 )
= 129484 + 0.5387878418
=

129484.5387878410

2. Range of these signed binary numbers and unsigned binary numbers for the
following bit systems using the aid of appropriate diagrams:
(a) 20-bit:

220

= 1048576

1048576 2 = 524288

Unsigned = 0 ~ 1048575
Signed = -524288 ~ 524287
Signed= 0 ~ 524287

Negative signed = -524288 ~ -1

Positive

Unsigned
-524288 ~ -1, 0, 1 ~ 524287 ~ 1048575
Negative
Signed
(b) 28-bit

228

Positive
Signed

= 268435456

268435456 2 = 134217728

Unsigned = 0 ~ 268435455
Signed = -268435456 ~ 268435455
Positive Signed= 0 ~

Negative signed = -268435456 ~ -1

134217727

Unsigned
-134217728 ~ -1, 0, 1 ~ 134217727 ~ 268435455
Negative
2Signed
| Page

Positive
Signed

EEE2101_A1
P15005905

Teo Fuh Lin /

(c) 36-bit

236

= 68719476740

68719476740 2 = 34359738370

Unsigned = 0 ~ 68719476739
Signed = -34359738370 ~ 34359738369
-34359738370 ~ -1
Positive Signed= 0 ~

Negative signed =
34359738369

Unsigned
-34359738370 ~ -1, 0, 1 ~ 34359738369 ~ 68719476739
Negative
Signed

Positive
Signed

Combinational Logics
3.
(a)
R
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

INPUT
S
T
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1

U
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1

a
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
X
X
X
X
X

b
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
X
X
X
X
X

c
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
X
X
X
X
X

OUTPUT
d
e
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

f
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
X
X
X
X
X

g
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
X
X
X
X
X

Dp
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
X
X
X
X
X

(b)
Segment c
RS

T
00

3 | Page

00
1

01
1

11
1

10
0

EEE2101_A1
P15005905

Teo Fuh Lin /

01
11
10
C=

1
x
1

1
x
1

1
x
x

1
x
x

00
0
1
x
1

01
0
1
x
1

11
1
0
x
x

10
1
1
x
x

Segment g
T

RS

00
01
11
10
G=

S T + R + S T + T U

(c)
Segment C
C=

+S
T +U
C=

T U S
C=

S
C=T
U +
T + U + S
C=

S
T
Segment G
G

S T + R + S T + T U
U
)+( T +U
)
G=( S + T )+ R+( S +T
S + T
T +U
( )
)+
()+ R+( S +T

G=

S+ T

()+
R+

S+ T
S

)
(+T )+( T +U

()+
R +

G=

)
(+T )+( T +U

R
S

T
4 | Page
U

EEE2101_A1
P15005905

Teo Fuh Lin /

Input
L

0
1
0
1

K
0
0
0
1
1

LM

Output
F1
F2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0

M
0
1
1

F1 = LM + 0
1 LM
KLK
0
1

4.

00
0
0
00
0

01
0
0
01
1

11
1
1
11
0

10
0
1
10
0

F2 =

F
2
F
1

(b)
F1 =

LM + KL 7 Gates as

L share 1

F=

K L +

+ KL

F= LM

= K L + L M
F

LM
+ KL

F=

= K L

KL

LM
F=

5 | Page

F=

KL

LM

L M

L M

M
= K L L

F=

K L+

+ LM

K L
K

K L + L M

F2 =

(a)

L M

EEE2101_A1
P15005905

Teo Fuh Lin /

K
F
2

L
F
1
M
F1 =

LM +

KL
LM + KL
F=

LM
KL

F=

5.
(a)

6 | Page

For 4(a) there are different types of F2 = K L +

gates used and for 4(b) NOR gates
L M
and NAND gates used. Comparing
the NOR gates and NAND gates

designs, NAND gates should be

F=
better as there is less gates and ICs.
M
Same goes with the comparison
K L+ L
with 4(a) as there is only one type
of gate used.

EEE2101_A1
P15005905

Teo Fuh Lin /

A
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0

B
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0

C
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1

Z
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0

(b)

A B C

Using SOP: F =
Z=

A B C

0
1
Z=

A B C +

+
B

AC

B C

00
0
0

A B C
ABC

+
+

A B C

ABC

AB C
01
0
1

11
0
1

(c)
A

Z=

AC

B C

Z = AC+ B C

BC
Z = AC

Z=

6.
7 | Page

AB C

AC

B C

10
1
1

EEE2101_A1
P15005905

A
x
x
x
0

X=

Teo Fuh Lin /

Input
C
x
0
x
x

B
x
0
x
1

+ D+
E
A B+ BC

+
X = A B+ BC

X =

E
D+

+ B+ C+
X = A +B

X =

E
D+

E
X = A +B + B+ C+ D+

+
X = A +B
B+ C

E
D+

7. Research: Technology (NFC)

8 | Page

D
x
x
0
x

E
1
x
x
x

E
A + B+ B+C+ D+

+ B+C+

E
A+B
D+

Output
X
1
1
1
1

EEE2101_A1
P15005905

Teo Fuh Lin /

IEEE Reference:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_field_communication
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/rfid-versus-nfc-big-difference-you-should-know-robdunn
http://www.online-sciences.com/technology/nfc-near-field-communication-usesadvantages-and-disadvantages/
NFC stands for Near Field Communication and is a branch of the High Frequency
section under Radio frequency identification also known as RFID which operates at
the frequency of 13.56 MHz. The standard network mostly uses EMCA-340 and
ISO/IEC 18092, while air interface for NFC is ISO/IEC 18092/EMCA-340 or ISO/IEC
21481/ECMA-352. NFC also uses GSMA for card emulator for user to use it as credit
cards, it also uses StoLPaN by ECIST. Other standard bodies are deployed within
mobile headsets and NFC Forum is to promote implementation and standardization
of the technology to ensure interoperability between devices and services.
The main difference between RFID and NFC is that RFID is a one way process, where
the information is transmitted and is picked up by a reader which picks up the
signal, for example a radio. Where else a NFC is a two way communicator, which
can send signals and receive them as well, for example, smartphone, it also can go
further than RFID. Even though the NFC is a two way communicator, it follows RFID
protocols and run only at RFIDs high frequency. NFC follows RFID by tracking
signals and sending them but is far more advance than RFID. Another advantage of
NFC is that it can connect to the internet and exchange information. NFC uses
passive data storages and can be considered to be limited where else RFID uses
both passive and active tags.
The cons of using NFC is that it cost higher than QR codes where only the
smartphones need to only NFC useable so that it can read NFC tags. NFC also only
can work in short ranges, with a maximum of 20cm and it has a low data transfer
rate which is expensive for people to maintain with the machines. NFC also can be
easily hacked making it difficult for consumers to protect their private information,
they are weak against viruses as well.
NFC devices can be used in 3 different modes: card emulation, reader or writer and
finally peer to peer. Card emulator allows the devices with NFC to act as smart cards
for people to do transactions like payment. Reader/writer allows the devices with
NFC to read information on cheap embedded NFC tags on labels. Lastly, peer to
peer allows two NFC devices to communicate and transfer information.
NFC is applied mostly for payments which is nearly the same as credit card and
smart cards for example Apple Pay. NFC is also used for social networking, where
the user can exchange photos and even play multiplayer mobile games. It can also
be used for gaming such as Wii and GamePad. NFC enabled devices can be used as
keycard and i.ds. Another NFC enabled devices can use for other connections such
as headsets, and speakers which mostly uses Bluetooth.
9 | Page

EEE2101_A1
P15005905

Teo Fuh Lin /

NFC is commonly used in mobile devices such as companies like Nokia(series 40)
and it is also used in Smart Phones by companies such as Apple(Iphone). Tablets
and video game controllers are also NFC enabled devices. Most countries also uses
NFC for mobile payments, public transport, home health care, event ticketing,
mobile shopping, hotel keys, smart pass, mobile wallet, social networking and so on.

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