S.V.C.E.T :ME Dept.

Thermal Engineering Lab

VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM

Valve Timing Diagram

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Thermal Engineering Lab

VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM ON SECTIONAL MODEL OF 4-STROKE SINGLE

CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE
AIM:-To draw the actual valve timing diagram of a four-stroke single cylinder vertical
diesel engine.
APPARATUS:-Thread, scale, sectional four stroke single cylinder diesel engine test rig.
THEORY:Valve timing is the regulation of the points in the cycle at which the valves are set
to open and close. While the intake and exhaust valves should open, theoretically, at
dead centers, almost all SI engines employ an intake and exhaust valves opening
and closing a few degrees before dead centers .There are two factors: Mechanical
and Dynamic for the actual valve timing to be different from the theoretical valve
timing.
a) Mechanical factor:The valves of a reciprocating engine are opened closed by cam mechanism. To
avoid noise and wear, the valve should be lifted slowly. For the same reason the
valve cannot be closed abruptly else it will bounce on its seat. Then the opening and
closing periods are spread over a considerable number of crank shaft degrees. As a
result the opening of the valve must commence a head of time at which it is fully
opened. The same reason applied for the closing time and valve must close after
dead centers.
b) Dynamic factor:Besides the mechanical factor the actual valve timing is set taking the dynamic
effects of gas flow into consideration. As the piston moves all in the suction stroke,
the fresh air is drawn into the cylinder through the inlet valve when the piston
reaches the BDC and to move towards TDC in the compression stroke, the inertia of
the centering fresh air tends to cause to continue to move in the cylinder after BDC.
The exhaust valve is set to pen before BDC. By earlier opening of the exhaust
valve, the scavenging period is increased. Also earlier opening means that exhaust
pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure, which helps in scavenging
process. The exhaust valve is closed a few degrees after TDC. The inertia of the
exhaust gases tends to scavenge the cylinder by carrying out a greater mass gas lift
Valve Timing Diagram

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Thermal Engineering Lab

in Clearance volume. For some period there is valve overlapping i.e., the kinetic
energy of fresh charge helps in forcing out at exhaust gases.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:In a four stroke engine, the thermodynamic cycle of operations is completed in
two revolutions of the crank shaft or four strokes of the piston. During the four
strokes, there are five events to be completed, viz., suction, compression,
combustion, expansion and exhaust.
Suction stroke starts when the piston is at TDC and about to move
downwards. The inlet valve is open at this time and exhaust valve is closed. Due to
the suction created by the motion of the piston towards the BDC, air is drawn into
the cylinder. When the piston reaches the BDC the suction stroke ends and the inlet
valve closes.
The air taken into the cylinder during the suction stroke is compressed by the
return stroke of the piston. During this stroke both inlet and exhaust valves are in
closed position. The air is now compressed to the clearance volume. At the end of
the compression stroke a metered quantity of fuel (diesel) is injected into the hot
compressed air in fine sprays by the fuel injector and it starts burning. During
burning process the chemical energy of the fuel is converted into heat energy.
The high pressure of the burnt gases forces the piston towards the BDC. Both
the valves are in closed position. Of the four-strokes only during this stroke, power is
produced. Both pressure and temperature decreases during expansion.
At the end of the expansion stroke the exhaust valve opens and the inlet valve
remains closed. The pressure falls to atmospheric level as a part of the burnt gases
escape. The piston starts moving from BDC to TDC and sweeps the burnt gases out
from the cylinder. The exhaust valve closes when the piston reaches TDC.

PROCEDURE:Valve Timing Diagram

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1. T.D.C. is identified and marked on the fly wheel with respect to one fixed point
in the engine.
2. The circumference of fly wheel is measured using thread and scale.
3. The BDC is marked on the flywheel by taking half the circumference.
4. By slowly cranking the camshaft in the direction of rotation the opening of inlet
valve is marked on the fly wheel w.r.t. fixed point when the push rod of inlet
valve becomes tight to move.
5. Mark a point on the fly wheel where the inlet valve is completely closed.
6. In the same way mark the points where the exhaust valve open and close.
7. The distance of opening of inlet valve and closing of exhaust valve from TDC
and closing of inlet valve and opening of the exhaust valve from BDC are
measured using thread and scale.
8. The angles of opening and closing of inlet and exhaust valves are calculated
w.r.t. TDC and BDC.
PRECAUTIONS:1. The decompression lever must be operated when conducting the test.
2. Cranking should be done carefully and slowly so that the salient points are
located carefully.
OBSERVATIONS: circumference of the fly wheel = 2 R
Sl.No.

Event

IVO

IVC

EVO

EVC

FI

Valve Timing Diagram

Distance from nearest dead center

IVO

= Inlet valve open

IVC

= Inlet valve close

EVO

= Exhaust valve open

EVC

= Exhaust valve close

FI

= Fuel Injection

Angle

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Thermal Engineering Lab

1 cm

= (1 rev of fly wheel / circumference of fly wheel)

X cm

= X * (360/ D) 0

Where D= diameter of the fly wheel in cm

Model Calculations:
1. Inlet valve opens at . cm before TDC =.. X 30 = ..0
2. Inlet valve closes at .
3. Exhaust valve opens at
4. Exhaust valve closes at
5. Total suction process = IVO to IVC =
6. Total compression = BDC to TDC =
7. Total expansion = TDC to EVO =
8. Total exhaust = EVO to EVC =
RESULT:1. Total suction process :
2. Total compression process :
3. Total expansion process :
4. Total exhaust process :
5. Fuel Injection at :
CONCLUSION:-

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