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CATTLE AND
AND DAIRYING
DAIRYING
CATTLE

--

IN THE
TilE
IN

PUNJAB.
~JAB.

1910.
1910.

"

:1aboft::

"
"
PMS&
GAZETTE PUSS
UlN'RD
MILITARY OU:IrM'B"
AND MILItARY'
CIVIL AND
THB "OIVn,
AT THI
PEINTBD AT

WESTON.
BY
SAMUEL T.T. WESTON.
BY U~UBL

1910.
1910,

CATTLE AND
AND~" DAIRYING
DAIRYIN G
CATTLE
IN THE
THE
IN

PUNJAB.
PUNJAB.

1910.
1910.

e:
:'.ILab
o r e:
:iLa bor
"
"
PRESS
PRI
NTBD AT
GAZETTE PRBSS
MILITARY GAZETTE"
AND MILITARY
CIVIL AND
AT THE
THE "OIVIL
PRINTED
BY
WBSTON.
T. WESTON.
BY SJ.MUEL
SAMUEL T.

1910,
1910,

.. 4..
.....
~
~ :.

..~

;;.::1. ~

~.~ ~
~"

. . .' .

:.. :.:.01. . ::! . . ...

.
:: ...... .
JJ

HENRY
HENRY MORSE
MORSE STe..HENS

STEPHEN.

INDE:t.
INDEX.
.Para. .

I
II

Subject.
Subject.

Introductory
Introductory

Page.
Page.

...

...

Present cOl?ditions
cattle breeding
breeding in
in the
the Punjab
Punja.b
of cattle
conditions of
Present

cattle
III Demand for
for draught
draught cattle

3
3

IV Supply
of draught
cattle
draught cattle
Supply of

4
4

...

arrangem ents
General breeding
V General
breeding arrangements
Breeding and e.xporting
tracts
VI Breeding
exporting tracts

55

...

66

;..

(i)
Hariana
(t) Haria.na

ib.

ib.

(ii)
PotWAr Dhanni tract
tract
(it) Potwar

...

...

(ii.)
breeding centres
centres
Western breeding
(tit) The Western

12
12

Hill cattle
Hill
cattle

13
13

....

- 15
15

' 0<

ib,

...

bufialoes
IX Male buffaloes
X

...
...

ib.

Milch ca.ttle
cattle
XI Milch

-,

'

'"

ib.

ib.
I

(i)
() Cows
Buffaloes
(ii)
(u) Buffaloe.

XII Grazing
Grazing grounds
grounds

88
10
10

tracts
VII Intermediate
Intermediate tracts
tracts
VIII Importing
Importing tracts

,',
...

ib.
ib.

19
19
20
20

...

XIII Fodder
Fodder supply
supply .

23
23

Trade
Cattle ; Trade
XIV The Cattle

30
30

. (i)
Traders
(t) Traders

ib.

(ii)
fairs
Cattle fairs
(w) Cattle

XV

Da,irying
Dairying
(i)
(i) Milk supply
supply

ib.
34
340

...

...
...

...

in ghi
(ii)
trade in
(it) The trade
ghi

...
...

35
35

ib.

ib.

37
37

552035

ii

Subject.

PaM.

Page.

39

XVI Prices and profits of stock breeding

XVII

42 --

The -meat trade

44

XVIII ':Drade in hides and. bones

405

XIX Sheep and goats

XX

48

Assistanoe from Government and Local Bodies

(i) The Hissar Cattle Fa.rm ...
(i~)

ib.

Distriot Board bulls. Their distribution and maintenance

49

(iii) Distriot Board Cattle Fairs

52

(it) Takkavi

ib.

(v) The Civil Veterinary Department

53

Dr Suggestions fo~ action by Government and Local Bodi&.

.ib.

(i) Development of Civil Veterinary Depantment

ib. .

(ii) District Board bulls

,b5

(li;') Improvement of village breeding

-ii6

(il1) Improvement and preservation of breeds .of mil4h '

cattle...
(11) Buffalo breeding

...

...

(tn.) A!lsistanoe from la.rge landowners

(mi) Improvement of the milk supply

...

'57
58

_.

ib.

59

(viii) Co-operatiTe dairying

6:1

. (iz) Improvement in breedll of sheep and ,goats

-62
ib.

(a) Cattle and sheep fairs

XXII Summary
XXIII Conolul.lion

~ I

ib.
. -66

I.-INTRODUCTORY.
I.
INTRODUCTORY.
In
August 1909
Punjab Government
In August
the Punjab
1909 the
decided that
that a
a report
Government decided
report
prepared
dealing
with
the
cattle
trade
of
the
province
should
trade
of
should be
the
be prepared dealing with the cattle
province
with
to the
profits of
cattle-breeding, and
and the
the with special
reference to
the profits
of cattle-breeding,
special reference

Direotor
was asked
obtain information
information on the
of Agriculture
the
Director of
to obtain
asked to
Agriculture was

subject
District officers.
officers. The
Director of
of Agriculture
from District
The Director
issued
Agriculture issued
subject from
*
drawing
attention
to
the
principal
points
to be
b. dealt
aa circular,
dealt
circular,* drawing attention to the principal points to
in their
enquiries. The present
report
with
the District
with by
District officers
officers in
their enquiries.
present report
by the
is
the replies
replies to
In order
to obtain
au
is based
on the
order to
obtain an
based on
this circular.
to this
circular.
as a
of the
the province
province as
whole
idea
the stand
point of
idea of
of the
a whole
the subject
from the
stand point
subject from
fairs
tbe officer
to write
visited the
the principal
the
officer deputed
the report
write the
principal fairs
deputed to
report visited
of the
during
the
last
three
months
and breeding
centres of
last
the
three
months
the Punjab
breeding centres
during
Punjab
of
the cold
and had
had the
opportunity of
of talking
the
of the
over the
cold weather
the opportunity
weather and
talking over
the
Civil
Veterinary
subject.
with
District
officers,
the
officers
of
of
the
Civil
the
District
officers
with
officers,
Veterinary
subject
Department
the principal
principal landowners
and z.mindars.
the
zamindars. At the
and the
landowners and
Department and
~nd
the cold
weather an
an informal
end of
of the
conference was convened
cold weather
informal conference

by
the Director
Walker, Chief
of Major
Director of
of Agriculture,
Chief
by the
Major Walker,
consisting of
Agriculture, consisting
of
the
Civil
Veterinary
Department,
Major
FarmeI'
Superintendent
of
the
Farmer
Civil
Superintendent
Veterinary Department, Major
of
the Hissar
Woodley of
of the
of the
Civil Veterinary
Hissar Cattle
Cattle Farm,
Mr. Woodley
the Civil
Farm, Mr.
Veterinary
the
at
which
a
short
note
of
the principal
principal
Department
and
the
writer
the
at
a
short
note
of
and
writer
which
Department
conclusions
was discussed.
discussed.
at was
conclusions arrived
arrived at

So
the Punjab
concerned the
So far
far as
as the
is concerned
the interest
interest taken
taken in
in
Punjab is
is
by
no
means
of
recent
growth.
The rerethis
important
matter
this important matter is by no means of recent growth.
ports of
the Assistant
Assistant to
the Inspector-General,
Inspeotor-General, Civil
Veterinary
of the
to the
Civil Veterinary
ports
Captains Pease
Pease and
Department, frOID
from 1895 to
to 1898,
and Gunn form
form
1898, by
Department,
by Captains
Punjab at
at that
that
aa fairly
of cattle-breeding
in the
the Punjab
fairly complete
complete sUt'vey
cattle-breeding in
survey of

time, and contaiu

many suggestions
which have
contain many
have
time,
suggestions and anticipations
anticipations which
received too
Pease's "H Note
received
too little
little attention.
attention. Captain
Pease's
on Indigenous
Note on
Captain
Indigenous
"
Breeds
in the
of Cattle
is a
of typical
Breeds of
a valuable
valuable record
Cattle in
the Punjab"
record of
Punjab is
typical
stock to
in the
the province,
province, but
hi. treatment
treatment of
the subject
stock
to be found
found in
of the
but his
subject

is primarily
primarily technical,
as the
the encouragement
such as
of
technical, and questions
encouragement of
questions such

is

village breeding,
village
breeding,

ond the
the preservation
and
preservation

of fodder
times of
of scarcity
scaroity
in times
of
fodder in

are only
survey of
in
of cattle
A survey
discussed.
cattle breeding
only incidentally
breeding in
incidentally discussed.
district is
each district
eaoh
being undertaken
undertaken by
the
Civil
Veterinary
is now being
the
Civil
by
Veterinary

is fully
fully occupied
by
Department.
as tho
of these
the time
these officers
time of
officers is
Department. But as
occupied by
of
the
survey
is
likely
to
be
their
duties
tho
progress
their ordinary
of
to
duties
the
the
is
be
likely
ordinary
survey
progress
slow.
slow.
the quinquennial
In the
census tt which
been taken
taken since
has been
cattle census
which has
since
quinquennial cattle
1899,
to the
num ..
the province
of information
a store
as to
store of
information as
the num1899, the
province possesses
possesses a
bers and dishibution
in this
bel'S
cattle. But mere figures
this case
distribution of
of its
its cattle.
case
figures in
*
See
Appendix NO.2.
See Appendix
No. 2.
t See
No. 1.
See AppelldiJ::
t
Appendix No.1.

2
2

unless
of the
the
estimate of
some estimate
unless supplemented
by sarno
supplemented by
into
quality
and
breed
of
the
ca.ttle
enumerated,
and
some
enquiry
into
breed
of
the
cattle
enumerated,
enquiry
quality
the relation
relation of
and supply.
In
present report
report an
of demand and
In the
the present
the
supply.
of the
attempt
has
been
to
focus
tbe
outstanding
features
of
tbo
has
features
been
made
the
to
focus
attempt
outstanding
tbe
extent
to
wbich
the
extraordinary
spread
of
cultivasubject,
of
cultivathe
the
extent
to
which
extraordinary spread
subject,
tion has
thfl necessity
of preserv~
tion
has diminished
diminished the
the 8011rCe~
of supply,
sources of
preservnecessity of
supply, the
iug
and
improving
the
remaining
breeding
centres,
the
developthe
and
the
developremaining breeding centres,
ing
improving
ex-..
ment of
the results
may be
be ex
of Government
and the
Government assistance,
results which
which may
assistance, and
pected
from
co-operative
effort.
effort.
pected
co-operative

are misleading,
are
misleading,

I
'

H.-PRESENT
OATTLE-BREEDING IN
PRESENT CONDITIONS OF CATTLE-BREEDING
II.
THE PUNJAB.
'rbe
twenty years
have been
been for
the Punjab
Punjab years
years of
of ununfor the
last twenty
The last
years have
exampled
development.
The
great
c;;Lual
colonies
been
have
great canal colonies
exampled development.

brought
existence, irrigation
the older
older canals
has excanals has
into existence,
irrigation from the
brought into
the
under
panded, while
the pressure
pressure of
has brought
the
of population
while the
brought
population has
panded,
the
of
of
the
plough
large
area,
of
unirrigated
land.
Tbe
cultivated
area
area
plough large areas of unirrigated land. The cultivated
North-West
Punjab
(excluding
tbe
districts
t,
r
ansferred
to
the
the
the
transferred
to
districts
(excluding
Punjab
to
Frontier
has grown
35,000 square
in 1890 to
miles in
Frontier Province)
Province) has
square miles
grown from 35,000
of
44,000
present year,
year, and.
percentage of
and the
in the
the percentage
the present
miles in
44,000 square
square miles
The
41
this mea
irrigation has
from 30 to
to 41.
'fhe
increased from
has lDcreased
area receiving
this
receiving irrigation
in the
number
bas ri,en
from 240,000
the last
last
to 280,000
of wells
risen from
wells haa
number of
280,000 in
240,000 to
rose
twenty
years.
Behveen
1891
and
1901
the
populatio.n
rose
from
the
1901
Between
and
1891
population
twenty years.
18~ to
millions.
to over 23 millions.
18|

'

This
rapid development
called for
corresponding increase
in
for a corresponding
This rapid
increase in
development called
the
required to
work the
and
wells,
bullocks required
of bullocks
to work
the ploughs
the number of
wells,
ploughs
I and
the milch
which provide
provide the
the dairy
cattle which
milch cattle
of
in the
and in
dairy requirements
requirements of
the
population. But hardly
hardly had
had this
this new demand declared
itself
declared itself
the population.
than
a perioa.
ten years'
years' famine
faced by
the province
of ten
famine and
than :the
by a
province was faced
period of
J scarcity.
The
unirrigated
tracts,
which
are
the
chief
sourceS of
are
chief
sources
of
the
unirrigated tracts,
scarcity.
and
the
were
being
heavily
drawn
upon
to
meet
the
were
the
the cattle
cattle supply
to
meet
drawn
being heavily
supply
upon
calls
cultivation, suffered
t he drought.
of expanding
suffered severely
calls of
from the
expanding cultivation,
drought.
severely from
The stock
while
decreased
wbile
there
no
sJackening
of
the
demand.
was
there
of
the
demand.
stock
slackening
Expanding
cultivation
diminished
grazing
grounds,
cultivation
meant
the
diminished
Expanding
grazing grounds, and the
in
the
matter
of
dairy
of
the
requirements
of
the
growing
population
growing population in the matter of dairy
requirements
I produce
'1'hat
the demand
with increasing
were supplied
That the
supplied with
increasing difficulty.
produce wore
difficulty.
for
draught
animals
has
been
-met
is
an
undoubted
fact,
has
is
been met
other-..
for draught animals
undoubted fact, other
wise
of wells
abandoned and land
should hear of
wells abanqpnei
land uncultivated.
wise we shonld
uncultivated.
,I But the
of the
been very
very great
the transition
strain of
the strain
transition period
has been
period has
great and
has
the conditions
cattle-breeding and
the cattle
cattle trade
conditions of
has affected
of cattle-breeding
trade
affected the
and the
throughout the
the province.
province.
.
throughout
.

result
The most obvious
nIt has
the great
the
has been
obvious res
been the
enhancement of
of the
great enhancement
cattle
and
of
of
price
of
draught
G,ttle
of
da~y
pro~uce.
In
1896
and
1899
In
draught
dairy produce.
price

3
of Barian.
under Btress
the z'mindar
to
zammdar of
of soaroity
stress of
Hariana was
was compelled
scarcity the
compelled to
sell off
off his
Bell
young stook
oheap
rates,
and
the
Lyall
pur
his young
stock at
at unusually
and
the
rates,
cheap
unusually
Lyallpur
in other
colonist,
this as
as in
profited considerably
by misin this
other respects,
miscolonist, in
respects, profited
considerably by
fortunes
the south-eastern
But the
store
waS
fortunes of
of the
south-eastern districts.
districts.
the Burplus
store
was
surplus

soon depleted,
Soon
continued to
to grow
prices were
the demand continued
till
were
grow till
depleted, and the
prices
forced
present level.
level. Another consequence
of
the
keen
forced to
their present
to their
of
the
keen
consequence
demand has
been the
exploitation of
or every
available
source
of
has been
the exploitation
available
source
of
every
supply,
and
the
increasing
popularity
of
the
male
buffalo
a8
a
of
the
the
buffalo
as
a
supply,
increasing popularity
draught
animal
affords
daily
evidence
of
changed
conditions.
animal
of
affords
evidence
conditions.
daily
draught
changed

qllality of
of tbe
has deteriorated
Whether the
the general
the oattle
cattle has
deteriorated is
is a
a
general quality
as
fine
os
any
ever
produoed
in
the
moot point.
point. Bullocks
Bullocks probably
as
moot
fine
ever
as
in
the
probably
produced
any
oountry
bougbt daily.
daily. But
But the
price
and are
can still
are bought
still be
be bought
the price
country oan
bought and

01 the
the central
oeutral _
is
prohibitive for
except the
the wealthy
wealthy zamind.r
is prohibitive
zamindar of
for all
all except

canal
and the
the average
average
the colonies.
canal districts
The quality
colonies.
of the
districts and
quality of
bullock
20
years
ago.
there
it was 20
is probably lower than it
bullock is
But
there is
is
years ago.
probably
no doubt that
wor-kiog
capacity
is
far
greater.
The
the general
far
is
that the
greater.
general working capacity
inefficient
to disappear
under the
the stress
of modern conditions.
inefficient tend
stress of
tend to
conditions.
disappear under
There is
is less
less fodder
the aged
infirm \
for the
less grazing
and less
and infirm
fodder for
aged a.nd
grazing ano

animal,
whose disposal
disposal has
bas been
been facilitated
development of
the development
facilitated by
of
animal, whose
by tile
the
cattle
trade
on
,strict
commercial
lines.
How
completely
the cattle trade on strict commercial lines.
completely

business-like
trade hilS
the pressure
pres~ure of
has become under the
of new
business-like this
this trade
economic forces
in cetail
consider in
detail tne
tne
will be
forces will
be apparent
apparent when we consider

sources
the moans
by which
the
which the
the demands of
sources of
of supply
means by
of the
and the
supply and

province
are satisfied.
satisfied.
province are

IlL-DEMAND
III.
DEMAND FOR DRAUGHT CATTLE.
Aooordinv.
to the
the returns
reLurns in
in the
the Crop
Season Report
and Season
for
Report for
Crop and
According to
the
190809,
the
number
of
ploughs
in
tbe
province
was
2,169,085
of ploughs in
2,169,085
1908-09, the
province
acres as
as the
and the
the
the sown area
area 29,2~297
acres, which gives
29,298^297 acres,
gives 1St
13J aCfes
to
The area
average
by each
area assigned
each plough.
area worked by
assigned to each
plough.
average area
'

plough varies
of course,
largely from district
district to
district according
to district
varies of
course, largely
according
plough
as
or rainfall.
Jullundur,
rainfall.
canals or
on wells,
cultivation depends
as the
the cultivation
Jullundur,
wells, canals
depends on
for
bullocks in
in
wells requires
its numerous wells
with its
for iU8tance,
instance, with
requires more bullocks
district
like
an
proportion
to
its
cultivation
than
unirrigated
district
like
to
its
cultivation
unirrigated
proportion
Hissar,
the new colonje~.
colonie^.
like the
canal- irrigated tracts
tracts like
or canal-irrigated
Hissar, or

is shown
But that
that the
the average
average of
is hardly
hardly correct is
acres is
of lSi
13^ ncreE!

by
the faot
that in
the bullocks
bullocks is
is
the strain
strain on the
in Lyallpllr,
fact that
Lyallpur, where the
by the
perhaps
than in
in any
other canal-irrigated
heavier than
district, the
canal-irrigated district,
any other
perhaps hea.vier

of bullocks
landlord
leaoiug his
lnnd eSlimates
yoke of
bullooks
that one
one yoke
his land
estimates that
landlord when leasing
will
plough
half
a
square
01'
14
acreS,
ffhe
provincial
4
The
a
acres.
half
or
will plough
average
provincial average
square
number
may
be
put
at
15
(tcres
per
plough,
and
no
doubt
aa large
large Dumber
at
15
acres
per plough,
may be put
use.
then
of
the
ploughs
recorded
are
not
in
use.
If
then
we
assume
15
acres
If
are
in
not
recorded
of the ploughs
1

as
the average
plough unit,
uDit, the
the number
Dumber of
of working
ploughs will
will
as the
working ploughs
average plough

be
be

are required.
1,953,2[7,
whioh 3,906,434
required.
oxen are
for which
1,953,217, for
3,906,434 oxen

Th~
The --

4
in the
number of
bulls in
the province
to the
the
of bullocks
bullocks and bulls
province according
according to
enumeration
was 4,247,494.
4,247,494. Allowing
for
one
per
of 1908-09
one
1908-09 was
for
enumeration of
per
Allowing
be taken
AS
cent.
the nuruber
of bullocks
taken as
bullocks may
number of
cent, being
bulls, the
being bulls,
may be
4,200,000.
But
have
Also
to
allow
for
inefficient
animals,
also
to
for
inefficient
have
allow
we
4,200,000.
animals,
for
those working
the wells,
wells, and for
a considerable
used
for a
for those
considerable number used
at the
working at
for
and
other
draught
work.
On
the
other
hand
the
male
the
the
other
hand
for cartage
and
male
other
work.
cartage
draught
buffalo
use in
for work
in the
into use
the Punjab
is coming
buffalo is
Punjab for
coming more and more into
in
well
wheels
and
carts
and
the
of
draught
and
of
carts
the
number
in ploughs,
and
well
wheels
draught
ploughs,
male
be
increasea.
by
a
good
proportion
of
the
mnle
animals
of
a
the
animals may
be
increased
good proportion
may
by
In
the
Rawalpindi
buffaloes,
which
in
1908-09
numbered
624,965.
In
the
iu
which
1908-09
numbered
624,965.
buffaloes,
Rawalpindi
the female
frequently used
used as
a.
Division
the cow
female buffalo
are frequently
Division the
and the
cow and
buffalo are
, draught
animals
and
as
tbere
are
no
complaints
of
land
left
left
of
land
no
as
animals
and
are
there
complaints
draught
uncultivated
wells unworked
unworked for
want of
the Dumber
number
of cattle,
uncultivated and
for want
and wells
cattle, the
of
required for
purposes
may
be
considered
be
considered
of animals
animals required
for draught
draught purposes may
is only
met by
every available
available
sufficient.
But the
the demand is
sufficient.
utilising every
by utilising
only met
I draught
animal
of
the
bovine
species.
idea
of
the
extent
of
extent
idea
the
Some
animal
the
of
bovine species.
draught
to
every
source
of
supply
is
Hploited
may
be
gathered
be
to which
is
source
which every
of supply
exploited may
gathered
from the
district visit
visit
from
the Gurdaspur
the fact
from the
fact that
zamindars from
that zamindars
Gurdaspur district
the
cattle
fairs
of
Hariana
in
order
to
buy
the
stunted
cattle
of
cattle
of
the
stunted
in
order
the cattle fairs of Banana
to buy
the
Bagri
villages
bordering
on
Bikanir,
which
are
despised
by
are
the Bagri villages bordering on Bikanir, which
despised by
every
can afford
while at
at
a better
of animal,
class of
afford a
better class
zamindar who can
animal, while
every zamindar
the
fair in
of supply
the Jast
to tap
last AmritBar
in their
efforts to
sources of
Amritsar fair
their efforts
supply
tap new sources
some
Fakirs of
of the
district had
had imported
some Fakirs
the Hoshiarpur
cattle from
imported cattle
Hoshiarpur district
\ the
the Karanli
State (Rajputana).
Karauli State
(Rajputana).
IV.-SUPPLY
IV. SUPPLY OF DRAUGHT OA'I'TLE.
CATTLE.
/

In certain
certain parts
In
parts of
Punjab, notably
riverain
of the
the Punjab,
the unhealthy
unhealthy riverain
notably the
cattle breeding
tracts,
breeding has
bas always
beeu
attended
witb
difficulty,
been
attended
with
tracts, cattle
always
difficulty,
it has
has been
necessary to
to supplement
by importaand it
been necessary
the local
local stock
stock by
supplement the
importabefore the
I
tion.
But before
rest of
of the
the
tion.
the spread
the rest
of canat
canal irrigation,
spread of
irrigation, the
I country
sell-suEporting. Each of
the divisions
divisions of
the province
province
of the
of the
country was selF-supporting.
maintained
breed. The
The Delhi
Delhi territory
was famous
famous
maintained a distinctiVe
distinctive breed.
territory was
the Hariana breed,
the Manjha and Malwa tracts
I
for
tracts each
for the
each produced
breed, theManjha
produced
were to
to be
a separate
type of
of animal,
the Bar and Kaohhi
Kachhi cattle
cattle were
be
animal, the
separate type
in the
the deserts
found in
deserts north
the Ravi,
Ravi, while
Punjab
north of
of the
the northern
while the
northern Punjab
had developed
characteristic varieties
of Dhani,
Dhani,
as those
such as
those of
varieties such
developed characteristic
Potwar and Talagang.
Talagang. The cultivation
the western
of the
cultivation of
western districts
districts
to the
the
being
confined 10
the comparatively
tracts near
near the
being confined
comparatively unhealthy
unhealthy tracts
rivers
no
great
rivers
developed
n~
indigenous
breed
of
any
note,
except
breed
of
great
developed
indigenous
any note, except
that of
Ghazi Khan district.
The
that
of Dajal
in the
the Dera
Dera Ghazi
district.
The supply
Dajal in
supply
cattle
of good
cattle
kept
up,
as
it
is
now,
by
importation
of
was
it
as
is
from
now, by importation from
good
kept up,
, Sindh.

Sindh.
\

of the
The development
the great
canal system
has ohanged
the
great canal
system has
development of
changed tbe
in no respect
of the
has it
face of
the province
face
but in
it produced
produced more marked
province but
respect has
resul1!!
the breeding
breeding of
of cattle.
When canal
cattle.
than in
canal irrigation
in the
results tban
irrigation

climate less
less healthy. begins
the increase
moisture renders
the climate
renders the
of moisture
increase of
healthy.
begins the
Breeding
becomes
less
and
less
successful.
Even
where,
as in
and
less successful.
in the
less
becomes
the
where, as
Breeding
in
of
the
lower
reaches
of
the
SirhiI!.Q.
Canal
and
in
parts
of
the
colonies,
Canal
Sirhind
the
lower reaches of
parts
colonies, climatic
conditions
are
still
not
unfavourable,
the
contraction
of
the
still
not
are
contraction
of
unfavourable,
climatic conditions
be
grazing
grounds
makes
the
zamindar
less
inclined
to
less and les8
less inclined
zamindar
the
makes
to
be
grazing grounds
his own plough
of breeding
at
the trouble
and expense
expense of
plough cattle,
and
at the
trouble and
cattle, and
breeding his
to stall-feed
tbeir animals learn
learn that
that it
cultivators
ho have
have to
stall-feed their
it does
who
does
cultivators w
not
pay
to
keep
more
t.han
are
sufficient
fOI"
their
own
requirement.
____
for
their
than
are
sufficient
not pay to keep
requirement. ^_
As
improved
communicAtions
have
gone
hand-in-hand
with
exhave
with exAs improved communications
gone
easier to
panding irrigation,
the cultivator finds it
it easier
buy his
his cattle
to buy
cattle
irrigation, the cultivator finds
panding
tban
to
brood
a
type
suitable
to
his
requirement..
The
local
type
to
his
local type
than to breed a type suitable
requirements.
is
replaced
by
imported
Rnimals,
the
distinctive
breed
and
the
distinctive breed __
is
replaced by imported animals,
that
found
disapE"ars.
Thus
Pease found tbat very
very few pure
pure bred
bred
Thus Captain
Captain Pease
disappears.
of
the
cattle
formerly
choracteristic
of
the
specimens
existed
the
cattle formerly
of
characteristic
of
existed
the
specimens
in the
the Karnal
Kamal district.
In
that locality
_
Nardak and
and Bangar
tiacts in
district.
In that
Ban gar tracts
Nardak
locality
well irrigation
from
a
deep
water
level
on
by
means
of
level carried
carried
a
water
from
of
means
well
deep
by
irrigation
in favour
powerful
bullQ.cks has
has been
been abandoned
favour of
of canal
abandoned in
canal irrigation.
irrigation. ~
powerful bullocks
the
In
days
of
the
canal
the
Bangar
couptry
swamped
of
the
canal
was
the early
In the
Bangar
country
early days
swamped
and
unhealthy for
aud beast.
beast. The local
local breeds
breeds for men and
and became
became unhealthy
is
is
now
taken
by
importations
gradually
disappeared,
and
their
place
taken
and
their
place
by importations
gradually disappeared,
from the
Roh1!k and Hissar.
Major
Hissar.
tracts of
of Rohtak
Hariana tracts
from
the Hariana
Walker
Major Walker
in
the
in
receut survey
of
cattle
in
the
Amritsar
1)istrict
states
that
District
of
cattle
states
in his
that
his recent
survey
the
Manjha breed
described by
by Captain
Captain Pease
Pease is
almost
is now almost
breed described
the Manjha
extinct
~'ype. Similar
at work in
in the
the case
case
are at
Similar forces
forces are
a separate
as a
extinct as
separate type.
of
breed. In
tracts before
the advent
of the
the \
In the
the Bar tracts
before the
advent of
of the
the Malwa breed.
and
the
canal
the
Bar
herds
though
famous
~
cultivation was done,
canal little
little cultivation
famous
done,
though
for
their milch
never produced
produced draught
draught cattle
any
cattle of
cattle never
of any
milch cattle
for their
importance.
importance.
are now practically
The
the cattle
cattle supply
of the
The sourceS
sources of
confined
supply are
practically confined
of the province,
to
the south
province, the
the Potwar,
south of
in the
tracts in
Hariana tracts
the Hariana
to the
Potwar,
Dhani
tracts 01
the Rawalpindi,
Rawalpindi, Jhelum
Jhelum and
of the
and Attock
and Talagang
Attock
Dhani and
Talagang tracts
the country
near Dajal
districts
North-West, and the
Dajsl in
in Dera
in tbe
the North-West,
Dera
districts in
country near
as the
the Ferozepore
such as
Ghazi
the
tracts such
Certain tracts
Ghazi Khan. Certain
district, the
Ferozepore district,
still to
Colonies are
are still
to some extent
selfPhulkian
the Colonies
extent selfStates and the
Phulkian States
province though
though producing
producing and
supporting.
the province
of the
and
rest of
supporting. The rest
a
to
the
Unite!tProvinces)
a
number
of
inferior
exporting
(chiefly
the
of
to
United
inferior
Provinces)
exporting (chiefly
animals,
its best
the cattle on importations
for its
relies for
best draught
from the
animals, relies
importations from
draught cattle
breeding
centres.
remaining
centres.
remaining breeding

BREEDING ARRANGEMENTS.
districts of
Most villages
villages in
in the
the central
the of the
central and southern districts
Most
province
one or
by GovernGovern
or more bulls,
have one
occasionally provided
provided by
bulls, occasionally
province have
as a
ment but
more often
a religious
loose as
well-tolet loose
often let
but more
ment
duty by
religious duty
by well-todo
usually provide
provide yearlings,
yearlings,
zamindars. Wealthy
or zamindare.
do ba!!ias
banias or
Wealthy Hindus usually
if sufficienttoo olten
quality. But village
eommuDitie~, if
sufficientinferior quality.
too
of iuferior
village communities,
often of
V.-GENERAL
GENERAL
V.

66
and united,
ly
bulls for
the village
village and
for the
the uso
use of
of the
and
united, bl1Y
strong and
]y strong
buy bulls
e:xercise
in their
They
procure
a
exercise great
care in
their selection.
selection.
great care
They generally
generally procure a
bull calf
two year
year old
old bull
from Rs,
Rs. 60
60 to
Rs. 125,
the price
price being
two
calf co,ting
to Rs.
125, the
costing from
being

in consideration
often
reduced in
of the
the bull
bull is
to be
be
often reduced
consideration of
the USE!
use to
to which
which the
is to
put.
No special
the feeding
of
these
are made
for the
made for
of
these
special al'rangements
put.
arrangements are
feeding
animals.
animals.
r:rhey
generally follow
follow the
village herds
herds and graze
graze with
with
the village
They generally

I
J

are allowed
them,
to bull
This
allowed to
bull the
the cows
This
cows promiscuously.
them, and are
promiscuously.
practice
satisfactory results
results provided
the buDs
bulls are
are of
of good
practice gives
gives satisfactory
provided the
good
quality.
Unfortunately
progeny, thes.
not actually
actually
the progeny,
for the
sires if
if not
thesa sires
Unfortunately for
quality.
at the
inferior
with the
herd even
the outset,
inferior at
are left
left with
the herd
even when enfeebled
enfeebled
outset, are
by
age,
or
suffering
from
disea
s
e.
The
people
are
usually
too
or
from
disease.
The
are
age,
suffering
by
people
usually too

apathetic
of .rt>
ligious prejudice
to arrange
in the
face of
the face
powerless in
apathetic or powerless
religious
prejudice to
arrange
for
out sires.
arrangements
for the removal of
of inferior
inferior or
or worn out
No arrangements
sires.
are
keeping young
stock sepnl'ate
the cows,
are made for
for keeping
male stock
cows,
young ID\l.le
separate from the
and the
of
immature
hulls
iR
too
often
in
evidence.
the feeble
feeble offspj'ing
often
in
of
is
too
bulls
evidence.
offspring

Io
western districts
In the
the north-western
north-western and western
districts the
the methods
methods of
of
breeding
Bulls
are occasionally
found
are somewhat different.
Bulls are
different.
breeding are
occasionally found

either
to Government or
or dedicated
dooicated by
Hindus common
either belonging
by Hindus
belonging to

to
the whole village.
to the
village.

Bnt usnally
by private
are owned by
But
they are
usually they
private

individuals,
and in
in parts
parts of
of Ohakwal
and at
Dajal fees
charged
Ohakwal and
fees are
are charged
at Dajal
individuals, and
for
for

~ervices.
services.

There is
is no
no doubt that
that this
this is
the only
is the
only sound system
system

of
of cattle-breeding.
cattle-breeding.
.

But,
as the
Deputy Oommissioner
Jhelum
the Deputy
Commissioner of
of Jhelum
But, as

remarks,
are not.oriously
the comparatively
comparatively
the people
factious, and the
remarks, the
people are
notoriously factions,
few owners of
of bulls
will only
allow
to
serve
their
friends
them
to
serve
their
friends''
bulls will
allow
only
cows.
bulls, and
and indeed
indeoo all
cattle, are
all cattle,
fed to
The bulls,
are stall
a much
cows. '1'he
stall fed
to a
greater
but they
in the
than in
southern districts,
extent than
the central
central and southern
districts, but
greater extent
they
are
plenty
of
exercise,
generally
Su~i8ion
are given
under
of
exercise, generally
given plenty
supervision... Great
t.aken, especially
tbe western
districts, to-keep
care
is taken,
care is
to keep the
the male
in the
western districts,
especially in

I, stock
the cows
stock apart
from the
and heifero.
heifers.
cows aDd
apart from
'\

_ Buffalo
Buffalo bulls
bulls are
tbe property
property of
and are
are chosen
individuals aud
chosen
of individuals
are the
....

with great
care.
with
great care.

}-'ees,
their
are charged
for their
Fees, usually
usually one rupee,
rupee, are
charged for

servioe.
service.

VI.-BREEDlNG
VI.
BREEDING

AND EXPORTING
EXPOR'rING TRAOTS.
TRACTS.
(i).
(i).

//\

\r

HARlAN A.
HAEIANA.

The
Hissar and
Robtak, and Gurgaon,
together
and Rohtak,
of Hissar
districts of
The districts
Gurgaon, together
and
of
with
territory
of
the
Phulkian
States,
of
Hikanir,
the
of
the adjoining
States,
with the
Bikanir,
adjoining territory
and
may
be
oonsidered
as
constituting
the
Hariana
tract.
as
the
tract,
considered
b3
and .Taipul',
constituting
Jaipur, may

of Hariana
"The whole of
Of
this country
writes: "'rhe
Of this
Captain Pease writes
country Captain
in
of
produces
a
number
of
cattle
greatly
in
excess
of
requirements,
cattle
of
a
requirements,
greatly
produces
from which are supplied
and
as aa store
st01'e f!'Om
looked upon
and must
must be
be looked
supplied many
many
upon as
:

in
of
tbe Punjab
North-Western' Provinces,
Provinces, in
in the
of the
the districts
districts in
Punjab and North-Western
out
extensive
which cattle-breoding
has
heen
completely
pushed
ont
by
extensive
has
been
which
completely pushed
by
cattle-breeding

cultivation."
cultivation,"

This
well known fact
fact hal'dly
but it
is
it is
This well
demonstration, but
hardly requires
requires demonstration,
it reCl;)iVdS
interesting
to
obsorve
the
confirmation
it
the
returns
receives
from
the
returns
to
observe
interesting

.f

of
the seasonal
tract is
is noted,
noted, J
the tract
for which the
seasonal fairs,
at the
sold at
stock sold
of stock
fairs, for
the Province.
and
census of
Province. Every
animal
animal
of the
cattle census
recent cattle
the recent
from the
and from
Every
attending
fair is
is bred
Central Punjab
district ~
bred locally,
the fair
locally, and every
every Central
Punjab district
attending the
draws
bullocks. A large
majority
of
those
record~
of
those
recordfor bullocks.
Hariana for
on Hariana
draws on
large majority
ed
the tract
tract itself
almost
immediately
find their
almost
itself find
their way
in the
as sold
sold in
ed as
way
immediately
into
or are
are taken by
local
other districts,
of traders
traders from other
hands of
the hands
into the
districts, or
by looal
the
dealers
to Lyallpnr
to
meet
the
demands
of
cultivation
in
the
the
of
in
new
meet
cultivation
to
dealers to
Lyallpur
colonies.
colonies.

The sales
sales to
of the
tbe United Provinces
are scarceProvinces are
scarcedistricts of
to distrIcts

ly
less numerous.
ly less numerous.

Having regard
the admitted excellence
to the
excellence of
of
regard to
Having

the Hariana
this tract
traot as a store-house
of
of this
store-house of
breed the importance
Hariana breed
the
importance of
cattle
for
tho
rest
of
the
Punjab
cannot
be
over
estimated.
The
be
the
cannot
over-estimated*
of
the
rest
cattle for
Punjab

whole population
population of
Hariana is
is vitally
in the
the maintenmainteninterested in
of Hariana
whole
vitally interested
ance
of
this
store
and
th
e
matter
is
of
no
less
importance
to the
the
is
of
less
the
ance of this store
importance to
districts
drawing
their
supplies
from
this
sonrce.
this
source.
districts drawing their supplies

,
physical features
features of
HaI'iana constitute
constitute an ideal
ideal breeding
of Hariana
The physical
breeding
ground.
The
climate
is
though
at
times
extremely
hot,
at
times
is dry,
and
climate
though
dry,
extremely hot,
ground.
i8
generally
healthy.
rl'he
dry
sandy
soil
contains
u.n
amount
of
soil
an
The
of
is generally healthy.
dry sandy
lime
essential
to
bone
formation
in
young
stock.
I_rhe
rainfall
is
The
in
formation
stock.
rainfall
is
lime essential to
young
scanty,
but
a
few
monSoon
sholvors
produce
a
plentiful
crop
of
a
monsoon showers produce
plentiful crop of
scanty, but a

fields and on
excellent
both in
on the
the sandy
in the
the cultivated
cultivated fields
excellent grasses
grasses both
sandy
of
the
more
arid
traots.
In
hillooks,
which"ilre
a
marked
feature
feature of the
arid tracts.
In
hillocks, whicn are a
the dry
the scarcity
fodder, inasmuch as
it forces
the
of fodder,
as it
forces the
the
seasons the
scarcity of
dry seasons

animals to
in search
search of
needs, ensures
sufficiency
of their
their needs,
ensures a sufficiency
far in
animals
to roam far

of
wbile the
in quantity,
quantity, (
the fodder
fodder itself,
deficient in
of exercise,
itself, though
exercise, while
though deficient
is always
.rich
in
nitrogenous
principles.
in
rich
is
principles.
nitrogenous
always
in enclosures
The cattle
generally kept
enclosures formed
cattle are
are generally
of dried
formed of
dried
kept in
thorny
Jhar
bnshes
(zizyphus
nummularia)
inside
the
thorny Jhar bushes (zizyphus nummularia) inside the village.
village.
Tha
herds consisting
of cows,
COWEI, young
The herds
bullocks not
not
stock, and bullocks
young stock,
consisting of
out to
actually
working, al"e
driven out
to graze
every morning
morning and
are driven
graze every
actually working,
return at
return
at night.
night.
first calf
calf at
most of
Cows usually
have their
of
their first
at about
about 4 years,
usually have
years, most
the
in the
the calves being
born in
the latter
mon ths of
the cold
weather.
latter months
of the
cold weather.
being born
half the
The calve,
are usually
usually allowed
allowed half
the milk
milk for
and are
are
calves are
for 4 months
months and
then
and sent
the herd
herd to
graze. Bull
Bull
then gradually
out with
sent out
with the
to graze.
gradually weaned and
calves
not selected
are castrated
castrated
calves which remain unsold,
selected as
if not
as bulls,
unsold, if
bulls, are
between two
three years
of age.
To supplement
the
grazing
between
the
two and three
grazing
years of
age.
supplement
/

to which the
h~rds are
are driven
driven every
stall-feeding]s
to
is given,
the herds
every day,
given,
day, stall-feeding
in
especially
in
the
rainy
season
before
the
grass
springs
up.
The
rainy
grass springs up.
especially
staple
fodders are
jowar-chari. chaffed
or thrown
in
are jowar-chari,
fodders
chaffed or
thrown down in
staple

bundles;
pala or
leaYes of
tbe Jhar
Jhar (zizyphus
nummnlaria) ;
or the
the leaves
of the
bundles pala
(zizyphus nummularia)
in
wheat and gram,
bhusa
gram,
khol
or
oilcake
in
tho
hot
8eaSOD,
bhusa.
or
the
Tchal
hot season,
oilcake
gram,
gram,
and binaulct
seed)
in
the
cold.
Cows
in
milk
and
working
in
the
in
binaultf (cotton
cold.
seed)
(cotton
working
bullocks get
than dry
cows and bnllocks
not in
work.
in work.
bullocks not
bullocks
get more than
dry cows
;

The indigenous
is by
or
no means
in sIze
breed is
means uniform
uniform in
size or
indigenous breed
by no
quality.
,'he
typical
characteristics
are
thus
described
by
Major
The
are
characteristics
thus
described
quality.
typical
by Major
Wolker,
Department.
Civil Veterinary
Chief Superintendent,
Walker, Obief
Superintendent, Oivil
Veterinary Department.

"The ca.ttle
Hariana tract
vary considerably
considerably in
size, but
but they
of the
in size,
tract vary
cattle of
the Hariana
they
are similar
in general
are
similar in
characteristics.
general characteristics.
inohes in
Typical
from 54
are comto 60
60 inches
in height
animals vary
54 to
they are
vary from
Typical anima.ls
height and they
pact,
active
and
powerful.
active
pact,
powerful.
In
the cattle
cattle of
the neck
In colonr
neck
of this
this breed
colour the
breed are
are almost
almost invariably
invariably grey,
grey, the
darker grey
and shoulders
being of
in Borne
of a.
a darker
shoulders being
some cases.
cases.
grey in
shoulders.
The bulls
are generally"black
or blue,
blue, grey
the neck
neck and shoulders.
over the
bulls are
grey over
generally black or
rather thick
thick in
comparison with
The
black in
in comparison
in colour
with
is usually
colour and rather
The skin
skin is
usually black
English
cattle.
cattle.
English

the face
elongated; the
the ears
long and
The
is light
face elongated
ears are
are long
The head is
light and the
inclined
to be
pendulous. Very
large and pendulous
pendulous ears
are disliked
disliked by
be pendulous.
ears are
inclined to
by
Very large
the people.
The
horns are
fine and
rather short;
they
horizonand rather
are ca.rried
carried horizon~
are fine
short
The horns
the
they are
people.
are
tally
and when longer
longer curve
curve upwards
and inwards.
inwards. They
short, and
They are
tally when short,
upwards and
u15ually
in colour.
black in
colour.
usually black
;

of medium length,
length, and
and the
hump large
large especially
in bulls.
bulls.
The neck
is of
the hump
neck is
especially in
The body
is light
legs j the
the tail
the feet
feet
thin
is short
short and thin;
the
clean legs
tail is
longish clean
body is
light on longish
hard
and
well
shaped.
small,
well
hard
and
small,
shaped.
;

and pendulous
in the
the
The
is large
the sheath
sheath in
The dewlap
pendulous;j the
dewlap is
large and
and close.
and
close.

males
males

is
short
is short

build. The udder

udder is
The cows
in build,
are of
of course
course li~bter
is capacious
cows are
lighter in
capacious and
wen
well forward
with the
veins well
the milk
forward with
milk veins
well developed;
extends well
formed and extends
well formed
developed
in thickness,
half to
to two inches
in length,
equal in
thickness, and
teats from
a half
inches in
from one
one and a
teats
length, equal
hanging
A good
gives from 8 to
to 12
12 seers
milch cow gives
seers
good milch
perpendicularly.
hanging perpendicularly.
the yield
is tlxported."
native country,
daily
falls off
off when the
the cow is
its native
in its
country, but the
yield falls
exported."
daily in
;

'l'he
lying between
the Salt
the Sohan
Salt Hange
The country
between the
Sohan
country lying
Range and the
River is
of the
the PunPunis to the
the north-western
districts of
north-western districts
tract.
Dhanni
Dhanni
tr&c~.
jab
what
the
Hariana
tract
is
to
the
south.
'rhe
the
tract
the
what
Hariana
is
to
The
south.
/
jab
climate
is
healthy
and
the
cultivation
depends
entirely
on
rainfall.
the
cultivation depends entirely
rainfall.
climate is healthy
in the
for excepting
excepting
rrhere
true sense
of the
is little
little grazing
the true
the term,
sense of
There is
term, for
grazing in
the
the ravines
whicb intersect
country, every
intersect tbe
the country,
ravines which
the rocky
ridges and the
every
rocky ridges
But
the
people
are
good
cattle
masters,
acre
is
under
cultivation.
the people are good cattle masters,
acre is under cultivation.
to exerand
pride in
a pride
in their
are ca.reful
their anima.ls,
and take
which they
careful to
exertake a
animals, whioh
they are
cise
is available.
Communications are
stil1 difficult,
far as
so far
as space
are still
available.
Communications
cise so
difficult,
space is
and this
this fact
has tended
tended tc
to preserve
or more distinct
fact has
distinct vavapreserve two or
'rhe
general type
is thus
rieties.
described
The general
thus describedrieties.
type is

(ii)
The Pothwar
(ii) The Pothwar-

as Jothwar and Nukra

The Dhanni breed
breed of
of cattle,
also known
kuown as.l'othwar
cattle, also
area
in
the
tc aa comparatively
small
area
in
the
Jhelum,
and
is
small
is confined
confined to
Attock and
Jhelum, Attcck
comparatively
centres
Rawalpindi
districts,
the
chief
breeding
centres
being
Ch.kw.1
and
the
chief
Chakwal
districts,
breeding
being
Rawalpindi
differ considerably
&re uniform
uniform and
and differ
Talagang.
animals are
The animals
from
considerably from
Talagang. Tbe
the other
of the
the Punjab.
the
other breeds
breeds of
Punjab.

9
In height
II)
the bulls
b1llls vary
vary from
from 50
inohes, they
are com
56 inches,
50 to
to 56
comheight the
they are
pR9t
and
very
active.
and
active.
pact
very
The colour
considerably. Animals
colour varies
varies considerably.
Animals with
with pa.rti-,colou~ed,
parti-coloured!
or mottled
or
coats predominate.
predominate. White
mottled black
white coats
black and white
White cattle
cattle often
often
show
patches in
black patches
in the
the skin.
skin.
show black

The head is
is short
~hort but
but wide,
wide, eyes
muffle wide
wide and coarse,
small, mume
coarse,
eyes small,
ears
pendulous but
but short..
Horns
vary
in
size,
being either
either
in
ears pendulous
Horns
size,
short..
vary
being

short
Or fairly
fairly long,
long, growing
upwards and
short and stumpy
and curving
stumpy or
growing upwards
curving
inwards.
inwards.
The head
on aa powerful
powerful short
neck which
\Vb,ich
is carried
carried on
short thick
head is
thick neck
weI!
developed
hump.
The
dewlap
is
well
defined,
terminates
in
a
in
a
is
well
well
terminates
developed hump.
dewlap
defined,
as the
is very
rery
and
back as
often extends
sheath. The ,heath
far back
extends as
as far
the sheath.
sheath is
and often
slllall,
back
straight
and
long
with
sloping
quarters;
the
body
small, back straight and long with sloping quarters the body
heavy,
well rounded
rounded and deep
girth; tail
tail well
on, long
long :tnri
set on,
well set
ribs well
nd
heavy, ribs
deep girth
;

thin with
bair which .terminates
tuft reaching
t.o the
the
a tuft
in a
thin
fine hair
with fine
terminates in
reaching to
heels
I,~s short,
thigh powerful
powedul but
but light
below the
the
forearm and
heels ;; legs
and thigh
short, forearm
light below
knee
hoofs small
olose.
knee and hock;
hock ; hoofs
small aud
and close.

The bullock
the bnll,
bullock closely
resembles the
to the
the late
late
closely resembles
bull, owing
owing to
period
at
which
the
latter
is
castrated.
This
is
done
is
at
This
the
latter
is gi'uerally done
which
castrated.
period
generally
from
years. He is
is aa very
very willing
used for
for
to 4 years.
3 to
from 3
worker, chiefly
willing worker,
chiefly used
" bands
making"
bands
",
ploughing
and
working
at
the
wells.
Bull
cnlves
at
the
wells.
Bull
calves
", ploughing
making
working
are
well cared
are well
cared for.
for.
small and poorly
The cow is
poorly developed,
white, grey
is small
colour white,
or
developed, colour
grey or
101lg
mottled;
the male
male; horns
horns fairly
head and face
finer than
than in
in the
face finer
mottled; head
fairly long
and upright;
legs weak
weak and
and calf-kneed.
calf -kneed.
and
legs
upright
;

The most distinctive

distinctive and in
respecl s the
best variety
variety
in many
the best
many respects
is
the TalA.gang
The characteristic
features (1
these animals
breed.
characteristic features
of these
is the
animals
Talagang breed.
are
delicate skin
and the
circular markings
skin and
the circular
fine delicate
their fine
which show
are their
markings which
of the
the
beneath
Tbey
found in
it.
are found
in TalHgang,
the CPGtre
centre of
beneath it.
Talngang, the
They are
Awankari,
the tract
tract inhabited
inhabited by
by the
the Awan whose own fine
fine stat,ure
stature
Awankari, the
The Chakwal or
is
of the
admirable climate.
climate, 'the
Dhanni
the admirable
or Dhanni
evidence of
is evidence
in
the
of
is
variety,
found
in
the
neighbonrhuod
of
Ohakwal,
is
a
lea.
pure
found
a
less
Chakwal,
variety,
neighbourhood
pure
hardy and
and sought
after.
Breeding
is
also
breed.
is no
no Ie,s
after.
but i.
is
less hardy
also
breed* but
Breeding
sought
J atli in
in the
Potwar tract
Khan
carried
of the
the Gujar
tract of
near Jatli
the Potwar
on near
carried on
Qujar
of the
the
tehsi!
ceTtain extent
in the
Fatteh-jang
to a
the Fattentehsil of
a certain
tehsil and to
extent in
jang tebsil
Attock
District.
Attock District.
Owing
the lack
of grnzing
cattle, and
and
all
alluded to
to above,
to the
lack of
above, all
cattle,
Owing to
grazing allnded

especially
bulls, are
are stall
stall fed.
fed. Bull-calves
as muoh
Bull-calves are
are given
the bulls,
much
given as
especially lhe
of
the
cow's
milk
as
they
require
for
foUl'
or
five
months.
for
four
or
five
months. They
of the cow's milk as they require
'''hey

to the
the season.
then
or molA
mutll _,,-cnordin/l
They
then get
boiled gram
season.
according to
gram _Qr_get boiled
They
the rabi
rabi and chari
are
wLeat and gram
cha-ri and
and
cut gI'lleDm
are given
given wheat
green^ln the
gram out
to an!
in the
mol~ in
the kharif,
kharif, in
in addition
grazing which
which may
ma! be
be
wot/*
addition to
any grazing

!3

10
10

available.
neglected and
bulls
Heifer calves
are neglected
and underfed.
calves are
available. -Heifer
underfed. The
The bulls
are
to
the
work
of
terracing
and
embanking
tbe
slopes
and
to
the
are put
and
work
of
the
terracing
put
embanking
slopes and
of
cultivation
is
extended.
If
not
sold
ravines
which
the
area
cultivation
is
If
ravines by
the
area
extended.
sold
which
of
not
by
of 44 they
they are
to the
tbe risk
before
tbe age
are castrated,
risk
and owing
before the
castrated, and
owing to
age of
attending
the
operation
an
owner
will
often
ask
and
sometimes
the
will
an
and
sometimes
often
ask
attending
operation
obtain"
prico for
tho animal
as aa bullock
a bull.
animal as
obtain a higber
than as
bull.
for the
bullock than
as a
higher price

v'

7 \

This
of supply,
~ its
i11l J.~ibility
has only
only
This source
source of
owing to
inaccessibility has
supply, owing
been
drawn
upon
in
comparatively
recent
years.
But
the
breed
been drawn upon in comparatively recent years. But the breed
is now well-known
the bulls
bull' are
in demand for
where
are in
for tracts
and the
tracts where
well-known and
is
the
heavier
Harian3
animal
is
unsuited
to
the
small
indigenollB
the heavier Hariana animal is unsuited to the small indigenous
.tock.
Thus the
riverain tracts
the Ajnala
Ajnala tehsil,
the
of the
the riverain
tracts of
stock.
tehsil, and the
TalagangGurdaspur
are now importing
and Ferozepore
districts are
importing TalagangGurdaspur and
Ferozepore districts
bulls and bullocks
Potwar
large numbers
n umbers of
bullocks are
are disposed
and large
of bulls
Potwar bulls,
bulls, and
disposed
fair in
the Amritsar
Amritsar
of
at the
8hah fair
in l:lialkot
Sialkot and at
at the
the Galu
Gulu Shah
of yearly
yearly at
in the
districts of
They have
bave
fairs
of the
the Central
Central Punjab.
use in
fairs for
for nse
the districts
Punjab. They
also
been largely
by
settlers
from
the
northern
districts
the
from
northern
districts
settlers
also been
largely imported
by
imported
ready sale
a\
into
colonies, and
find a
and find
a ready
sale at
and Lyallpur
into the
the Jhelum
Jhelum and
Lyallpur colonies,
good
prices
obtained
are
inducing
the
the
fairs.
The
are
obtained
the
the Lyallpur
fairs.
inducing
good prices
Lyallpur
off their
theirlocally
bred cattle
by
Awans to
and replace
sell off
cattle and
Awans
to sell
replace them by
locally bred
traders
from
down
country
the inferior
brought by
the
from
inferior animals
animals brought
traders
country
by
fairs,
there is
a danger
the bl'eed
of the
and there
is evidently
breed deterioratmg
fairs, and
danger of
deteriorating
evidently a

"
under stress
of the
the increasing
stress of
i
increasing demand.

--

In
the Western
Western Punjab
the only
of any
any
In the
centres of
breeding centres
Punjab the
only bree<ling
The
Western
value
lying
within
the
boundaries
of
the
province
value
within
the
of
the
boundaries
The Western
lying
province
centres.
breeding centres.
breeding
are
the two
are the
tahsils of
of the
two southern
southern tahsils
the Dera
Dera Gbazi
Ghazi
Khan district,
the Rohjan
country, the
territories of
the
of the
the territories
district, including
including the
Eohjan country,
In
In
reality
these
two
tahsils
form
the
northern
Mazari
Chiefs.
Mazari Chiefs.
tahsils
the northern
reality these
the great
limit
of
breeding tracts
of Balochistan
Baloohistan and
the Sukkur
of the
limit
tracts of
and the
great breeding
as
Just
northwest of
the Punjab
Punja" is
District.
Just as the
the north-west
District.
of the
is supplied
from
supplied from
so the
the
the Dhanni-Potwar
and the
Rarians, so
the south
the
Dhanni-Potwar tracts,
south from
from Hariana,
tracts, and
the western
best
Muzaffargarh and
and the
the
best cattle
of the
western districtB,
cattle of
districts, Multan,
Multan, Muzaffargarh
country
Derajat are
are imported
the Sukkur
and Balochistan
from the
Balochistan country
Sukkur and
imported from
Derajat
as the
on the
the west
bank of
Indus, wbich
west bank
of Indus,
thus be
classed as
be classed
the
which may
may thus
third source
of supply.
The most
most noted
breeding centre
source of
noted western
centre
western breeding
third
supply.
the boundaries
actually
the Punjab'is
within the
the neighbourhood
boundaries of
of the
actually within
neighbourhood
Punjab is the
^ of
~
Jampur tehsil,
but the
breed of
this tract
tract i.
in tbe
the Jampur
is
of Vajal
the breed
of this
tehsil, but
Dajal in
merely an
of the
the famous
breed, found
in
an offshoot
offshoot of
found in
famous Bhagnari
merely
Bhagnari breed,
near Sibbi,
t<ehsil near
and owes
rigin to
to aa number of
of
the Bhag
Boag tehsil
the
its o
owes its
Sibbi, and
^origin
Bhagnari bulls
specially imported
imported into
about
80
years
ago.
bulls specially
80
into Dajsl
about
Bhagnari
ago.
Dajal
years
<itt1
")

in Captain
TheBhagnari cattle
The characteristics
are given
of the
characteristics of
the Bhagnari
cattle are
Captain
given in
"
Peaee'..." Breeds
Punjab Cattle.
of Punjab
Pease's
Breeds of
Cattle. "

" These cattle

for draught
"These
are by
by far
far the
purpoB..
bred for
the best
best bred
cattle are
draught purposes
stature
II have
hlIve yet
seen
in
the
Punjab.
They
are
above
medium
stature
are
above
yet seen in the Punjab. They

ii

about
hand. at
at the
the .houlder,
hand.ome, possessing
pogsessing fine
GIIe
14 hands
about 14
shoulder, very
very handsome,
.ilky
coat.
and
thin
skins,
the
colour
of
the
skins
invariably
thin
the
colour
of
and
the
skins
coats
skins,
silky
invariably
black
the hair
covering them white
hair covering
or grey,
and of
white or
of the
black and
grey, generally
generally
black
shoulders and
and neck,
the rest
of tbe
being
rest of
the shoulders
the body
about the
black about
neck, the
body being
white. Some are
darker than
than others
others in
but
generally
in colour,
are much darker
but
white.
colour,
generally
white
Tbey are
easy to
are easy
to distinguish
from other
white predominates.
other _
They
distinguish from
predominates.
Punjab
breeds,
poesessing
well-marked
differences.
The
first
well-marked
differences.
The
first
Punjab breeds, possessing
point
which
strikes
ue
is
the
head,
whioh
is
very
bovine
in
us
is
the
strikes
is
which
which
bovine
in
head,
very
point
appearance,
that
is
to
say,
tbe
frontal
and
parietal
region
is
that
the
to
frontal
and
is
say,
parietal region is
appearance,
the

very
broad
and
massive,
the
frontals
specially
are
broad
and
the
frontals
and
are
broad
broad
and
the
massive,
specially
very
very wide
wide apart
apart; the
horn
the barns
are Bet
set on very
horns theinselve.
horn cores
cores are
themselves being
being
of great
girth, and terminating
in aa broadish
braadish
ehort,
short, stumpy,
terminating in
great girth,
stumpy, of
is in
point.
Their
direction is
in almost
cases
all
almost all
Their direction
cases outwards
outwards and
and
point.
upwards.
The
forehead
arches
very
considerably,
and
is
broad,
forehead
arches
and
is
broad,
very considerably,
upwards.
dipping
a level
tbe superior
commissnre of
the eyes.
eyes.
at a
level with
with the
of the
superior commissure
dipping again
again at
It
again
curves
slightly
forwards
just
above
tbe
muille.
forwards
the
curves
above
It again
mufHe. The
The
just
slightly
is
small,
tbe
jaw
light;
tbe
eye
large
and
mild,
tbe ear
mnille
the
the
is
and
muffle
ear
small,
jaw light;
eye large
mild, the
of
is carried
in Borne
The head
head is
size.
carried fairly
but in
of medium size.
some
erect, but
fairly erect,
cases
below the
the line
the back.
back. The neck
line of
of the
is slightly
is very
neck is
cases is
slightly below
very
the
sbort
comparatively.
Tbe
dewlap
well
developed
as
The
short comparatively.
is the
dewlap well developed as is
is
and
good,
broad
aDd
deep,
tbe
sboulder
good,
hump.
Tbe
cbest
is
good, broad
deep, the shoulder good,
hump. The chest
ligbt; the
of medium
medium
.loping
fairly light;
the limbs
limbs strong
and fairly
and of
strong and
sloping and
is
of the
lengtb. Tbe
line of
the back is
fairly
dipping very
very
The line
fairly straight,
straight, dipping
length.
the bump
slightly
bebind the
very
hump and rising
immediately behind
rising again
slightly immediately
again very
is of
of good
in these
these
.ligbtly
wbich is
the croup,
to the
conformation in
slightly to
good conformation
croup, which
animals.
Tbe
girtb and belly
belly measurements
and
the
The girth
measurements are
are good,
animals.
and
the
good,
Ioins
broad and
and powerful.
powerful. These
appearing
These animals,
loins broad
animals, although
although appearing
up. The
to be
in barrel,
are exceedingly
well ribbed
rather long
to
ribbed up.
The
be rather
barrel, are
exceedingly well
long in
and
very
tapering.
The
sbeath
large
and
more
or
tail is
The
sheath
is long
and
tail
and
more
or
very tapering.
long
large
".
to
the
Dajal
Ie..
triangular".
This
applies
eqnally
This description
the
to
less triangular
description applies equally
Dajal _
oattle.
cattle.
of bullocks
is bred
Kachi or
very hardy
hardy type
type of
bullocks is
the Kachi
in the
A very
bred in
or
tract of
tbe Rohjan
tabsil
of
the
riverain tract
the Mirpur
riverain
of the
the
tahsil
of
Rohjan illaqa
illaqa and the
Mirpur
Sukknr
Massuwah Channel
taking out
near Massuwah
district near
Channel taking
Sukkur district
out from
from the
the
Indus.
animals are
smaller
Indus. These
are strong
These animals
but much smaller
strong and sturdy
sturdy but
than
Bhagnari
breed.
and more clumsy
in
appearance
than
those
of
tbe
in
those
of
the
clumsy
appearance
Bhagnari breed.
They
are
much
sougbt
after
for
work
on
the
wells
of
the
riverain
the
are
after
for
wells
of
riverain
the
They
sought
the Derajat,
tracts Multan,
Derajat, and are
are imported
tracts
Multan, Muzaffargarh
Muzaffargarh and the
imported
as
"nd
Amritsar.
They
and
as Sialkot,
far east
east as
Amritsar.
as far
are exexSialkot, Gujranwala
Gujranwala
They "re
on
any
kind
of
fodder.
tremely
hardy,
and
will
thrive
and
kind
of
thrive
will
fodder.
any
tremely hardy,
In
western breeding
grounds
the young
young bulls
eare- _
bulls are
In tbese
these western
are carebreeding grounds the
is
fully
kept
apart
from
tbe
cows,
and
there
is
little
of
the
immature
little
of
the
there
the
from
immature
cows,
fully kept apart
to be
be regretted
in the
so much to
, breeding
breeding which
which is
is so
the central
central and
and
regretted in
.outhern
The bulls
bulls which are
owned,
are priVately
southern Punjab
districts.
Punjab districts.
privately owned,
to them.
are brought
:Jre
brougbt to
at stud
stud and the
the cows are
?we kept
them. The
The bulls
bulls
kept at
.

begin
are generally
generally 'oastrated
to serve
of age
serve at
at three
three years
castrated
age and are
begin 'to
years of
at
years. The
~'he oow
a first
nsually at
at the
the age
age of
of
at 5
5 or
first calf
or 6
has a
calf usually
6 years.
cow has
the calf
calf is
i~ allowed
allowed as
as mach
milk as
as it
it can
OHll take
take
33 yef\l's
and the
much milk
years and
during
the firs~
first six
six months
months..
during the
is available
tract aa certain
certain amount of
available
..l.nJ..he
of grazing
Jjxjjhe BhA~
Bhag tract
grazing is
in
principal grass
someis someThe principal
in 'the
as gum)
the rains.
rains]
(known locally
gum) is
grass (known
locally as
what
like
chintt
in
appearance
And
is
very
nutritious.
It
what like china, in appearance and is very nutritious. It
'appears
with
t
he
winter
rains,
and
Gundhil
grass
also
grows
very
appears with the winter rains, and Gundhil grass also grows very
the Bhag
- densely.
But the
the chief
Bhag tract
tract and
and
in the
cattle food
food both
both in
chief cattle
densely.
a
Dear
if1.y'owflr,
of
which
a.
vel'y
fine
quality
is
grown
in
fine
is
near Dajal
in
of
which
very
i*.jowar
grown
quality
Dajal
this
containing an
an unusually
large amount
this part
amount
of the country,
part oftbe
country, containing
unusually large
'of
of !'UgH!.
sugar.
- Thfl M
--The,
assuwah "attle
are not
cattle are
not stall
stall fed
fed to
to the
Massuwah
the same extent
extent
as .hose
the Bhag
Bbag and Dajal
Dajal tracts.
Tbey
graze during
daring
as
tracts.
those from the
They graze
the
the river
river banks.
bank;;, From July
to October
they get
on the
the (l,ay
October they
July to
cay on
get
green
i'1war,
and
from
January
to
March
peRse
and
methi
mixed
to
January
pease and methi mixed
green j<>war,
In the
the evening
evening they
they are
chopped
with bhoo"a.
are generally
bhoosa.
with
generally given
given chopped
.}owar
cake.
oil -cake.
and oil
jowar and

re

j
1

VIT.-THE
TBE INTERMEDIATE TRACTS.
VIL
CertAIn
the province
proviDce may
as occupying
be considered
considered as
of the
Certain parts
may be
occupying
parts of
an intermediate
position between
bt'tween the
traets where climatic
climatic conthe tracts
conintermediate position
an
and
where
aa
ditions ale
favourable
to
cattle-breeding
to
favourable
and
where
are entil'ely
ditions
cattle-breeding
entirely
less
profitable
pxport
trade
is
and
those
is in
in existence
existence
those
trade
less fayoured
favoured
profitable export
to import
the farmer is
forced to
is forced
dito-tricts
which the
a class
class of
animllls
of animals
in which
di>tricts in
import a
intermediate
~nperior to
tiJHt
produced
localiy.
Such
intermediate
tracts
protracts
that
to
proproduced locally.
superior
are
for
find
rearinK
for
export,
and
also
icnpOlting,
fire
the
ducing
the
also
and
rearing
export,
importing,
ducing
the
Stat
...
s
lying
between
the
Ghaggar
territories
of
the
Phulkian
States
and
Phulkian
between
the
of
territories
Ghaggar
lying
the }\'l'OZepOI'8
and the
the Sutlt:'j,
the southern part of
of the
the
the
district, and
Ferozepore dislri(lt,
Sutlej, the southern part
Ly.llpur
distriot.
Phulkian'13.ates
part
of
the
FerozePhulkian States and part
The
of the
Ferozedistrict.
Lyallpur
the tl'act
as the
to the
pore district, correRponding roughly to
tract known as
the
pore district, corresponding roughly
for
suited
'Mal",a,'
are
naturally
well
sui.ed
for
breeding",
and
the
well
Malwa
are
breeding,
Malwa,
naturally
distinct typE'.
brt-'ed is
recogllh:ed as
as a distinct
But owing
owing to
to the
the
still recognised
is still
breed
type.
the
and
the
contraction
of
grazing
introonctl{lll
of
canal
irrigation
contraction
of
of
canal
irrigation
introduction
grazing
is becoming leSt:!
in the
grounds,
cattle.bJ'eeding in
the Malwa is
important
becoming less important
grounds, cattle-breeding
than cattle-rearing.
A judicious
judiCIOUS restriction
water hAS
restriction of
of canal
canal water
has
than
cattle-rearing.
prev9t.ted
the
and
the
Jat
Sikhs,
who
the
Jat
climate from deteriorating,
the climate
Sikhs,
deteriorating,
prevented
not been
been
are
the most
inhabitants of
the J\1alwa,
of the
have not
most import::mt
are the
Malwa, he.ve
important inhabitants
to
recognise
the
advantages
which
their
country
possesses,
, plow
the
their
Blow to recognise
advantages
country possesses,
between ,tthe
of Hariana
fl8
ile
breeding
grounds
~f
Harialla and
lying
does betwf'~n
it doe~
as it
grounds
breeding
lying
the
the
highly
<'ultlYated
dlStrlcts
of
tbe
Central
Punjab.
of
Central
districts
the highly cultivated
prosPunjab. The prosto
perou
...
and
enterprising
Jat
goes
to
the
cattle
fairs
Hariaoa
Jat
the
cattle
fairs of
of Hariaoa,
and
J
goes
enterprising
perous
cattle of
of the
the besttypa,
best type, two or
and'even
or three
three
further aoeld,
afield, buys
even furtber
and
buys up
up cattle
his home.
to his
years of age, and
and returns
retnrns with them to
home. The sandy
sandy
years of age,
the
l!Oil
and
bealthy climate
of
climate
of the Malwa together
with the
and healthy
together with
soil

'13
US
'abundant
provided by
by canal
oR"al irrigation
irrigation constitute
oonstitute
fodder 'supply
abundant fodder
supply provided
ideal Tearing
ground, The oattle
southern
'an
at the
cattle bought
the southern
an ideal
bought al
rearing ground.
fairs
for the
plough. They
rrhey are
the plough.
are soon
are yoked
for some
fairs are
soon ready
some
ready for
yoked for
two years
Ihe fairs
at
and otber
fairs
then brought
at Jailu
and then
to the
Jaitu and
two
other
brought to
years and
oentres,
There
they are
are sold
traders for
price at
sold to
to traders
for a
a price
at least'
There they
least as
as
centres.
great
as
tbey
were
originally
bought
for,
and
pass
away
from
_
were
as
from
for,
originally
bought
they
pass
away
great
the
to the
the Cenlral
Punjab districts
dlstriols and beyond.
In
this
Central Punjab
In
Malwa to
the Malw.
this
beyond,
obtains aa succession
plough
way
of the
the 'very
Jat obtains
best plough
the Malwa Jat
succession of
"very best
way the
cost of
of their
their keep.
kesp. At the,
time
'cat.tle
than the
the cost
little more
the same
for little
more Iban
same time
cattle for
practically
all
draught
cattle
are
sold
before
they
become
unsercattle
are
sold
before
all
become
unserthey
draught
practically
viceable,
the religious
religious prejudices
thus not
of the
the Sikhs
and the
are thus
not
Sikhs are
viceable, and
prejudices of
by kine
kine slaughter
slaughter within
within their
their territory,
territory.
'offended
offended by
In
the LyaIIpur
the enormous demand for
district the
In the
for draught
Lyallpur district
draught
a
plough
cattle
is
to
a
cerlain
extent
hy
local
breeding_
'1'he extent
to
certain
met
local
by
breeding^ The
plough cattle is
that
that
the
young
stock
of
Ihis
distriot
cattle
census
of
1909
shows
shows
stock
of
the young
this district
cattle census of
are
in any
district of
the Punjab.
other district
of the
than in
are more
more numerous than
any other
Punjab. At
present
the animals
of very
fair qualily,
are of
animals are
very fair
quality, and though
though greatly
present the
greatly
inferior
to
the
high
class
bullock
imported
from
Hissar
Hissar or
or Chakwal,
inferior to the high class bullock imported
Chakwal,
the
prodnct fetches
fetcbes good
prioes in
and is
is even
even
in tbe
the district
district and
the local
local product
good prices
exported.
Owing
to,
the
great
demand,
the
number
of
locally
bred the
to
the
of
demand,
great
Owing
locally bred
exported.
be
maintained,
but
quality
will
certaiuly
deteriO-\\
cattle
possibly
be
will
deteriocattle may
maintained,
quality
certainly
may possibly

t-

ratA
climatic influence
canal irrigation.
irrigation.
influence of
of canal
the unfavourable
unfavourable climatic
rate under
under the

Fodder is
the possibilities
possibilities of
not
of cattle-breeding
and the
abundant and
are not
is abundant
Fodder
cattle-breeding are
nedected,
not enjoy
the
same
advantages
the
the district
does not
district does
as
but the
neglected, but
enjoy
advantages as
the
of climate
Mr.
the matter
matter of
climate and space
for grazing.
in the
the Malwa in
Mr.
space for
grazing.
as an exporting
of Lyallpur
deMontmorency
writing of
says:
district says
Lyallpur 38
exporting district
deMontmorency writing
" It appears to
U It
me
that
more
young
stock
are
sold
to
buyers
out
of
are
stock
sold
to
that
more
to
out
of
young
appears
buyers
the
the fair
is warranted
the
future
needs
of
the
the
than is
warranted by
future
the district
at the
fair than
needs
of
the
district al
by
:

district,"
district."
of Jhang
The Deputy
Commi.,ioner of
Jhang reports
the Kachi
Kachi
that the
reports that
Deputy Commissioner
in Chapter

' cattle
by Mr. Broadway
Broadway in
of Captain
cattle described
described by
Pease's
Chapter IX of
Captain Pease'
still found in
in the
.."Breeds
Breeds of
Cattle" are
are still
the Shorkot
t.ehsil of
of
Indian Cattle"
Shorkot tehsil
of Indian
tbat district.
They
Aviden t1y aa useful
but have
have not
been
useful type,
are evidently
not been
that
district.
type, but
They are
no
attention
exported
to
any
large
extent,
and
no
attention
appears
to
have
to
to
have
extent,
large
exported
any
appears
of the
the breed.
been
paid to
to the
the development
breed.
been paid
development of

VIII-THE
VIII THE IMPORTING TRACTS.
~

'Phe
of the
the Province may
be described
described M
districts of
The rema1ning
as
remaining districts
may be
it is
is true,
importing
tracts.
In.
these
districts,
it
cattle
produced,
cattle are
In
are
these
tracts.
districts,
true,
produced,
importing
often
hIe numbers,
the
but from a variety
of reasons
in considerH
considerable
often in
reasons the
numbers, but
variety of
for agrioultural
.tock
below the
the standard
standard required
or drfiughl
is below
stock is
agricultural or
required for
draught
to buy
cattle from elsewhere
purposes.
zamindar prefers
The .amindar
elsewhere
good cattle
buy good
prefers to
purposes. The
for agricultural
-'land
these.days
is no~
of high
and in
in these
not
agricultural produce
high prices
produce is
prices for
days of
in the cost.
cost*
deterred
by the
the large
The i:lettlement'
increase in
deterred by
Settlement Officer
Officer
large increase

u
14
" The district
of
writes: "The
useful animal
district bullock
is quite
of Ludhiana writes
bullock is
a useful
animal
quite a
so much valued
;/
but
so efficient
~fficient nor so
imported st()ck.
but neither
neither so
valued as
as the
the imported
stock.
is determined
The exteut
of importation
importation is
determined eimply
by the
the money
extent of
simply by
money
available,
]f a
it he
will always
always use
a zamindar can afford
Jf
afford
he will
it
use
available,
Hissar-bullocks.
is really
a hobby
hobby
Jf he
he is
well off
off he
Hissar bullocks. If
will make a
he will
really well
all tehsils
foreign stock.
As all
tehsils are
very prosperous,
prosperous, the
the
of
stock.
are very
of good
good foreign
import
trade
is
large."
These
remarks
are
of
general
application
These
is
are
of
trade
large."
import
general application
to all
the Central
for
Central Punjab.
of the
to
all the
the districts
districts of
Other reasons
reasons for
Punjab. Other
importation
in
these
districts
bave
already
been
touched
on.
districts
these
have
in
been
touched
on.
importation
already
the development
_ - With the
of cultivation
the Canal
Canal
cultivation and the
of the
the spread
spread of
development of
the
of
the
Manjha
breed
of
the
Lahore
and
Amritsar
districts
. System
and
breed
Man
Amritsar
the
districts
System
jha
has
as aa distinct
The Karnal
Kamal and
and Delhi
Delhi
distinct type.
has disappeared
type.
disappeared as
a similar
districts
have suffered
In the
the densely
in a
similar manner.
suffered in
manner. In
districts have
densely
of Sialkot,
populated
Hosbi.rpur
tracts of
submontane tracts
Sialkot, Gurd.spur,
populated submontane
Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur
and Ambala conditions
have never been
been favoumble
to cattleconditions have
favourable to
cattlebreeding.
The
Hoshiarpur
report
notes
tbat
in
tbe
Dasnyatabsil
notes
that
in
the
The
Hoshiarpur report
breeding.
Dasuya tahsil
of
tbe
deatb
rate
of
cattle
is
to the
the
rate
of
cattle
is heavy
of Hosbiarpnr
the
death
owing to
heavy owing
Hoshiarpnr
in the
the rice
and
the
charsa
wells
olimate
the hard
hard work in
rice fields,
and
climate and
the
charsa
wells
and the
fields,
of
ullundur "equire
powerful bullock
bullock than
than is
is produced
produced
a more powerful
of J
Jullundur
require a
// locally.
In
the
Bar
tracts
of
Montgomery,
Gujranwala
and
Gujrat
of
tracts
the
Bar
and
In
Montgomery, Gujranwala
locally.
Gujrat
for
the
breed,
though
famous
for
its
milch
cattle,
was
never
of
a
its
milch
the local
never
of a
local breed, though
cattle,
of
type
to
supply
the
demands
of
canal-irrigated
cultivation
even
if
the
to
canal-irrigated cultivation even if
type
supply
the
numbers had
had been
of Lyallpur
Lyallpur had
had
The colonist,
sufficient.
the numbers
colonists of
been sufficient.
no
option
but
to
import
I.heir
cattle
from
their
therefore
to
their
but
cattle
from their old
therefore no option
old
import
to
the
Bar
cattle
districts.
The
addition
to
the
cattle
was
briefly
the Desi
Desi
districts.
addition
of the
briefly of
a good
of Hisssr
(or
breed) with
with a
Central Punjab
Hissar
(or Central
sprinkling of
good sprinkling
Punjab mixed breed)
cattie. In
In tbe
the importations
importations
and some
the Jhelum colony
Dhanni cattle.
some Dh.nni
colony the
districts-Mullan,
are
of the Dhanni breed. The western
western districts
are chiefly
Multan,
chiefly of the Dhanni breed.
Muzaff.rgorh and
the Derajat-have
imported the
and the
the strong
always imported
Derajat have always
Muzaffargarh
strong
local stook
Sind!)i
bullocks to
the local
undersized
to supplement
stock of
of undersized
Sindhi bullocks
supplement . the
animals
in the
riverain tracts.
tracts.
_____ the riverain
animals bred
bred in
the
It
might
have
been
supposed
that
the
Shah
pur and
and Mianwali
It might have been supposed that
Mianwali
Shahpur
a
to
local
to
a
local
breed.
But though
though
_
districts
would
have
been
favour.ble
breed.
districts would have been favourable
for local
the
number of
is sufficient
local requirements
requirements and few
few
sufficient for
cattle is
of cattle
the number
stock
is inferior.
are
the
quality
of
stock
is
of the
the
Khush.b
The
the
inferior.
Khushab
are imported,
quality
imported,
tehsil. however,
with increased
a certain
extent and with
to a
certain extent
increased
tehsil,
however, 9xports
exports to
attention
better results
results could
be achieved,
aohieved.
could be
attention better
" There
Of
the Jhelum
Jhelum colony
colony Ihe
Colonization Officer
"There
the Colonization
Officer writes:
writes
Of the
cattle
is
practically
no
export.
The
only
cattle
tbat
are
bred
for
that
are bred for sale
sale
is practically no export.
only
the
J
anglis
but
they
are
of
poor
class
are
bred
by
are
of
are not
not
are bred by the Janglis but they
poor class and are
Tear
exported
but sold
Year by
YUlr breeding
for .ale
sale is
sold locally.
is
by year
breeding for
locally.
exported but
for grazing
small and the
likely
to decrease
grazing are
very small
the
are very
facilities for
as facilities
decrease as
likely to
to the
the Janglis,
Janglis, who formerly
present
due to
is only
lived
only due
breeding is
formerly Jived
present breeding
their
herds
to
ohiefly
by
cattle,
having
not
yet
reduced
their
herds
to
the
requirenot
the
cattle,
having
yet
requirechiefly by
ments
country."
of 8a canaI-irrigated
ments of
canal-irrigated country."
:

)
<

15
15

IX.-MALE
IX. MALE BUFFALOES.
The
breeds of
of buffaloes
buffaloes will
will be
be described
described later
later in
in
The different
different breeds
dealing
wi
th
milch
cattle.
As
regards
male
buffaloes
used as
male
buffaloes
cattle.
used
as
regards
dealing with milch
that they
are being
is sufficient
draught
it is
sufficient to
to note
note that
animals, it
they llre
being every
every
draught animals,
in greater
year
pressed into
service in
into service
greater numbers.
year pressed

Except
in the
the
Except in

Delhi
have for
for years
been employed
ss the
the
buffaloes have
male buffaloes
Delhi Division,
Division, male
emplojed as
years been
motive
power
for
Persjan~wheels.
But
whereas
formerly
it
was
motive power for Persian- wheels. But whereas formerly it was
to the
or used
9xceptional
a male
buffalo yoked
yoked to
the plough
plough or
in aa
male buffalo
find a
used in
to find
exceptional to
cart,
sight in
in the
the Central
Punjab.
Central Punjab.
an extl'emely
it is
is now an
cart, it
extremely common sight
No particular
to be
be preferred
preferred for
draught
buffalo seems
seems to
for draught
of buffalo
breed of
particular breed
to
purposes,
nor
is
any
particular
attention
paid
to
their
rearing.
is any
attention
their
nor
paid
particular
purposes,
rearing.
They
are
sluggish
but
strong
and
hardy,
and
compared
with
the
but
with
are
the
compared
strong
hardy,
sluggish
They
bullock extremely
cheap.
bullock
extremely cheap.
X.-HILL CATTLE.
In
of the
the Punjab
Punjab which
be taken
the hill
hill tracts
which may
taken as
tracts of
as includIn the
includmay be
of
Hoshi.rpur,
the
Pathankot.
ing
the
Simla
Hil]"
the
tahsil
of
the
tahsil
Simla
the
Una
the
Pathankofc
Hill?,
Hoshiarpur,
ing
and the
the Murree
Murree tahsil
of
tahsil
tahsil of
of Gurdaspnr,
tahsil of
Kulu, and
Gurdaspnr, Kangra
Kangra and Kulu,
Rawalpindi,
cattle
of
a
small
type
are
required.
The
supply
is
are
small
a
cattle
of
type
required.
Rawalpindi,
supply is
kept
up
mainly
by
local
breeding;
the
diminutive
cattle
of
the
the
diminutive
cattle
of
local
the
breeding
kept up mainly by
be aa purely
purely local
Pathankot tahsil,
tabsil, for
to be
local breed.
Pathankot
for instance,
breed.
instance, appear
appear to
But cattle
also from
from the
the neighbouring
Suket aud
and also
from Mandi and
and Suket
cattle from
But
neighbouring
;

tracts of
tracts
of

the
the

Gurdaspur and Hoshiarpur

are imported
imported into
into Kangra.
and
Hoshiarpur are
Kangra and
Gurdaspur
and
the
Murree
tahsil
imports
from
Hazara
and
the
Murree
tahsil
from
Hazara
Una tahsil,
and
and
tahsil,
imports

latter case
case the
the trade
also
the latter
In the
also from
from Jammu and
and Poonch.
Poonch. In
trade is
is
In
by
toll
fees
and
export
dues.
In
Kulu
the
importation
hampered
dues.
the
toll
fees
and export
importation
hampered by
of
to the
the neighneighin Bajaura
settled in
of cattle
cattle is
is confined
confined to
the Arains
Arains settled
Bajaura and the
bourhood
Colonel
Rennick
and
other
large
proprietors.
Most
of
and
other
bourhood by
Rennick
Colonel
Most
of
by
large proprietors.
the Bhal
Bhal tract
in Suket
Mandi, am!:
these men come
and Mandi,
these
come from
tract in
Suket and
and buy
from the
buy
their
their oattle
cattle in
in the
in Kulu.
not in
Kulu.
and not
the Bhal
Bhal tract
tract and
Attempts
beeu made to
to introduce
Hissar bulls
bulls into
have been
introduce Hissar
into
Attempts have
but
are
unsuited
to
hill
it
is
obvious
that
t.hey
are
unsuited
to
hill
traots.
and
Kangra,
but
it
is
that
and
obvious
tracts,
Kangra,
they
of the
the Dhanni breed
are much preferred.
breed are
The
Assistant
bulls
bulls of
Assistant
preferred.
of attempts
to cross
Commissioner in
reports that
the results
Commissioner
in Kulu reports
that the
results of
cross
attempts to
Kerry, English
English and Panj.bi
bulls
are
bad
the
the Kulu cows with
are
bad
with Kerry,
bulls
Panjabi
that
beyond
desoription.
also
notes
that
in
Spiti
and
the
upper
in
the
also
notes
He
beyond description.
upper
Spiti
parts of
yaks are
tbe most
Lahoul yaks
of Laholll
are interbred
with ordinary
on the
interbred with
cattle on
parts
ordinary oattle
scientific
scientific principles.
principles.
XL-MILCH
XI.
MILCH
(1).
(1).

CATTLE.

Cows.
Cows,

is practically
The demand for
for miloh
oattle is
practioally impossible
milch cattle
to
impossible to

estimate.
estimate.

Leaving aside
aside the
the dairy
stations
for civil
civil stations
requirements for
Leaving
dairy requirements

and cantonments,
whioh special
are made,
the
for which
cantonments, for
made, the
arrangements are
special arrangements

)6
16

demand is
ghi and,
and, milJi:.
Tr,ade-returDs
that,
is chiefly for
show that,
milk.
Trade returns sbow
chiefly for ghi
its
roughly
speaking,
the
province
is
self-supporting
as
regards
is
as
the
regards its
roughly speaking,
province
self-supporting
supply
ef
ghi,
but
the,
universal
complaints
of
inferior
'
cow's
milk
of
but
the
of
inferior
cow's
universal
ghi,
complaints
supply
in urban,
where the
rise to
an
to am
in
urban areas
areas where
the consumption
is greatest,
give rise
greatest, give
consumption is

apprebension
that either
of milch
milch cows is
is insufficien~
stock of
on
either the
the stock
insufficient) or
apprehension that

that
the quantity
quantity of
of milk
might be
that the
milk they
be hrgely
improved.
they give
largely improved..
give might
to
tbe
Crop
and
SeasoIL
Report
for
1908-09
the
present.
According
the present,
to
for
1908-09
Season
the
and
According
Eeport
Crop

number of
has not
iIll
of cows has
ascertained inj
reached the
the number ascert.aiupd
not yet
yet reached
1894,
while
thellB
are
at
present
moment
more
cow
buffaloes.
in
the,
the
in
while
buffaloes
there
are
at
1894,
present
Province
in any
previous enumeration.
of
enumeration. An examination of
Province than in
any previous

the
fignres shows
all the
breeding
in all
the district
district figures
that in.
the districts
districts where
where breeding
shows that
is.
important such
as Hissar,
Hissar, Rohtak
the number of
of
Rohtak and
and Jbelum.
Jhelum the
is important
such as
cows enumerated in
iuoreas&-.
in 1908-09
1908-09 shows a
a most satisfact.ory
increase
satisfactory
in the
over
On the
the districts
the figures
the otber
districts 0.
for 1904.
1904.
other hand iu
over the
of1
figures for
Lahore,
Amrit~ar,
Gurdaspur
and
Gujranwala,
where
breeding
is
of
is
of
and
Lahore, Amritsar, Gurdaspur
breeding
Gujranwala,
little
account
draught
cattle
afe
imported,
the
number
of
cows
the
of
and
are
little account
imported,
draught cattle
bas
decreased, their
place being
being taken
milch cattle
as milch
has largely
their place
taken as
cattle by
by
largely decreased,
buffaloes.
A
decrease
in
the
number
of
cows
seems
inevitabl~,
in
of
decrease
the
inevitable as
buffaloes.
as
breeding
minof importance.
cultivated
of minor
becomes of
breeding becomes
highly cultivated
importance. In highly
districts
are valuable
districts cows
for dairy,
cows are
as milkers,
valuable chiefly
milkers, and for
dairy PUllpu>i?chiefly as
// poses
the
buffalo
is
more
profitable
than
the
cow.
'l'he
The tendency.
poses the buffalo is
tendency
profitable than the cow.
therefore is
is for
for the
of buffaloes
The buffalo,
increase.
therefore
the number of
to iucl'ease.
buffaloes to
buffalo,
tbough
reared in
a finer
finer animal
animal when bred and reared
in,
though undoubtedly
undoubtedly a
natural
takes kindly
kindly to
to stall
ing,
natural grazing
stall feed_
nevertheless takes
feeding,
grazing grounds,
grounds, nevertheless
as there
in the
and as
the profit
there is
is no likelihood
likelihood of
of any
from
profit from.
any diminution in
dairy
while the
becoming increasingly
is becoming
the male buffalo
buffalo is
in
dairy produce,
produce, while
increasingly in
demand for
purposes,
there
is
probability
thai.
is every
for draught
there
thai
every
probability
draught purposes,
the next census
census will
will show an
increase in
the stock
in the
an even
even larger
stock ofof
larger increase
buffaloes.
buff.l""s.
.

Practically
every cultivator
the Province.
keeps one or
or m01ie.
Province keeps
in the
more
cultivator in
Practically every
cows
to
his
means
and
the
facilities
for
grazing
at
his
for
at
to
the
facilities
his
his
cows according
grazing
according
animals
not"
_ disposal.
except
in
certain
localities,
these
animals
are
are
not
But
in
certain
localities,
disposal.
except

noted for
their milking
milking qualities
qualities and
and are
are chiefly
regarded as
for their
as
noted
chiefly regarded
their
milk
being
an
incidental
profit.
breeders,
their
milk
an
incidental
breeders,
being
profit.

The two best

of milch-cows
Ha.nsi
the Hansi
best known breeds
are the
milch-cows are
breeds of
are
Hissar
breeds.
The
Hansi
cows
Sahiwal (Montgomery)
breeds.
Hansi
are
Hissar and Sahiwal
(Montgomery)
merely.
the
cows
of
the
excellent
Harian.
breed
already
described,
the
the
of
breed
excellent
Hariana
described,
merely,
already
wbich
being fine
breeders also
also possess
milk-giving
fine breeders
besides being
which besides
great milk-giving
possess great
qualities.
l'he
cows
of
the
Hariana
breed
and
good
milk-cows
of
The
of
of
the
Hariana
breed
good
qualities.
or
the ordinary
Desi
type
are
seldom
brought
to
a
fair
or
sold
at
aU
Desi
fair
sold
to
a
at
all
the
are
seldom
type
ordinary
brought
except
tirues of
however~ procured
pro.cured
in times
of drought.
Small numbers are,
are, however,
drought. Small
except in
by
military
dairy
farms
or
by
private
dairy
farms
of
tho
United
farms
of
the
farms
or
United
by military dairy
by private dairy
.
ProviDces
Provinces and Bombay
Bombay.

i7
17
The Sahiwal
oows are
not noted
noted for
the excellence
01 stook
are not
for the
excellence of
Sahiwal cows
stock
exceptionally good
The following
produced,
milkers.
but are
are exceptionally
good milkors.
produced, but
following
of the
the Montgomery
quoted from
description
be quoted
from Major
may be
description of
Montgomery cow may
Major
Breeds of
Indian Cattle,
Punjab"" : -Pease's book
of Indian
the " Breeds
Pease's
book ou
ou the"
Cattle, Punjab

"
cr The
narrow; ears
the face
forehead rather
rather narrow
ears small-sized
is long;
small-sized ;j the
The head
head is
face
long forehead
long
the head
large; neck
neck short
short. and light.
light. There is
is large
the
head is
is present,
fine
and fine;
present,
long and
and
well developod
the peculiar
peculiar fold
abdomen in
of skin
the abdomen
fold of
skin under
under the
in a
a position
and well
developed the
position
the male which is
to
called by
natives
cOlTesponding
of the
to the
the sheath
sheath of
is called
the natives
by the
corresponding
"
" lola.
It
by any
peculiar to
The
to this
is not
not by
this breed
breed alone.
but which
which is
lola " but
alone.
The
any means peculiar
is
not
very
large,
but
is
developed;
the
limbs
are
light.
The
dewlap
is -,';ell
vrell
the
limbs
are
not
but
is
The
light.
large,
developed
very
dewlap
milk escutcheon
very good.
and
is very
back is
is slightly
milk
escutcheon is
slightly dipped
dipped and longish,
longish, and
good. The back
rises
an
inch
or
so
at
the
croup
j
tail
sweeping
the
ground
and
at
the
tail
so
the
an
or
inch
and
rises genera.lly
croup
generally
sweeping
ground
not
Sheath
with hair.
well developed
Sheath in
in the
tufted with
thick.
the male well
not very
hair.
developed and tufted
very thiok.
is good.
good. The bullocks
are
The
the general
outline is
and the
bullocks are
are symmetrical,
limbs are
The limbs
general outline
symmetrical, and
are
active and
workers
the
cows
are
good
milkers,
yielding
from
7
to
12
the
7
to
12
and good
active
J
workers,
milkers,
good
yielding
good
per diem,
in some instances.
They
usually milked
seers
or even
instances.
are usually
even more in
milked
seers per
diem, or
They are
twice
the da.y."
twice during
day."
during the
;

Before the
herds of
of
the colonization
the great
colonization of
of the
the herds
Before
tracts, the
great Bar tracts,
this
valuable breed
breed were
were very
very numerous.
numerous. But the
the spread
this valuable
of canal
canal
spread of
yearly
irrigation
reduced the
the grazing
area available,
has reduced
the yearly
available, and the
grazing area
irrigation has
one of
the worst
decline in
of good
is one
in a
cows is
of the
a number of
Sahiwal cows
worst feafea- _
decline
good Sahiwal
tures
present state
cattle.breeding in
The
in the
state of
of cattle-breeding
the Punjab.
the present
tures of
of the
The
Punjab.
are
drain
remaiuing stock
yearly and 10ssee
increases yearly
stock increases
the remaining
drain on
losses are
on the
never
replaced. Besides
the large
cows
Besides the
of Montgomery
numbers of
never replaced.
cows
large numbers
Montgomery
which are
bought whenever
possible for
districts,
for down country
are bought
whenever possible
which
country districts,
the
of
the
Central
Punjab
districts
are
prepared
to pay
the
Central
districts
are
of
the Gujars
Punjab
prepared to
Gujars
pay
at
large
pl"ices
for
good
animals,
and
at
every
Amritsar
fair
large
for
Amritsar
fair
animals,
every
good
large
large prices
numbers are
The city
Gujar, provided
he can
can exare dispoBed
of.
numbers
exdisposed of.
city Gujar,
provided he
tract
amount
of
milk
from
the
cow,
is
utterly
careless
of
the
milk
a large
from
of
tract a
is
careless
of
cow,
large
utterly
tbe progeny.
and
the
calf
stunted
of
milk
seldom
comes
to
maturand
of
milk
the
calf
stunted
the
comes
to
seldom
maturprogeny,
ity.
The change,
wbich has
has been
been brought
brought about
the Bar
Bar
about in
in the
change, which
ity.
tract by
by the
cultivation for
of settled
settled cultivation
for nomad grazthe substitution
substitution of
tract
grazof
ing,
the stages
by which
which the
the buffalo
buffalo has
has taken
the place
taken the
ing, and the
stages by
place of
the
the Sahiwal
breeds are
well dedeof the
are well
the milch
milch cows
cows of
Sahiwal and Kachi breeds
the Lyallp!,r
scribed
in the
report:scribed by
Lyallpur report
by Mr. de Montmorency
Montmorency in
.

" Prior
Prior to
the opening
the Chenah
of the
the Chenab Canal
Canal the
to the
Chenab Colony
area
opening of
Colony arel!.
a
desert
with
a.
scanty
rainfall
lying
partly
the Bar was a large
desert
as the
rainfall
known as
in
scanty
large
lying partly in
the
partly in
the Montgomery
Montgomery and Gujranwala.
The
in the
The
the Jhang
districts.
Jhang and partly
Gujranwala districts.
which the
water
lower.lying
portions of
the Bar had depressions,
of the
into which
the water
depressions, into
lower-lying portions
from
after rain
rain and
and lie
desert used to
to flow
flow after
the higher
from the
lie
surrounding hard desert
higher surrounding
a.s the
the JangJang~
for
Round these
theso depressiolls
time.
for some
some time.
graziers known as
depressions nomad grazierR
lis
very large
large herds
young cattle
goats. -_
herds of
with very
of cows,
to gatner
lis used
cattle and goats.
used to
cows, young
gather with
with the
the roots
vari.
After
rain the
the Bar which was covered
a little
little ra.in
covered with
roots of
of varieven a
After even
as
Chimber,
Lunak,
Dhumen,
Pilwahn,
Keo
and
Kawi,
ons
such
as
such
ous grasses,
Chimber, Lunak, Dhumen, Pilwahu,
grasses,
Kawi,
of grass.
uSli'd
to throw
fine head
head of
The scrub
the Bar
scrub which
which covered
covered the
used to
throw up
Bar
up a fine
grass.
retained
roots aa certain
after the
the
of moisture,
certain amount of
round its
its roots
and even
even after
retained round
moisture, and
a
in
been
the
gra.ss
had
beeu
eaten
down
in
the
open
a.
good
rmpply
remained
round
the
round
remained
the
open
good supply
grass
U

18
18

bolls and
of the
noma.d grazier
and coppices
Jand and
the Karil,
and Van.
Van. Thus
Thus the
the nomad
Karil, Jand
coppices of
grazier
was
almost the
the whole
months in
in the
Bar in
in aa. good
to weather out
able toweatber
out almost
12 months
was able
whole 12
the Bar
good

bolls

season.
In
of very
very scanty
rainfall the
would exhaust
In years
season.
the nomad graziers
exhaust
scanty rainfall
years of
graziers would
the
pastures of
the Bar,
have to
Belas or
or riverain
riverain
of the
to take
in the
the pastures
take refuge
the Belas
Bar, and have
refuge in
tra.cts of
of the
Chanah, Ravi,
and Beas.
Beas. They
the Chenab,
tracts
used on
on such
such occasions
occasions
Ravi, Satlej
Sutlej and
They used
to
as far
far north
as Gllrdaspnr
and Hoshiarpur,
wander up
to wander
north as
as far
and as
far south
south
up as
Hoshiarpur, and
Gurdaspur and
__ as
Bahawalpor. His
that
in
snch
years
the
loss
of
cattle
was
that
It is p.robable
in
as Bahawalpar.
such
loss
of
the
cattle
was
years
probable
very
The Ja.uglis
only kept
a.nd
young stock.
stock.
cows and
and bull!'
bulls
and young
very great.
kept cows
great.
Janglis only
were generally
Very few
stock ever
came to
few young
ever came
to maturity.
male stock
Very
young male
maturity. They
They were
generally
are
still
in
the
Montgomery
district)
sta.rved
of
milk
in their
(as
they
still
are
in
the
starved
of
milk
in
their early
Montgomery district)
(as they
early
they began
big;;
years
or eaten
eaten when they
either sold,
to grow
sold, exchanged
exchanged or
years and either
grow big
began to
the
r~al JangJi
very
few
buffaloes
as
he
unable
to
keep
them
had
few
the real
buffaloes
as
he
was
unable
to
them
Jangli
very
keep
in
the Bar.
kept
climate of
of the
the arid
arid climate
Bar. The buffaloes
buffaloes were
were almost
in the
almost entirely
entirely kept
by his
his neighbours
neighbours the
the Hitba.ris
or riverain
the Ohenah
Hitharis or
riverain proprietors
of the
and
Ohenab a.nd
by
proprietors of
Ra.vi.
Ravi.

It
that a.t
th~ commencement or
colonization there
there were
were
at the
of colonization
is estimated
It is
estimated that
.... about
Impportoo themselves
living au
themselves solely
on milL:::
about 55,000
milk
Janglis who supported
55,000 Janglis
by living
solely by
and by
young cattle
of the
sale of
of ghi,
the sale
horns and young
the proceeds
cattle in
in
hides, horns
by the
proceeds of
ghi, hides,
the
Bar. Unfortunately
it is
impossible to
the Bar
Bar tracts
tracts in
is impossible
to separate
in
the Bar.
Unfortunately it
separate the
the
papers or
or cattle
cattle enumerations
enumerations of
Gujranwala. Jhang
Jhang and
of the
the tirni
tirni papers
the Gujranwala,
and
Montgomery districts,
districts, so
rongh estimate
estimate of
of the
the
so we cannot
cannot form even
a rough
even a
Montgomery
possessed by
the
Janglis
when
the
Canal
came.
The
num ber of
the
of clittle
Canal
number
cattle possessed
the
came.
The
by
Janglis
that the
the bulk
bulk of
which they
had were
cows and
Janglis
of the
the animals
animals which
state that
were cows
and
they had
Janglis state
young
stock
of
the
Montgomery
or
Kachi
(Chenab)
breeds,
a
few
cows
the
or
of
a
stock
few
cows and
and
(Ohenab) breeds,
young
Montgomery
been passed
passed 00
bullocks of
bullocks
of Hissar,
breed which
which had been
on
Hissar, Dhan,
Dhan, Desi and Sind breed
to them by
by thieves
in other
a large
of what
what are
thieves in
other districts,
of goats
to
are
districts, a
large number of
goats of
..... known as
breeds and
and aa few buffaloes.
the Bahawalpur
as the
buffaloes.
Bahawalpur and Shahpur
Shahpur breeds

Into
area the
the colonist
introduced and the
himself rerethe Jangli
colonist was introduced
this area
Into this
Jangli himself
No grazing
to cultivate.
grazing areas
areas were
ceived
in yeoman
reserved in
land to
were reserved
cultivate.
and
ceived land
yeoman and
of tbe
In peasant
peasant cha.k~,
form the
the bulk of
capitalist
cbaks. In
the colony
chake, which form
area,
colony area,
capitalist chaks.
village~,
and
in
the remainroma.in20
cent.
grazing
area
was
reserved
in
250
in
in
area
was
reserved
the
cent,
20 per
villages,
grazing
per
ing villages
the colony
cent. 'rhe
low-lying
was
in the
better low
area was
The better
colony 10 per
-lying area
per cent.
villages in
ing
for
the
in
every
chak
for
cultivation
and
only
the
higher
less
fersna.pped
np
and
chak
cultivation
less
in
feronly
higher
every
snapped up
result that
that the
tile land
grazing with
with the
the result
the grazing
area in
left for
for grazing
tile
land left
in most
most
grazing area
a.nd Bhadon
Bhadon and
villages
only affords rea.l grazing in the months of Sawan and
and
villages only affords real grazing in the months of
not
times of
of the
the year.
year'. By
the
end
of
1906
(last
special
census)
the
of
end
other times
not at
at other
(last special
census)
By
risen to
to 857,829
souls and out
out of
the
of the
the colony
the Bar
of the
the population
Bar
857,829 souls
colony had risen
population of
area
acres had been
been a.llotted
for cultivation.
allotted for
cultivation.
The colonists
colonists as
as 8a
area 1,829,880
1,829,850 acres
rnle
brought with
with them one
one or
or two
two yokes
and
of plough
bullocks per
rule brought
yokes of
per family
plough bullocks
family and
for milk.
aa CON
Tenants brought
buffalo for
milk.
Tenants
the same and village
or buffalo
cow or
brought much the
village
poClr milch
some sheep
menials
or plough
fev7 poor
milch or
cattle and
and some
menials brought
brought a few
sheep and
plough cattle
goats.
For
the
first
of
coloniza.tion
owing
to
the
lack
of
than as
of
first few yea.rs
lack
of than
the
colonization
to
For
the
as
years
owing
goats.
bands of
of unsettled
anglis wandering
the Bar who
a.nd
unsettled J
the large
aboutt the
and the
Janglis
large bands
wandering abou
to bring
briug good
Ba.r
were expert
thieves, people
people did
did not
not care
to the
the Bar
care to
cattle to
were
good cattle
expert thieves,
as
they were
Janglis got
to get
As the
stolen.
the Janglis
settled they
as they
were speedily
they had to
speedily stolen.
got settled
get
'I'l' rid
their extra.
numbers of
and young
young
sold very
extra stock
stock and sold
of cows
cows and
of their
rid of
very large
large numbers
to the
the immigrant
colonists. The Jangli
he had plenty
plenty of
stock
of
stock to
immigrant colonists.
Jangli finding
finding he
turn began
began to
buffaloes, whioh
he
green
in turn
his grant
to purchase
which he
fodder on his
grant in
green fodder
purchase buffaloes,
esteemed
his milk
milk diet,
the Niti
Nili (Sutlej)
Ohenab.
of his
on acoount
account of
esteemed on
diet, from the
(Sutlej) and Chenab.
of their
This
therefore marked
Inll.rked by
by unloading
by Janglis
Ja.nglis of
their MontThis ' stage
is therefore
unloading by
stage is
stock of
~mery
of cows and young
young bullocks
bullocks to
to immigrant
immigrant grantees
Kachi stock
and Koohi
grantees
gomery &nd

19
19

&ond the
the substitution
substitution in
in Jangli
Jangli chaks
chaks of
of female
fema.le buffaloes
buffslooo fop
for cows.
cows. The
The
and
" (milch
immigrant grantee
grantee for
for his
his part
part adding
a.dding to
to his
his stock
stock of
of "laveri
(t laveri mal
ma.l"
(milch
immigrant
ca.ttle) by
by purchases
pmchases of
of cows from
from Janglis
Janglis and
and buffaloes
buffa.loes from
from the
the Ravi
Ravi and
and
cattle)
Chana.b riverains."
riversins."
Chenab

decrease in
in the
the Montgomery
Montgomery breed
breed of
of milch
milch cattle
cattle has
ha.'!
The decrease
attention at
at the
the hands
hand. of
of the
the Civil
Uivil Veterinary
Veterinary
much attention
Department, and the
the Deputy
Deputy Commissioner
Commi ioner of
of Montgomery
Mon'~omery in
in his
his
Department,
report
has
some
suggesLions
for
the
prel!el'vatiou
of
these
made
some
the
has
report
suggestions for
preservation of these
received
received

valuable animals.
animals. These
These proposals
proposal. and
and others
others which
which had
had been
been
valuable
be
diecussed
later
on
in
dealing
with
the
brought
to
notice
will
be
discussed later on in dealing with the
brought to notice will
extent
in
to which
which Government assistance
a i.tance in the
the matter
lustter of
of cattlecattleextent to
be developed
developed or
or improved.
improved.
breeding can
can be
breeding
(II).-MILOR
MILCH
(II).

BUFFALOES.

The value
value of
of the
tbe buffalo
buffalo is
i. becoming
becoming' yearly
yearly more appreciated
appreciated
as
this
animal
Punj.b
cultivator,
and,
as
this
animal
thrive.
stall fed
fed
by
tho
the
thrives
when
stall
by
Punjab cultivator, and,
i. inevitable
inovitable that
that the
the increase
increa.e of
of buffaloes
buffaloes
better than
than the
the cow,
cow, it
it is
better
pari passu
pa..u with
with the
the spread
of cultivatioD
and the
the
should
proceed pari
should proceed
cultivation and
spread of
of
grazing
grounds.
shrinking
shrinking of grazing grounds.
Before the
irrigation buffaloes
buffaloes were
were confined
confined
the spread
of canal
Before
canal irrigation
spread of
of the
the _
almost
to
the
tracts
bOl'dering
on
the
great
rivers
the
on
rivers
of
almost entirely
to
the
tracts
great
entirely
bordering
as
the
of
flooded
regions
such
as
the
Naili
of
the
_.
Punjab
and
in
low-lying
in
Naili
the
flooded
Punjab
low-lying
regions
a
tract
Sarusti
streams.
Each
tract
produced
a
distinctive
Sarusti and Ghaggar
streams.
Bach
distinctive
produced
Ghaggar
still is,
it
the
as it
still
the best
best
type, the
buffalo being,
being, then
the Ravi
Ravi buffalo
the a as
is,
type,
buffaloes (so
called
from
present the
tbe Kundi buffaloes
called
known variety.
variety. At present
(so
skin
their small
horns), characterised
characterised by
by aa comparatively
comparatively fine
fine skin
small spiral
their
spiral horns),
breed.
great
compactness
are
considered
the
favourite
breed.
They
and
and great compactness are considered the favourite
They
of Rohtak and
in the
the canal-irrigated
are
are to
to be
be met with
with in
villages of
canal-irrigated villages
to importits origin
Hansi,
is that
that this
breed owes
owes its
tradition is
and the
this breed
the tradition
Hansi, and
origin to
importanimals
are
fine animals a1'e
these
&tion
Ravi Bet.
Many
of
these
fine
exportthe Ravi
of
ation from
from the
Bet.
exportMany
to
tbe
Unit.d
Provinces,
Calcutta
and
ed
for
dairy
farms
ed yearly
United
for
farms
the
to
Provinces,
yearly
dairy
the
to
Java.
Tbe
Jamna
Khodar,
tbe
Ghaggar
and
Bombay
and
even
The
and
to
even
Java.
Khadar,
Ghaggar
Bombay
the
the Naili
Naili tracts
Patiala and Hissar producA
tracts of
of Kamal,
Karnal, Patial&
produce vast numbers

inferior quality
of
of inferior
of great
size but
of buffaloes,
often of
but a!
compared with
buffaloes, often
quality compared
great size
the
These
regions
are
visited
ev.
e
ry
year
the Kundi type.
are
visited
These
every
by zaminyear by
regions
type,
Central Punjab,
the Central
dars
the Phulkian
from the
Phulkian States
dars from
States and the
Punjab, who buy
buy
at the Amrit,ar
sale at
Amritsar ,
for sale
np
also for
and also
their own use
use and
stock for
for their
up young
young stock
road and
and rail
rail
are exported
and JJaitu
aitu fairs,
numbers are
whence large
by road
fairs, whence
exported hy
large ntunbers
also
to
']'he
Sutlej
and
Ravi
Bets
also
produoe
The
the north
the Punjab.
to the
of the
north of
produce
Sutlej
Punjab.
of tbe
the medium of
the
and
extent through
and export
to a large
buffaloes to
through the
large extent
export buffaloes
Amritsar
fairs.
Amritsar .nd
and Jullundur
Jullundur fairs.
contains buffaloes
buffaloes in
As
in
has been
shown Lyallpur
As lias
been shown
colony now contains
Lyallpur colony
it
Mr.
de
Montmorency
remarks,
it
remains
vast
But
as
Mr.
as
remarks,
vast qUllntitie..
Montmorency
quantities.
will continue"
fed buffaloes
buffaloes will
stall fe<!
continue'
to
bred and stall
homebred
be seen
the bome
to be
seen whether
whether the
river bela.,
in the river
bred in
of animals
animals bred
to
with '
to maintain
maintain the
the standard
standard of
belas^ with
of
stunt
con
and
food.
their
roaming
grounds
and
constant
olumges
of
food.
their larger
changes
larger roaming grounds

~
do

XII.-GRAZING
GRAZING GROUNDS.
.

Success
cattle.breeding depends
depends very
very largely
in cattle-breeding
Success in
on the
the area
area
largely on

available
the animals
animals to
to wander in.
in.
for the
available for

Th~
of grazing
The question
question of
grazing

grounds
closely allied
the problem
improving the
the
is therefore
allied with
therefore closely
with the
of improving
problem of
grounds is

breeding
the province.
The average
area of
of the
of land
land
province.
average area
arrangements of
breeding arrangements
available
not
yet
cultivated
calculated
for
each
head
and
not
for grazing
cultivated
calculated
for
each
available for
head
yet
grazing

01
but not
iocluding sheep
not including
of cattle
buffaloes but
and goats
cattle including
including buffaloes
sheep and
goats

vsries
of an acre
or less
Amritsar and
and
a quarter
acre or
less in
in Gurdaspur,
varies from a
quarter of
Gurdaspur, Amritsar
other
Punjab districts
districts to
nearly eighteen
acres
in
Mianwali.
to nearly
Central "Punjab
acres
in
other Central
Mianwali.
eighteen

Omitting
tracts of
Rawalpindi, only
these
hill tracts
of Rawalpindi,
nine districts
the hill
districts and these
only nine
Omitting the

in
province show
show an average
the province
of the
of more than It
the west
in the
west of
acres
average of
1^- acres
for each
of cattle.
This calculation
land
cattle.
This
calculation assumes that
that waste
each head of
for
waste land
is thrown open for
owned by
Government
is
grazing,
but
this
addithis
for
but
addiby
open
grazing,
tion
important in
the western
is only
in the
the village
to the
western
tion to
grounds is
grazing grounds
village grazing
only important
districts.
~uch
arithmetical
CAlculations,
however,
must
be
qualil:ied
Such
arithmetical
be
districts.
calculations, however,
qualified

by
the advantage
advantage enjoyed
enjoyed by
by tmcts
where the
of the
tracts where
consideration of
the
by aa consideration

in the
cultivation
grazing available
is largely
in the
extra grazing
available in
the extra
the
cultivation is
largely barani in

frequent fallow,.
Thu" Rohtak with
only half
af uncultivahalf an
an acre
fallows. Thus,
with only
acre af
uncultivafrequent

ted
where the
the average
off than Lahore wnere
land is
is better
better off
is more
ted grazing
grazing land
average is
than
three
quarters
of
an
acre,
and
Jhelum
has
moreadvant.ages
has more advantages than
than
than three quarters of
acre,

Delhi
though the
the average
area of
of grazing
is almost
almost indentical
in
indentical in
Delhi though
average .rea
grazing is
both
The plains
plains of
provide ample
space for
the
of Harian.
Hariana provide
for the
districts.
both districts.
ample space
of the
necessary exercising
the cattle
pred in
in that
the
cattle Ipred
that tract.
Nor does
tract.
does the
exercising of
necessary

_ spread
natural advantages
the natural
of unirrigated
cultivation destroy
of
unirrigated cultivation
destroy the
advantages of
spread of
these
grounds,
for
even
in
a
good
year
the
faHows
are
extenfor
in
a
the
are
exteneven
fallows
these grazing
grounds,
good
year
grazing
sive,
they contain
though sparse,
the grasses
are extremely
contain though
grasses they
sive, and the
sparse, are
extremely
nutritious. The Dhanni breed
possesses no
no less
less an advantage
in the
the
breed possesses
nutritious.
advantage in

unirrigated lands
Jhelum,
lands and broken
broken unculturable
of the
the Jhelum,
unculturable ground
ground of
unirrigated
the
Atto.k
distriots,
and
the
conditions
of
the
Sind
and
the
conditions
of
Sind
and
Attoek and Rawalpindi
districts,
Rawalpindi

Bilucbistan
grounds are
But where close
dissimilar.
not dissin:ilar.
are not
close
Biluchistan breeding
breeding grounds
cultivation,
canal~irrigated
cultivation,
has
almost
has
almost
cultivation, and especially
cultivation,
especially canal-irrigated
_ annihilated
waste, the
in quality
quality
the waste,
the indigenous
breed deteriorates
deteriorates in
annihilated the
indigenous bl'eed
disappears
as
a
distinct
type.
The
space
So
neces
until
distinct
so
neces-..
it finally
as
a
until it
space
finally disappears
type.
is wanting.
sary
for
exercise
is
Valuable
crops
are
always
on
the
exercise
the
for
Valuable
wanting.
crops
always
sary
i

ground,
cattle are
are driven
driven along
the camthe cattle
comlanes to
to the
along dusty
dusty lanes
ground, and the

mon grazing
extensive and continually
encroached
ground, seldom extensive
continually encroached
grazing ground,

on
by the
the plough.
on by
plough.

Such are
prevailing at
the conditions
at the
the
conditions prevailing
are the

present
canal-irrigated tracts
tracts of
in
the canal-irrigated
in the
of the
the province
province and in
day in
present day
districts
such as
and
Sialkot
the
comparative
the
as Hoshiarpur
Sialkot
where
districts such
Hoshiarpur
comparative
eaSe
with which well"irrigation
the
be. carried
carried on and the
ease wiih
well-irrigation can bs.
available acre
fertility
tbe soil
have placed
practically every
soil have
of the
acre
every available
fertility of
placed practically
under
plough. The number of
of animals
animals bred
these
the plough.
bred under these
under the
be comparatively
comparatively small
and the
the quality
cdl:lditions
small and
conditions must be
increasingly
quality increasingly
inferior.
inferior.


!l
21

Grazing
the hills
are everywhere
he
in the
hills are
to be
Grazing grounds
grounds in
everywhere reported
reported to
insufficient.
During
the
cold
weather
the
Gaddis
and
Gujars
the
insufficient.
cold
weather
the
and
Gaddis
of
During
Gujars of
the Chamba State
State bring
to
the
Path"nkot
tahsil
the
their
cattle
down
their
to
cattle
the
Pathankot tahsil
bring
to
cattle often
have to
to 8ubsist
leaves. _
to graze.
the cattle
In Murree
Murree the
often have
subsist on
on leaves.
graze. In
report whether
whether with
ruling
District
were asked
District officers
officers were
asked to
to report
with the
the ruling
high
there
was
any
probabilly
of
grazing
grounds
being
there
of
was
grounds
grazing
high prices
prices
any probabilty
being
sO
to admit
admit of
of an
in the
extended as
as to
an improvement
the number
so extended
number and
and
improvement in
quality
bred by
by agriculturists
vil.
in their
of the
the animals
animals bred
their own vilagriculturists in
quality of
lages.
Leaving
aside the
or
exporting
tracts
the
questhe breeding
or
tracts
the
Leaving aside
lages.
exporting
breeding
question for
the highly
importing tracts
tion
for the
cultivated or
or importing
tracts resolves
resolves itself
itself
highly cultivated
into
a conflict
between the
the respective
profits
of
cultivation
and
into a
conflict between
of
cultivation
and
profits
respective
grazing,
the
economic
aspect
of
which
has
been
discussed
at
the
been
economic
of
has
which
discussed
at
aspect
grazing,
length
by
Mr.
Moreland
in
his
note
on
the
cattle
supply
of
the
in
Mr.
his
note
the
cattle
Moreland
of
the
length by
supply
United
Provinces. His
His conclusions
apply equally
to the
Punjab,
the Punjab,
United Provinces.
conclusions apply
equally to
reports of
in the
the import.
and
by the
are borne
the reports
and are
borne out
out by
of District
District officers
officers in
import" so
Gurdaspur remarks,
remarks, "so
ing
tracts. The Settlement
Settlement Officer
of Gurdaspur
Officer of
ing tracts.
long
prices of
of agricultural
agricultural produce
high, the
the
as the
the prices
continue high,
long as
produce continue
of
milch
cattle
will
reduce
zamindars,
whilst
keeping
a
large
stock
of
whilst
a
milch
cattle
will
stock
reduce
zamindars,
large
keeping
as to
to leave
as pospostbeir male
male and young
their
as much land
land as
so as
leave as
stock so
young stock
raising of
the more valuable
sible
sible available
available for
for the
the raising
valuable non-fodder
of the
non-fodder
crops.
Under these
breeding is
not likely
likely to
to
circumstances home
is not
these circumstances
crops.
home-breeding
to
this
end
likely
to
meet
with
any
extend,
nor
are
special
efforts
nor
to
are
to
this
meet
efforts
with
extend,
likely
special
any

measure of
as there
the extension
grazing
of success,
extension of
for the
is DO scope
of grazing
there is
success, as
scope for

areas without
areas
throwing out
cultivation valuable
out of
valuable agricultural
without throwing
of cultivation
agricultural
land."
improvement
in
homebreeding
land." Any
small land-holders
in
by smalilandholders
Any improvement home-breeding by
involves,
as Mr.
the provision
of enclosed
Mr. Moreland
Moreland points
enclosed,,., -out, the
involves, as
provision of
points ont,
meadows or
and
at
present
the
high
profits
of
cultivation
or crofts,
and
at
the
of
cultivation
crofts,
high profits
present
that either
the individual
the
forbid
hope that
forbid any
individual agriculturist
either the
or the
agriculturist or
any hope
village
community
will
deliberately
turn
down
oultivated
land
cultivated land village community will deliberately turn
to
grazing
in
order
to
breed
more
bullocks.
The
small
to grazing in order to breed
small cultivator
bullocks.
cultivator
cannot
the immediate
afford to
to forego
immediate profit
cannot afford
increased culticultiforego the
profit from increased
his bullocks
vation in
vation
the doubtful
doubtful hope
hope of
breeding his
bullocks cheaper
in the
than
of breeding
cheaper than
he
buy them.
them. In
In any
be is
is hampered
the conditions
he can
can buy
conditions _
case he
hampered by
by the
any case
of land
are made up
of
tennre in
the Punjab
up of
small
in the
of small
land tenure
where holdings
holdings are
Punjab wbere
fields
long distances
from each
each other
the
other precluding
often at
at long
distances from
fields often
precluding the
possibility of
any
pasture
worth
the
name.
The
diffioulty
worth
the
of reserving
name.
difficulty
possibility
reserving any pasture

which is
expArisnced in
the common
is experienced
in preventing
which
preventing encroachments on the

grazing
the village
village even
when protected
clause in
the
in the
land of
a clause
of the
even when
by a
protected by
grazing land
administration
drawn
up
at
settlement
is
commonplace
is a
at
a
administration paper
settlement
commonplace
paper
up
of
of distriot
district administration.
administration.

While, therefore,
therefore, the
the District
District officers
officers of
highly developed
developed
of highly
While,
that
at
present
there
i.
little
prospeot
of
tbe selfself.
districts
agree
there
is little prospect of the
districts agree that at present
cultivating
of
cultivation or
for cultivation
or of
substituting grazing
cultivating proprietor
proprietor substituting
grazing for
cattle bred
in those
those
any
of cattle
in the
bred in
the number of
any marked improvement
improvement in

,
22
22

districts, there
there are
indications that
that the
the cost
cost
some indications
are SOIDe
the increase
in the
increase in
districts,
of
cattle
and
the
scarcity
of
grazing
is
causing
a.
change
in
preof
of cattle
the scarcity
grazing is causing a change in pre-

sent
Bent conditions.
Thus,
the Settlement
Ludhian. reports
conditions.
Settlement Officer
Officer of
of Ludhiana
Thus, the
reports
the uplands
that
that district
distriot within
within recent
recent years
years the
the
in the
that in
of that
uplands of
people
set themselves
to breed
breed more
have set
themselves to
more than
than the
the actual
actual .tock
stock
people have
required
in their
The exodus
exodus to
years ago
ago
their villages.
the colonies
to the
colonies ten
ten years
required in
villages.
and there
is always
a
demand
drained
good many
cattle, and
a good
drained away
there is
a
many cattle,
away a
always
by the
the coloni!!t
The Settlement
the home district.
for cattle
from the
colonist for
cattle from
district.
The
Settlement
by
of Delhi
value of
has increased
increased
Officer
that the
the value
Officer of
Delhi found
found that
of grazing
land has
grazing land
to such
that even
not far
to
extent that
such an
an extent
land in
even wellirrigated
a village
in a
far
well-irrigated land
village not
into
I from the
bad
been
turned
into
pasture.
In
the
Karnal
tahsil
had
the city
been
turned
In
the
Karnal
tahsil
city
pasture.
Jat commnnityabandoned
the culsome three
years ago
ago aa stong
three years
culstong Jat
community abandoned the
irrigated
estate
owned
by
them
preferring
to
tivation
a fully
of a
estate
tivation of
them
by
fully irrigated
preferring to
, keep
it
as
a
grazing
reserve.
It
is
not
uncommon
to
find
the
owner
It
is not
it
a
find
as
reserve.
to
the
owner
grazing
keep
of
a grazing
reserve surrounded
of a
surrounded by
cultivation abstaining
high cultivation
by high
grazing reserve
abstaining
from
tbe
benefit
of
in order
order to
the
to reap
cultivation in
benefit
of grazing
from cultivation
fees from
from
reap
grazing fees
the
villages.
The
Presbyterian
Mission
of
Ludthe neighbouring
Mission
of
Ludvillages.
Presbyterian
neighbouring
part
of
their
Bir
in
the
hiana have
this
course
in
a
large
in
a
course
this
hiana
have adopted
of
their
Bir
in
the
adopted
large part
with considerable
profit.
_ Kaithal
considerable profit.
Kaithal tahsil
tahsil with

of the
the province
province cont.in
a small
The
contain only
The importing
districts of
small
importing districts
only a
proportion
of
the
5
million
acres
of
culturable
waste
land
owned
million
of
acres
culturable
of
5
waste
land
the
proportion
he 12J
J 2t million
million acres
acres of
privarely
by
and of
the
such land
of such
of I,
land privately
Government, and
by Government,
the ('(overnment
waste and
owned.
bout four-fifths
of the
and about
Government waste
four-fifths of
About
owned. A
about
oWDed wasre
consists of
two-thirds of
the privately
privately owned
waste consists
of the
the Bar lands
of the
lands
two-thirds
of
Montgomery, Jhang
Jhang and Lyallpur
Lyallpur and
and Multan
Multan and the
Thai of
the Thai
of Montgomery,
of
*.
The
wasre
lands
Mianwali,
Mnzaffargarh
and
Dera
Ghazi
Khan
Ghazi
*.
waste
lands
Mianwali, Muzaffargarh
of
Bar in
years will
be diminished
the
diminished still
still further
will be
further by
in a
few years
the Bar
a few
of the
by the
.' spread
of
irrigated
cultivation.
Before
land
is
actually
distriland
Before
is
of
cultivation.
distriirrigated
spread
actually
buted
may well
whether extensive
provision
extensive provision
be considered
considered whether
buted it
it may
well be
land
be
for
graziog
land
either
with
a
view
to
should
not
either
with
for
a
be
made
view to
should not
grazing
I preserving
preserving the
and Kachi
which
of the
Kachi cattle
the Sahiw.1
Sahiwal and
the breeds
breeds of
cattle which
in order to
to facilitate
cattleare already
or in
facilitate cattleare
diminished, or
seriously diminished,
already seriously
will
the
settlers
be
OJ;
cattle-rearing
among
the
settlers
who
will
be
introducsd.
breeding
introduced.
breeding or cattle-rearing among
of Montgomery
The
thus describes
Commissioner of
describes the
the
The Deputy
Montgomery thus
Deputy Commissioner
district :future
in that
that district
of cattle-breeding
future of
cattle-breeding in
:

"
fI Ca.ttle
Cattle are
are

bred
the district,
district, but
all over
over the
bat in
in the
bred all
the higly
cultivated
higly cultivated
Dipalpur
are bred
than in
in the
in
fewer are
the other
bred than
other three
tahsil much fewer
three tahsils
tahsils in
Dip alp ur tahsil
of
each of
there are
largo expanses
of
wa.ste
land.
It
is
in
these
three
waste
land.
It
is
of which
in
which there
are large
these
three
expanses
a.re chiefly
fonud. Cattle-braeding
tahsils
of cattle
cattle are
tahsils tha.t
that large
herds of
was
chiefly found.
large herds
Cattle-breeding was
the canals
before
canals the
the staple
industry of
the district.
before the
of the
of the
the introduction
introduction of
The
district.
staple industry
Muhamma.da.n
are the
the district
ancient inhabitants
who are
the ancient
inhabitants of
of the
Muhammadan tribes
tribes
district

naturally
cattle-breeding than
than the
the Sikh colonists
they have
have
colonists as
as they
do more
more cattle-breeding
naturally do
taste for
for agriculture.
All
these
greater
less taste
All these
access to
to grazing
agriculture.
greater aCC6SS
grounds, and less
grazing grounds,
as professional
tribes
professional graziers
their
sense regarded
tribes may
be in
in some
some sense
and their
regarded as
may be
graziers a.nd
These
'I'hIlBO 6gtU'ea
11'0 for
for 1906..07.
19064)7.
figures are

28
28

.,ts.tns
VBries rom
that of
of the
big zamindars.
numbered by
from that
herds are
Btatns varies
the big
are numbered
zamindars whose herds
by

the
the small
of two
two or
or three.
The big
big zamindars
zamindars own
small owner of
the hundred
to the
three.
hundred to
of cattle,
cattle, but
but do
do not
not as
as aa fllie
their
produce
commerextensive
herds of
rule exploit
extensive herds
their
produce commerexploit
to them
them chiefly
chiefly aa means
maintaining their
their dignity
dignity
cially.
Their
are to
of maintaining
cattle are
Their cattle
means of
cially.
and supporting
their
dependents.
'l1his
they
are
enabled
to
do,
by
the
great
to
enabled
their
This
are
the
do, by
they
dependents.
supporting
great
extent
available. But as
as the
the Ganji
Ganji Bar
undur colonization
colonization of grazing
extent of
Bar comes
comes under
grazing available.
this will
will cease
to be
be possible,
will cease
to exist;
and these
this
cease to
exist on
on the
cease to
herds will
the
these la.rge
possible, and
large herds
other
the influx
keep up
up cattle
cattle for
use and
other hand
influx of
of colonists
colonists will
for their
their own use
hand the
will keep
and
the
these stan.
fed animals
probably be
not less
less than
than those
those
be not
will probably
numbers of
of these
stall-fed
animals will
the numJx.rs
present. Unless
Unless the
people take
take to
to laying
pastul'e
found
found at
at present.
the people
laying down permanent
permanent pasture
;

the result
result will
be to
to substitute
substitute stall-fed
stall~fed for
pasturing cattle."
will be
the
for pasturing
cattle."

With reference
reference to
the provision
provision of
of permanent
permanent pastnre
to the
the
pasture the
Deputy
Commissioner
writes:writes
Deputy
:

"
It A very interesting
in this
this connection
connection has
been made
by
has been
made by
very interesting experiment
experiment in
Chandhri
Kha.n.
informs
that
with
2
or
3
waterings
50
acres
2
He
3
informs
me
with
or
that
Khan.
50
Chaudhri Jehangir
acres
Jehangir
waterings
of
pasture keep
keep 80 cattle
or 5 months,
num...
cattle for
for 4 or
a larger
of permanent
nummonths, a
larger
permanent pasture
bar
would be
be kept
kept by
crops on
same area,
the expense
fodder crops
the same
on the
than would
ber than
area, the
by fodder
expense
both
and fodder
If
to be
If this
this is
is found
found generally
water and
fodder being
less.
for water
both for
be
being much less.
generally to
believe that
that permanent
permanent pasture
pasture will
the grazing
grazing problem.
problem . ...
the
will solve
solve the
the case,
case, II believe
But
pasture to
to be
b~ worked
must be
out in
in
worked land
land must
for permanent
be given
But for
permanent pasture
given out
sufficiently
large
blocks;
a.
peasant
farmer
caDnot
afford
to
keep
half
hi!
blocks
a
farmer
cannot
to
afford
half
his
sufficiently large
peasant
keep
"
holding
under grass.
holding under
grass. "
;

in Multan where zamindars

This
is not
not unknown
nnknown in
are _
This system
zamindars are
system is
of
land
from
May
to
Septemaccustomed
to irrigate
small
pieces
of
small
land
from
accustomed to
to
irrigate
pieces
May
Septem- _
are
as
ber.
Such grazing
grounds
are
known
as
posal
.
Mr.
de
Montmode
ber.
Mr.
Montmoposals.
grazing grounds
that the
grazing areas
areas in
the Lyallpur
Lyallpur Colony
Colony
rency considers
the grazing
in the
considers that
rency
that
grants
are
too
small,
and
urges
that
in
tbe
new
Montgomery
are
in
too
the
small,
urges
grants
Montgomery
have at
per cent,
cent. of
Colony
should have
chak should
at least
least 20
20 per
of the
the
Colony every
every Crown ehale
(eharagah).
The
Deputy
area
as grazing
ground
area reserved
reserved as
Comgrazing ground (charagati).
Deputy Commissioner
with regard
regard to
to
similar recommendations with
missioner of
of Gujrat
Gujrat makes simi]ar
wbich are
are to
to be
the
in his
his district
under
the
district which
the Bar lands
lands in
be irrigated
irrigated under the
the Triple
irrigation
Project.
as the
scheme known as
Triple Project.
irrigation scheme

Arrangements
for hirly
extensive grazing
combined
Arrangements for
grounds combined
fairly extensive
grazing grounds
go far
with
of
permanent
canalirrigated
pasture
would
canalwould
a system
of
far
with a
irrigated pasture
go
permanent
system
towards
the
preservation
of
existing
breeds,
and
may
even
result
in
result
the
of
in
towards
may
existing breeds,
preservation
the successful
Buccossful development
of
home-breeding
on
an
extensive
scale
of
on
extensive
the
scale
development
home-breeding
in
the new colonies.
colonies. This
rrhis aspect
colonization problem
problem calls
of the
tbe colonization
in the
calls
aspect of
in
the
for
even
more
attention
thdn
it
has
received
in
the
past. Its
it
has
attention
than
Its
received
for even
past.
importance
must
become
yearly
grea.ter
With
the
increasing
importance
yearly greater with
increasing
difficulty
of supplying the growing demand for
for cattle.
cattle.
difficulty of supplying the growing
XIII.-FODDER. SUPPLY.
XIII.-FODDER
Against
the disappearance
disappearance of
of valuable
which too
too often
breeds which
valuable breeds
often
Against the
results
the incrense
incre~se in
in irrigated
irrigated cultivation
be set
the
cultivation may
set tbe
results from the
may be
be
greater
security
of
the
fodder
supply.
If
good
animal?
cannot
be
If
cannot
the
of
fodder
animal?
good
supply.
greater security

24
24

bred in
the imported
least be
can lit
be
a highly
tract the
at least
stock can
in a
bred
irrigated traot
highly irrigated
imported stock
in
provided
with
excellent
fodder
even
in
the
worst
years,
01'
in
an
in
excellent
fodder
the
with
or
worst
years,
provided
emergency
imported from
be fed
an adjoining
fed by
from an
can be
supplies imported
by supplies
adjoining
emergency can
district.
The working
working buHock
in the"
importing"" districts
districts is
the " importing
bullock in
is of
of
district.
course
fed,
and
is
seen
as
a
rule
in
far
better
condition
seen
as
and
rule
in
is
a
far
better
condition
course excellently
excellently fed,
than
the working
in breeding
The
conclusion
cattle in
tracts.
than the
The general
breeding tracts.
working cattle
general conclusion
of
is, as
be
expected,
that
the
fodder
district officers
be
fodder
officers is,
that
the
as might
the district
of the
might
expected,
I supply
is
sufficient
in
the
highly
cultivated
districts
or
importing
is
sufficient
in
the
or
cultivated
districts
highly
importing
supply
in times
tracts even in
of scarcity.
sca~city.
times of
tracts
It
unfortunately otherwise
tbe breeding
in the
It is
otherwise in
is unfortunately
centres and
and
breeding centres
at the
especially
in
the
all-important
Hariana
tract.
A
glance
in
the
Hariana
tract.
the
glance at
all-important
especially
in the
the Hissar
district
figures of
the cattle
enumerations held
held in
of the
cattle enumerations
Hissar district
figures
which the
during
years show
the fluctcations
show the
recent years
to which
the stock
fluctuations to
stock of
of
during recent
i8
liable.
cattle
in
Hariana
cattle in Hariana is liable.

I
Bulls.!'.D.d

bullocks.

CoWl.

Male buff
alOOlil,

CowbufWoes. Young stoct.

- - - ---- ---- - 1894

...

... ..

189"

...

.. ,

,,<>.
1900

--

137,4.83

181,488

6,806

90,861

1,'5,08"

...

111,062

111,4.52

J,119

6'1,500

I,61,OaB

85.182

78,908

.,858

58,989

1,a2,2~

161,161

132,988

t,a75

85,650

1,97,5'1'1

... ... ...

... ... ...

'fhe
these fluctuations
is ob.ious.
The cause
of these
fluctuations is
cause of
obvious. From 1A96
1896 to
to
in
of
1903
the
district
was
in
the
grip
of
famine
and
scarcity,
famine
the grip
1903 the district
scarcity, hardly
hardly
1 901.
Supplies
of fodder
relaxed
harvests of
in the
the good
of 1897
1897 and 1901.
fodder
relaxed in
good harvests
Supplies of
ran
aD
low
that
the
zamindar
waS
unable
to
keep
his
cows
and
to keep his
ran so low that the zamindar was
young stock,
and the
the district
cattle
district from
a store-house
from being
of cattle
store-house of
stock, and
being a
young
to rely
rely as
as best
be.t it
it could
was driven
could on scaTlty
driven to
was
from agriscanty profits
profits from
agri" culture.
In
the Hariana
Hariana districts
districts _ comparatively
cattle are
In the
culture.
few cattle
are
comparatively few
required for
ploughed in
in favourable
areas which
the vast
vast area.
which can
can be
be ploughed
for the
favourable
required
stock available
the stock
rains,
the extent
to which
which the
tor the
the supply
supply
extent to
available for
rains, and the
is at
at once
of
was depleted
once apparent.
of other
other districts
districts was
depleted is
apparent.

25

In
years such
aa1894,
t,he autumn
such as
autumn
In normal
normal years
1907, 1908 and 1909 the
1894, 190'7,1908
as
follows
8~lea
at
th~
Bissar
fairs
were
as
fol1ows
:
fairs
sales at the Hissar
:

RIssn.

BHIWANI.

Bulls ani
bullooks.

Bulls and
bullocks.

Cows.

SIBBA.

Cows.

Bulls and
bullocks.

COWB.

---- - - - ---- - - - - .
'"

1907

...
...

1908

,,'

'"

1894

...

...

..

1,012

4,546

...

1,439

1,070 Rs. 150-100

Rs.185-50

...

1909

'"

...

3,771

339

...

64

5,203

114

ils.22

Rs. 55

Re.2a

321

4,735

53

5,901

66

Rs.22

RS,200-70

Rs,21

Rs.57

ae

6,200

61

Rs.150-60

Rs.27

..

...

.. .

as
and 1901
as
soon as
zamindar
as the
1901
But in
in 1896-1898,
the zamindar
1896-1898, and
that the
the rains
rains had failed
thel'e was no
no prospect
prospect
realized
failed and there
realized that
and
his
of
being
able
to
keep
his
cows
young
stock,
the
his
of his
to
able
young stock, the
being
keep
animals were
autumn fairs
fairs were
were thronged,
thronged, and
and excellent
excellent animals
were quickly
quickly
is
of at
at low
prices, . as
is shown by
by the
disposed
as
the following
low prices,
disposed of
following
returns of
these years
of stock
stock sales
for these
sales for
returns
years : :

Bissa!'

Bhiwalli

YBAIIS.

1896

...

1899

...

1901

...

Bulls and bullocks,

Cows,

Bulls and
bullocks.

Fair closed on
famine

acount of

6,800

15,254

11,303

Rs.I00.25
8,447
Rs. 13-040

Sirsa.

Oows.

Bulls Bnd
bullokcs.

Cows.

170

5,901

- 64

22,842

1,314

9,747

47

RS,10

Rs.77-16

Rs. 8

Rs. 23

Re,18

936

18,846

120

86

306

Rs.22. Rs.113-40

Rs. 15

Rs.42

Rs.3()

26
26

The number
number .0
disposed of
of in
years ,was
was nearly
in these
these years
of bullocks
bullocks disposed
nearly
five
times
as
many
as
in
normal
times
and
the
average
as
times
and
the
as
normal
five times
in
was
price Vl.'"88
average price
many
less
tban half
would ordinarily
ordinarily have
obtained. The
been obtained.
have been
less than
half what
what would
The
the famine
Deputy
Rohtak writes:"
of Rohtak
Since the
Commissioner of
writes " Since
famine of
of
Deputy Commissioner
1877-78
besides
many
years
of
scarcity
there
have
been
3
famines,
been
3
of
1877-78 besides many years
famines,
scarcity there have
at the
tbe -fairs
are somewhat
somewbat
and
returns of
the returns
of cattle
cattle sold
sold at
fairs are
and altbougb
although tbe
misleading
owing
to
a
custom
prevailing
in
the
rain
land
villages
misleading owing to a custom prevailing in the rain
villages
of
selling
tbe
oxen
after
one
crop
has
grown
up,
and
buying
afresh
of selling the oxen after one crop has gro'wn up, and buying afresh
for
intervening
the intervening
as to
to avoid
for the
next crop
so as
avoid the
the sowings
of the
the next
crop so
sowings of
expense
of the
the transactions
of famine
of upkeep,
a comparison
famine with
transactions of
with
comparison of
expense of
upkeep, a
normal
years shows
shows the
the drain
on the
the district.
of the
drain on
normal years
the resources
resources of
district.
Thus
and cows
cows in
tbe famine
famine years
were
in the
Thus the
1899-1900 were
the sales
of oxen
oxen and
sales of
years 1899-1900
ahove tbose
and in
roughly
in 1905-06
the previous
of the
those of
1905-06
16,500 above
previous year,
roughly 16,1;00
year, and
ten thousand
thousand in
in excess
of the
the years
years before."
ten
before."
excess of
:

...

In
Report of
the Sirs.
(now Sir
of the
District lIIr.
Sirsa District
In bis
his Settlement
Settlement Report
Mr. (now
Sir

"
James)
is aa very
very
in such
a country
such a
remarks "Cattle-breeding
Wilson remarks:
James) Wilson
Cattle-breeding in
country is
"
"speculative
business,
and
the
peasants
to
find
it
more
profitthe
to
seem
find
it
business,
peasants
profitspeculative
:

"" able
the long
long run to
to allow
multiply up
to tho
their cattle
to multiply
allow tbeir
cattle to
in the
the
able in
up to
by
the
year's
fodder
nntil
the
.. Dumber
the
be supported
can be
fodder
until
which can
the
number wbich
supported by
year's
l

"usual
a new growth
to take
take their
their chance
cbance
for a
of gras!'!,
season for
usual season
growth of
grass, and to
*'

"" of
rains failing.
the rains
of tbe
failing.

"
H
""

is aa

is

If the
the rains
as usual,
If
the speculation
speculation
rains come as
usual, the

success,
another year
Y.J3ar;
cattle are
the ,cattle
are safe
safe for
for another
success, and the
;

if
loses his
bis profits
portion
the speculator
and some
if they fail,
some portion
profits and
speculator loses
they fail, the

"of
or two good
it up
up _to
to
but one
one or
his capital
seasons soon
soon make it
"of his
capital but
good seasons
"
that
U him again.
It
is
Dot
improbable
t.hat
improvements
in
~}:le
It
is
not
in
the
again.
improbable
improvements

" methods of
"metbods
fodder would
utilised by
the Sirs.
be utilised
of storing
would be
Sirsa peasant
storing fodder
by the
peasant

" not
"
in guarding
against the
the consequences
of drougbt
so much in
as
not so
guarding against
consequences of
drought as
"
still further,
" in
bis stock
taking his
tbe
stock still
his chance
chance or
of the
in multiplying
further, and taking
multiplying his

" rains
this
as before;
rains as
before; and this

is
perhaps in
in the
the most
is perhaps
the circumstances
circumstances the
most

"
this trade
a cattle
of oonducting
trade as
"profitable
breeder,"
as a
cattle-breeder;"
conducting this
way of
profitable way

written in
These
in 1882,
apply equally
to all
all . !lisThese remarks written
dis1882, apply
equally to
since then the
the sbate
the
triots
tbe Hariana tract.
tract. But since
state of
of the
in the
tricts in

Hariana
cattle
Hariana cattle

trade has become yearly

impqr_tap.t . to
to
yearly more important

it is
is yearly
Northern
to guard
Northern India,
India, and it
yearly becoming
becoming more important
important to
guard
losses of
of slack.
stock.
Budden
losses
ag.inst
tbese
sudden
these
against

much to
to ascribe
the greater
ascribe the
It
not too
too muoh
greater proportion
j:he
is not
of the
It is
proportion of
of
rise
of
oattle,
of
which
every
district
to
tho
district complains,
to
of
cattle,
the
in price
rise in
every
complains,
price
store-house dnring
depletion
of the
the Hariana store-houoo
the period
from 1896
1896
during the
period from
depletion of
have
few
been
to
to
years
been
f"vour.ble
to
the
Hiss.r
favourable
the
Hissar
1903. The past
years
to 1903.
past
of oattle
all classes
cattle in Hll
district
the number of
classes is
is again
and the
district and
again approachapproachthe store
store .hould
of
ing
the
level
of
1894.
That
tbe
ever
have been
should
ever have
level
been
the
ing
a
matter
for universal
universal regret.
be
a
matter
for
depleted,
mnst
be
must
regret.
depleted,

27
The loss
loss

Ot
is aa commonplace
commonplace of
the too
nnmerons
of the
too numerous
live-stock is
of live-stock

famine
Its
has hardly
hardly received
due consider
consider-..
Its prevention
famine reports.
received due
reports.
prevention has
as conHtion.
Famine and
and its
to
be
considered
as
to
conits results
results are
be
ation.
are apt
considered
apt
cerning
Hariana
alone,
whereas
the
disaster
affects
the
whole
whereas
disaster
the
whole
the
Hariana
affects
alone,
cerning
Province.
N
or is
it sufficiently
sufficiently realized
in how sbort
realized in
is it
Province.
short a time
Nor

the mischief
the
mischief

his
is
done. After
zamindar has
has abandoned
After the
the zamindar
abandoned his
is done.
in
last
of
rain
only
a
month
elapses
before
.
cattle
are
sold
in
a
last hope
are
sold
before
of
rain
cattle
elapses
hope
only

tIlousands at
at the
the autumn
thousands

fairs,
caused to
to
loss caused
and irremediable
irremediable loss
fairs, and

the
Northern India.
The
remoleness of
districts
the whole
of these
these districts
whole of
of Northern
India.
The remoteness
has
prevented any
any general
general attempt
to
provide
reserves
has hitherto
hitherto prevented
to
attempt
provide reserves
preserve the
tbe more
more valuable
But as
as the
tbe
of
of fodder,
and so
so preserve
stock.
valuable stock.
fodder, and
country
is
opened
out
by
the
yearly
expansion
of
railways
the
great
the
of
is
the
out
great
railways
opened
by
country
yearly expansion

difficulties
undertaking are
firs appreciably
appreciably lesseoed,
fllld in
in
difficulties of
such an undertaking
of such
lessened, and
any
case
the
issues
are
too
great
to
be
neglected.
The
last
Famine
are
to
case
the
be
last
issues
too
any
great
neglected.
Commission, primarily
during
considered the
of cattle
cattle during
the preservation
Commission,
primarily considered
preservation of
that
actual
but
their
final
*recommendHtion
t.hat
actual famine
their
was
final
famine conditiom;;,
but
*recommendation
conditions,

the
fodder supply
preventive aspect
should
the whole
of fodder
in its
its preventive
whole question
supply in
aspect should
question of
be tboroughly
examined.
few
of
their
general
conclusions
may
be
few
their
examined.
A
of
conclusions
may
thoroughly
general
be
be quoted.
quoted.
(I)
It
better in
and cheaper
cbeaper to
bring fodder
It is
fodder
is better
in tbe
the long
run and
to bring
(1)
long run
to
the cattle
to take
take the
to the
211).
to the
cattle than
than to
the cattle
cattle to
the fodder
fodder (para.
(para. 211),
a very
very
(2)
The demand for
proclaimed at
at a
be proclaimed
for fodder
fodder .honld
should be
(2)
early
date.
date.
early
is
be made in
in years
there is
(3)
Enquiries
should be
in which
which there
(3)
Enquiries should
years in
no
no pressure,
a view
view to
the
fodder
snpply
on
with a
on
to supplementing
the
fodder
pressure, with
supply
supplementing
emergency.
emergency.
(4)
There
is this
this pre-eminent
pre-eminent advantage
the growth
There is
in the
and
(4)
advantage in
growth and
tbat it
it enables
the people
to
retain
tbe
cattle
importation
the
of fodder
fodder that
cattle
to
retain
enables the
importation of
people
in the
the villages.
in
villages. Not only
only does
that always
the dangers
does this
this avoid
avoid the
dangers that
always
attend aa change
of environment,
environment" but
but it
inasit is
is directly
economical inaschange of
directly economical
much as
as a
imported fodder
will suffice
suffice
a far
far smaller
of imported
smaller amount
fodder will
amount of

head for cattle

pEir he.dfor
people can
at home,
where people
cattle kept
can supplement
per
home, where
kept at
supplement
the imported
imported ration
ration by
by petty
petty reserves
reeerves and pickings.
pickings.
No definite
have ever
ever been
put forward
for dealing
definite proposals
been put
forward for
dealing
proposals have
with
this
extraordinary efforts
with this problem,
problem, but
it is
should
but it
is clear
that extraordinary
efforts should
clear that

give
to the
Hariana ..
the
Harianaassistance to
give every
possible assistance
every possible
breeding
ordinary times,
the loss
loss of
of
in ordinary
to prevent
times, and to
grounds in
breeding grounds
prevent the
in times
cattle in
valuable cattle
of scarcity.
Bearing
in
mind
t~e
loss
tbe
in
times of
loss
Bearing
scarcity.
in transferring
which Occurs
occurs in
from one
one tract
to another,
animals from
tract to
another,
transferring animals
be ma,da
to
made to
be

the conclusion
the
conclusion cannot
be .voided
that if
if the
tbe cattle
pre- to be
cannot be
are to
be preavoided that
cattle are
at all,
served at
their native
in their
native villages.
be preserved
all, they
preserved in
villages.
they must be
, The first
point is
infor,mation as
to the
the
first essential
essential point
as to
secure information
is to
to secure

paid to
the breeding
villages
to the
cattle.
of cattle.
attention is
is paid
villages where special
special attention
breeding of
219 of
Para.
the Famine
Famine Report,
*Para, 219
of the
1901. _
Report, 1901,
^

28
28

In
are the
the villages
villages which
receive
In ordinary
seasons these
should receive
these are
which should
ordinary seasons

assistance
fl'his
of
This ' aid
aid may
assistance from
from Government.
take the
the form of
Government.
may take
specially
Hissar Farm in
in considerablo
the Hissar
selected bulls
balls from
from tlw
considerable numspecially selected
oors,
to provide
class animals
from elsewhere.
elsewhere.
a grant
or of
first class
of a
animals from
bers, or
grant to
provide first
'rhe
constantly auctioning
auctioning stock
The Hissar
unHissar }'a.rm
is constantly
stock which,
Farm is
which, though
though unsuitable
rements
of
the
Farm,
is
nevertheless
often
of
suitable for
the
often
for the
is
the requi
nevertheless
Farm,
requirements
1

greatly
the average
averflge of
the ordinary
ordinary village
of the
above the
greatly above
village

herd.
herd.

The

scheduled
this
this
scheduled villages
in
receive special
should receive
consideration III
special consideration
villages should
respect.
respect.
In times
times of
of famine
famiDe th
ese villages
villages would
would a.gain
priority
these
receive priority
again receive
of
The information
information collected
seasons
would
of attention.
attention.
collected in
in ordinary
seasons
ordinary
place the
the authorities
position to
waR likely
likely
a position
to estimate
in a
authorities in
estimate how much was
place
to
be disposed
It
that in
in time
time
to be
of at
the autumn fairs.
at the
fairs.
It is
is obvious
obvious that
disposed of
of
old and
and useless
must disappear,
of old
a large
of famine a
useless animals
animals must
disappear,
large number of
and from an economic
view, this
of view,
this is
is a
economic point
a positive
advantage.
point of
positive advantage.
But the
of
really
good
stock
is
fin
object
which
how~
the preservation
howof
is
stock
an
which
really good
preservation
object
ever
difficult of
of attainment
attainment needs
to be
on
the
people,
needs to
the
ever difficult
be jmpressed
on
people,
impressed
and no assistance
this direction
can be
assistance given
in this
direction can
be
given by
by Government in
considered
considered wasted.
wasted.

The
problem of
of caWe
has two
cattle preservation
The problem
two aspects
preservation has
aspects : (1)
storage of
in ordinary
ordinary years
yeRrs to
provide
of fodd6l
fodder in
to provide
The storage
(1)
:

against
scarcity.
against scarcity.

(2)
(2)

7 ."
^

..

importation of
fodder at
wben scarcity
of fodder
at cbeap
The importation
rates when
cheap rates
scarcity

has actually
actually declared
declared itself.
itself.
has
in the
the Hariana
Hariana districts
produces jowar,
}OWilT, baJra,
districts produces
season in
A good
bajra,
good season
pulses
and
grnss
in
such
quantities
that,
were
the
stuff
properly
such
in
were
the
stuff
quantities that,
grass
properly
pulses
stacked
nothing short
short of
famine of
the
of a two years'
of the
and preservod,
stacked and
preserved, nothing
years' famine
reduce
the
fodder
worst
type
could
rednce
tbe
fodder
supply
below
tbe
requirements
below
the
could
worst type
supply
requirements
of
preserving. Unfortunately
Unfortunately the
grass is
worth preserving.
cattle worth
the grass
the cattle
is
all the
of all
the
and
neglected
altogether,
the
jowar
and
vajra
even
carefully
even
when
jowar
bajra
carefully
neglected altogether,
stand in
in the
cnt and
and not
not allowed
allowod to
to stand
the field,
is only
collected and
and collected
cut
field, is
only
of
the
fodder
is
sold,
stacked
in
exceptional
cases.
Most
of
cases.
the
fodder
is sold, chiefly
stacked in exceptional
chiefly
lor
the Delhi
market, and any
any stacks
stacks remaining
in the
the villages
villages
Delhi market,
for the
remaining in
will
be
found
to
belong
to
local
bania.
are
prepared
to
hold
are
banias
to
to
local
who
will be found
belong
prepared to hold
It
till
the
opportunity
of
reaping
famine
prices
presents
itSelf.
famine
of
It is
is
till the opportunity
prices presents itself.
reaping
the
laziness
in
of
easy
to
Rccuse
the
zamindaL'
of
lazinea.s
in
neglecting
valuable
zamindar
accuse
valuable
to
neglecting
easy
But the
the grafls
supplies
by year.
is useless,
of grass
unless
useless, unless
year by
grass is
year.
grass year
supplies of
cut
time, which unfortunately
with the
the proper
coincides with
at the
cut at
the
unfortunately coincides
proper time,
of fever.
autumn harvest
harvest and the
the annual
annual epidemic
epidemic of
fever. The zamindar
zamindar
himself and labour is
is , at
has
himself
a premium.
premium. The
at
leisure
no leiflUre
The
has no
difficulty
grass on a large
scale
seems almost
scale
seems
of stacking
almost
stacking grass
large
difficulty of
thrift! OP sness in
insurmountable.
of thriftl(',sness
dealing
with
in
insurmountable. . The cbarge
charge of
dealing with
jorca1'
ani)
bajra
fodder
has
more
justification.
The
zamindnr
and
zamindar
justification.
bajra
jnwar
.

2~ J

not
not only
only

enjoys
the proceeds
proceens of
of
enjoys the

his fodder
hig
fodder sales
sales in
in good
good

years,
but counts on Government for
assistance
of
for
in time
assistance in
time of
years, but counts
dl'Ought.
But
unless
he
receives
substantial
inducement
to
do
he
substantial
inducement
receives
to do
drought. But unless
otherwise,
it is
useless to
for improvement.
District
to hope
is useless
improvement- The District
otherwise, it
hope for
authorities
ha,,?e uuder
by which
which
a scheme by
under consideration
consideration a
Hissar have
of Rissar
authorities of

in
baj"a and
jowar stalks
be bought
bought up
up by
by the
the
stalks should be
in good
&nd.joivar
good years
years bajra

District
centres, ..each
each centre
being
diffierent centres,
stacked at
at diffierent
centre being
Board and stackl-'d
District Board

made
from 155 to
to 20 villages.
villages.
made to
to servo
serve from
1

..

It is
It
estimated that
that proprois estimated

case of
perly stacked straw could last about 55 years.
In case
of scarcity
years.
scarcity
perly stacked straw could last
at cost
this
fodder should
zamindars at
interest
cost price,
to zamindars
be sold
sold to
should be
this fodder
price, plus
plus interest
at
and aa sum to
cover District
District Board expenditure.
to cover
If ...
12 pee
at 12
cent,, and
expenditure. If
per cent.,

no
the old
stock could
or exported
exported
be sold
sold locally
old stock
could be
no such
arose the
such occasion
occasion arose
locally or
it.
to
being bought
bought to
to replace
The loss,
it is
is
fodder being
to Delhi,
loss, it
replace it.
Delhi, new fodder
'l'he
Settlement
Officer
thinks
estimated
Settlement
The
Officer
thinks
not be
be great.
estimated would.
would not
great.
that
plan of
kind might
'l'he
tried experimentally.
be tried
The
this kind
of this
that a
a plan
might be
experimentally.

Deputy
that the
iJistrict Board must be
be
the District
considers that
Commissioner considers
Deputy Commissioner
Buch
a
given
material
8ssistanoe
both
in
men
and
money
if
in
if
a
such
scheme
assistance
both
material
money
given
is
is to
to be
be carried
carried out.
out.

The
The importation
importation

of
at cheap
cheap rates
in time of
rates in
of fodder
of actual
fodder at
actual

scarcity
attended by
by considerable
considerable success
fodder
success during
the fodder
was attended
during the
scarcity was

famine
the
feature of
of 19051906.
1905-1906. The only
of the
famine of
unsatisfactory featnre
only unsatisfactory
late.
action
taken was
that it
too late.
But vigilant
vigilant supervision
it came too
action taken
was that
supervision
would
enquiries being
to ensure fodder
fodder
result in
in enquiries
would result
enough to
being made soon enough
at the
of Septemthe end of
Septembeing
railed down when most required,
v/0.,l at
being railed
required, viz'
zamindar needs
bullocks can
ber when the
that his
assurance that
his bullocks
can be
be
needs assurance
ber
the zamindar
provided
for.
for.
provided
The information
obtained as
village::! where cattlecattleas to
to villages
information obtained
breeding
would enable
enable the
the distribution
the imported
distribution of
of the
is important
breeding is
important would
imported
fodder
to be
be made with
with comparitive
comparitive certainty
the expense
that the
fodder to
expense
certainty that
incurred
by
incurred by

Government bore
bore some relation
relation

to
to the
the

assistance
assistance

afforded
the people.
people. The Deputy
Gurgaon _
Commissioner of
of Gurgaon
afforded to
to the
Deputy Commissioner
fodder
that importation
of
fodder
must
be
accompanied
by
points ant
out that
of
be
points
accompanied
importation
by
grant
to purchase
purchase it,
it, care
taken that
is only
care being
of takavi
iaJcavi to
that takavi
takavi is
being taken
grant of
only

given
the preservation
preservation of
valuable animals.
.
for the
of valuable
animals.
given for
It
that the
the amount of
of work entitled
by these
these meais obvious
It is
obvious that
entitled by
meain ordinary
sures,
in times
times of
possibly
of famine could
could not possibly
sures, both in
years and in
ordinary years
by the
the ordinary
district staff,
schemes
be undertaken by
to work schemes
staff, and to
ordinary district
of
is required.
The Deputy
Deputy ComCom.
of the
the kind
kind t,chninal
techninal knowledge
knowledge is
required.
missioner
the stock
owing
of :gissar
missioner of
is deteriorating owing
Hissar believes
believes that
that the
stock is
deteriorating

to
neglect of
breeding and
and to
to ignorance
or neglect
of proper
methods of
of breeding
to _
ignorance or
proper methods

constant exportations
best animals.
are wanted
of the
animals. Arrangements
the best
exportations of
Arrangements are
for arresting
for
that
deterioration
and
for
rendering
unnecessary
tho
that
deterioration
for
rendering
arresting
unnecessary the

forced
by spells
If
forced sales
sales of
of live-stock
of drought.
caused by
live-stock caused
If such
such
drought.
spells of
a
%f
to
be
,,!rangements
are
to
a
succes~
an
officer
'f,f
the
Civil
Vete~:
succes?
officer
VeterCivil
arrangements

<,

so

inary
is required
required to
devote all
time to
their
to devote
all his
to their
his time
inary Department
Department is
supervision.
If
stationed
at
Hissar
he
would
have
the
great
at
If
Hissar
he
the
stationed
have
supervision.
great
advantage
lhe propel'
methods of
the GovernGovernof breeding
of the
which the
advantage of
breeding which
proper methods
and of
the Superinment Cattle
of the
the advice
Cattle Farm affords
advice which
affords and
which the
Superintendent wiiI
able to
to give
gIve him.
him.
tendent
wiil be
be able
The difficulties
fodder supply
do not
to be
be SO
difficulties of
of fodder
not seem
seem to
acute
so acute
supply do
in
Rut
here too
the Civil
Civil
Dhanni tract.
in the
too more assistance
the Dharllli
tract.
But here
assistance from
from the
Veterinary
Department
is
required.
The
subject
of
the
expanis
of
the
required.
Veterinary Department
subject
expansion
Department will
of the
the Civil
be developed
sion of
will be
Civil Veterinary
later.
Veterinary Department
developed later.
XIV.-THE
THE CATTLE TRADE.
XIV.

(1)
Trod",.
(1) Traders.
the demand for
From the
description
already
of the
the description already given
for cattle
cattle
given of
and
the
sources
from
which
this
demand
is
met,
it
has
been
is
this
it
which
has been
and the sources from
met,
soon
that
the
trade
follows
certain
definite
courses.
From
certain
definite
follows
courses.
seen that the trade
~ Hariana
from the
the Dhanoi
the north,
north, and
Dhanni tract
tract in
in the
in the
the south
Hariana in
south, from
from
Sindh
in
the
west
there
is
a
constant
influx
of
cattle
into the
the
from Sindh in the west there is a constant influx of cattle into
centre
trade, cbiefly
current of
of trade,
in young
Another current
of the
the Punjab.
centre of
young
Punjab. Another
chiefly in
j

stock,
the southern
districts towards
toWflrds the United Provinces,
southern districts
sets from the
Provinces,
stock, sets
whi~e
contemplate, conveys
a
constant
to contemplate,
a
less pleasing
constant
while another,
another, less
pleasing to
conveys

stream
old and
worn out
cattle northward
the Grand
out cattle
northward along
and worn
of old
stream of
along the
'l'runk
Peshawa,.
and Peshawar.
Trunk Road
Road towards
towards Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi and
all known
traders, all
under the
of
A horde
hotde of
the generic
of traders,
generic name of
Boparis,
are
busy
throughout
the
year
catering
for
the
needs
Boparis, are busy throughout the year catering for the needs
of
the fully
'l'he
best cattle
cattle
the farmer
in the
farmer in
districts.
The best
of the
cultivated districts.
fully culti%ted
tract
are
marked
down
and
bought
of
Nagaur tract are
the Hariana
and bought from
Hariana Nagaur
from
of the
the autumn
autumn and
and
the
breeders, partly
in the
the villages,
at the
the breeders,
villages, and partly
partly at
partly in
this part
~pring
part of
Other
of the country
is famous.
for which
which this
famous. Other
fairs, ~or
spring fairs,
country is
bandR
are engaged
in similar
in the
tract
similar work in
the Dhanni tract
bands ,of
traders are
of traders
engaged in
and
traders from the
to be
Pathan traders
and Sindh,
the Pathau
the Chach
are to
while the
Chach are
be
Sindh, while
found
large
fair,
relieving
the
zamindar
of
his
superfluous
the
at every
found at
of
his
fair,
relieving
every large
superfluous
and Ivorn
and transporting
the frontier.
worn out
out stock
stock and
frontier.
tp wards the
transporting them tpwards
a
'.rhs
term'
Bopari
'
includes
a
number
of
castes
each
of castes each engaged
The term Bopari includes
engaged
in
weIl defined
class of
business.
.
in a
a well
of business.
defined class
The
are the
these are
the Aroras
of these
Aroras of
of Shahpur
moat important
andMianThe most
Shahpur andMianimportant of
financed
their
wali.
They
are
very
well
organized
and
financed
by
their
own
comare
well
wali. They
organized
by
very
into
nmnity,
and
their
transactions
run
into
many
thousands
of
rupees,
transactions
thousands
of
their
many
rupees.
munity,
of stock,
They
the best
best type
they procure
procure for
in the
for
deal only
stock, which they
type of
only in
They deal
*

'

their old
in the
the central
central Punjab,
old clients
clients in
their
Punjab,
These
Lyallpur and Jhelum colonies.
'rhese
colonies.
Lyallpur

and their
their connections
in the
connections in
Aroras arrive
at
the
great
the
arrive at
great

the north and south

fairs
in the
Punjab
of the
districts in
south of
the Punjab
the breeding
in the
fairs in
breeding districts
4
or
rears of
from the
with aa drove
drove of
of young
stock 3
3 or 4 years
of age,
selected from
the
with
age, selected
young stock
snrrounding
out an enclosure
enclosure which,
stake out
districts and stake
which, they
gradualsurrounding districts
they gradual.
of conrse,
Iy
fill with purchas" in
in thafair
for which,
cash.
the fair for
in cash.
which, of
course, they
they pay
pay in
ly fill with purcbaslfc
or
exercise great
They
move
abou.
in
bands
of
10
or
20,
and
exercise
precaution
in
of
bands
about
20,
precaution
great
They

81
31

,in
the money
possession. When visiting
visitlng
in th~ir
their possession.
in .afeguarding
money in
safeguarding the
.f~irs
in
the
Native
States
they
are
very
well
treated
by
the
.uthorities,
States
the
in
the
are
treated
Native
well
fairs
very
they
authorities,
by
who make special
to gnard
the animals
from theft,
animals from
arrangements to
special arrangements
theft,
guard the
and often
sahuk.r with
bank their
money.
a sahukar
with whom thoy
can bank
their money.
detail a
often detail
they can
,Having
their purchases,
purchases, which
generally consist
consist of
of first
which generally
first
Having completed
completed their
class
)))lllocks,
3
or
4
years'
old,
and
I,
h
e
very
best
cow-buffaloes,
4
best
class bullocks, 3 or
cow-buffaloes, they
years' old, and the very
they
fail
nearest which
they are
likely to
to obtain
a marmar ..
the station
station nearest
are likely
obtain a
to the
rail them to
which they
a
keto
au
arrival
.t
their
destination
they
usually
hold
a
small
rail'
small fair at
ket. On arrival at their destination they usually hold
at a
a
convenient
notice being
sent round
J'ound to
to intending
convenient centre,
centre, notice
intending purchasers.
being sent
purchasers.
They
cash payments,
payments, but
but as
their eustumers
as all
all their
seldom demand cash
customers
They seldom
are
they prefer
to recover
the price
price of
of their
to them,
their aniare known to
recover the
anithem, they
prefer to

mals
each succeeding
Their
8 instalments
harvest.
instalments paid
at each
mals by
Their
paid at
by 3
succeeding harvest.
usual
procedure is
before Hal',
is to
to make their
usual procedure
their sales
sales before
one
Har, recovering
recovering ODe
in Lohri and tmother
instalment in
one in
another in
in Har,
in the
the following
instalment
Har
Har, one
following Hal'
in the
the next year.
year. The purchaser
purcha~er pays
as earnest
in
one rupee
earnest-..
rupee .as
pays Olle
a
money
and
executes
a
bond
binding
him
to
pay
the
instalexecutes
bond
to
the
instalbinding
pay
money
ments as
No interest
charged, but
but the
the price
due.
fall due.
is charged,
as they
interest is
they fall
price
is
of
the animal
enhanced so
1:<0 as
to include
interest charges.
animal is
enhanced
as to
include interest
of the
charges.
Mr. de
Montmorency calculates
calculates that
the colonist
of Lyallpur
Mr.
de Montmorency
that the
colonist of
Lyallpur
in
buying
from
Aroras
in
instalments
pays
12~
per
cent. mora
Aroras
instalments
more
buying
pays 12^ per cent,
than
he bought
bought from
zamindars of
or
if he
he would
from zamindars
his old
than he
of his
would if
old district
district or
in
Some district
in a
fair.
a fair.
district officers
officers caloulate
that interest
calculate that
interest included
included in
in
the price
is
really
higher
than
this.
The
Hoshiarpur
report
is
much
the
than
this.
The
really
higher
price
Hoshiarpur report considers
30 per
cent. The zamindars
as high
interest as
considers the
the interest
as 30
zamindars sel.
selhigh as
per cent.
in their
dom default
their payments,
payments, otherwise
would
be
given
default in
otherwise they
be
would
no
they
given no
Severa]
district reports
t.ouch on the
t.he hardship
credit.
more credit.
Several district
reports touch
hardship
which
zamindar, find
these transactions
transactions involve
the zamindar,
which these
involve to
to the
and the
the Deputy
Deputy

Commissioner of
Amritsar suggests
Societies
of
Amritsar
that Co-operative
Co-operative Societies
suggests that
should
payments to
on behalf
should undertake
immediate cash
to the
undertake immediate
cash payments
the Aroras
Aroras on
behalf
of the individual
.J oftha
so
avoid
the
loss
arisindividual members of
of the
the society,
and
the
so
avoid
loss
arissociety,
ing
jrom
the
these
credit
transactions.
credit
from
the
these
transactions.
ing

A second
of Aroras
second class
class of
Aroras from Mullan,
Dera Ghazi
Ghazi Khan
Multan, Dera
Bahawalpur
trade in
Sindhi and
and
Sindh have tbe
in high
the trade
class Sindhi
Bahawalpur and Sindh
high class
in
'rh.ir methods
methods closely
Dajal
cattle
their hands.
cattle in their
Their
hands.
resemble
Dajal
closely resemble
that
of the
that of
reported
the Shahpnr
but they
are reported
Aroras, but
Shahpur and Mianwali Aroras,
they a,'e
to be
to
be even
even harsher
their dealings
with
the zamindars.
harsher in
in their
with the
zamindars.
dealings
this
Owing
the paucity
paucity of
fairs in
part of
the country,
these
to the
of fairs
in tbis
of the
Owing tu
part
country, these
A~oras make their
purchases for
chiefly through
through agents
their purchases
Aroras
for export
export chiefly
agents
.in.
.
in the
the villages.
villages.
The business
business conducted
conducted by
and
Kashas, chiefly
by the Rashas,
chiefly Gujars
Gujars and
, 'Kasais
Attock,
and
Peshawar
the Hazara,
Bannu
of the
Kasais of
Hazara, Rawalpindi,
Attock,
Peshawar
Rawalpindi,
districts,
a somewhat special
nature. Their
interest in
in high
is of
of a
Their interest
districts, is
special nature.
high
to
class.
10
cow-buffaloes,
of
which
they
is limited
limited chiefly
of
class, ,animals
animals is
which
cow-buffaloes,
chiefly
they
at
the
buy
large
quantities
at
tho
Jaithu.
Amritsar,
Ludhiana
and
other
Ludhiana
Jaithu,
and
other
Amritsar,
buy large quantities

32
32

and rail
to Attock,
Abdal and
Enzro, where
rail thom
them to
and Hazro,
where the
the
Atfcock, Hassan Abdal
animals
sold at
fairs
to
trans-border
Pathans.
They
fairs
to
are sold
at weeklv
trans-border
Pathans.
animals are
weekly
They
also
the
north"western
But
all
the
buffaloes to"
also supply
to all
north- western districts.
districts.
But
supply buffaloes
their
prinCipal business
buying up
worn
out
and
in buying
their principal
consists in
out
business consists
and
up
at all
comparatively
all fairs
the country
country from
cattle at
in
useless cattle
fairs in
the
from
comparatively useless
'rhese
purchases
are
invariably
marched
Hisssr
to LyaUpnr.
Hissar to
These
are
marched
purchases
Lyallpur.
invariably
the Grand Trunk
Trunk Road,
up which
wbich aa
until
until tbey
strike the
Road, up
eventually strike
they eventually
continuous
cattle may
be
seen
driven
by
these
Basha
be
stream of
continuous stream
of cattle
driven
these
seen
Rasha
may
by
traders
the
cold
weather.
tr.e
march
they
continue
On
traders throughout
cold
the
the
weather.
march
continue
throughout
they
their
are perpetually
perpetually selling
which can
off animals
their trade
trade and are
animals which
can
selling off
three years
at
cheap
prices,
or
exchangstill
for two
more
at
still work for
or three
two or
or
years
cheap prices,
exchangutterly worn
worn
ing
for aa larger
larger number
number of
serviceable cattle
of utterly
cattle for
ing fairly
fairly sen'ioeable
out animals.
'!,hey
sometimes
include
in
their
droves
a
few
Imder.
out
include
animals.
in
their
a
sometimes
underdroves
few
They
but serviceable
cattle from the
thp
sized
sized but
the breeding
serviceable cattle
which the
districts, wbich
breeding districts,
and
Dhanni
tracts
arli
glad
to
buy
zamindars
tbe Potbwar
zamindars of
and
of the
Dhanni
tracts
are
Pothwar
at
glad to buy at
cheap
rates
to
replace
tbe
high
class
animals
for
which
they bave
have
cheap rates to replace the high class animals for which they
ultimat,e destination
obtained
obtained large
of money,
destination of
of these
these
money, The ultimate
large sums of
time they
arrive at
at Rawalpindi,
Rawalpindi, or
or are
Hassan
droves
droves by
are sold
at Hassan
the time
sold at
by the
they arrive
Abdal and
and Gondal,
merchant.
the hide
hide merchant.
in most cases
is in
cases tbe
Gondal, is
Export
trade to
to the
the United
which mainly
United Provinces,
consists
Provinces, which
Export trade
mainly consists

of
young stock
the hands
hands
in the
of young
one to
to two
is largely
stock from ODe
two years,
largely in
years, is

of
rrhey limit
their operations
operations to
Delhi territory
territory
old Delhi
of Banjaras.
the olel
limit their
to tbe
Banjaras.
They
and are
not generally
met
with
north
of
Ludh:ana,
and
the line
of
are not
with
north
met
the
line
Ludhiana,
generally
They
do,
however,
occasionally
visit
the
Amritsar
of
the Sutlej.
of the
the
visit
Amritsar
do,
however,
occasionally
They
Sutlej.
fair.
Theil'
purchases at
fit fairs,
howe,er, represent
only small
small
fair.
Their purchases
fairs, however,
represent only
are
proportion
of
their
business,
for
they
are
constantly
the
move
on
their
for
the
of
business,
proportion
they
constantly
tbroughout ,be
country at
all times
of the
but especially
especially
che country
at all
the year,
times of
throughout
year, but
in
July, buying
up
young
stock,
which
they
in June and July,
which
march
stock,
they marcb
buying up young
througb
well
grazing
grounds
to
tbe
districts
of
tbe
United
to
the
well
districts
known
of
the
United
through
grazing grounds
The stock
market. Tbe
bought.
Provinces,
where Lhey
find a
stock bought
a ready
Provinces, where
ready market.
ihey find
by
tbe
Banjaras
is
always
younger
than
that
bought
by
the
is
that
the
bought by the
Banjaras
by
always younger
tbe
same
high
quality.
The
cultivator
in
Aroras,
and
never
of
the
cultivator
never
of
in
Aroras,
high quality.
tbe United
United Provinces
to
be
less
particular
tban
his
Punjabi
than
the
to
his
Provinces appears
less
be
particular
appears
Punjabi
brother
to the
type of
animal he
he uses
'fhtl
as to
for cultivation.
cultivation.
The
of animal
uses for
brother as
the type
the
Banjara
caste
includes
both
Hindus
and
Mussalmans,
tbe
Hindu
caste
includes
both
Mussalmans,
Banjara
is
in the
tbe young
young stock
for draught
drangbt
stock for
in
is chiefly
interested
the sale
of the
sale 01
chiefly interested
purposes,
while
the
Mussalman
is
more
clos'ely
connected
with
while
is
connected
the
with
Mussalman
purposes,
closely
the Kasai.
Kasai. 'fhis
is
one
of
which
they
are
not
slow
the
not
one
of
are
This arrangement
is
which
slow
they
arrangement
to
take advantage
it is
profitable to
animal to
to
sell an animal
to take
to sell
is more profitable
advantage when it
Kasais thau
it acrosS
to zamindars.
for sa,}8
Kasais
the Jamn'a
sale to
than to
to march it
Jamria for
across the
zamindars.
'llhese
traderd are
regular visitors
visitorR to
the weekly
weekly fairs
fairs at
at Nuh,
Nub,
These traders
are regular
to the
on
Kosi,
Muttra
and
other
centres.
Their
business
is
on
a
smaller
Their
smaller
other
is
Muttra
centres.
business
Kosi,
scale than
scaiB
banias and
than that
the Arora.
are financed
financed by
and
that of
of the
Arora. 'J1hey
by banias
They are
with
them
a
large
amount
of
cash.
'l'heir
sales
in
seldom carry
sales
of
cash.
Their
in
carry with them a large

for cash
the
usually for
credit, and in
any casd
case
cash or
or short
short credit,
are usually
in any
the fair
fair are
do
not
give
credit
longer
than
for
one
barvest.
they
than
one
not
credit
for
do
harvest.
longer
they
give

butcbers are
their interTbe
to be
are to
at all
be found
found at
or butchers
all fairs.
The Kasais
Kasais Or
inter- fairs, their
est
being
chiefly
centred
in
procuring
worn
out
or
useless
animals
in
out or useless animals
est being chiefly centred
procuring
for
the slaugbter-bouse
or tbe
bide merchants.
in the
the hide
But in
the southfor the
merchants. But
southslaughter-house or
eastern
districfs
they
combine
with
their
usual
trade
a certain
eastern districts they combine with their usual trade a
certain
amount
which they
to
in agricultural
cattle which
business in
amount of
of business
agricultural cattle
they supply
supply to
the
mbala, Delhi,
United
the United
to the
of A mbala,
the diHtricts
districts of.A
Delhi, and Kamal,
Karnal, and to
Provinces.
Their
dealings closely
closely resemble
resemble those
tbose of
Aroras,
of the
Their dealings
the Aroras,
Provinces.
the
price demanded being
enhanced so
include interest,
as to
so as
and
the price
to include
interest, and
being enhanced
being
recovered
remorselessly
in
two
or
three
ill.talments
at
sucor
in
three
at
instalments
recovered
two
sucbeing
remorselessly
cessiye
cessive harvests.
harvests.
increasing body
traders are
are tbe
of traders
An important
the
body of
important and yearly
yearly increasing
the districts
and
from
the
Sikh
of *the Central
from the
districts o.the
and
Jats from
Central Punjab
the
from
Sikh Jats
Punjab
Lyallpur
colony.
It
is
noteworthy
that
several
co-operative
It
is
that
several
noteworthy
co-operative
Lyallpur colony.
credit
in Lyall
pur and
and elsewhere
surplus
societies in
utilize their
their surplus
elsewhere utilize
credit societies
Lyallpur
funds
buying up
up high
high class
class bullocks
hullocks in
in Hissar,
Hissar, and
in buying
and selling
funds in
them
selling tbem
at
a
considerable
profit
to
neighbouring
villages
of
again
a
at
considerable
to
of
profit
again
neighbouring
villages
Jet
Sikh
of
Patial.,
N
abha
and
Jind
is
to
be
their
districts.
The
their districts.
Jat Sikh of Patiala, Nabha
Jind is to be
found
at the
in great
Hariana fairs,
to
the Hariana.
found in
fairs, and according
great numbers fit
according to
the
import trade
trade in
in buffaloes
buffaloes to
to
the Shahpur
of the
the import
Shahpur report
report much of
the
their hands.
in their
is in
hands.
the Jhelum colony
colony is

*>~
.-

'.

in Bhagnari,
A large
proportion of
import trade
trade in
of the
the import
Massuwah 77
Bhagnari, MasBuwah
large proportion
in
and
Dajal cattle
catUe into
into Multan
districts
is
Mnlban and the
the neighbouring
districts
is in
and Dajal
neighbouring
the
Pathan
Fakirs
and
Sikhs.
The
Baloches
hands of
Sikhs.
Baloches
the hands
Pathan
Fakirs
and
of Baloches,
Baloches,
the
occasionally
for cash
cash down,
but usually
trade On
on the
trade
sell for
occasion ally sell
down, bat
usually
credit
system,
charging5
to
10
rupess
as
earnest-money
as
and
5
to
10
credit system, charging
rupess
earnest-money
recovering
remainder after
after six
the remainder
also occasional
occasional- .
months. They
six months.
recovering the
They also
ly
recover
one-third
of
the
prioe
at
the
time
of
sale,
and
the rest
of
the
rest
sale,
ly recover one-third of the price at the time
remain
in
two
equal
six-monthly
instalments.
These
traders
traders
in two equal six-monthly instalments.
These
for
time at
Burj just
just outside
the city
of
for some
outside the
some time
at the
the Khuni Burj
city of
in order
Multan in
to dispose
of their
their cattle.
order to
cattle.
dispose of
is carried
A considerable
trade of
class of
of animals
carried
/('
inferior class
animals is
considerable trade
of inferior
on
low
classes
and
menials
such
as
Labanas
of
Labore
'
17
of
Lahore
menials
such
as
Labanas
low
on by
classes
by
and
Ferozepore, Gujars
Gujars and
and Changars
of
Sialkot
and
Gujrat,
of
Sialkot
and Ferozepore,
Gujrat,
Changars
of all
Gurdaspur, and
Nais and
Fakirs of
all
Telis of
of Jullundur
and Nais
and Telis
and Gurdaspur,
Jullundur and
Fakirs
in
diRtricts.
Perhaps
the
most
striking
instance
of
enterprise
in
the
the
of
the
most
instance
districts.
enterprise
Perhaps
striking
catll.
fact that
that the
the import
import of
the Massuwah
of cattle
is the
cattle from
from the
trade is
the fact
cattle trade
tract
in Sindh
and of
of Bbagoari
cattle
into
the
Central
Punjab is
is
the
Central
Sindh and
cattle
into
tract in
Punjab
Bhagoari
very
largely
in
the
hands
of
a
colony
of
Mirasis
in
the
Sharakpur
in
the
of
a
in
hands
of
Mirasis
the
colony
Sharakpur
very largely
who are
financed hy
banias in
their
tahsil, who
of their
in the
the neighbourhood
are financed
tahsil,
by banias
neighbourhood of
villages.
K.kezais
of
Sialkot
and
Gujaranwala
also
undertake
also
of
and
undertake
Kakezais
Sialkot
Gujaranwala
villages.
imports
Sindh.
from Sindh.
imports from
.

'34
34

(ii)
Cattle Fairs.
Pain
Cattle
(it)
The course
the cattle
marked by"
of the
cattle trade
trade is
is
course of
and
large and
by a large
increaRing
numbel' of
cattle fairs,
most of
of cattle
of which
most
which are
are clavoted
devoted
fairs,
increasing number
a distinct
clas~ of
buslrless. Ths
the great
of business.
to a
distinct class
The transRctions
in the
transactions in
great
fairs
fit Rewari,
NarnauI, Bhiwani,
Bissar;
Birsa
and
fairs at
Sirsa
and
Dadri, Narnaul,
Rewari, Dadri.
Bhiwani, Hissar,
almost entirely
confined
to
the
best
Hariana
stock.
Jehazgal'h
are almost
confined
to
the
Hariana
best
stock.
Jehazgarh are
entirely
']'he
Chakwnl and
and Talagang
fairs are
principal markets
markets
The Chakwal
are the
the principal
Talagang fairs
there
is
no
corresponding
for
Dbani- Potwar breeds.
breeds. At present
for Dbani-Potwar
is
there
no
present
corresponding
fair
for the
western breeding
breeding centres,
fair for
but with
the western
with the
the development
centres, but
development
will doubtless
doubtless be
be supplied.
of
this deficienoy
of railway
communication this
railway communication
deficiency will
supplied.
At the
and
at
the
gre.t
J.itu fair
and
the Abaha.
and Muktsar
Abohar and
at
the
fair
Muktsar fairs,
fairs,
great Jaitu
the Phulkian
Phulkian States,
the
sales
are
part,iy
of
Malwa
and
and others
others ill
in the
the
sales
are
Malwa
of
States,
partly
of high
high class
class Harlana
cHttle
cattle but
but principally
in the
Hariana cattle
cattle reared
reared in
the
principally of
tract irrigated
by
the
Sirhind
Capal,
and
of
the
best
buffalo
the
tract
the
Sirhind
of
best
buffalo
Canal,
irrigated by
stook.
Btook.

to

,/

The fairs
at Ludhiana,
fairs at
Jullundur, Hoghiarpnr
Ludhiana, Jullunduf.
Hoshiarpur and Gurdaspur
Gurdaspur
supply
BOllle
of
the
demand
for
small
8ized
of
for
some
the
small
sized cattle
work hart
cattle to
to ":rork
hart
supply
wells in
in the
the Be,
of
the
Be.,
and
Sutlej
or
for
ploughing
the
of
Beas
Bet villages
and
wells
for
or
in
villages
ploughing b
Sutlej
the Grand
the Rubmontane
tracts. But
Bat at
the
at these
and othpr
these and
other fairs
on the
submontane tracts.
fairs on
Grand
businefls i~
Trunk Rnad
the business
Road the
i^ vf:'ry largely in
or worthless
out or
worthless
worn out
very largely in worD
cattle
the slaughter-house
81aughter.hou~e itlld
hide merchant.
destined nr
fertile
and the
cnttle destined
the hide
The
merchant. The
Lyall
pur
B1ld
Emlnabad
fairs
a1'8
very
largel,v
attenoed
and
aa
and
Eminabad
are
fairs
attended
and
Lyallpur
very largely
certain
good cattle
brfld
number of
cattle brought
certain numbpr
of good
from ChakwRlor
b> ought from
bred
Chakwal or locally
locally
ed for
for sale.
But theil'
principa I use
u~e is
is to
to provide
provide the
are offer
are
offered
sale.
their principal
the
colonist,
with an
for
"scrflppirg"
hi~
worn
out
bullorks
an opportulilty
for
colonist with
his
out
worn
bullocks
opportunity
"scrap-pirg"
are bought
which are
up in
in lat"ge
traum's. The
bought up
large numbers by
by Pathan traders.
started
at
Hafizabarl
iR
of
the
~allle
character.
A
fair
fair recf'Dtly
started
at
is
Hafizabad
of
the
character.
same
recently
cattle
trade
is
the
system
comparatlvt:'ly
recent
devel()pment
in
tbe
recent
the
in
trade
is
the
cattle
comparatively
development
system
of
weekly fairs
held at
fairs held
at Hassan Aboal
of weekly
and Gondal
Abdal find
in the
Gondal in
the Attock
Attock
Dist,rict
at various
various points
points along
the
road
to
Peshawar.
District and continued
continued at
to
the
road
Peshawar.
along
end
fair is
held at
A similar
at Nuh in
in Gnrgaon
similar weekly
is held
the other
at the
other end
weekly fair
Gurgaon at
the Province.
of
the
cattle
sold
at
these
of
The large
majority
of ,he
of
Province.
the
cattle sold at these
large majority
fairs
thtlir way
to the
the slaughter.
house.
find their
fairs find
way to
slaughter-house.
The only
airs of
of a general
which every
every class
of
at which
character at
class of
only fairs
general character
businefl;.\
transacted are
business is
is tl'31;sHcted
are the
the large
fairs h,.,ld
h^ld at
at Amrit>lar
Amritsar nt
at t.he
the
large fairs
Bi~akhi
fair in
the Sialkot
Sialkot
Bisakhi alJd
aod Diwali
Diwali festivals
festivals alld
and the
the GulIno
Gulloo ShH.h
in the
Shah fair
of
Every
class
of
cow~
bulloek
and
buffalo
may
be
purchased
District.
class
District.
bullock
buffalo
be
cow,
Every
may
purchased
at
these enormous gatherings,
gatherings, while
tl,e kade
worn out
at these
while the
in old
old and
and worn
out
trade in
as at
or
l!lminabad.
stock
stock is
as brisk
brisk as
at Lyallpur
is as
or
Eminabad.
Lyallpur

rrhesA
fairs are
under Gove'rnment
supervi~ion and
8
These large
are all
all under
Government supervision
and a
large fairs
of income
conflid
.. rahle sonrce
income to
Board.
There
are
considerable
source of
the District
to the
There are
District Board.
of small
huwever aa number of
initiated by
by Arora
Arora and
small local
however
local fairs
fairs initiated
and other
other
collect
their
at
traders
clients at convenient
convenient centres
to dispose
centres to
traders who coilect their clients
dispose

35
35

of
their latest
distant fairs.
Many large
large fairfc
f.irs
fairs.
latest purchases
of their
Many
purchases from distant
doubtless
their origin
origin to
to such
beginnings.
such ,mall
small beginnings.
doubtless owe
owe their
Some diHtrict
officers have reported
fairs are
that more cattle
district officers
cattle fairs
are
reported that
required,
notably
in
A..mbala
and
Rawalpindi.
Before
starting
in
Arnbala
and
Before
Rawalpindi.
required, notably
starting
aa cattle
should
that no amount of
it
should be remembered that
fair it
cattle fair
of
Government assistance
a connection
with an
an existing
even a
assistance or
or even
connection with
existing
place
succesful cattle
a
create a
a succesful
will create
cattle fail'
fair unless
of pilgrimage
unless a
place of
pilgrimage will
for facilities
carrying on aa definite
c1ass of
in carrying
exists for
demand exists
facilities in
definite class
of
business. The warning
obvious, but
but this
condition of
of
this condition
business.
warning sounds obvious,
success
bas
occasionally
been
overlooked,
and
instances
are
nOfi
want
are
has
been
instances
noo wantsuccess
overlooked,
occasionally
iug of
supported by
languish ..
are languishof fairs
fairs which,
which, Ihough
Government, are
ing
though supported
by Government,
ing
through
an
alteration
in
the
coune
of
trMde.
It
is
douctful
It is doubtful
alteration in the course of trade.
ing through
whether the
the cattle
fair
recently
estHblished
at
Pakpattan
provides
cattle fair recently established at Pakpattan provides
for
tlJeir clients.
the other
other
or their
clients. On the
for any
cattle-dealers 01'
any requirements
requirements by
by caltle~dealer8

hand
the success
proves
hand the
success 01
the Hafizabad
Ha6zabad fair
fair proves
of the

that
definite
that a definite

demRnd
is being
receives aa larger
larger share
fair receives
demand is
The Jalalabad
Jalalabad fair
share
supplied. rrhe
being supplied.
of
those of
Abohar and Muktsar,
Muktsal', yet
yet the
busi ..
the busiof official
official patronage
of Aboharand
than those
patronage than
x
~
ness
is declining
while
the
other'
two
fairs
are
ness at
at Jalalabad
Jalalabad is
the
fairs
are
while
otber
two
declining
thronged.
'l'he
annu.l
cattle
fair
.t
Sargodha
has
been
ab,"doned.
at
The
has
annual
fair
abandoned.
cattle
been
thronged.
Sargodha
But, as
out, the
the demand for
as tile
the Colonization
for good
Colonization Officer
Officer points
But,
good
points .out,

cattle in
very considerable,
the market
market
cattle
in the
the Jhelum Colony
is very
and the
considerable, and
Colony is
mud
worn-out
stock
is
no
doubt
proportionately
as
for
stock
for young
is
stock
no
and
worn-out
doubt
stock
young
proportionately as
great
as
in
Lyallpur.
in
as
great
Lyallpur.

XV.-DAIRYING
XV. DAIRYING IN THE PUNJAB.
(i)
The milk
supplV.
milk supply.
(i)
is not
In
with thi' part of the enquiry it
it is
nut proposed
to
In dealing
proposed to
dealing with this part of the enquiry
various
dairies
take into
military grass
fflrms
and
dairies
in
various
farms
the military
into account
account the
take
grass
to a very
the total
total ,upply
part'
of the province, as tbey affect the
very small
supply to
parts of the province, as they affect

degree.
degree.

is prostations is
civil stations
of milk and dairy produce to
proThe
to civil
The supply
supply of milk and dairy produce
on
the
'Orne
extent
by
dairies
conducted
somewhat
on
the
same
_
vided
for
to
conducted
vided for to some extent by dairies
authorities.
lines
as
those
mauaged
by
the
military
aut.horities.
Lahore"
De}hi,
Lahore, Delhi,
lines as those managed by the military

these instituSimla
stations can
three or
or four
four of these
lnstItu..
can show three
other stations
and other
Simla and
tions,
generally
under
European
supervision.
tions, generally
European supervision.

The Settlement
account
sends an
an intere,ting
Delhi sends
of Delhi
Officer of
interesting account
Settlement Officer
The
and
butter
of
the
for
for
tb.
supply
of
butter
and
of
a
,mall
dairy
started
three
years
ago
three
supply
of a small dairy started
years ago
milk
to
the
Cavalry
Cantoument.
milk to the Cavalry Cantonment.
The
6 buffaloes..
buffaloes.
and 6
It
affair with
with only
only 11
The
11 cows IUld
It is
is a
small affair
a small
which
25 of
60 seers
seers dally:
of
milk
i,
estimated
to
be
60
.
of
whIch
25
quantity
be
to
is estimated
daily
milk
of
quantity
:

seers
seers
is used
in making
making butter.
butter. Thtrty-five
used in
is sold
Thirty- five seers
and the
the rest
rest is
sold and
seers is
for
three
is COllected
of
milk yield
yield 44 seers
seers of
of cream.
collected for three d.y~
This cream
dayg cream is
cream. This
of milk

36
36

therebutter i.
of butter
is thereoutturn of
The daily
lind
then the
the butter
is formed.
butter is
'formed. The
and then
daily outturn
fore
seers.
seers.
about 2t
fore about
2^
The daily
profits are
are :daily profits
:

R,.
A. P.
P.
Bs. A.

Milk
...
annas 2 par
seers at
at aunas
sold j 25
25 seers
Milk sold
per seer ...
taken
Milk
has been taken;
which oream
cream has
Milk from
from which
...
30 seers
at. pies
pies 99 per
per seer
seer
30
seers at

3
3

...

seer
Butter
2t seers
RII. 22 per
afc Us.
sold ; 2J
seers at
Butter Eold
per seer

2
2 0

...
1 6656
...
...
S 0 0
...
5

8986

...

, 9

his family
As
the quality
of the milk varies and the owner and his
also
As the
family also
quality of the milk varies and the owner
Rs.
8.
at
consume
of it,
the
average
daily
inco:ne
may
be
put
at
Rs.
8.
income
the
some of
consume some
it,
may
put
average daily

rrbe
comes to
to Rs.
Rs. 2,920.
thus comes
income thus
annual income
The annual
2,920.

Expenses
are
Expenses are::

Ra. A.
A. P.
P.
Rs.

Rent of
...
Rent
of military
military grass
grass farm ...
Daily coat
and Chari
Cha.ri
Bhnsa and
of (i)
cost of
(t) BhnsB.
Daily

(12
'12 seers
seers gram
gram

I14

...

cotton~seed

...

...

180
1
8

... J
.,

.300

~300

110 seers oil~ake

10 seers oil-cake

L22
husks
seers gram
.22 leers
gram huskl

...

...

... 1

14 BOOl'S
seers cotton-seed

(iI) ~

...

...

Re.
Rs.
192
192

1,64Z
1,642

"'...1J
1,834
1,834
Profit
Profit

...
...

1,085
1,085

On an
to be
be replaced
animal has
one animal
has to
an average
year.
replaced every
every year.
average one
of
The
for supply
are capable
stations are
to civil
civil stations
The arrangements
capable of
arrangements for
supply to
much
improvement. Properly
controlled
dairies
dairies
controlled
and improvement.
extension and
much extension
Properly
account
proportion of
The remaining
remaining
a small
small proportion
the supply.
of the
for only
account for
only a
supply.
cows
privately
kept,
or
from
the
bazaar.
demand
or
bazaar.
cows
from
the
is met by
demand is
by
privately kept,
is at
The urban
urban milk
milk supply
supply is
present in
hand, of
Gujars.
of Gujars.
at present
in the'
the hands
in the
the Punjab,
Punjab, and
of Ghosis
Ghosis and
in
of the
north of
and Ahirs
the south.
and of
Ahirs in
the north
south.
in the
in
Sixty
per
cent.
of
the
Lahore
milk
supply
is
brought
in
by
Gujars
of
Lahore
cent,
the
milk
is
by
supply
per
brought
Gujars
Sixty
or six
the city.
The correcorre
who
their cows
cows five
five or
six miles
miles from
from the
who keep
keep their
city.
in
sponding
proportion
in
Amrits"r
is
40
per
cent.
The
cows
are
milkAmritsar
are
is
cent.
cows
milkper
sponding proportion
ed
the morning,
morning, and
and the
the milk
brought by
rail
or
special
ekkas
in the
ed in
milk brought
rail
or
ekkas
special
by
to halwais
for
the streets,
or to
in the
for sale
sale in
halwais (milk-sellers).
streets, or
(milk-sellers).
The remaining
j "st outside
and
in the
the city
or just
live in
outside it,
it, and
Gujars live
remaining Gujars
city or
the
arrangements
are
highly
unsatisfactory.
Sanitation
is
the present
are
Sanitation
is
present arrangements
highly unsatisfactory.
entirely
neglected.
The
cow-sheds,
whether
inside
the
city
or
in
its
in
or
inside
ita
the
cow-sheds, whether
entirely neglected.
city
immediate vicinity,
are equally
equally dirty
Little
Little
and objectionable.
vicinity, are
dirty and
objectionable.
is paid
attention i.
paid to
to the
the quality
of
the
fodder
given
to
the
animals.
attention
the
animals.
quality of the fodder given to
or Ohosi
Ghosi cares
cares only
'Ple
for the
the quantity
of milk
can extraot.
milk he
extract.
he can
T^he Guiar
Gujar or
quantity of
only for

ST
37

The Gujars
Ghosis are
are frequently
by the
the halwais.
halwAis.
financed by
and Ghosis
frequently financed
Gujars and
a
They
are
under
contract
(renewed
in
Delhi
3
times
a
year),
to
3
in
Delhi
times
contract
are
under
(renewed
year), to
They
so
milk
against
money
advanced.
Milk
is
hawked
supply
Milk
is
advanced.
milk
much
so
hawked
against money
supply
about
streets in
open and unclean vessols,
the sale
of milk
sale of
in open
the streets
milk
about the
vessels, and the

by the
the halwais
condncted in
in no
no better
will
better fashion.
fashion.
A halwai
halwai will
is conducted
halwais is
by
his
only
sell
pure
milk
when
first
establishing
his
business.
As
Soon
first
business.
soon
establishing
only sell pure milk

as
has secured
customer he
he does
does not hestate
to adultera.te
hestafce to
his customer
he has
secured his
adulterate
as he

freely.
No attention
paid to
the cleanliness
the shop.
Many
of the
to the
cleanliness of
is paid
attention is
shop.
Many
freely.
remedies
havp,
been
proposed
for
this
uDsatisfa.ctory
state
of
affairs.
of
state
affairs.
remedies have been proposed for this unsatisfactory

S:'lnitary
have been
been enforced,
euforced, and attempts
been
have been
attempts have
regulations ha?e
Sanitary regulations
But
made to
the Gujar
wholesale
the city.
wholesale confrom the
conto exclude
exclude the
city.
Gujar from
demnation of
present system,
is useuse~
of system,
or rather
rather want of
of the
the present
demnation
system, is
system, or
less unless
substitute can be
be provided'
Until the
the
an efficient
efficient substitute
unless an
less
provided.. Until

people can
that .a
possible
is not
milk supply
not ooly
can be
be shown
shown that
.a sanitary
only possible
supply is
sanitary milk
people
but
both
to
the
retailer
and
the
consumer,
any
measures
the
and
retailer
to
the
both
measures
but profitable
consumer,
any
profitable
directed
the present
present system
system are
useless.
are useless.
directed against
against the

It
that the
the wealthier
member; of
the comcomof the
It is
found that
wealthier members
is generally
generally found
of
a
general
munity
are
only
slightly
interested
in
the
question
in
interested
the
of
a
are
question
general supmunity
only slightly
supply
of
pure
milk
to
the
pUblic.
They
are
aucustomed
to retain
ratain
are
accustomed
to
to
milk
the
of
pure
public.
They
ply
matters
their own hands and either
either keep
keep cows in
houses, in their
in their
their houses,
matters in
a
special
arrangement
with
the
zamindars
of
a
village
or
the
zamindars
of
with
a
or have
a
have
special arrangement
village
1'he
person
suffers
and
for
whom
nothing
outside
the
city.
for
suffers
who
The person
outside the city.
nothing
or small
small shop-keeper
is
middle-class clerk
not
is the
clerk or
is done
is not
done is
the middle-class
shop-keeper who is
rich
enough
to
arrange
for
liis
own
supply
of
milk,
or
powerful
rich enough to arrange for his
supply of milk, or powerful
enough
of what the
the Gujar
to insist
the improvement
insist on the
improvement of
enough to
Gujar and
hal"ai
to purvey
purvey to
him.
to him.
are pleased
halwai are
pleased to
In Delhi
Delhi the
the common rate
the halwai
halwai i.
rate for
for cow's
cow's milk
milk sold
to the
sold to
is
Rs.
Rs. 33 aamaund,
maund, and for
for buffalo's
Rs. 4.
4. The halwais
halwais retail
milk Us.
buffalo's milk
retail at
at
Rs.
boiled. The Gurdaspnr
Gurdaspur report
report
Us. 5
5 a
a maund fresh,
and Rs.
6-4-0 boiled.
Us. 6-4-0
fresh, nnd
at
11
seers
to
the
rupee,
wliile
states
milk ten
ten years
years ago
sold
states tliat
at
that milk
sold
11
the
seers
to
rupee, while
ago
the rate
rate is
seers.
the
is now only 9
9
seers.
only
The estimate
the rise
prices varies,
but in
20
of the
estimate of
in prices
in the
last 20
the last
rise in
varies, but
or so
so the
years
the rate
to have
have doubled.
The rise
in prices
prices is
rate seems to
doubled.
rise in
is
years or
actually
for
pure
dairy
produce
is
now
seldom
found,
in
is
in
for
seldom
found,
actually greater,
greater,
pure dairy produce
at any
Adulteration is
is said
than
towns at
rate.
said to
Adulteration
to be
be more practised
any rate.
practised than

10 years
years ago.
ago.

(ii)-The
ghi.
The trade
trade in
in ghi.
(i i)
there is
is little
pure
in
or
little trade
there
trade in
pure cow or
considerable amount is
consumed by
is
considerable
by
the zamindflr
himself. The attention
attention of
of the
the zamindar is
zamindar himself.
is devoted
devoted
to
the production
to the
of ghi.
It
to dewribe
the process
process
It is
is not
describe the
not necessary
production of
ghi.
necessary to
In rural
rural districts
districts

buffalo
milk though
though aa
buffalo milk

of manufacturing
ghi, nor is
is it
to attempt
it possible
attempt any
any computacomputamanufacturing ghi,
possible to
tion
of the
the
in
tion 01
manufactured
in
tbe
province: A
the amount annually
manufactured
province.
annually

36

vast quantity
is locally
any
in any
and does
does not
not app<l3r
vaat
appear io
locally consumed and
quantity is
can :J .be
record
trade. But there
:doubt
or external
external trade.
there OE\ll
be no {doubt
record of
of internal
internal or
that
manufacture of
the principal
principal home indnstryof
is the
of ghi
the manufacture
that the
ghi is
industry of
to
the
It
is
also
equally
certain
that
ewing
to
the
lack of
that
the
lack
It
is
of
also
certain
the provinee.
owing
equally
province.
co~operative
method~
the
producer'
fails
to
receive
bis
appropriate
his
to
receive
the
fails
methods
appropriate
producer
co-operative
share
and that the
the consumer
to put
put up
with
has to
share of
of tbe
consumer has
the profits
up with
profits and that
frequent
adulteration
of
an
artiole,
for
which
he
pays
an
increasan
increaswhich
of
for
adulteration
article,
pays
frequent
ing
ing p."ice.
price.
>;

/,

The principal
ghi.producing
tracts of
the province
province are
are the
the
of the
principal ghi
-producing tracts
V/districts
~i.tricts of
Karoal, Hissar,
the Jag

of Karnal,
and the
Delhi, and
Hissar, Rohtak and Delhi,
Jagadhri
the Delhi
Division, the
the Ludhiana and Phillour
tahsils
in the
tahsil in
Delhi Division,
Phillour tahsils
dhri tahsil
-../ of
ullnndur Division,
Division, the
the Muntgomery
Distriot, and the
the
Jullundur
the J
of the
Montgomery District,
Khangah
Dogran
and
Hafizabad
tahsil<
in
the
Lahore
Division,
the
in
and
tahsils
Hafizabad
Division,
Dogran
Khangah
the Lyallpur
in
of Muzaffargarh
Thais of
the Kacha and ThaIs
the
District, the
Muzaffargarh in
Lyallpur District,
Khushab tahsil
of Sil.hpur
and
the
the
Multan Division,
Division, the
tahsil of
the
the Khushab
the Multan
Shahpur
ThaI
and the
of
of Mianwali
Mianwali and
the Phalia
Phalia tahsil
tahsil and and Dinga
Thai of
Dinga ilaga
ilaqa of
the Gujrat
District
in
the
Rawalpindi
Divi
the
Kharian tahsil
tahsil of
in
of the
the
DiviDistrict
the Kharian
Rawalpindi
Gujrat
matter of
sion.
The province
in the
the matter
of
is chiefly
sion.
province is
self-supporting in
chiefly selfsupporting
to
t,he
United
Pro~ince8
and
elsewhere
being
ghi,
the
exports
to
and
elsewhere
the
United
the
Provinces
exports
being
ghi,
balanced by
by imports
from other
the Poonch
Poonch Stata
as the
State
other tracts
such as
tracts s\lch
balanced
imports from
and
'rhe
of
courSf',
are
iu
the
_~)arge
iu
The chief
of
chief consumers,
are
the
Sindh.
and Sindh.
consumers,
course,
large
vs cities
Amritsar, Delhi,
MultaD. Deand Multan.
of Lahore,
cities of
Lahore, Amritsar,
Delhi, Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi and
tailed
export are
from
of import
are difficult
to obtain
tailed statistios
statistics of
difficult to
obtain from
import and export
But
the
fact
that
an
average
of
10,000
the
returns.
returns.
that
fact
the
of
the railway
10,000
railway
average
maunds,
may be
be valued
valued at
is annually
at Rs.
Rs. 3t
lacs, is
maunds, which may
annually exported
exported
3^ ;Jacs,
by
large amount
alone from the
the Karnal
a large
rail alone
Karnal District,
while a
District, while
by rail
finds
way by
road
to
Patiala
and
other
centres,
gives some
its way
road
to
Patiala
other
finds its
centres, gives
by
idea
tbe importance
01
this
village
industry.
The
Deputy
of
idea of
of the
this
importance
village industry.
Deputy
of
Commissioner
of
Montgomery
in
bis
report
estimatesJbe.net
in
his
Commissioner
Montgomery
report estimates the net
profit
district as
the district
to the
as Rs.
from ghi
Rs. 15
15 lacs.
lacs.
ghi to
profit from
The wholesale
wholesale supply
in the
traders '.^chiefly
chiefl:y
is in
trade is
the hands
hands of
of traders
supply trade
V \ of
of the
bania class,
residing
at
convenient
~
centres
on
the
railway.
at
the bania
convenient
on
the
^centres
class, residing
railway.
The ghi
to these
these centres
by the
the smaller,
is supplied
centres by
traders
smaller^ village
ghi is
supplied to
village traders
to whom it
brought by
rllhe
is brought
it is
zamindar clients.
The zamindar
to
their zamjndar
clients.
zamindar
by their
receives
credit in
often credit
in his
his running
receives occasionally
accash, but more often
occasionally cash,
running acis
all
count,
which
is
balanced
if
at
all
at
irregular
intervals
rarely
at
if at
count,
irregular intervals and rarely
in
the middleman,
of the
the zamindar.
in favour
of the
favour of
zamindar. The profits
middleman, though
profits of
though
to
extremely
at, are
indicated by
of such
difficult to arrive
arrive at,
the number of
are indicated
such
extremely difficult
by the
persons
pay income in
in the
the gbi-producing
tracts.
persons who pay
ghi-producing tracts.
To show the
the business
carried on by
tliese ghi
business carried
it may
merchants it
ghi merchants
by these
may
he
mentioned
that
a
single
bania
from
the
village
of
Gharaunda
a
from
be mentioned that
the village of Gharaunda in
in
single bania
the Karnal
Karnal District,
dospatched
the
the DelhiKalka
station on
Delhi-Kalka line,
on the
line, despatched
District, a station
11 months,
- in
months, from July
July 1908
to June
June 1909,
in 11
1908 to
valued at
at
1909, ghi
ghi valued
as far
R
. 39,000
.. places
as Simla,
Jullundur,
far distant
Rs.
distant as
39,000 tto
Simla, Amritsar,
Amritsar, Jullundur,
places as
N

39
39
his profits
If his.
Hardwar. If
Kartarpur,
Rurki, Saharanpur
profits as
M aa
Saharanpur and Hardwar:
Kartarpur, Rurki,
income
his
middleman
are
placed
as
low
as
per
cent.,
hIS
yearly
Income
from
4
as
low
middleman are placed as
yearly
per cent.,

to the majority
this
alone
far exceeds
majority
salaries paid
the salaries
exceeds the
alone far
this source
source
paid to
transactions
~f
Government
servants.
An
instance
of
the
bania's
transactions
of
the
bania's
instance
of Government servants.
with
zamindar clients
quoted. A zamindar of
of the
the
be quoted.
clients may
their zamindar
with their
may be
of
Karnal
District
was
provided
by
his
bauia
with
a
buffalo
of
average
with
bania
average
Karnal District was provided by his

quality
which mi~ht have heen
for Rs. 60. The bania
bania
been bought
bought for
quality which might have
to
however
debited
him
with
Its.
75
and
interest
was
to
be
charged
at
interest
and
charged at
however debited him with Hs. 75
12-;'
per cent. per annum.
12^ per cent, per annum.

in October,
The animal
animal calved
by
calved in
October, and by

73
in to
the
zamind,r had
had paid
the bania
bania 71
to the
the zamindar
the following
paid in
following AUg'ust
August the
for
home
Beers of
keep some for
consumption.
to keep
able to
and was able
of ghi
seers
consumption.
ghi and
buffalo
of
The
credited
against
the
cost
of
the
buffalo was
cost
the
credited
of the
the ghi
value of
The value
against
ghi

Rs.
This
entry in
trader's books,
in a trader's
actual entry
books, shows
This account,
Rs. 59,
59.
account, an actual
loss to
both
to be
from
the loss
to
from buffalo.rearing,
the profits
both the
buffalo-rearing, and the
profits to be made

this manner.
the
forced to
to obtain
in this
his animal in
obtain his
is forced
zamindar who is
the zamindar

trader there appears

Without
profits of
of the
the wholesale
wholesale trader
the profits
appears
Without damaging
damaging the
sale of
to
operation
in
the
production
and
sale
in
the
for co
field for
wider field
be a
a wider
to he
production
co-operation
ghi.
ghi.
'rhe
price of
ghi has
has risen
risen very
very largely
The
late years.
of late
of ghi
The price
years.
largely of

"

Deputy Oommissioner
"Ghi
used
Ghi formerly
of Montgomery
writes
Commissioner of
formerly used
Montgomery writes:
Deputy
to.
the rupee.
rupee. But
Bub in
in villages
villages it
it is
is now
to 32
chittanks the
32 chittallks
sell from
from 24 to
to. sell
selling
in towns
about 16
cities about
to 20
20 chittallb,
towns and cities
18 to
from 18
chittanks, and in
selling from
chittanks." In
Lahore and otber
is nearer
chit
nearer 13 chitother cities
cities the
the price
In Lahore
chittanks."
price is
18 to
tanks.
On the
the whole
of prices
prices would
would be,
to 20
estimate of
fair estimate
a fail'
whole a
tanks.
be, 18
:

chittanks
sales to
to the wholesale
wholesale trader,
zamindar's sales
a rupee
the zamindar's
for the
cbittanks a
trader, 16
rupee for

to
chittanks from
wholesaler to
the retailer,
to 12
12 to the
from the
the wholesaler
18 chittanks
to 18
retailer, and 14 to
chittanks
tbe city
conSumer.
to the
consumer.
chittanks to
city

Ghi
is mnch
in com
much adulterated,
trade in
milk is
like milk
comGhi like
adulterated, and a regular
regular trade
is
of
ghi,
fat
and
other
ingredients
is
cal'ned
on
eel'''
positions
fat
carried
from
of
other
ceringredients
ghi,
positions

tain stations
ttle neighbourhood
chiefly to
of Delhi,
to
in the
tain
stations in
Delhi, chiefly
neighbourhood of

Bengal.
Bengal.

XVI.-PRICEtl
AND PROFITS OF STOCKBRB:EDING.
STOCK-BREEDING.
XVI. PRICES .AND
The
be drawn from district
to be
The general
conclusion to
district reports
is
reports is
general conclusion
that
the last
within the
10 or
of bullocks
last 10
or 15
that the
the price
15 years.
bullocks has doubled within
price of
years.
Whereas the goOq
working bullock
bullock 4 years
be
of age
could be
average working
age could
good average
years of
or
is
bought,
say
in
1894,
for
lt8.
50
or
Rs.
60,
the
price
is
now
not
less
in
for
Rs,
the
not
less
1894,
60,
price
bought, say

Rs. 120,
tbau Rs.
it is
is not rare
rare to
the best
or Rs.
to find
Rs. 100 or
find the
best Hariana
Hariana
than
120, and it
or even
Rs. 200 01'
more. Of course
course
or Dhani bullocks
sold for
for Rs.
bullocks sold
even more.
or
still be
for Rs.
or Rs.
40 or
Rs. 50,
hullocks
bought for
can still
of a
a 80rt
sort can
be bought
Rs. 40
bullocks of
but
50, hut
these are
old or
or of
of inferior
inferiol' stock,
snch
as
the
Bagri
cattle
of
are either
as
such
the
these
either old
cattle
of
stock,
Bagri
the Bikanir
border.
The
fact
alone
is
sufficient
to
account
for
is
to
fact
alone
the
border.
sufficient
Bikanir
for
tbe
popularity of
the male buffalo
be bought
of the
can be
buffalo which can
the increasing
bought
increasing popularity
for prices
in
condition for
prices ranging
ranging between Rs.
Rs. 25
in good
working condition
good working
is
and Rs.
50,
though
even
this
price
is
nearly
twice
as
much
as
Rs. 50, though even this price
as
nearly twice as

'"

40
40
obtained 10 or
or 15 years
obtained
ago.
years ago.

The
The sale
of cawS
is comparatively
sale of
cows is
comparatively
rare,
increase in
in value
to
have
taken place.
place.
value appears
to
have
taken
rare, but the same increase
appears
A good
which formerly
cost
Rs.
30
cannot
now
be
bought
cost
Rs.
30
cannot
be
good cow which
formerly
bought
for less
less than
for
than Rs.
Rs. 60.
60. For
For the
cuws of
of Hariana
Hariane or
the milch
milch cows
or Montgomery
Montgomery
as much as Rs.
Hs. 120 is
a~
i~ obtained,
the Amritsar
Amritsar fair
the prices
fair the
at the
obtained, and at
prices
for good
gIven
cows are
nearer Rs.
200. The
prices
Sahiwal cows
are nearer
The prices
Rs. 200.
given for
good Sahlwa]

of
of

cow-buffaloes vary
cow-buffaloes
greatly, ranging
ranging from
40 to
from Rs.
to Rs.
Rs. 40
Rs.
vary greatly,
hi~h sum has
has been
been realized
realized for
for
and even double
double this
this high
class Kundi buffaloes
class
buffaloes purchased
purchased for
Bombay or
or Calcutta.
for Bombay
Calcutta.
for
bou~ht
by
prices
paid
for
yearling
stock,
such
as
are
as
such
are
prices paid
yearling stock,
bought by

150,
150,
high
high
The
The
the
the

in the
Banjaras
south of
of the
from Rs.
10 to
30.
the south
the province,
to Rs.
Rs. 10
Rs. 30.
Banjaras in
range from
province, range

The average
by Aroras
for good
threo year
year old
old stock
Aroras for
stock is
is
average price
price paid
paid by
good three
Rs. 70.
about RB.
Butchers'
prices range
from
Rs.
15
to
Rs.
40.
70.
Butchers' prices
Rs.
15
to
40.
from
Rs.
range

Conditions are
no better
better in
the hills.
'l'he
type
hills.
The small
are no
in
the
small type
Conditions
of
and
Gurdaspur
of
cattle
from
Hoshiarpm
cattle imported
from
into
imported
Hoshiarpur
Gurdaspur into
Kangr.
cost
from
Rs.
15
to
Rs.
50
each.
But
prices
15
cost
to
Rs.
each.
But
from
Rs.
Kangra only
only
prices
have
the same
in the
plains.
have rison
risen everywhS1'8
as in
same proportion
in the
the plains.
proportion as
everywhere in
In Knlu
price of
of aa yoke
yoke of
bullocks is
iN reported
to have
have
Kulu the
the price
of plough
reported to
plough bullocks
risen
Rs. 24 within
ng
memory.
risen from Rs.
to a
of Rs.
within livi
Rs. 8
8 to
a maximum of
living memory.
Apart
from
the
general
rise
of
prices
and
wages,
has had
rise
of
from
the
which has
had
wages, which
Apart
prices
general

its
as on
on every
every other
other industry)
the reasons
its effect
effect on
reasons
on cattle:breeding
industry, the
cattle-breeding as
for
the
enhanced
cost
of
cattle
are,
as
had
already
been
as
had
of
for the enhanced cost
cattle are,
stated,
already been stated,

,J

firstly
the spread
of cultivation
throughout the
the province
the
and the
cultivation throughout
province and
firstly the
spread of
/ consequent
and
milch
milch cattle
for draught
all
cattle of
of all
increased demand fOt
draught
consequent increased
lamine and
between 1896
kinds,
the years
of famine
and scarcity
1896
and secondly
kinds, and
scarcity between
years of
secondly the
and
reduced the
the supply
breeding and exporting
exporting
in the
the breeding
and 1903,
which reduced
1903, which
supply in
tracts
low level.
As has
has been already
level.
an extraordinarily
tracts to
to an
already shown
extraordinarily low
in the
there
hope of
of an increase
bred
the number of
of animals bred
increase in
is little
little hope
there is
in the
the fully
fully cultivated
no
districts and consequently
cultivated districts
of the
the villages
in
villages of
consequently no
hope
of
a
reduction
iIi
price.
But
if
seasons
continue
if favourable
in
favourable
seasons
continue
a
reduction
of
price.
hope
is bound to
the stock
in the
exporting tracts
to increase,
tracts ,is
the exporting
of cattle
cattle in
the
stock of
increase,
it may be
maintained
and
be
maintained
it
be
hoped
that
can only
be
this stock
if this
stock can
and if
may
hoped that
only
no
in prices
will
occur.
will
occur.
further rise
rise in
no further
prices
has ' been
'rhe
of Hissar
Hissar has
been at
at considerable
considerable
The Settlement
Settlement Officer
Officer of
as to
the breeding
breeding
trouble to
the profits
to the
information as
collect information
to collect
trouble
profits from the
and
of
cattle.
Several
villages
in
that
district
are
owned
in
district
are
Several
of
cattle.
and rearing
villages
rearing

by
themselves in
'rhey buy
buy
in cattle-rearing.
interest themselves
They
cattle-rearing.
by Mahajans
Mahajans who interest
take
in
good
yearling
stock
at
fairs,
or
take
them
from
their
tenants
in
their
tenants
at
or
from
stock
fairs,
good yearling
2
of
debt.
After
rearing
them
for
2
or
3
years,
and
nsing
payment
for
After
or
3
debt.
of
using
years,
rearing
payment
a good
them in
are able
tu dear
profit by
able to
clear a
in their
their carriages
good profit
by an
carriages they
they are

of rearing
advantageous
at the
half-yearly fairs.
fairs. Tho
rearing
The cost
cost of
the half-yearly
sale at
advantageous sale
is probably
shown
below being
hoing based
aGtual prices
of
fodder
is
probably
of
fodder
the actual
on the
based on
shown below
prices
able to
to use
higher than
would be
be incurred
by aa zamindar who is
use up
is able
incurred by
than would
up
higher

41
41
in feeding
his cattle.
the waste
agriculture in
feeding his
of agriculture
the
waste products
cattle. On the
the other
other
products of
hand
who
con
afford
to
bide
his
.ime
for
a
good
can
afford
to
time
a Mahajan
bide
his
for
hand a
who
a
barMahajan
good bargain
would get
illdar anxious
anxi ons to
to
for bis
his animals
than a
a zam
animals tkm
zamindar
gain would
get more for
realize
return.
realize a quick
return.
quick

the Hissar
Hi~8ar report
may be thus
thus sllmmarized.
The flgures
summarized.
figures of the
report maybe
of a fairly
The cost
fairly good
good cow may
may be
be taken
taken a9
Rs. 50,
and her
cost of
as Rs.
her
50, and
life as
as about
life
years. She may
be
expected
to
give
milk
for
five
about 15 years.
be
to
milk
for
five
may
expected
give
months during
year.
the year.
during the

On the
the expenditure
have : side we have
expenditure side
:

Price
Price of
of a.
old cow
a four-year
four-year old

...

R,.
Rs.
...

...

Cost
years at
at Rs,
Rs. 6
Cost of
of feeding
for 4
6 per
mensem during
4 years
the time
time
per mansem
feeding for
during the
she is
3 per
per mensem for
for the
is in
Rs. 3
in milk,
the remaining
milk, and Rs.
remaining dayE!
days
of the
of
year
the year
...
...
...
...

Accidents
and contingenoies
Accidents and
contingencies

...

...

...

50
50
561
561
50
50

66!
661

The
be :
:* income will
will be
The income
Ghi
Rs. 22 per
menscm during
during the
the cow
is in
in
the 5
5 months
at Rs.
months the
Ghi at
cow is
per mensem
milk,
taken at
at 2
2 cbittanks
chittanka
...
milk, . 9.a.ily
daily prodnce
being taken
produce being
Sale
calves at
if sold
11 calves
cash if
sold as
as yearlings
at Ra.
30 cash
Rs. 30
of 11
Sale price
yearlings
price of
r

200
200
300
300
500
500

will !!a.va
In
to this
this tbe
of one cow will
a family
the produce
addition to
save A.
In addition
produce of
family
of
perBons, olle
the 55
55 months
one anna bach
each per
3 persons,
of 3
diem, during
during the
per diem,
the cow is
is in
in milk,
milk, or
or
the
...
...
...

Total
Total

30
~
30y

809
809

The annual
of 26
per cent.
on the
original outlay,
ontlay, allow.
26 per
annual profit
cent, on
the original
allows
profit of
for exaggeration
aa margin
profit to
to the family,
family, and for
for an
an
in the profit
margin for
exaggeration in
the head of
underestimate
accidents and contingencies.
of accidents
underestimate in the
contingencies.

The profits
profits of
rearing aa yearling
bullock which
which may
be bought
bought
of rearing
may be
yearling bullock
is kept
for
calculated. The bullock
kept for
or Rs.
bullock is
for
Rs. 30
are thus
20 or
30 are
thus calculated.
Rs. 20
for Rs.
or
Rs.
a
Rs.
Rs.
3
a
month,
or
Rs.
72.
22 years,
the
cost
of
keep
being
of keep
the
cost
3
72.
month,
being
years,
Against
the rearer may
of Ra.
Rs. 102,
this expenditure
102, the
may reasonably
expenditure of
reasonably
Against this

a yearly
expect
to obtain
Rs. 110
llO or
the bullock,
or Rs.
for the
Rs. 120
120 for
obtain Rs.
bullock, or a
yearly
expect to
RB.
20
per
cent.
profit
of
over
Rs.
cent.
over
of
per
profit
Rs. 80.
80.
A cow-buffallo
cow-buffallo aged
She
or 5
5 years
costs about
about Rs.
aged 4 or
years cost,

breeds at
intervals of
2 years,
years, and continues
yeR,r
for about a
a year
of 2
in milk for
at intervals
continues in
breeds
after
calving
during
time
she
consumes
doubl~
the
which
double
she
amount
after calving during
given
to aa cow.
life is
about 15
is about
15 years.
cow. Her average
average life
years.
given to

~2

EXPENDITURE.
EXPENDITURE.
Cost
5 yea.rs'
....,,
old
Cost of
cow-buffalo 5
of cow-buffalo
...
years old
10 years
Cost
feeding for
at &.12
of feeding
for 10
Rs. 12 per
Cost of
mensem during
years at
per mensemdnring
in milk
the time
time the
animal is
6 for
reis in
the animal
the
milk and
the refor the
and Rs.
Rs. 6
1

mainder
mainder

...

...

Accidents
and contingencies
Accidents and
contingencies

...

...

...

...

Re.
Rs.
80
80
10,080
10,080
80

1,2M>
1,240

INCOME.
INCOME.
Sale
4! maunds of
year or
22t maunds for
for
of ghi
of 4|
or 22|
Sale of
ghi per
per year

S
5 years
years

Sale
to be
males
half ma.les
be half
calves assumed
four surviving
assumed to
of fonr
Sale of
surviving calves
and
ha.lf females
females ...
...
and half

1,027
92
1,119

And

MODe
buffalo
as one bnffll.lo

will
a family
family of
will s!\ve
save a
of 6
6

perSODI!I
persons

66 annas
aonsil a day
duriug the
the 55 years
in milk
milk we
she is
is in
day during
years sbe
may
add
...
...
...
add
may

...

Toial
Total

675
],794

The
of Rs.
per annum on the
original outlay
Rs. 55
55 per
the original
annual profit
The annual
outlay
profit of
for
thus calculated,
margin
for
errors
of
an ample
errors
80 thus
Rs. 80
calculated, allowing
of Rs.
allowing an
margin
ample
the
the
of
in
the
increasing
popularity
of
the
cowcowin estimates,
estimates, explains
increasing popularity
explains
buffalo.
buffalo.
to high
profit relating
relating as
they do
These
do to
of profit
as they
class
estimates of
These estimates
high clAss
animals
for
which
there
is
an
established
demand
are
too
high
for
too
is
established
are
there
animals for which
high for
to
district.
the
ordinary
non-breeding
district.
But
they
indicate
to
some
indicate
the ordinary non-breeding
they
the province
the cattle-breeding
to the
cattle-breeding industry
province as
exteot
of the
as
value of
the ,alue
extent the
industry to
of
the
of
Delhi
calculates
the
annual
a whole.
whole. The
Settlement
Ollicer
Officer
Delhi
calculates
annual
The Settlement
Rs. 30
30 and of
Rs. 40
to be
Rs. 25
25 to
profit
from
aa cow to
be Rs.
to Rs.
of "a buffalo
buffalo Rs.
40 to
to
from
profit
Rs.
50.
Th
e
latter
estimate
corroborates
the
Hissar
figures.
In
the
flissar figures.
The latter estimate corroborates
Rs. 50.
the
the Delhi"
dairy animal
animal
a dairy
Delhi calcnlation
calculation was for
for a
the cow the
of the
case of
the case
helon
ging
to
Gboss.
ill
whiuh
Cl1se
the
profits
\vo!dd
undouhtf'>dly
be
belonging o Ghos s, in whiuh case the profits wouLJ nn<lou*>t^dly be
animal kept
for
an anim,l.l
gl'eatel'
t ll an those
Ihose del"ivtd
derived from all
merely for
kept merely
greater tli
r

brt~edinl!'
breeding.

XVll.-THE
THE MEAT TRADE
XVII.
TRADE.
is debarred
The
by religion
from what
what
debarred by
zamindar is
The zamindar
and cllstom
custom from
religion and
is
in
other
countries
is
a
most.
profitable
form
of
Btock~bI'eeding,
mosb
countries
other
form
of
in
profitable
stock-breeding,
for the
cattle for
the
of cattle
farmer
the meat market.
market. No Hindu fanner
the rearing
rearing of
at
or
rate
will
knowingly,
or
at
any
rate
openly,
part
with
his
cattle
to aa
will knowingly,
any
openly, part with his cattle to

43
43

butcher or
to anyone
or to
butcher
any one

of being
who may
be suspected
interested
suspected of
being interested
may he
meat tr8de.
The rural
rural population,
population, whet.her
or
whether Hindu or
trade.
Dormany
on
a
vegetarian
diet
Undilr
th
..
se MussnlmaD,
subsists
diet
a
Under
these
subsists
Mussalman,
normally
vegetarian
thl-l demand for
for meat,
its supply
ape
vpr.
v ^
circumstances
meat and its
a^e
both th
circumstances Mth
very
supply
definiteIy
limited.
The
for
heef
of
any
kind
is
practically
of
kind
beef
is
demand
for
limited.
any
practically
definitely
to cantonments,
the hrger
connned
and the
civil stfltions,
confined to
stations, I'Pld
cantonments, civil
cities, and larger cities,
limiteil 8t'ctions
thpse
the demand for
sections of
beef to
to very
of th^se
class beef
the
for high
very limited
high class
communities.
population of
Ihe European
European
of cantonments
cantonments and the
The population
communities. The
civil
or less
less fixed
fixed and there
there is
uo evidence
that
is no
evidence that
is more or
civil population
population is
the
beefeating population
population of
of the
is largely
incl'Oasing.
The
the towns
towns is
the beef-eating
largely increasing.
it
is,
is
therefore
practically
constant.
demand
such
as
is
therefore
constant.
it
demand for
such
as
for beef,
is,
beef,
practically

in the
in
the

The
beer is
way. Tho
utmost
in the
the 'arne
same way.
The utmost
limited in
of beef
is limited
The supply
supply of
aa butcher
is
prepared
to
pay
for
a
bullOCk
or
a
cow,
ullless,
bullock
or
to
for
a
as
butcher is prepared
cow, unless, os
pay
happens
in
very
rare
cases,
it
has
been
specially
fattened
for
fattened
for the
it
has
the
specially
happens in very rare cases,
market,
the butcher
looking to
profit of
of about
to obtain
obtain a
a profit
is Rs.
Rs. 20,
about
butcher looking
market, is
20, the
fve
of the
the hide.
hide.
not including
the value
value of
five rupees,
including the
rupees, not

It
is obvious
obvious
It is

that
would be
zamindar to
to sell
sell working
it would
for the
the zamindar
that it
be unprofitable
unprofitable for
working
buUocks or
any value
value to
to the
the butcher.
butcher. The
The butbut
or milch
of any
bullocks
milch cows
cows of
cber's
purchases, as
8S may
may be
fair, are
at any
old and worn '
are old
seen at
be seen
cher's purchases,
any fair,
out
bullocks bought
the hide
hide and
and the
the sale
of the
inferior meat,
for thA
the inferior
sale of
out bullocks
meat, '
bought for
'

and nndersized,
out, barren,
ottlerwis~ useless
cows.
or otherwise
useless cows.
barren, or
undersized, worn out,
~
harm
is
caus
..
d by
From an economic
of
view
practically
no
is
caused
economic point
of
view
practically
point
by the disappearance
out animals,
animals, and undergized
undersized cows,
the
of worn out
cows,
disappearance of
though
their
disappearance
may
be
a
loss
from
the
point
of
view
a
from
of
be
loss
the
view
their
point
though
disappearance may

be regretted
regretted from the
the stand
of
the milk
seldom to
to be
standmilk supply,
of the
are seldom
supply, are
point
of
the
breed.
Such
animals
are
sold
by
Mussualmans
direct
sold
are
animals
Mussualmans
direct '"
of
the
breed.
Such
by
point
In the
the south
so.!!ih of
of the
province Hindus
Hindus will
will usually
usually
to
butchers. In
to the
the province
the butchers.
deal
Hindu Banjara
Banjara who disposes
the animal
his
to his
a Hindu
of the
animal to
deal through
disposes of
through a
is nothing
nothing to
by
keeping
Mussalman caste
brother if
there is
if there
to gain
caste brother
gain by keeping the animal alive.
In
to these
these classes
classes of
of animals,
how-..
the
in addition
addition to
alive,
animals, how
ever,
there
is
no
doubt
that
a
considerable
proportion
of
the
the
considerable
of
is
there
that
a
doubt
no
ever,
proportion
young
stock
sold
to
Banjaras
and
other
dealers
find
their
way
their
and
other
dealers
find
stock
sold
to
way
young
Banjarw-s

to the
the bntcher.
to
butcher.

Large
numbers are
,old for
are no doubt
doubt sold
for draught
draught
Large numbers

work,
insufficient or
otherwise inconvenient
inconVflnient
it is
is otherwise
or it
but if
if grazing is
work, but
grazing is insufficient

to
the animals
longer they
the
sold off
off to
at the
to butchers
butchers at
to keep
are sold
animals longer
keep the
they are
of
other
weekly
fairs
in
the
neighbourhood
of
Delhi
and
other
large
Delhi
in
fairs
the
large
weekly
neighbourhood

cflntres.
In tbis
heifers which might
this way,
centres.
doubt, young
might develop
develop "
young heifers
way, no doubt,
into
to the
The
zamindar,
however,
into useful
useful cows are
are lost
the country.
lost to
zamindar, however, \country.
-

only
in which
has no space
his yonng
of his
stock hecanse
because he has
space in
only disposes
disposes of
young stock
stall
he
grazed,
and
because
it
is
more
profitable
to stall
they
can
it
is
profitable to
they can be grazed, and because
of
cow.
If
the
conditions
of
feed
than
to
stall
feed
a
If
conditions
home
a buffalo
the
feed a
a
buffalo than to stall feed
cow.

breeding can
be improved,
And as
becomes morA
profitable to
to
more profitable
itcan be
as it,
breeding
improved, and
keep
young
stock
than
to
sell
them
there
will
be
fewer
cumplaiots
there
be
fewer complaints
will
keep young stock than to sell them
of the
It is
of
that whereas
the paucity
whereas the
the prices
It
of cows.
ia noteworthy
cows.
noteworthy that
prices
paucity of

./

;'4
44

of
cereals have
have risen
is no
risen there
no corresponding
and cereals
there is
of oattle
cattle and
corresponding
rise
il1 the
meat. There
of meat.
There are
are also
also indications,
the price
rise in
indications, though
though
price of
information
of aa trade
to obtain,
dried meat for
difficult to
in dried
for
is difficult
information is
trade in
obtain, of
of grazing
export.
The reason
be that
the scarcity
to be
reason appears
that the
scarcity of
appears to
export.
grazing
are rpsp()!Jsible
t.he slaughter
Ellaughter
and the
hides are
the price
for the
in the
of hide3
rise in
the rise
price of
responsible for
or
of
cattle
which,
though
doubt
useless
or
past
work,
no
cattle
of many
useless
doubt
work,
which,
though
past
many
been
preservetl.
.A
larger
quantity
would
otherwise
have
been
of
otherwise
have
A
would
preserved.
larger quantity of
)
meat is
rendered available
local deman,l
hardly
has hardly
while the
available while
the local
demand has
meat
i8 rendered
The trade
cause of
increased
The
trade in
in hides
of this
this and
all.
hides as
as the
at nIl.
the cause
increased at
other
treatment.
other important
deserves separate
developments deserves
separate treatment.
important developments
XVIlI.-TRADE
TRADE IN HIDES AND BONES.
XVIII.

Bafore the
hides
of the
the foreign
in hides
the development
trade in
Before
development of
foreign export
export trade
by
right
the skins
dead cattle
cattle were
were considered
to belong
of dead
considered to
skins of
the
by
belong
right
to
return was
was bound
to provide
provide
in return
or Machi,
Oharnar or
bound to
the ChamaI'
to the
Mochi, who in
the
zamindar with
with shoes
in
shoes and small
small leatber
articles used
used in
leather articles
the zamindar
husbandry
without
further
payment.
The
rise
in
the
prices
of
farther
in
the
of
without
rise
prices
payment.
husbandry
hides
to the
the growing
for export
the
has changed
hides owing
changed the
growing demand for
export has
owing to
relations
this respect.
the zamindar and the
in this
the menial
between the
menial in
relations between
respect.
In
still survives
not without
Wit.hOllt
old custom still
the old
districts the
but not
In many
survives but
many districts
constant
Obamars
and
Mocitis
werfl
powerful
Oliamars
Where
Mochis
were
constant disputes.
disputes.
powerful
and
occasioned
out ..
violence the new conditions
to violence
occasioned outconditions
and disposed
disposed to
bl eaks of
of cattle
rrhe
result
has
not
been
altogether
The
result
cattle poisoning.
has
not
been
breaks
altogether
poisoning.
in
the Chamar. In Gujranwala,
of tbe
favour of
in favour
Lahore,
Gujranwala, Gurdaspur
Gurdaspur and Lahore,
in l\fnhammadan
and in
the
in obher
other districts,
Muhamrnadan villages,
districts, especially
especially in
villages, the
old
been abandoned and the
seH the
the
has been
the zamindars now sell
old custom has
or Chuhra at
hide
to the
the Chamar or
at the
market rate.
In
these districts
districts
the market
rate.
In these
hide to
cattle
has ceased.
ceased.
cattle poisoning
poisoning has

Jt.
even
be generally
asserted that
Jt may
that in
in normal
seasons even
normal seaSons
may be
generally asserted
the
tempt the
the zamindar
obtained for
for hides
hides do
do not
not tempt
the high
zamindar
high prices
prices now obtained
off any
but his
his most
most worthl.ss
The export
trade
to
to sell
sell off
worthless cattle.
cattle.
any but
export trade

has
in old
the trade
stimulated the
old and worn ant
has undoubtedly
out cattle
cattle
trade in
undoubtedly stimulated
\ which
for their
But the
comparative
are worthless
worthless excHpt
their hide.
hide.
the comparative
which are
except for
of hides
hides in
oheapness
in time
time of
of scarcity
scarcity shows
that fat'
too ma.ny
shows that
far too
cheapness of
many
animals,
those which act,nally
die
of
fn'ivation,
find
t.heil
besides those
die
of
find
their
animals, besideA
actually
privation,
way
to
the
butcher
ani!
the
hide
merchant.
The
recellt
increl"lse
an<"l
the
to
the
butcher
hide
recent
increase
merchant.
way
in prices,
amongst otter
the
other causes,
the development
to tbe
in
of the
causes, to
prices, due amongst
development of
the
motor industry,
and
fact
that
the
hide
of
a
sl!!ughtered
animal
fact
hide
that
the
a
animal
of
industry,
slaughtered
is more valuable
of an animal
in the
tbe ordinary
that of
valuable than that
animal dying
ib
dying in
ordinary
course
bave been l'espon8ible
for
unpleasant
incidents.
of nature,
course of
for
nature, have
responsible
unpleasant incidents.
of cattle
cattle (cbiefly
Slaughterings
young buffaloes)
buffaloes) on
a considerable
on a
considerable
(chiefly young
Slaughterings of

to have taken
scale
taken place
place in
necesshating
are known to
in Some
some dlsbrict~,
scale are
districts, necessitating
of the
the
intel'ference of
the district
district authorities.
jncreasiD~ demand
the interference
The increasing
authorities.

a draught
as a
buffalo as
for
male buffalo
the male
to
for the
animal will
no doubt
doubt operate
will no
draught animal
operate to
incidents.
But in
check
default of
duty
on
hides,
such incidents.
in default
it
of an
check such
an export
on
hides, it
export duty

45

i.
unlikely either
that the
that persons
persons
will slacken
slacken or
the demand will
or that
either that
is unlikely

to such
interested
trade cease
their
for their
look to
such sources
sources for
cease to
to Jook
the trade
in the
interested in
supplies.
supplies.

1.'18
demand for
leather, which
which is
very large
lar~e
is of
for leather,
of course
course very
local demand
The local
in
indeed,
is
still
as
from
time
chiefly
in
the
hands
of
of
immemorial
time
as
still
is
indeed,
chiefly
Chamars,
J\'ioohis
and
Khojas.
8nme
Chamars
and
Mochis
such
such
Some
and
Moohis
Chamars,
Khojas.
as
hose of
Ludhiana, are
communities and
are prosperous
and Ludhiana,
Karnal anlt
of Karoal
as tthose
prosperous communities

the sapply
are
position to
to take
take up
up any
of boots
for tbe
boots
contracts for
a position
in a
are in
any contracts
supply of
and
shoes.
shoes.
and
Tbe
profits from
the export
export trade
trade ;n
in hides
hides have
attracted
have attraoted
from the
The profits
firms like
embark in
the business,
business, and the
the
to embark
in the
Brothers to
Ralli Brothers
like Ralli
firms

People's
Bank of
of Lahore and other
Indian Companies
other Indian
Companies were
People's
for aa time
largely
interested.
The
hides
are
at
are collActed
collected at
hides
interested.
time
for
largely
convAnient
centres on the
the railway
by
::lgents
of
the
large
firms
firms
of
the
convenient centres
large
railway by agents
in the
Lahore, FerozeFerozechief centres,
the chief
in
Abdal, Rawalpindi,
centres, Hassan Abdal,
Rawalpindi, Lahore,
pore,
Kasur,
Multan
and
Delhi.
Apart
from
the
European
enter~
enterthe
and
Delhi.
Multan
European
Apart
pore, Kasur,
The
prise
tbe
trade
is
principally
in
the
hands
of
Khojas.
prices
in
hands
of
is principally
the
the
trade
prices
Khojas.
prise
for
the zamindars
zamindars obtain
in district8
districts where
obtain in
hides which the
for undressed
undressed hides
the old
been superseded
supf'rseded are
approximately Rs.
Rs. 77 each.
each.
are approximately
has been
old cnstom
custom bas
the
But
are more
morfl valuable,
th8
price
for
dried
for
dried
the
hides are
bullock and cow hideg
But bullock
valuable,
price

skin
being about
R!. 40
and bullock
hides, and
40 for
about Rs.
for cow and
bullock hides,
skin per
per maund being
Rs.
for buffaloes.
buffaloes.
33 for
Rs. 33
The
bones appears
to the
the
to bring
in no
in bones
no profit
trade in
The trade
profit to
appears to
bring in
zamindar. The chuhra
chuhra is
to collect
collect the
bones, and stack
stack
the bones,
allowed to
is allowed
zamindar.

tbem
travelling
centres where they
are bought
them at
convenient centres
at convenient
they are
bought by
by travelling
The price
per
price per maund

agents,
the export
export trade.
trade.
for the
Khojas, for
chiefly Khojas,
agents, chiefly
is from
to 12 annas.
8 annas to
is
from 8
XIX.-SHEEP
XIX.
SHEEP

AND GOATS.

Sheep
goats are
are kept
kept in
thronghout .,_
in considerable
considerable Dumbers
numbers throughout
and goats
Sheep and
of
it beneath
the
ch.l.sses
of
zamindars
cousider
it
beneath
classes
consider
Province. The higher
the Pro\ince.
higher
which
their
to
own
these
animals,
which
are
usually
kept
by
are
these
to
their dignity
animals,
kept
by
usually
dignity
not infrequently
the
are
Gujars
or
menials,
The
flocks
are
owned
by
the
flocks
meniuls,
or
by
infrequently
Gujars
half
butchers of
tcwns, the
produce being
being shared
the produce
the half
shared on the
of large
butchers
large towns,
The
batai system
between
the
OWner
and
the
herdsmen.
'!
he
cost
cost
the
owner
the
between
batai
system
prHctically nil,
nil, as
the sheep
g-raze on the
the fallows
of
as the
fallows and "is practically
of feeding
sheep graze
feeding is
the goats
on
jungle
sbrubs.
Milch
goats
however
ODcasionally
Milch
shrubs.
however
on
the
goats
occasionally get
get
jungle
goats
some
cotton-seed.
some cottonaseed.
their wool and skin,
Sheep
valued for
the meat
meat they
they
for tbeir
are valued
for the
skin, for
Sheep are
provide
and
for
their
milk.
Sheep
dung
is
al,o
highly
prized
milk.
their
is
also
as Sheep dung
highly prized as
provide and for
manurf.l,
and
it
is
common
in
the
Western
Punjab
for
flocks
to
in
for
the
it is
flocks to
manure,
Punjab
that
be
invited
to
the
wells
in
order
that
their
droppings
may
enrich
their
in
order
be invited to the wells
droppings may enrich
In
the soil.
The landowner
even pays
pays for
for such
In Lya~pur
such visits.
visits.
landowner even
the
soil.
Lyallpur

.646
the herdsmen
receive Re.
per acre
for som~
time
1 per
the
herdsmen receive
Re. 1
acre for
some time
for herding
herding sheep
sheep for

on plots
sugarcane and
to be
with sugarcane
be sown with
and cotton.
cotton.
plots to
The number of
of sheep
has increased
increased. throughout
the Province
Province
throughout the
sheep has
during
the
last
five
YElars,
especially
in
the
norU
I-western,
westero,
in
the
the
last
five
north-western, western,
years, especially
during
~
and sOl1tb:-eastern
districts
and
in
Kangra,
where
the
best
districts
in Kangra,
south-eastern
the best sbeep
sheep
) are
produced.
rrhey
grazA
on
the
fallowA
and
on
and
are produced.
the fallows
on slloh
such sparse
sparse
They graze
vegetation
as can be
be found,
except for
t.he
stall fed
fed except
are rarel.
for the
found, and are
rarelyv stall
vegetation as
_ meat market 'in
large
cities
and
cantonments.
In
the
Central
in large cities
In the Central
cantonments.

Punjab the
Cultiof sheep
the number of
to have
Cultihave decreased.
decreased.
sheep appears
appears to
Punjab
vation
tQ intense
these districts
provide good
intense in
in these
is no
no doubt
doubt too
districts to
to provide
vation is
good
grazing,
canal irrigation
too wet for
the heavy
the ground
for
grazing, and the
irrigation makes the
heavy canal
ground too
them in
Sheep
tracts. The
the monsoon season.
season.
in the
the dryer
them
prefer the
dryer tracts.
Sheep prefer

is confined
confiued to
range of
valuable
sheep is
fat-tailed sheep
the Kala-Chitta
to the
Kala-Chitta range
of
valuable fat-tailed
~ the
Attock district
tracts of
and
Jhelum.
district and the
the hill
hill tracts
of Shahpur
the Attock
and
Jhelum.
Shahpur
In the
the plains
~ tricts little
distinction of
breed is
reco~niz e d.
di3tricts
little distinction
is recognized.
In
of breed
plains di
But
sbeep come from
from Bikanir,
Hissar, and the
the Narnnul
Narnlml
the best
best sheep
But the
Bikanir, Hissar,
tracts of
the Patiala
These animals
are said
to be
the
Patiala State.
State.
These
tracts
of the
animals are
said to
be the
in
la.rgest
sbeep
bred
in
the
Indian
plains,
tind
are
imported
into
the
Indian
and
are
into
plains,
largest sheep
imported
Lyallpur
other districts
up country,
highly
and other
districts ap
are highly
where they
country, where
they are
Lyallpur and
Of
the
Himalaya
hill
'heep
those
from
prized
for
their
wool.
their
wool.
Of
for
the
hill
from
those
sheep
prized
Hiraalnya
Kulu,
1tfandi,
Suket
and
8irmur
are
most
esteemed.
The
sheep
Suket
and
are
Sirmur
The
esteemed.
Mandi,
Kulu,
sheep
of
ThaI country
arE! very
very numerous,
numerous, but
but inferior
inferior in
in
of the
the Bar and Thai
country are
\ quality
the scanty
available.
to the
scanty grazing
owing to
quality owing
grazing available.
are sheared twice
Sheep
the
twice a
a year,
in April
and October,
October, the
Sheep are
year, in
April and

latter
being generally
productive. The aveI;'<lge
latter shearing
the more productive.
shearing being
generally the
average
of
yearly
clip
of
a
plains
sheep,
vlri{:;s
from
one
in the
the case
caSe of
of
varies
one seer
seer in
plains
clip
sheep,
yearly

flocks of
the
of the
the Western
Western Punjab,
Punjab, to
two seers
Thai and Bar flocks
the 'rbal
to two
seers 'pro'proor
- duced
a
Bikanir
or
Hissar
sheep.
a
Bikanir
Hissar
duced by
sheep,
by
is used
considerable amount of
of wool
A considerable
wool is
used locally
for clothing,
locally for
clothing,
Western Punjab
and in
the hills,
and some
some is
especially
in the
the Western
in the
is
hills, and
Punjab and
especially in
the mills
taken
mills at
at Dhariwal
Dhariwal and elsewhere.
very
But aa very
taken by
elsewhere.
by the
large quantity,
best fleeces,
fleeces, is
The most
is exported.
including the best
large
quantity, including
exported.
importa.nt
export are
the
of export
centres of
are Multan for
for the
important markets and centres
western
A rr:ritsar for
Fazilka
for the
the Central
Central Punjab,
Fazilka
and
western districts,
districts, Amritsar
Punjab,
Abohar for
for Hissar,
Hissar, Bikanir
Bikanir and Ferozepur,
Ferozepur, Rawalpindi
Gujar
Rawalpindi and GnjA.l
Rawalpindi and
and Jhelum
Jhelum districts,
Basal in
in the
the
the Rawalpindi
for the
Khan for
districts, and Basal
the
Trans-Indus
Attock
the Kala-Chitta
Kala-Chitta range
and
for the
district for
Trans-Indus
Attock district
and
the
range
wool is
usually put
put upon
morkets in
a very
very
hill
The wool
is usually
hill tracts_
in a
tracts.
the markets
upon the
dirty
state.
But
some
care
is
bestowed
au
this
important
matter
care
is
matter
state.
bestowed
on
this
dirty
important
Multan wbere
where much clea.ner
at
at Gujar
are brought
cleaner fleeces
fleeces are
Gujar Khan and :Multan
brought
in.
Priess
vary considerably,
the
average
being
about
Rs. 20
the
Rs.
in.
about
Prices vary
considerably,
average being
aa maund uncleaned,
as much as
27 aa maund hag
been
as Rs.
hag been
Rs. 27
uncleaned, but as
obtained
These
prices
are
double
those
of
a
few
years
These
are
of
a
obtained recently.
those
few
double
recently.
prices
years
ago.
wool fetches
about three
fetches about
three times
much. Cleaning
as much.
Clean wool
times as
Cleaning
ago. Clean

47
47

and
be installed
and '
at Fazilka,
installed at
will shortly
and combing
Fazilka, and
combing machinery
machinery will
shortly be
at
at
Fazilka
and
Abohar.
Undressed
baling
presses
are
working
Abohar.
are
Fazilka
Undressed
working
baling presses
8 annas
to Ro.
are used
and "ro
used locally
for water
water
skins
annas to
1 and
Ke. 1
skins fetch
from 8
fetch from
locally for
bags, shoes,
keeping money,
money,
for keeping
musical instrument and bags
shoes, musical
bags for
bags,
clothes,
flour,
etc.
The
skins
are
also
sold
to
wandering
traders
are
to
skins
also sold
clothes, flour, etc.
wandering traders
at
who collect
for
the
large
export
trade
at
Amritsar
and
other
Amritsar
other
collect for the large export trade

centres.
centres.
Tbe
offspring when
when about
about aa year
produces
old and produces
has offspring
The ewe
ewe has
year old
five
lambs
wortb
about
Rs.
2
eacb
in
the
next
three
years.
about
next
2
in
the
three
lambs
worth
about
Ks.
each
about five
years.
of
milk
a
day
for
four
months.
She
gives
about
6
chittacks
four
a
6
of
milk
for
chittacks
months.
She gives about
day
butter fat
and can
can be
made inle
class
Tbe
rich in
in butter
fat and
into first
milk is
be made
first class
is rich
The milk
ghi
either
by
itself
or
mixed
with
cow
or
buffalo
milk,
The
use
or
with
or buffalo milk.
use
ghi either by itself
of
tbe
sheep
as
a
dairy
animal
is
commonest
in
the
ThaI.
A
a
animal
in
the
is
Thai.
of the sheep as
dairy
ewe
costs
from
Rs.
5
to
10
or
double
the
price,
say
of
I
5
full
grown
full grown ewe costs from Rs. 5 to 10 or double the price, say of ] 5
ago.
years ago.
years
The
relative position
position of
and goats
reversed
of sheep
has been
The relative
been reversed
goats haB
sheep and
in
last five
years. In 1904 goats
goats were
were the
the more numerous,
five years.
the last
in the
numerous,
t,here are
sheep than goats.
goat~. The number of
has
are now more sheep
of goats
there
goats has
in
decreased
plains
district;
only
in
Attock
and
in
Kulu
in every
in
decreased in
Kulu
every plains district; only
has
there been
rl'he general
g~neral decrease
is largely
largely
increase.
The
been any
decrease is
has there
any increase.

due
the prevalonce
the Prov:nce.
Andisease throughout
to the
of disease
due to
Province.
Anprevalence of
throughout the
other reason
spread of
has
is no doubt the
the spread
of cultivation
reason is
cultivation which has
other
re,luced the
jungle on
on which
thrives.
There
reduced
the sorub
scrub jungle
which the
the goat
There
goat thrives.
is
consensus of
of opinion
that owing
in ..
also a general
is also
to the
the ingeneral consensus
opinion that
owing to
creasing
profits
to
be
made
from
wool
and
ghi
the
shfep
is
the
to
be
wool
creasing profits
ghi the sheep is the
more valuable
valuable animal. But the
the goat
in
is hardier
hardier and caD
can subsist
subsist in
goat is
times of
wbere oGher
animals fail.
It
would therefore
therefore
of drought
other animals
It would
times
fail.
drought where
affirm that the
be
to affirm
the decrease
decrease in
in the
the ownber
be premature
number of
of goats
premature to
goats

was in
way permanent.
in any
permanent.
any way
Like
goats are
are most numerons
Like sheep
the south-eastern,
numerous in
in the
sheep goats
south-eastern, north-western
and western
districts..
No Rpecial
north-western 3lJd
western districts
breeds are
are ~
special hreeds
but
in
distinguished,
but
tbe
goats
of
Lawa
in
tbe
'l'alagang
'1'absil,
and
the
of
the
goats
Talagang Tahsil, and
distinguished,
in tb'
of
Dajal in
e Dera Ghazi
Ghazi Khan are
are exceptionally
the
of Dajal
Goats
good. Goats
exceptionally good.
like f':heep
are
valued
for
their
dung,
especially
as
manure
for
to ..
valued
their
as
like
for
for todung, especially
sheep
haCCD.
But they
do
mOl'e
damage
t
han
sheep
and
are
therefore
than
are
bacco.
more
therefore
sheep
they
damage
less
welcome. r:the
she.g0at. bears
bear ~ when fl.
pl'odllciu!! one
one
a year
old producing
The she-goat
less welcome.
year old
kid
metimea two in
the yea.
r
.
Bile
Vlill
prodl
,ce
altogether
in the
sometimes
kid or
or sl,
She
will produce altogether
year.
77 or'
She-goats
twice aa day,
oay, and give
8.
or S.
14 to
to
She-goats are milked twice
give from 14

20 ohittaoks
milk daily
of milk
four months.
months.
chittacks of
for four
daily for

A good
good shegoat
will
she-goat will

of g03t'S
as 2 or
yield as
01' even 3
~e price
3 seerS_
The
as much as
seers.
milk is
is
goat's milk
price of
yield
anna
rather
per
'rbe
it is
is snp
1
The milk sells
rather under
seer.
as it
well as
under 1
sells well
per seer.
sup-..

a medicinal
posed t{)
A milch
Rs.
value.
medicinal value.
have a
costs from
to have
milch goat
from Rs.
posed
goat costs
a kid
55 to
to Rs.
prICe of
kid is
Re. 2-8-0.
280.
the average
of a
about Rs.
Ks. 15,
is about
15, and the
average price
the prices
few years
years ago.
Goats
sheared
These are
are double
double the
prices of
of aa few
Goats are
are sheared
ago.

'B
48

in
the 'spring
Bnd again
in the
the autumn if
if sufficient
has
hair has
in the
sufficient hair
again in
spring and
grown.
The
annual
yield
about 44 cbitlauks
hair is
of hair
is about
each
chittanks for
for each
yield of
grown.
goat.
As goat's
hair fetches
Rs. 10
fetches about
about Rs.
10 or
or Rs.
15 a
Rs. 15
a maund tbe
the
goat's hair
goat.
hair
value
of
the
bair
(jat)
is
little
more
thau
1
anna
for
each goat.
value of the
(jat) is little more than 1 anna for each
goat.
sold to
is sold
'l'he
to camel meu
men or
or banias
is made up
up into
banias and is
hair is
into
The hair
arid mats.
_- ropes,
sacks
alid
mats.
sacks
ropes,

The
to traders
traders
skins like
like tho,e
of sbeep
undressed skins
those 01
are sold
The undressed
sold to
sheep are
trade
at
the
wbo
collect
for
the
export
trade
at
Amrit9ar
and
elsewhere.
Tbe
for
and
Amritsar
collect
The
elsewhere.
who
export

for shoes
8kin~ are
locally for
shoes:
also used locally
are also
skins
that
than
rather
more
valuable
tban
that
of
a
valuable
of a
more
rather
I1 to
Re.
1-8-0.
1-8-0.
to Re.

and bags.
bags.

A goat's
goat's skin
skin is
is

sbeep,
Re_
and fetches
fetches from
from Re.
sheep, and

The
both of
and goacs
goa,s are
largely disposed
of sheep
stock both
The male stock
are largely
sheep and
disposed
will
fetch
about
RIl. 55 and
of
average plains
will
Rs.
fetch
about
and
meat. The average
for meat.
of for
plains sbeep
sheep
the butcber
6 tbe
tbe
about
Rs.
6,
making
perbaps
RIl.
2
in
each
Rs.
butcher
in
about
Rs.
2
each
the goat
making perhaps
goat
But the
Simla market
market
case.
the Kulu sheep
the Simla
fed for
for the
But
case.
sheep specially
specially fed
8 and the
the butcher's
butcher's profit
by
sale
of
meat
is
as
sells
Rs. 8
meat
is
sale
of
as
much
for Rs.
sells for
profit by
5.
as
Rs.
5.
Rs.
as
XX.-ASSISTANCE
ASSISTANCE FROM GOVERNMENT AND
XX.
LOCAL BODIES.
The
forms which
which Government
has
Government assistance
assistance has
The principal
principal forms
the cattle-breeding
hitherto taken
are (1)
(1) the
cattle-breeding establishment
at Hissar,
establishment at
taken are
hitherto
Hissar,
of bulls
bulls by
by the
Boards, (3)
tbe
(2)
the free distribution
distribution of
the District
District Boards,
(3) the
(2) the free
management
of
cattle
and
provision
of
prizes
for
good
fairs
cattle fairs
for
of
of
provision
good
prizes
management
stock,
the grant of
takkavi loans
for replacement
replacement of
of agricultural
agricultural
of taJckavi
loans for
stock, (4)
(4) the grant
creation and expansion
cattle,
and (5) tbe creation
expansion of
Civil Veterinary
Veterinary
the Civil
of Ihe
cattle, and (5) the
Department.
Department.
No mention
need be
be made bere
and Dairy
here of
of Military
Grass and
mention need
Dairy
Military Grass
Farms as
their influence,
influence, though
thougb undoubtedly
undoubtedly of
value,
educational value,
of educational
as their
Farms
is
confined to
to cantonments.
cantonments.
is chiefly
chiefly confined
(1).
The
Hissar Cattle
principal object
the
of the
Cattle Farm.-Tbe
Farm. The principal
The Hissar
object of
(I).
are
as
is
institution,
so
far
as
cattle
are
concerned,
is
to
provide
a
good
cattle
to
concerned,
good
institution, so far
provide
Prior to
to 1902 tl::.e
the olass
class of
animal
transport purposes.
Prior
of animal
for transport
animal for
purposes.
t

I
i

load
he farm was extremely
in tthe
load in
extremely mixed.

Bulls
Bulls and cows had been

purchased
from.l1
India and allowed
indiscrimito breed
breed indiscrimiof India
all parts
allowed to
parts of
purchased from
had
crossed
nately.
The
original
local
stock
cODflequently
been
crossed
local
been
stock
original
consequently
nately.
and Mysore
of Gujr~t
blood.
with aa large
with
Gujrat .and
Mysore blood.
large admixture of
Since
breeding operations
bas been
the object
the breeding
of the
1902 the
Since 1902
operations has
object of

to
retnrn as
possible to
the local,
characteristic
still characteristio
to the
as possible
far as
local type
as far
to return
type still
the
of the
the Hissar
has been
been very
great
The Sllccess
success has
District.
Hissar District.
of
very great and the
bullock
issued is
1S aa powerful
powerful animal,
great
bone
'
now issued
great
bullock now
animal, possel"sing
possessing

_- and
large horns
Hnd black colour of
horns and
and extremely
symmetrical. The large
extremely symmetric.l.
the
Gujrat
breeda
have
practically
disappeared.
This result
result was
have
breeds
the Gujrat
practically disappeared.

'~9
49

;attained:by
judioioUs purchases
purohases 01
in the
the villages
villages of
attained by judicious
of cows
cows in
of the
the district
district ~
and
stock was
snd the
the old
was gradually
a large
large
old mongrel
mongrel stock
gradually eliminftted,
eliminated, a
number of
bullocks being
being sold
of cows
and bullocks
cows and
sold by
auction. The
The establish_
establish,
by auction.
bred in
which conform
conform
'ment
of (a)
ment now consists
consists of
bulls bred
in the
the farm
farm which
(a) bulls
to the
requirements of
the type
the Hissar-Nagaur
_
of the
the requirements
to
in the
type prevalerit
prevalent in
Hissar-Nagaur
oountry,
mostly bred
bred on
the farm,
cows mostly
on the
the same
same
farm, possessing
country, (b)
(6) cows
possessing the
a few older
older cows
dating from
oharacteristics,
cows dating
from befol'e
before 1902,
characteristics, (d)
(d) a
1902,
retained
themselves aro
type, their
retained because,
are not
not true
true to
to type,
their
because, though
though themselves
offspring
requirements. The provision
of
fodder
of
fodder
generally satisfy
offspring generally
satisfy requirements.
provision

receives
and the
farm since
been self
the farm
receives great
since 1902
has been
1902 has
self-..
attention, and
great attention,
in
Bupportingin
this
respect.
The
Bir
provides
grazing
in
abundance,
.
this
Bir
in
abundance,
respect.
supporting
provides grazing
and
best grass
(anjan)
is
regularly
stacked,
the
seed
of the
the best
and some
some of
is
the
seed
stacked,
grass (anjan)
regularly
'~eing
tbe Lyallpur
and various
various Regimental
Regimental
in demand for
for the
being in
Lyallpur Farm and

rakhs
the colonies.
The cultivated
in the
rdkhs in
colonies.
a sufficient
cultivated area
area provides
sufficient
provides a
quantity
of
gram,
aud
jawar-chari,
and
notbing
is
bought
of
and
and
is
from
gram,
jowar-chari,
quantity
bought from
nothing

outside
worst years.
in the
the worst
outside even
even in
years.
'rhough
the demands of
the
maintained to
meet the
of the
to meet
Though primarily
primarily maintained
,Government
supplies District
District Boards
with
the farm also
also supplies
Government services,
Boards with
services, the
bulls
to zamindars
zamindars and in
compriee
for distribution
distribution to
in special
bulls cr
cases complies
special caseS
with
Jama.ica, i:Jrazil,
Dutch colonies
colonie~ in
in Java.
Ja'va.
the Dutch
with indents
indents from Jamaica,
Brazil, and the
'L'he
controlled by
by the
In.pectorThe Hissar
is controlled
Hissar Cattle
Cattle Farm is
the Inspector, ~eneral,
Veterinary Department,
not
Civil Veterinary
is
not a Provincial
Provincial .
General, Civil
Department, and is
Institution.
Institution.
(2).
Distriot
Board 'nlllls:
Their
maintenance.
Bulls
Their maintenance.-The
District Board
The DisDis(2).
triot
the Province
Province undertake
undertake the
of
providing
.free
the duty
of
of the
Boards of
free
trict Bo~rds
providing
duty
of
in
to
of
a
oertain
number
of
selected
bulls
in
order
to
,
i
mproye
bulls
order
selected
a
certain
of charge
improve
charge
the
recently these
bulls were
either
obtained either
these bulls
Until recently
were obtained
of cattle,
cattle. Until
the breed
breed of
,from
the Hissar
HiRsar Cattle
Cattle Farm,
or bought
The
results
~av,;e
results
have
from the
bought locally.
Farm, or
locally.
in
the
been
valuable,
but
mi
..
takes
have
been
made
in
the
pa,9t
but
mistakes
been
been generally
valuable,
past
generally
the
whicb
not infrequently
produced
dissatisfaction
among
dissatisfaction
have not
which have
among the
infrequently produced
people.
people.
the
The Agricultural
Agricultural Department
has endeavoured to
to guide
guide the
Department has
No. 1 *
circular No.1
Boards in
in this
tbis matter.
Agricultural
* recommends
matter.
Boards
Agricultural circular
District
to prepare
a working
the purchase
for the
Boards to
District Boards
working plan
plan for
purchase and _
prepare a
distribution
In most cases
this recommendation has
has not
not
cases this
bulls.
of buUs.
distribution of
has been done
been
translated into
But
done by
by
Bat much good
action.
into action.
been translated
good has
districts
The
to
bulls
suited
of
enquiries
as
to
~ype
of
bulls
suit.ad
~
partic.ula~
d~st,~ct""
T~e
to thA
the
as
particular
type
enquiries
Hissar
mdlSCnII.mately in
lU
distributed indiscriminately
is no longer
bled bull
bull IS
Hissar bled
longer dIstrIbuted
Dhanni
for
which
districts
pur
Jhelum
for
the
UIHmni
variety
and
like Shah
districts like
variety
Shahpur
tracts of
is obviously
the Bet tracts
of the
the Central Punjab
Punjab -in the
is
suited, nor in
obviously suited,
cows
stunted
of
where
type of
bull is
for
the
stunted
01
the
is required
for
of bull
a smaller
smaller type
where a
required
definite
to
drawn
these localities.
to
draWl!
up
a
definite
have
But no Board appears
these
localities.
up
appears
soheme
of operations.
scheme of
operations.
:

* See Appendix No,

.,See
a,
Appendix No. 3,

50
50

At
B.me time
time considerable
has been
been made in
the
in the
the same
considerable p,'ogress
At the
progress has
last
four
years.
The
DiRtrict
Boards'
bulls
in
1906
only
numbered
in
District
Boards'
bulls
1906
numbered
The
last four years.
only
years 431 bulls
bulls have
256.
472. In the
the last
last four
four years
have
are now 472.
These are
256. Tbese
so
that
allowing
for
replacements
the
number
has
been
bought,
for
has
the
so
that
been bought,
allowing
replacements
nearly
doubled,
In
1906
the
Agricultural
Department
in
their
the
In
1906
in
their
Agricultural Department
nearly doubled.
lakh for
for veteriveterischeme
utilizing the
the special
of one
annual grant
one lakh
for utilizing
scheme for
grant of
special annual
nary
improvements
recommended
that
one
bull
should
be
bought
recommended
that
bull
one
should
be
bought
nary improvements
tahsil every
year. Taking
Taking the
a whole
whole this
this
\\ for
the province
as a
each tahsil
for eooh
province as
every year.
boon
attained.
In
somo
districts
the
number
etandard
has
almost
attained.
In
somo
districts the
standard has almost been
of
bulls bought
has exceeded
the
the standard,
m others
others owing
to the
exceeded tbe
of bulls
standard, III
owing to
bought has
want
of
a
definite
scheme
and
to
difficulties
in
the
matter
of
and
to difficulties in the matter of
want of a definite scheme
maintllance
little
has
been
done.
done.
Allowing
for
the
considerable
maintenance little has been
Allowing for the considerable
be incurred
incurred in
in providing
providing Veterinary
expenditure
which had
had to
to be
Veterinary
expenditure which
be said
to have
have fully
utilized the
the
Hospitals
District Boards
Boards may
said to
may be
fully utilized
Hospitals District
bulls.
portion
the special
grant. allotted
the purchase
allotted for
for the
of balls.
of the
purchase of
special grant,
portion of
Government
decided to
continue the
to continue
lakh per
the grant
of one
one lakh
have decided
Government bave
grant of
per
annum and
further improvements
Much
be expected.*
and further
improvements may
may be
expected.*
remains
done.
be done.
to be
remains to

It.
is
to
Ifc
is somewhat snrprising
for instance
instance to
surprising for

find
there are
present no
bulls in
in the
no Government bulls
the Jhelum
are at
at present
Jhelum
find that
that there
At
present
little
care
is
to
trace
the
effeot
of
the
Colony.
is taken
little care
to
taken
the
effect
of the
trace
At
present
Colony.
surrounding villages.
the
bulls on
stock of
The attention
of surrounding
of the
the stock
attention of
on the
bulls
villages.
he directed
directed towards
towards this
Boards might
this important
matter.
Boards
important matter.
might be
The
districts south
the Sutlej,
of an
all districts
Boards of
of the
District Boards
south of
The District
and
Sutlej, and
the
central districts,
Lahore*
the central
districts, Lahore.

Amritsar,
Amritsar, Gurdaspur,
Gurdaspur, Gujranwala
Gujranwala

and
buy their
Farm. Tbe
their bulls
the Hissar
from the
Hissar Cattle
The
bulls from
Cattle Farm.
and Lyallpur,
Lyallpur, buy
the uplands
to the
and
Hissar bull
bull is
specially suited
suited to
is specially
of Ferozepur
Hissar
uplands of
Ferozepur and

soil find
Ludhiana where
where conditions
are not
too far
not too
and climate
climate are
far
Ludhiana
conditions of
of soil
in Risssr
removed from those
where the
indigenous
those prevailing
Hissar and where
the indigenous
removed
prevailing in
cow
too small.
The resulting
good
is generally of
small.
stock is
not too
is not
cow is
resulting srock
generally of good
type
and
commands
a
very
fair
price,
but
it
is
not
to
be
compared
a
but
it
fair
is
not
to
be
price,
compared
very
type
with
imported direct
direct from
Rariana, or
the Hariana
Hariaoa
the animals
animals Imported
from Hariana,
or the
with the

,\ bullocks
in the
reared in
the CiB-Sutlej
States. It
It i8
is being recognized
bullocks reared
Cis-Sutlej States.
being recognized
that
the cows
cows are
Rissor bull
bllll
in the
tracts where
the Bet
Bet tracts
are stunted
the Hissar
stunted the
that in
where the
as the
the District
is
not so
useful 8S
Dhanni, and the
of Ferozepur
so useful
the Dhanni,
District Boards
Boards of
is not
Ferozepur
of Dbanni
for
and
lately bought
bonght aa number
number of
bulls for
have lately
Dhanni bulls
and Gurdaspur
Gurdaspur have
in
the
tracts. It
especially
in
the
riverain tracts.
a common complaint,
the
the riverain
It is
is a
complaint, especially
Harian.
that the
bulls from the
Cattle Farm prothe Hissar
Hariana Districts,
Hissar Cattle
the bulls
Districts, that
prothe
duce
stock
far
less
hardy
than
the
offspring
than
the
of the
duce sluggish
stock
far
less
sluggish
hardy
offspring of
zamindar's own bull.
rrhe
tbese complaints
i!l
to
be
reason for
for tbese
is
to
bull.
zamindar's
The reason
complaints
in the
found
of
the
Hissar
Farm
during
the
last
ten
years.
the history
last
found in
ten
of
Hissar
the
the
history
years.
during
was of
of extremely
mixed breeding.
breeding.
Previous to
to 1900 the
the Hissar
Previous
bull was
Hissar bull
extremely mixed
of all
all the
in the
the best
best Indian
had been
the
Bulls
Bulls of
Indian breeds
been congregated
breeds had
congregated in
had
been
to
preserve
distinctive
types.
farm and no attempt
distinctive
to
made
had
been
attempt
types.
preserve
was too
enough
The result
result was
too often
often an
an animal,
sometimes powerful
animal, sometimes
powerful enough
See ~
the r~t
circular isiued
recent cireulDr
* Soc
islued by
the Agricultural
Department in
No.
in Appendix
Appendix No,
Agricultural Department
by the

j.
4.

51
51

but
hopelessly oross-bred
the delects
each Iype
but hopelessly
and exhibiting
defects 01
cross-bred and
of each
exhibiting the
type
in a
in
marked degree.
These
bulls were
were undoubtedly
a markod
These bulls
less hardy
degree.
undoubtedly less
hardy
than those
those of
in the
best villages
than
the best
of the
Hariana breed
breed found
found in
of
the Hariana
villages 01
Hissar
the Hissar
Hissar Farm has
Hissar and
and Rohtak.
1 900 the
Bub since
since 1900
Rohtak. But
endea- has endeavoured to
to breed
breed as
as

ne~r the
Hariana bulls
bulls as
in
the Hariana
as possible
near
and has
has in
possible and

the
main succeeded.
In buying
buying from
the Hissar
the
the main
from the
Hissar Cattle
succeeded. In
Cattle Farm the
the Hariana
Hariana type,
type, hardy
and
District
Boards now get
a bull
bull of
District Boards
and
of the
get a
hardy
almost
from the
which the
take
almost entirely
the z.mindars
free from
the defects
defects to
zamindars take
to which
entirely free
exoeption.
Apart
the difficulties
keep
from the
difficulties connected
with their
their keep
connected with
exception.
Apart from

aud
be no
doubt that
that the
and maintenance
bulls are
are
maintenance there
no doubt
the Hissar
Hissar bulls
there can
can be

extremely
both in
in Hariana
Hariana itself
and
in other
other contral
and in
central and
itself and
extremely populor
popular both
southern
are
suited.
The
best
animals
southern districts
are
The
best
animals
districts for
for whicn
whicn they
suited.
they

in the
in
the fairs
are generally
to possess
possess aa very
fairs are
found to
considerable
very considerable
generally found

strain of
strain
of the
the Hissar
The District
of
Farm bull.
bull.
Cattle Fane
District Boards
Boards of
Hissar Cattle
the districts
of the
late years
years distributed
the
districts north
the Chenab have
of late
distributed
north of
have of
tbe western
western districts
in Dajal.
Daja!. These
Dhanni bulls,
These
and the
districts bulls
bred in
bulls bred
bulls, and
of
the
Civil
animals
locally,
usually
with
the
advice
animals aro
are bought
the
of
Civil
with
the
advice
bought locally, usually
Veterinary
Department.
Veterinary Department,

Maintenance oj
District Board
Board Bulls.-The
Agricultural
Maintenance
District
Butts.
The Agricultural
of
Department
from ad
vising
the
District
Boards as
the
as
refrained from
District
Department have refrained
advising

to
their bulls,
bulls, as
as the
tbe policy
the maintenance
to the
of their
maintenance of
adopted must
policy adopted
necessarily
vary
with
the
conditions
prevailing
in
each
district.
in
with
the
each
district.
conditions
necessarily vary
prevailing

In all
the north-western
north~westel'n and
western
all districts,
in the
and western
districts, except
except in
districts
billl, after
after having
been
staB-fed
for
of the
districts of
the Province
been
stall-fed
Province tbe
the bull,
for
having
aa week or
or two to
induce him
him to
to remain
remain in
vil1age, is
is allowed
to induce
in the
the village,
allowed
to
with the
No special
the herds.
are made for
to roam with
herds.
for
special a.rrangements
arrangements are
his keep
his
keep but
ildar and
the lambardar
lambarder of
village are
but the
the ..
the village
of tbe
zaildar
are
and the
healthy and
generally.
he remains
not stray
does not
that he
and does
remains healthy
responsible that
generally responsible
stray
Complaints
are not
that zaildars
not infrequent
zaildars and
Complaints are
infrequent that

lambar~
lambar-

Jhelum J Rawalpindi
Montgomery and the
western
the western
in Montgomery
Jhelum,
Rawalpindi and in

districts
districts

too far.
too
far.

dars
the responsibility
tbat
dars dislike
animal and that
dislike the
of looking
the animal
after tbe
looking after
responsibility of
of
the zamindars
the
damage
to
tbeir
crops.
In
parts
of
th9
the
In
the
zamindars grudge
the
to
their
crops.
damage
parts
grudge
the
kept in
the village
aDd the
cows brought
to him.
the bull
bull is
him. Some
is kept*
in the
the cows
brought to
village and
of
the
Rawalpindi
and
Dera
Ghazi
Boards,
notably
those
Khan
Dera
Ghazi
Boards, notably those of the Rawalpindi and
Districts
Districts

have even
paid the
zaildar
even paid
the zaildar

other person
person entrusted
entrusted
other
Liberality
could
go no
no
could
go
Liberality
further.
Under
this
system
there
is
the
risk,
if
the
money
is
pro
is
further.
this system there is the risk, if the money
pro-..
perly
expended
of
tbe
bull
being
overfed
and
too
little
exercised.
perly expended of the bull being overfed and too little exercised.
On the
the person
person in
charge may
take it
it upon
bimself
the other
other hand the
in charge
upon himself
may take
to levy
his own uses.
to
may possibly
allowance to
to his
uses.
the allowance
fees or
or may
divert the
levy fees
possibly divert
In Dera Ghazi
is often
often negIn
zaildar is
negto a
a zaildar
Ghazi Khan the
the bull
bull entrusted
entrusted to
of tbe
lected.
lected.
'l'he
differenoe between
between the
the
The difference
the breedmg
arrangements of
breeding arrangements
central
the northern and
central and southern
of tho
those of
southern districts,
districts, and those
are privately
western
bulls are
western 'eems
Where bulls
privately
to have
seems to
been overlooked.
overlooked.
have been
01'
or

with
the bull
bull for
for his
his fodder
fodder and
with the
and keep.
keep.

52

owned and kept

kept afc
a~ , stud,
stud, as
as , th,
ey are
traots, the
the .
are in
in the
the latter
latter tracts,
they
system
making the
the z<uldar
z'lildar responsible
respon.'Iible is
is unsuitable.
unsuitable. The
of making
The
system of
method
thod of
of enco
llra,ging breedmg
is to
provide private
soundest
soundest rn~
to provide
encouraging
breeding is
private
owners
t aa ['easonable
for which
whioh they
fees.
at
owners a,
reasonable cost
cost with
with bulls
bulls for
they charge
charge fees.
J Conditions
northern and Wf'srern
most
in the
the northern
Conditions in
western districts
districts soom
seem most
Dis~riot Board
Board action.
action.
favourable
such aa development
of District
favourable to
to such
development of
I

The condition
'i'he
condition of
the district
blll1S 18
of the
district bulls
is reported on
from time
time
reported on from
to time by
to
by the
the staff
staff of
the Civil
Veterinary Department,
Civil Veterinary
of the
in
and in
Department, and
more or
some districts
districts the
is changed
location is
the location
at more
or less
less regular
changed at
regular
In the
the worst
cases, but
bu~ not
not with
intervals.
intervals.
with sufficient
worst cases,
sufficient frequency.
frequency
or system,
is
castrated
to the
the
or
an
old
or
diseased
bull'
an
old
bull
is
or diseased
or removed
castrated or
removed to
system,
protection
of
a
local
gaushala.
It
must
be
confessed
that
hithera
local gaushala.
It must be confessed that hitherprotection of
to
Board has
has evolved
evolved aa completely
satisfactory,
to no District
District Board
completely satisfactory
t.he maintenance
the al)sence
of
ar:rangement
for the
of bulls,
maintenance of
absence of
arrangement for
bulls, and the
to lessen
'
system
far to
the value
lessen the
value ,of
Board's generosity.
of the
the Board's
system goes
goes br
generosity.

It
noted that
that the
the
It may
the efforts
be noted
efforts of
of Government and
and the
may be
Hoards have
been directed
the breeding
breeding of
to the
Boards
have been
directed solely
of
solely to
vi,
draught
cattle.
No
special
attention
has
been
devoted
to
the
cattle.
attention
been
devoted
to
has
the
/
special
draught
v/
improvement
or preservation
of breeds
breeds specially
suited for
for dairy
improvement or
preservation of
specially suited
dairy
purposes.
purposes.
(3).
District
Boa1d Oattl.
Fairs.-'fhe
benefit which
which the
the
The benefit
District Board
Cattle Fairs.
(3).
cattle
traJe of
the provinces
derives
from
the
large
fairs
hH.s
been
has
derives
the
fairs
cattle trade
of the
been
large
provinces
the District
already
These
fairs are
District Board
These fairs
are managed
described.
Board
managed by
by the
already described.
Provincial Government as
either
of the
the Provincial
as contractors,
behalf of
or on
either on behalf
on
contractors, or
~' their
A small
on
each
sale
within
the
account.
small fee
their own account.
fee is
each
is charged
sale
within
the
charged
limits
the fair,
a few cases,
cases, the
in a
the Board,
limits of
of the
after
Board, after
fair, and except
except in
paying
rent
to

and
necessary
expenses,
clears
to
rent
Government
a
paying
necessary expenses, clears a.
considerable
balance. The
rrhe annual
annual profits
usually
fairs usually
considerable balance.
from cattle
cattle fairs
profits from
exceed
yearly expenditure
It
is
exceed the
the yearly
on District
Board bulls.
bulls.
District Boaril
It is
expenditure on
perh.ps
too
to
hope
that
all
these
profits
should
be
earto
all
much
these profits should be earperhaps too
hope that
for the
the improvement
it would
improvement of
breeding, but
would be
he
marked for
of cattle
but it
cattle-breeding,
only
just for
tbe expenditure
expenditure on such
improvements to
to bear
bear some
such improvements
for the
only just
which the
reap fro
from
the '
the advantage
relation
the DiAtrict
District Boards reap
relation to
to the
re the
advantage which
cattle
trade of
the Province.
Prizes
given at
fair to
cattle trade
of the
Prizes are
are given
at each
Province.
each fair
,| encourage
and rearing.
rearing.
breeding and
encourage breeding
,
District
District

to

t5

(4).
Taklcavi.-The
the replaceThe arrangements
for assisting
Takkavi.
assisting the
replacearrangements for
(4).
grant
of
takkavi
loans
are
ment
cattle
by
the
the
are dealt
of
taJckavi
dealt
loans
cattle
ment of
of agricultural
grant
by
agricultural
Orders.
Between
with
Financial Commissioner's
Oommissioner's Standing
Between
Orders.
in the
the Financial
with in
Standing
distributed uo
in
1896
lakhs in
no less
less than
than six
six lakhs
1904 Government distributed
and 1904
1896 and
takkCIVi
cattle
in
the
Hissar
District
alone,
in
cattle
Hisaar
District
the
taMavi loans
loans for
for agricultural
alone,
agricultural
apart
free grants
given fD
r that
that purpose
purpose from charitable
charitable
for
from the
the free
grants given
apart from
is a matter
It is
It
matter
funds.
Of
this amount large
remitted.
Of this
funds.
large sums were remitted.
in
the
in
view
.of
Ihe
large
sums
expended
for
consideration
whether
of
for consideration
expended
large

51
51

by Government
would not
be better
more
it would
to devole
takkavi it
better to
not be
devote more
Government on ta"kavi
by
attention
to
the
preservation
of
cattle
by
the
storing
and
importa
the
of
cattle
the
attention to
importa-..
preservation
by
storing

f
c
-

tion of
of fodder.
fodder.
tion
(5).
The Givil
Oivil Veterinary
Department.-The
Veterinary The Civil
Civil Veterinary
Veterinary Department.
(5).
of
a
Chief
Superintendent
and
Department
of
tbe
Punjab
consists
of
the
a
Chief
consists
of
Punjab
Superintendent and
Department

two Superintendents
the operations
Veterinary
of 14 Veterinary
controlling the
operations of
Superintendents controlling
Inspeotors.
A
Veterinary
Inspector
is
in
charge
of
3
or
4 districts,
districts,
3
in
of
or
is
charge
Veterinary Inspector
Inspectors.
to each
of
which
are
P03ted
a
Veterinary
Assistant
for
the
hospital
a
for
are
Assistant
the
to
each of which
posted
Veterinary
hospital
in each
tahsil
an
itinerating
Veterinary
Assistant.
This
tahsil
and
an
in
Assistant.
This
each
itinerating Veterinary
establishment
is
folly
occupied
with
the
prevention
and
cure
the
is
establishment
cure 0&
ofr
fully occupied with
prevention
disease
and
with
borse,
and
donkey
breeding
in
districts
in
with
mule
disease
districts
horse,
donkey breeding
outside
assist.
outside the
the operations
the Remount Department.
of the
Their assistDepartment. Their
operations of

ance
valuable. But
But the
of cattle-breeding
in the
the matter
matter of
is most
most valuable.
ance in
the
cattle-breeding is
staff, especially
higher grades,
grades, is
is at
present inadequate
in the
the higher
at present
for
staff,
inadequate for
especially in
the
work allott,ed
to it,
compared
small compared
the important
allotted to
it, and extremely
extremely small
important work
wjth
the Remount
Remount and
Army Veterinary
Veterinary
and Army
the establishmenl!!
establishments of
of the
with tbe
Department.
Department.
Initiative
executi 'Ie action
ac~ion in
or cattle-breeding
matters of
Initiative and executive
in matter'3
cattle-breeding
are
advised
technical
rest
with
the
District
Boards,
which
the
District Boards, which are advised on
on technical
rest with
points
by
the
oflicers
of
the
Civil
Veterinary
Department.
The
The
points by the officers of the Civil Veterinary Department,
diaries
these officers
full of
valuable
notes of
of these
officers are
are full
of valuable
diaries and inspection
inspection notes
Buggestions
as regards
with advantage
which might
regards cattle-breeding,
cattle-breeding, which
might with
suggestions as
advantage
be
with greater
by the
the District
be followed
District Boards.
Boards.
followed up
greater energy
up with
energy by
XXI.-8UGGESTIONS
XXI. SUGGESTIONS FOR ACTION BY GOVERNMENT
AND LOCAL BODIES.
(1)
Development o{the
Oivil Vetorinary
of the Givil
Veterinary Department.-Govern_
Department. Govern(1) Development
ment has
considered
the
question
considered
for some years
of providing
has for
a
question of
years
providing a
in
cattle-breeding
dep6t
in
the
Northern
Punjab,
wbich
would
be
for
the
Northern
which
would
be
for
cattle-breeding depot
Punjab,
that
part of
province what
what the
'he Hissar
Hissar Cattle
the province
of the
Cattle Farm is
is for
that part
for
of
first
clas.
cattle
on
the
of
a centre
centre for
the breeding
for the
first
class
the sOlltb,
cattle
on
south, a
breeding
has been
for such a
scientific
A project
project bas
been drawn up
up for
lines.
a dep6t
scientific lines.
dep6t
and fts.
were actually
in
the Jhelnm
Rs. 1,20,000
Jhelum colony,
in the
sanctioned
1,20,000 were
colony, ,"d
actually sanctioned
with tbat
But the
at present
present in
tbe
is at
scheme is
that object.
But
the sobeme
in abeyance,
with
abeyance, the
object.
chief
being
the
unsuitability
of
any
site
in
an
irrigated
the
of
site
in
an
chief objection
any
unsuitability
objection being
irrigated
tract. As an alternative
been suggested
it bas
has been
that a
a cattlealternative it
tract.
cattlesuggested that
be
established
by
tbe
Kot
Estate
in the
breeding
depilt
might
be
the
established
Estate
in
the
by
breeding dep6t might
the
of
the
Attock
District
which
is
at
present
under
Futtehjang
tahsil
tahsil
of
At
took
District
at
is
under
present
Futtehjang
desirable it
be to
to encourage
encourage
the
Wards. But however
it may
of W.rds.
Court of
however desirable
the Court
may be
wealthy
landowners
to
conduct
the
breeding
operations
in their
their
to
the
landowners
conduct
breeding operations in
wealthy
large
herds
on
scientific
principles
(an
important
point
which
on
scientific
herds
which
principles (an important point
large
in the
will
the case
of an
later on),
the ditticulty
case of
with later
an estabbe dealt
dealt with
will 'be
estabon), the
difficulty in
in a
a private
conlishment
private estate
estate would
would be
to secure
be to
secure
lishment situated
situated in
conthe
tinuity
of
action
the
estate
was
no
longer
the
Court
of
when
estate
under
action
the
Court
longer
tinuity
of
Tho most reasonable
reasonable proposal
proposal would
be to
tu
of Wards.
would seem tu
to be

54
54

treat the
tract as
breeding
Dhanni-Potwar tract
as a
a selected
whole Dhanni-Potwar
selected breeding
the whole
treat
of tho
tho
ground
forming
the
separate
charge
of
a
Superintendent
the
of
a
separate charge
Superintendent of
ground forming
Civil
Veterinary
Department
working
as
regards
cattle-breeding
as
Civil Veterinary Department working
regards cattle-breeding
und~r the
the
under
His
duties
His duties
with
cattle
with cattle

Deputy
Oommissioners of
of the
concerned.
the districts
districts concerned.
Deputy Commissioners
in
addition to
to the
the supervis.
i
on
of
measures
for
in addition
of
measures for dealing
supervision
dealing
disease
and
veterinary
hospitals
would
to conect
inand
disease
collect inbe to
veterinary hospitals would be
formation
as
to
the
villages
whE're
the
best
cattle
of
the
valuable
the
the
where
best cattle of the valuable
formation as to
villages

Dhanni-Potwar
people with
with advice
to assist
assist the
the people
in
are bred,
advice in
Dhanni-Potwar type
bred, to
type are
technical
matters
connected
with
breeding
and
to
direct
the
with
technical matters connected
breeding and to direct the
the provision
distribution
provision And,
if necessary,
the
bulls and the
of bulls
distribution of
and, if
necessary, the

of scarcity.
import,ation
fodder in
prevent the
increase
in times of
the increase
To prevent
of fodder
scarcity. 'ro
importation of
in the
the Superof touring
officers the
the number of
in
touring and inspecting
inspecting officereSuper-

intendent
take over
over the
the duties
of the
duties of
the 'fransport
could take
intendent could
Transport Registration
Registration
Officer
for this
this tract.
tract.
Officer for
This plan
have the
the advantage
of economy.
would have
This
advantage of
plan would
economy. No

expensive
buildings and recurring
would
recurring expenditure
expenditure on upkeep
upkeep would
expensive buildings

be
required. The appointment
in the
the
be merely
a stage
would be
be required.
appointment would
stage in
merely a
of
the
Civil
Department,
a
department
development
Civil Veterinary
the
a
of
Veterinary Department,
department
development
thoroughly popular
with the
admittedly under-staffed.
under-staffed.
the people
and admittedly
people and
popular with
thoroughly
a Superintendent
The
for each
Division has
been
of a
each Division
has been
The necessity
Superintendent for
necessity of
to
already
repr
esented
to
Government.
It
is
not
necessary
to
repeat
It
is
necessary to repeat
already represented

the recommendations
of the
th~ district
to
district authorities
of Hisaar
Hissar as
as to
authorities of
recommendations of
the
the
necessity
for
a
Superintendent
of
the
Civil
Velerinary
Departthe necessity for a Superintendent of the Civil Veterinary Departthe Hariana tract
ment specially
depnted to the
with his
his headquarters
headquarters
tract with
ment
specially deputed
to those
duties would be
at
His duties
be similar
those assigned
similar to
Hissar.
at Hissar.
assigned above
the Dhanni-Potwar tract.
to the
posted to
His
attention
to the
tract.
His attention
officer posted
the officer
to
be even
directed to
to the
provisiou of
fodder
would
the provision
of fodder
even more markedly
would be
markedly directed

to

in time
of scarcity.
time of
in
scarcity.
out the
As
pointed out
the valuable
milch
valuable breed
breed of
of Sahiwal
been pointed
has been
Sahiwal milch
As bas
diminished
continual
cattle
is
alreRdy
being
diminished
by
continual
export,
and
with
tbe
with
and
the
cattle is already being
by
export,

extension
irrigation in
in the
the Montgomery
is likely
of canal
canal irrigation
district is
to
extension of
Montgomery district
likely to

decline
in quality
numbers.
further both in
still further
decline still
quality and numbers.

The Deputy
Deputy

submitted a
a proposal
Commissioner of
to lease
lease
of Montgomery
Commissioner
Montgomery has slOlbmiUed
proposal to
200
acres
to
s.
zamindar
as
a
stud
farm
for
the
breed,
and
the
as
a
for
the
the
200 acres to
breed,
Government.
sanctioned by
scheme
by
The conditions
of
conditions of
scheme had been sanctioned

shall
the lease
be kept
kept .jp,
bulls
at least
least 200 cows
be
that at
cows shall
no bulls
are that
lease are
the
up, no
not
been
introduced
that have
have not
approved by
authority,
introduced that
by Government authority,
approved
the produce
any of
produce can
can be
be claimed
claimed for
at
and
of the
for Government
Government at
that any
and that
the
Commissioner.
prices
to
the
Deputy
Commissioner.
If
fixed by
If the
the experiment
be fixed
to be
Deputy
by
experiment
prices
But there
there is
is
proves successful the
the system
system might
be extended.
oxtended. But
might be
proves successful
of enforcing
conditions of
kind
if,
as
is
always
the
difficulty
of
conditions
of this
this
kind
as
is
the
if,
difficulty
enforcing
always
lessee
is tempted
the
teo
likely,
the
lessee
is
tempted
by
the
profits
of
cultivation
to
only
the
of
cultivation
to
too
by
profits
likely,
only
the plough.
land under
bring
more and
land
under the
plough. The Montgomery
Montgomery disdisbring more and more
tracts
triot
and
tracts
really
require
the
attention
of
aa
the
attention
of
and adjoming
really
trict
require
adjoining

Superintendent of
of the
the Civil
Civil Veterinary
Veterinary Department
Department no
no less
less than
than
Superintendent
of flissar
Hissar and
and Chakwal.
Chamal.
the breeding
breeding grounds
grounds of
the
There is
is perhaps
perhaps less
less urgency
urgency for
for similar
similar arrangements
arrangements in
in
There
the Dera
Dera Ghazi
Ghazi Khan district
di,triot but
but the
the matter
matter should
,bould not
not be
be lost
lo,t
the

'ight of.
of.
sight

(ii).-Distri,t
Board Bulls.
Bulls.
District Board

(ii).

Tbe provision
provision of
of good
good bulls
bull , will
will always
alway, remain the
tbe principal
principal
The
to
field
for
District
Board
action
with
regard
to
cattle-breeding.
A.
action
with
Board
As
field for District
regard
cattle-breeding.
the
of
the
with
has
been
pointed
out
above,
witt
the
improvomen.
of
the
class
of
class
of
has been pointed out above,
improvement
the
Hissar
Cattle
the
tumed
Ollt
from
the
Hissar
Cattle
Farm,
the
quality
of
the
bull
now
turned out from
Farm,
bull
quality of the
by District
District Boards
Boards cannot
cannot be
be gainsaid.
gainsaid. Their
Their disdisbulls provided
provided by
bulls
tribution requires
requires
tribution

more attention
attention than it
it obtains
ottains at
at present.
present.

In
In

every district
district localities
localities will
will be
be found
found with
with sufficient
sufficient grazing
grazing facilifacilievery
excessive
ties,
wbere
the
climate
has
not
been
spoilt
by
excessive
irrigation.
not
irrigation.
spoilt by
ties, where the climate has
In
snch centres
cAntres it
it might
might be
be possible
possihle to
to build
bUlld up
up an
an excellent
excellent breed
breed
In such
of bulls
bulls were
were stationed
stationed there
there and the
the resulis
results carefully
carefully
if aa number
number of
if
watched. 'rho
excellence of
of the
the cattle
cattle near
llt'ar Keri
Beri and Jehazgarh
Jehazgarb in
in
The excellence
watched.
a Nawab of
of a
efforts of
of Jhajjar,
tho Rohtak
Rohtak District
i, due to
to the
the efforts
Jhajjar. _
District is
the
who, some 80
of Nagor
Nagar bulls
bulls and
80 y~l'Irs
who.
ago, imported
imported a number of
years ago,

of the
near Jhajjar,
placed them
them in
in the
the villages
viIla!,cs near
Jhajjar. In
In the
tho villages
tbe '""
villages of
placed
old
The Dajal
D.jal
followed.
a slmilar
course was followed.
similar course
Estate a
old Skinner
Skinner Estate
to steady
its reputation
breed in
Ghazi Khan owes its
import.in Dera
Dera Ghazi
breed
reputation to
steady importaof
the
into
the
of
buH,
into
the
villagos
of
tbe
neighbourbood
of
tions
tions of
of Bhagnari
bulls
neighbourhood
villages
Bhagnari
of Lahore conthe
District
Daj.l.
It
is
understood
tbat
the
District
Board
of
con
that
It
is
understood
Dajal.
this erample
in I,this
his direction,
and this
well be
be
template
action in
direction, and
example might
might well
template action
followed
district.,
in otber
other districts.
followed in
in arranging
for the maintenance
The difficulties
difficulties experienced
arranging for
experienced in

the faot
the bull,
fact that
that the
bulls are
are pl'O~
of
these bulls
arise very
bulls arise
of tbese
provery largely
largely from the
of the villages
where tbey
vided
free of
of charge.
vided free
villages "here
charge. The zamindars of
they
in procuring
the bulls
bulls are
are
incurred no expense
stationed having
are stationed
expense in
procuring ,the
having incurred

for what they

the proconsider the
in oaring
only
concerned in
caring for
they oonsider
proremotely concerned
only remotely
that
far
officers
olthe
Board.
Tbe
Civil
Veterinary
oflicerspoint
out
that
far
perty
of
the
The
Board.
Civil
point
Veterinary
perty
far
the animals would be far
better
obtained and the
results would
would be
be obtained
better results
at present
are iurned
turned loose
loose to
better
cared for
for if
if the
the bull"
better oared
bulls, which at
present are
in
are owned
wander
by
one
in
the herns
with the
herds and are
wander with
by no
interestof individuals
individuals who were interest..
particnlsr,
the property
property of
particular, were the
bull's services.
ed
fees
for
tho
bull's
As
has
been
the
in securing
for
services.
fees
ed in
securing

for their
fees for
their
of individuala
individuals charging
mentioned,
the practice
mentioned, the
charging fees
practice of

buU's
is extremely
services is
bull's services
extremely

rare,
rare, and only
only found

in
In

exceptexcept-

to prosperous
tional
has been ,uggested
It has
in Chakwal.
tional cases
cases in
Chakwal. It
prosperous
suggested to
the
of bull.
agricultural
co-oporative
credit
societies
Ihat
the
purchas.
societies
that
bulls
credit
purchase of
agricultural co-operative
their
funds.
The
would
outlet
for
their
superfluous
funds.
Tbe
for
outlet
would be
a profitable
be a
superfluous
profitable
as
District
so
that
boon
tbat
so
long
as
the
District
Board
answer
answer has
been
has always
long
always
is no reason wby
there is
providee
of charge,
free of
bulls free
why co-operative
co-operative
provides bulls
charge, tbere
as
answer
This
oredit
for
them.
This
answer
provides
for
credit societies
should pay
societies should
provides as
pay

'-S6

good
in favollr
proposal ihat
as any
an argument
favour of
the proposal
of the
that ili
in
good -an
argument -as
any in
future
Board should
cease to
the
whole
the District
District Board
the
future the
should cease
to provide
whole
provide
It
no doubt
doubt be
undesirable for
the
cost
the bull.
cost of
of tbe
bull.
would no
be undesirable
It would
for the
District
Board to
to withdraw
iu
a
most
withdraw from all
all participation in
District Board
a
most
participation
popular
But there
there is
is no
why the
tbe yearly
no reason
But
reason why
enterprise.
popular enterprise.
yearly
be made to
to go
twice
as
far
as
it
does
by
allotment shollld
not be
as
allotment
should not
as
far
twice
it
does
go
by
of
bulls
provided
restricting
the
District
Board's
share
in
tbe
cost
the
of
Board's
bulls
share
in
District
cost
the
provided
restricting

'for
or co-operative
co~operative credit
to one
selected villages
for selected
credit societies
societies to
one half.
half.
villages or

In
way the
tbe villages
would be
be brought
brought to
of
In this
this way
to some
some sense
sense of
villages would
responsibility
in
the
matter
of
the
bull's
maintenanoe,
while
the
of
the
in
matter
the
the
bull's
maintenance, while
responsibility

District Boacd
beoring half
half the
be in
a position
the cost
Board bearing
still be
District
cost would
to
would still
in a
position to
impnse
conditions
as
to
the
inspection
of
the
bull
and
his
produce
conditions
as
the
of
the bull and his produce
to
impose
inspection
by
officers,
by Veterinary
Veterinary officers.
(iii).-Impro,,,ment
Af village
village breeding.
(Hi).
breeding.
Improvement rf
The present
high
prices
of
cereals
and
the lack
of grazing
cereals
lack of
of
the
present high prices
grazing

grounds
restrict the
the zamindar
disthe numbers of
of cattle
is diswhich the
zamindar is
cattle which
grounds restrict
/"
posed to
to breed.
But if
Dumber of
of animals
if the
the number
animals cannot
breed.
cannot be
be increased
X* posed
increased
eflorts
be made to
to improve
their quality.
The bulls
bulls
at least
should at
least be
The
efforts should
improve their
quality.
provided
by
the
DistriQt
Board,
even
if
their
number
is
increased
the
if
their
District
even
is
increased
Board,
provided by
by the
in the
the preceding
paragraph,
the proposals
of the
the adoption
preceding paragraph,
proposals made in
by
adoption of

will
will

>'
x

always
the smaller
proportion of
the bulls
which the
the
of the
remain the
smaller proportion
bulls which
always remain
province
requires.
improvement
of
the
ordinary
bull,
the
The
of
improvement
ordinary bull,
province requires.
by the
the village
village community
by 'the
tlje
whether provided
provided by
or dedicated
dedicated by
whether
community or
pious
Hindu,
is
a
matter
to
which
attention
must
be
devoted.
a
matter
to
is
attention
be
which
devoted.
pious Hindu,
alive to
to the
profits to
rom
is alive
the .amindar
the profits
to be
Where the
zamindar is
be obtained
obtained 'ffrom
stock
eflorts
are
already
being
made.
In
Rohtak
the
are
In
efforts
made.
Rohtak
the
stock breeding
already being
breeding

zamindars select
with great
but 'Complain
of the
the
bulls with
their bulls
select their
care, but
great care,
complain of

I inferior
inferior animals
animals

let loose
by banias
in towns and large
villages.
banias in
loose by
large villages.

let

,Even
cattle-breeding receives
DO sppciaI
in Gujranwala,
receives no
Even in
special
Gujranwala, where cattle-breeding
attention,
the
Deputy
Commissioner
reports
th3.t
zamindars
have
that
Commissioner
the
zamindars
attention,
Deputy
reports

refused
bulls which
proposed to
to let
of inferior
rich Hindus proposed
offers of
which rich
refused oflers
inferior bulls
let
loose
in
the
name
of
churity.
In
Hissar
a
scheme
initiated
by
a
In
Hissar
in
the
of
initiated
scheme
loose
charity.
by
Cattle Farm met with
Major
of the
the Government Oattle
with some
Bome
Major Farmer of
the sympathy
enlist the
of this
success.
The object
this scheme was
waS to
to enlist
of
success.
sympathy of
object of
of
and
to
in the
the improvement
cattle,
to this
end the
charitable
this end
the
charitable Hindus in
improvement of cattle,
District Boord
agreed to
pay, as
permitted, aa portion
far as
funds permitted,
to pay,
as funds
as far
District
Board agreed
portion
the
of
price of
a Government bred
the other
portion was
if
other portion
of the
the price
of a
bred bull,
bull, if
loosed 'in
forthcoming
the bull
in
bull being
sources, the
forthcoming from private
private sources,
being then 1dosoo.

'7
n

the
contributors. This
This arrangement
of private
the names of
arrangement appealing
appealing
private contributors.
8S
religious feelings
of the
the Hindu community
as it
the religious
it does
does to
to the
community should
feelings of
be
well worth
worth aa general
general trial.
trial. The
is well
be c.pable
of development
capable of
development and is
at present
'rowns8nd
Society of
of Hissar,
de
Townsend Agricultural
Hissar, though
though at
present deAgricultural Society
con-..
voting
encouragement of
its attention
of camelRbreeding,
to the
camel- breeding, COn
attention to
the encouragement
voting its
off bad bulls
rid -O
bulls
tnins
active in
in getting
tains members who are
are generally
getting rid
generally active
out
With
regard
to
this
important
this
to
out of
of their
their zails
zails aDd
and villages.
important
regard
villages.

57
57
" It
question,
u,
i. hard
b~niaa
hard to
Mr. Townsend'remarks:
Townsend remarks
It is
to see
how banias
see how,
question Mr.
and
otber
Hindus
can
be
prevel)ted
from
letting
loose
such
bad
and other Hindus can be prevei^ted from letting loose such ' bad
a more healthy
not
animals
up. II do
animals till
till a
do not
public opinion
grows up.
healthy public
opinion grows
tbink legislation
would do
do any
the zamindar
would propro.
think
zamindar would
legislation would
good the
any good;
but the
bably welcome
welcome it,
the Brahmin aud
and Bania
Bania would
would oppose
it
it, but
bably
oppose it
:

very
as interfering
with their
their religious
ceremonies."
religious ceremomes."
interfering with
very strongly
strongly as

Mr.
Dunnett, tho
Officer of
of Ludbian.,
Mr. Dunnett,
the Settlement
Settlement Officer
Ludhiana,
of
one
or
useful
suggestion
that
the
donor
useful suggestion that the donor of one or two
two really
really
be recognized
recognized and
. might
might be
and rewarded
rewarded ill
in the
same way
the same
as
way as

makes the
the
makes
good
bulls
good bulls
the
builder _
the builder

of
roadside well.
well.
of a
sarai 01'
or a
a roadside
a sarai
The example
of
tbe
'l'ownsend Agricultural
Society of
Hissar
of
the
Townsend
of Hissar
Agricultural Society
example
to
in endeavouring
to
remove
unsuitable
bulls
deserves
to
be
followed
in
unsuitable bulls deserves to be followed
endeavouring

throughout
Province. The working
working out
out of
a scheme
for the
the
the Provinceof a
scheme for
throughout the
improvement
of
cattle
breeding
which
would
include
the
removal
of
of
cattle-breeding which would include the removal of
improvement
well as
as the
the provision
might
undesirable
animals
as well
of new bulls
undesirable animals as
bulls might
provision of
to a
be entrusted
a strong
strong subcommittee
entrusted to
each District
of each
sub-committee of
District Board.
Board.
Working
considered plan
plan this
this subcommittee
might
sub-committee might
Working on aa carefully
carefully considered
be
the supply
provided
to arrange
trusted to
for the
be trusted
control of
of bulls
bulls provided
arrange for
supply and control
by District
Thoy
would direct
direct
wholly
or in
in part
District Board
funds.
Board funds.
part by
wholly Or
They would
tl).e distribution
animals and
were
properly
the animals
the
distribution of
that they
of the
and see
see that
were
they
properly
cared,
Bnd would also
also arrange
for the
the removal of
unsuitable
of unsuitable
cared for,
for, and
arrange for
sires.
They
encourage charitable
to provide
provide
sires.
also encourage
charitable persoDs
They would also
persons to
of
animals
animals only
of
approv~_i!
quality.
approved quality.
only
In
arrange for
the inferior
at
animals afc
In order
order to
inferior .nimals
to arrange
of the
for the
the removal
removal of
present only
frequent throughout
throughout the
the central
too frequent
central and south-eastern
south-eastern
present
only too
to castration
where it
not objectobjectdistricts,
may he
had to
is not
it is
castration where
recourse may
be had
districts, recourse
to. But
But the
numerous gaushal..,
throughout
the
country
never
ed
the
never
the numerous
ed to.
country
gaushalas throughout
to
them,
and
would
no
doubt
refuse any
animals
which
are
sent
doubt
would
are
to
animals
sent
refuse
which
them,
any
welcome
of assisting
assisting the
of cattle,
the improvement
welcome the
the prospect
cattle, by.
by improvement of
prospect of
these
receiving
worn
out
or
inefficient
bulls.
Some
of
these
institutions,
of
bulls.
out
or
inefficient
institutions,
receiving
Sirsa and
at Sirs.
notably
by Rai
Rai Sahib
Sahib Ram Gopal
those m.intained
maintained by
Gopal at
notably those
accounts
in
Bika;nir, are
well
managed.
Proper
in Bikanir,
well
his estate
estate in
are very
in his
managed. Proper acc?unts,
very
are
and
in
most
years
tho
income
exceeds
the
expendIture.
exceeds
are kept,
in
income
the
expenditure.
kept,
years
the Rai Sahib
The institutions
have aa good
good balance
balance in
Sahib
and the
in hand and
institutions have
to
hvour
of
a
proposal
to
keep
expressed
himself
strongly
in
a
himself
in
favour
of
good ~
keep good,
proposal
expressed
strongly
cattle
from
the
infirm
in
separate
herds.
herds.
cattle apart
from
infirm
in
the
apart
separate

(iv).-Improvem,.t.
of Milch
Milch vattle.
Cattle.
breeds of
in breeds
Improvements in
(fo).
of Sahiwal
The
necessity
for
preserving
the
valuable
herds
of
herds
the
valuable
The necessity for preserving
for
cattle
has
already
been
dwelt
on,
and
suggestions
put
forward
for
and
cattle has already been dwelt on,
suggestions put
the
on
that
a
fair
proportion
of
tbe
land
distributed
on
tho
new
ensuring
the
land
distributed
ensuring that a fair proportion of
the Deputy
Canals
for grazing.
The
proposal of
The proposal
of the
is reserved
Canals is
reserved for
Deputy Com- - _
grazing.
for
a
missioner, Montgomery,
land as
as a breeding
to lea.e
lease land
dep6t for
breeding . dep6t
missioner,
Montgomery, to
Commissioner
alluded to.
to. The Deputy
of
Sahiwal
has been
Sahiwal cows
been alluded
cows hOB
Deputy Commissioner of
in
the
to
LyaUpur
has
a
plan
for
supplying
Sahiwal
bulls
to
the
Gujars
ill
bulls
Sahiwal
for
a
has
Gujars
supplying
plan
Lyallpur

58
58

Lyallpur
rear
other colony
to get
and other
to rear
towns, and trying
colony towns,
get them to
trying to
Lyallpur and
female
rate.
At
present
the
Gujars
neglect
the
young
the
at any
the
female calves
calves at
rate.
present
any
young
Gujars neglect
not allow
the female
stock
do not
even the
valuable cows
cows and do
female
of their
their valuable
allow even
stock of
calves
The example
Deputy
milk.
the
of the
to have
have much milk.
calves to
example of
Deputy
be
followed
in
Amritsar.
Lahore
Commissioner
might
of Lyallpur
be
in
followed
Commissioner of
Lahore
Amritsar,
Lyallpur might
who
provide
the
milk
and
towns
where
the
Gujars
the
the
and other
other large
towns
where
milk
Gujars
provide
large
of
its
best
cows,
withsupply
are
draining
the
Montgomery
breed
the
breed
of
are
its
withbest
cows,
draining
Montgomery
supply
Mt
to replace
replace them.
in
A certain
certain amount
of assistance
out attempting
assistance in
them. A
amount of
attempting to
this directiou
00
afforded
by
such
institutions
as
the
Lahore
this
be
as
the
such
institutions
direction might
afforded
Lahore
might
by
Central
herds of
to keep
Central Jail
Jail which
are obliged
of caws.
cows. At
which aro
keep up
obliged to
large herds
up large
a
present
these
herds
are
of
a
nondescrip!
character,
but
with
aa little
but
with
these
herds
are
of
little
nondescript character,
present
difficult to
preserve aa herd
herd of
the pure
pure
care
it should
should not
not b.
to preserve
be difficult
of the
care it
(Jollege
authorities
who
main~
Montgomery
strain.
The
Aitchison
Aitchison
strain.
authorities
mainCollege
Montgomery
toin
are making
making efforts
this direction.
in this
herd are
efforts in
tain a
a small
small herd
direction.
(v).-Buffa!o-breeding.
(v).
Buffalo-breeding.
The breeding
breeding of
buffaloes has
not hitherto
much
of buffaloes
hitherto received
has not
received much
attention
Veterinary
the District
District Boords
the Civil
Boards or
or the
attention from -the
Civil
Veterinary
Department,
nor
nor have
have Deputy
Commissioners made any
Department,
Deputy Commissioners
any BUg
sug-..
gestions
on
this
head
in
their
present
reports.
Buffalo
buns
are
this
in
head
on
their
Buffalo
bulls
are
gestions
present reports.
fixed
fees
for
service.
This
is
kept
by
individuals
charge
fees
for
fixed
individuals
who
This
service.
is
kept by
charge
the
whioh
it
is
desirable
to
introduco
in
the
case
of
cattleis
in
the system
which
it
desirable
to
introduce
case
of
the
cattlesystem
breedin!!" and
therefore any
any attempts
District
and therefore
on tbe
the part
of District
breeding,
attempts on
part of
to
provide
buffalo
bulls
should
be
deprecated.
The
Deputy
Boards
to
bulls
Boards
should be deprecated. The Deputy
provide buffalo
Commissioner
notes
that
the
District
Board
of
Gujrat
had
Bome
Commissioner notes that the District Board of Gujrat had some
such
scheme
under
contemplation
and
it
is
satisfactory
to
see
that
it is
such scheme under contemplation
satisfactory to see that
he
the proposal.
proposal. At the
attention of
is reconsidering
time the
he is
the same
same time
the attention
of
reconsidering the
the
Civil Veterinary
Veterinary department
department can
can be
the Civil
be directed
directed towards
towards observing
observing
the quality
of buffalo
buffalo sires
sires working
working in
districts, and to
the
in districts,
to indicating
quality of
indicating
improvements
such suggest
themselves.
improvements where such
suggest themselves.
(vi).-A"jstanc.
fro", large
large landowners.
Assistance /row
landowners.
(ui).
The Punjab
being
essentially
a
provinoe
a
of self-cultivating
Punjab being essentially
province of
self-cultivating
of
wealthy
landlords
owning
large
estates
proprietors,
the
number
the
landlords
number
of wealthy
owning
large estates
proprietors,
IS
comparatively
limited.
But
the
Maliks
of
the
north-western
of
the north- western
But the Maliks
is comparatively limited.
the Biluch
distriCts,
chiefs, the
zamindars of
Montgomery,
Biluch chiefs,
the wealthy
of Montgomery,
districts, the
wealthy zamindars
of
the Sirdals
Sirdars of Ludhiana,
the
Ludhiana, AInbaJa
Karual, and the
of
the Nawabs of
Ambala and Karnal,
the Karnal
Karnal District
the
interested in
are all
in cattle-breeding
District are
all
and
interested
cattle-breeding and
maintain large
maintain
herds and
grazing grounds
and extensive
which yield
extensive grazing
large herds
grounds which
yield
I them considerable
profit. Their
considerable
Their cattle,
are generally
cattle, however,
however, are
profit.
generally
these gentlemen
to
somewhat heterogeneous.
be induced
induced to
If these
can be
heterogeneous. If
gentlemen can
tranBform
at present
present mere collections
transform what are
into
are at
of cattle
cattle into
collections of
herds of
would
herds
types bred
bred on
of defimte
it would
definite types
on scientific
scientific principles,
principles, iL
most profitable
profitable undertaking
both
for
themselves
undoubtedly be
be a
a most
themselves
both
for
undoubtedly
undertaking
and the
the province
at large.
Most of
these
are
of
landowners are
these landowners
large.
province at
to
themaelvllij
themselves expert
not be
cattle masters
it shonld
be difficult
difficult to
and it
should not
masters and
expert cattle

II
59
59
persuade
breed, suited
to the
in tbe
to specialize
the breeds
suited to
the country
in
persuade them to
specialize in
country in
which their
Hitherto they
have
received
their lands
situated. Hitherto
lands are
are situated.
they have received encourageencourage-

ment princi
pally in
in the
matter of
of horse-breeding,
but when once
once
the matter
principally
horse-breeding, but
their attention
to
their
is
directed
to
the
importance
and
profits
of
Bcienti
is
the
attention
directed
importance and profits of scienti-..
fic
fic cattle-breeding
they
may
be
expected
upon it
to enter
enter upon
it with
with
cattle-breeding they may be expected to
enthusiasm.
Courts
of
Wards
have
expended
large
sum
in
starting
enthusiasm. Courts of
have expended large
in starting

stud farms
stud
horse-breeding, few
permafor horse-breeding,
farms for
of which
few of
which have
have obtained
obtained permaDent success.
Cattle-breeding
a less
less costly
and with
nent
is a
success.
with
Cattle-breeding is
costly pursuit,
pursuit, and
be far
more profitable
than
reasonably
should be
far more
reasonably good
good management
management suould
profitable than
horse-breeding.
The
would no
The Civil
Civil Veterinary
no
horse-breeding.
Veterinary Department
Department would
doubt gladly
with expert
expert advice
advice if
required.
assist with
if required.
gladly assist
(vii).-lmpro
.. ment of
the milk
milk supply.
of the
Improvement
(vit).
supply.

The Deputy
Jhelnm suggests
Commissioner of
of Jhelum
that if
if Distriot
District
suggests that
Deputy Commissioner
start
model
dairy
Boards can
oan afford
afford the
initial outlay,
they
should
Boards
should
the initial
start
model
outlay, they
dairy
farms,
of
giving
the
people
an
objeot
the importance
of
the
an
urges the
farms, and urges
importance
giving
people
object
lesson
But if
lesson is
is all
all that
tbat is
is
in scientific
lesson in
if an
an object
scientific dairying.
object lesson
dairying.
required
the
Military
Dairy
Farms
at
Lahore,
Ambala
and
Raw.lthe
at
Ambala
and
RawalLahore,
Military Dairy
required
pindi
the very
instruction in
modern dairy.
in modern
best instruction
pindi already
provide the
already providA
very best
dairy,
ing
methods;
and
the
Military
authorities,
it
is
believed,
would
it
is
and
the
ing methods;
believed, would
Military authorities,
he
prepared to
show these
these arrangements
to duly
be prepared
to show
accredited
arrangements to
duly aooredited
visitors. The Director
could
no
doubt
arrange
visitors.
could
Director of
of Agriculture
no
doubt
Agriculture
arrange
for persons
for
interested
in
starting
dairy
farms
in
civil
statjons
to
in
in
interested
civil
stations
to
persons
starting dairy
inspeot
the
Military
Dairy
Farms,
or
even
for
a
course
of
instructhe
for
or
a
even
course
of
instrucinspect
Military Dairy Farms,
tion.
As has
private ventures
ventures of
kind already
tion.
has been
of this
stated private
been stated
this kind
already

exist
in Lahore,
and other
places. The development
exist in
Delhi and
other places.
of
Lahore, Delhi
development of
this olass
this
industry
for
the
population
in
civil
stations
the
class of
for
in
of industry
civil stations may
well
population
may well
be left
be
left to
to private
private enterprise.
enterprise.
But,
although
be unnecessary
to
it may
for Government to
But, although it
may be
unnecessary for
in
in
the
shape
of
model
dairy
farms,
embark
of
further expenditure
model
the
on further
embark on
expenditure
shape
dairy farms,
there are
Government to
of Government
to whom such
such institutions
institutions
are departments
there
departments of
are
almost
necessities.
For
instance,
the
large
and
yearly in
almost
the
necessities.
in-..
For
are
instance,
yearly
large
be
catered
cre.sing
Railway
colony
in
Lahore
might
well
be
oatered
for
,
for
in
Lahore
well
might
creasing Railway colony
by

dairy
run
on
the
same
lines
as
the
military
dairy
farms.
1\
run
as
the
lines
the
on
farms.
same
military dairy
by a dairy
the Montgomery
The
be colleoted
at centres,
Montgomery
in the
could be
collected at
milk could
The milk
centres, say
say in
or
Lyallpur
districts,
aDd
separated
On
tbe
spot,
the cream
the
on
or Lyallpur districts, asd separated
spot, the
railed
into Lahore,
in the same way
way as
into bntter,
as
railed into
butter, in
Lahore, and made up
up into

the Ambala
Ambala cantonment
butter-mak- for butter-makwith cream
cream for
cantonment is
is supplied
the
supplied witb
ing
from
collecting
centres
in
tbe
Karnal
district.
The milk
milk
district.
ing from collecting centres in the Karnal
a
farm in
in the
be arranged
arranged for
by a dairy
the
supply
need to
for by
to be
would need
dairy form
supply would
in
farm
as
the
vicinity
of
Lahore
on
the
Bame
lines
the
dairy
in
Lahore
lines as
on
the
Lahore
same
of
dairy
vicinity
other GoGocantonments.
North Western Railway,
Railway, other
Besides the
the North
cantonments. Besides
the Central
vernment
as the
the Mayo
such as
institutions such
Central
vernment institutions
Hospital, the
Mayo Hospital,
in the
interested in
Jail and
the Aitchison
Aitchison College
College are
all interested
the supply
are all
Jail
and the
supply
there is
is as
not more
milk. It
appear that
as much,
more
of
pure milk,
if not
that there
it would
would appear
of pure
much, if

60
66
as ' in
reason
Government dairy
dairy in
Lahore aS
in any,canin Lahore
a large
for a
reason for
any canlarge Government
tonment.
tonment.

The
eS1abiishment of
dairy farms
European lines
lines cannot
farms on
cannot
of dairy
on European
The establishment
remedy for
for tbe
present unsatisfactory
be
regarded as
as aa remedy
the present
state
be regarded
unsatisfactory state
of the
the
of
tbe milk
milk supplies
supplies to
towns. The demands of
to cities
cities and towns.
of the
and
pure
gbi.
Only
a
Indian
are
for
pure
milk
for
milk
are
Indian population
ghi.
Only
pure
pure
population

very
of the
the InQ.ian
butter
Indian community
small proportion
community consume butter
proportion of
very small

of
the kind
kind which
wHch is
prepared in
in European
dairies. It
no
It would
would no
is prepared
of the
European dairies.
doubt be
to
manufacture
gbi
in
large
factories.
Bnt
But
in
manufacture
factories.
to
be possible
doubt
ghi
large
possible
advantage in
this kind
kind
there
in starting
of this
no advantage
there would
would be
be no
competition of
starting competition
home
with aa prosperous
industry.
with
industry.
prosperous
The worst
insani..
of the
the present
features of
conditions are
worst features
are the
the insanipresent conditions

tary
the milk
milk trade
is carried
trade is
conditions under which the
carried on,
the
on, the
tary (conditions

extent
to which
adulterated, and
and the
pro.
both milk and ghi
are adulterated,
which both
extent to
the proghi are
fit
Joses from want of
in
the
of co-operation
the zamindar loses
fit which the
in
the
co-operation
) productinn
and
sale
of
ghi.
For
tbe
first
defect
unfortunately
rio
of
sale
For
first
the
defect
ghi.
production
unfortunately no
' remedy
by
import
from
any
considerable
distance
can
be
hoped
considerable
distance
can
be
any
remedy by import
hoped
for.
The supply
milk from any
any distance
of milk
distance above
for.
10 Or
above 10
or 15
15
supply of
to provide
miles
large enough
provide for
wants of
of Lahore
Lahore
on a
a scale
for the
the wants
scale large
miles On
enough to
or
hazardous operation
in the
be a most hazardous
or Amritsar
Amritsar would be
operation especially
especially in the
it possible
hot weather.
were it
possible to
to place
place the
the milk
the
l'ailway
hot
weather. Even were
milk on
on the railway
at present
afforded by
present afforded
no
faci!ities are
are at
the Railway
no facilities
adminisby the
Railway adminisof trains
trains specially
traffio.
trations
the shape
in the
fitted for
for milk
milk traffic.
trations in
shape of
specially fitted

It
to encourage
pure milk
milk
a supply
It remains,
of pure
therefore, to
remains, therefore,
encourage a
supply of
. produced
produced under sanitary
conditions
in
the
neighbourhood
of,
conditions
in
the
but
sanitary
neighbourhood of, but
It is
is believed
outside
cities and towns.
believed that
that tbe
Gamtowns. It
the Deputy
outside cities
ComDeputy
missioner
has endeavoured to
to start
milk shops
shops
start model'
of Lahore has
model milk
missioner of
the
idea
is
in
6
re,
and
the
idea
is
worthy
of
all
encouragement.
If
small
of
all
in Lah'
If
small
Lahore,
worthy
encouragement.
tn
start
milk
sbops
and
to
take
capitalists
call
be
found
willing
be
to
start
milk
can
and
to
take
willing
shops
capitalists
tbis
only
from
dairy
men
who
are
prepared
to
supply
are
to
this supply
dairy
supply only
prepared
supply
conditions so
the better.
milk
so much the
milk produced
better.
sanitary conditions
produced under sanitary
l'he
whioh will
will present
present itself
the uncertainty
itself is
is the
chief diffioulty
The ohief
difficulty which
uncertainty
milk
at
a
of.
demand
for
pure
milk
at
a
somewbat
higher
price.
To
for
somewhat
a
of
To meet
meet
pure
higher price.
assist
this
Government
might
assist
by
inducing
Government
institutions
this
institutions
might
by inducing
default of
such
jails and hospitals
of a Civil
to
Civil Dairy
as jails
such as
(in default
hospitals (in
Dairy farm)
farm) to
those
obtain
their
supplies
from
those
sbops
which
were
prepared'
to
their
which
were prepared to
obtain
shops
supplies
deal
unadulterated and uncontaminated dairy
in unadultieratd
deal in
The
dairy produce.
produce. The
to
ordinary
custom
might
be
expected
to
follow
in
course
be
in
follow
course of
of time.
time.
might
expected
ordinary
l'be
authorities might
The Railway
favourable
help b!
might help
by granting
Railway authorities
granting favourable
rates
to
those
dairymen
whose
lpremis8s
and
methods
bad been
rates to those dairymen
methods had
been
premises
. approved
by
the
sanitary
authorities
of
the
Municipality,
d
and
approved by the sanitary authorities of the Municipality, an'
remit tbe
the octroi
the Municipality
mIght remit
in the
octroi dues
the
dues in
the case
case of
of suoh
such
Municipality might
persons.
persons.

61
61

(vi;,).-Oo'operative
dairying.
Co-operative dairying.
(viii).
The
tracts, as
in rural
rural tracts,
as
credit society
The successful
successful co-operative
society in
co-operative credit
the
has
noten,
is
not
slow
to
recognize
the
profits
to
is
not
to
slow
been already
has b~en
recognize
profits to
already noted,
trade.
It
be
derived
from
engaging
in
the
cattle
trade.
It
would
also
in
the
cattle
also
would
from
be derived
engaging
appear
societies are
ready to
to devote
their surplus
surplus
devote their
are quite
such societies
that such
quite ready
appear that
or
for
funds
to
breeding
cattle
for
their
own
use
or
for
sale,
if free
free
their
use
cattle
for
funds to breeding
sale, if

distribution
bulls by
by the
District Boards
Boards is
is discontinued.
discontinued. Their
the District
Their
of bulls
distribution of
be
devoted
to
the
profit
which
may
be
exattention
might
also
which
to
be
the
devoted
exbe
also
attention might
may
profit
pected
from
cooperative
dealing
in
dairy
produce.
The
successful
in
successful
from
dairy produce.
co-operative dealing
pected

experience
of similar undertakings in Ireland and the
the profits
profits
experience of similar undertakings in Ireland
the
made
in
the
milk
and
ghi
trade
throughout
the
province
trade
and
made in the milk
throughout
province fully
ghi
fully

that prosperous
prosperous societies
embark
'justify
a recommendation that
should embark
societies should
justify a recommendation
"in
the business
dairying.
of co-operative
in the
business of
co-operative dairying.
As regards
regards the
the milk
milk trade
it has
been shown in
the last
last
has been
trade it
in the
be
that
milk
cannot
be
supplied
to
any
centre
from
paragraph
to
milk
cannot
that
centre
from
supplied
any
paragraph
outside
a radius
of more than
than 10 or
or at
miles.
at the
the most 15
15 miles.
radius of
outside a
had
its
chief
succe::ls
at
a
greater
Tbe
movement
has
its
has
chief
success
at
a
The co-operative
co-operative
greater

distance
from important
important cities
towns, and
cities and towns,
than this
and it
this from
distance tl:an
it is
is

desirable
enterprises as
ca,tle breeding
dairying
as cattle
that such
such enterprises
and dairying
desirable that
breeding and
on
to
existing
"ocieties
which
have
already
should
to
on
have
be grafted
societies
should be
existing
grafted
already
be
formed
for
these
.pecial
prospered
rather
than
societies
should
formed
rather
societies
should
be
for
these
than
special
prospered
near
and
townH
really
depend
objects.
But
many
villages
near
cities
and
cities
townn really depend
objects.
many villages
lquite
market gardening
gardening or
or dairying
as much on
as on
on market
on ordinary
ordinary
quite as
dairying as
in
agriculture
and
there
is
no
reaSon
why
in
~be
case
of
these
there is
reason why
the case of these villages
agriculture
villages

co-operati
'f6 credit
sDcietie3 should
should not
not be
be based
credit societies
based on what is,
after is, after
co-operative

all,
tbeir
In the
previous paragraph
the
the previous
their principal
all,
principal industry.
industry.
paragraph the
of the
have
_conditions
for improvement
the milk
conditions necessary
milk supply
necessary for
improvement of
supply have
of the
If
' tree"
discussed from
the point
of vieW
view of
the small
been discussed
from the
small capitalist.
If
point of
capitalist.
co-operative
the field
they might
field they
societies enter
enter the
co-operative societies
reasonably expect
might reasonably
expect
Ito
assistance from Government
Government in
in the
the shape
shape of
of
to obtain
obtain the
the same assistance
their improved,
a guaranteed
improved, but
more
for their
of custom
but more
custom for
guaranteed certRinty
certainty of

is possible
however that
costly,
produce. It
It is
that a
a well
well developed
costly, produce.
possible however
developed
cuttin~
down
the
excessive
profits
01 the
co-operative
by
the
the
excessive
cuttinor
stem,
co-operative sJstem,
sj
profits of
by
in
the
supply
of
improved
produce
with
middleman might
result
of
result
in
the
with
might
improved produce
supply
believed that
tliat
no greater
to tbe
It is
the city
consumer. It
is believed
greater expense
expense to
city consumer.
the Registrar
Registrar
the

of
Co .. operative Credit
these
of Co-operative
Credit Societies
Societies considers
considers these

proposals
and is
to undertake
undertake experiments
is prepared
proposals favourably
favourably and
experiments
prepared to
in
tmding.
in such
such trading.
ghi trade
the question
question of
dietance
,In
of
the case
of the
trade the
In the
the ghi
distance
case of
in the
business and
dOBs
villages engage
the business
aud it
it
does not
not arise.
Most villages
arise.
engage in
should
to
find
existing
societies
ready
to
add
to
to
find
societies
should therefore
be easy
add
therefore be
existing
ready
easy
It ehould
other activities.
It
not be
be a difficult
trade
trade in
should not
in ghi
their other
difficult
to their
activities.
ghi to
the
for
matUer
for-the
collection
of
the
ghi
and
for
the
sharing
the
the
of
matter to
to arrange
and
for
collection
ghi
sharing
arrange
the
proportion
of
the
amount
contributEid
'by
of
the profits
in
of the
the
of
the
contributed
in
by
proportion
profits

62
each member. The business
each
business part
part of
of the
will present
present
the undertaking
undertaking will
wiII
be
required
to
transand
expert
managem,
e
nt
more difficulty,
and
be
transto
will
expert management
difficulty,
required
port
the
ghi
from
the
coUecting
centres
to
the
railway
and
1,0
from
the
the
to
the
and
centres
to
port
ghi
collecting
railway
place
it
on
the
market.
details
of
working
must
be
left
it
The
the
on
market.
be
left
details
of
must
place
working
to
to the
the Registrar
of Co-operative
Co-operative Credit
Credit Societies,
Societies,
Registrar of
to
these
suggestions.
to be
be considering
these
considering
suggestions.

who
understood
who is
is understood

(i0).-Impravement
in breeds
breeds of
sh ..p tint!
qaals.
and qoats.
of sheep
Improvement in
(la).
Hitherto
action has
has been
been taken
taken towards
improvement
little action
Hitherto little
the improvement
towards the
of
the breed
breed of
of sheep
sbeep and goats.
From
time
to
time
tbe sbeep
of the
From
time
time
the
to
goats.
sheep
of Iho
of
the country
have been
been crossed
strains,
hut
with imported
crossed witb
but
strains,
country have
imported
there
has been
there has
been hardly
hardly any
perceptible
effects
on
the
general
on
the
effects
any perceptible
general
But as
as the
of the
stock.
the officers
stock.
officers of
the Civil
Civil Veterinary
DepartVeterinary Departtheir charge,
cbarge, fnrtber
ment obtain
more and
and more
more knowledge
obtain more
further
of their
knowledge of
wiII no
no doubt
doubt be
be made.
recent introduction
of merino
merino
efforts
efforts will
made. The recent
introduction of
resulb iu
improvement
rams into
the Kulu flocks
rams
flocks should
into the
should result
in great
great improvement
of hill
hill sheep.
In
the plain.
can be
be
in the
the fleece
fleece of
in
In the
sheep.
plains much good
good can
effected
systematic
selection
of
good
rams
suited
to
tbe
climate.
effected by
of
selection
rams
climate.
suited
the
to
by systematic
good
and Hissar
already appreThe merits
of the
Bikanir and
the Bikanir
merits of
Hissar sheep
are already
sheep are
appreciated in
further north,
ond
District
Boards might
might
in the
the districts
ciated
districts further
and
District
Boards
north,
of
the
give
further
encouragement
to
tbo
improvement
further
breed
the
improvement of the breed
give
encouragement to
by
a
judicious
distribution
of
good
Bikanir
rams
to
suitable
distribution
a
of
judicious
good Bikanir rams to suitable
by
persons.
themselves much improved
by
Hissar sbeep
were themselves
sheep were
persons. The Hissar
improved by
in
the
villages
of
the
encoura/!ement
given
to
sheep
breeding
the encouragement given to sheep breeding in the villages of
the
Estate., Similar
action could
be undertaken
nndertaken in
in
the old
old Skinner
Similar action
Skinner Estate.
could be
the
goats.
of goats.
the case
case of

(.).-Cattt8
and shtep
sh.ep fairs.
fairs.
Cattle and
(*).
The
need for
fairs in
in the
for cattle
the Ambal.
cattle fairs
Ambala district,
at Gujar
The need
district, at
Gujar
Jhelum colony,
Khan in
Rawalpindi district,
in the
in the
the Jhelum
the Rawalpindi
district, in
colony, and .
generally
the Western
districts bas
mentioned by
district
in the
has been
Western districts
been mentioned
by district
generally in
officers
been
alluded
to.
At
present
few
sheep
alluded
to.
has already
been
officers and has
present
sheep
already
in
fairs
held, either
or
in
connection
with
cattle
fairs.
fairs.
either separately
or
with
connection
cattle
are held,
fairs are
separately
would appear
that
a
sbeep
fair
at
Fazilka
in
the
Ferozepore
But it
at
Fazilka
in
the
a
fair
that
But
it would
sheep
Ferozepore
appear
district
at Basal
Basal in
in the
the Attock
district would bave
Attock district
have considerable
or at
considerable
district or
prospects
success and
and would be
to traders
both useful
useful to
of success
be both
traders and
prospects of
for a
.
Another
suitable
place for
profitable
to
tbe
District
Board
the
District
Board.
Another
suitable
to
place
profitable
at
Abohar,
sheep
fair
would,be
Gujar
Khan,
and
the
existing
fairs
be
and
the
at
would
fairs
fair
Abohar,
sheep
Gujar Khan,
existing
Amritsar, Hissar,
Bbiwani and
other places
places might
might be
extended
be extended
and other
Amritsar,
Hissar, Bhiwani
so
as to
to include
goats. Prizes
Prizes for
sheep and goats
for sheep
include sbeep
so as
goats
sheep and goats.
alao
be
inclnded
in
the
prize
Ests
issued
by
migbt
be
District Boards
included in the prize lists issued by District
might also
on these
these ocoasions.
occasions.
XXII.-SUMMARY,
XXII. SUMMARY.
Tho
in the
be
the previous
at in
conclusions arrived
The conclusions
arrived at
may be
chapters may
previous chapters
briefly
Bummarized,
summarized,
briefly
*

63
63

(i)
Bulloolts.
(i) Bullocks.
The demand for
cattle has
has largely
in the
for draught
increased in
the
draught cattle
largely increased
..t 20
20 years
owing
to
the
spread
of
cultivation.
(Chapter
II).
Ilast
to
the
of
cultivation.
spread
years owing
(Chapter II). 'l'his
met, but
but only
only by
pre,
sing every
has been
been met,
This increased
increased demand has
by pressing
every

class
service.
class or
animal into
into service.
of animal

The increasing
inore2sing USe
the male
use- of
of the
male

buffalo
of the
mletis evidence
evidence of
felt in
in meetfor draught
the difficulty
buSalo for
draught is
difficulty felt
of
draught
animals
is
not
much
ing
the
demand.
The
number
of
animals
number
is
not
the
demand.
much
ing
draught
it
was
15
years
ago,
but
the
animals
kept
greater
than
than
it
was
animals
but
15
the
are
greater
years ago,
kept are
more efficient.
Grazing
grounds
are
becoming
more
and
more
are
and
efficient.
more
Grazing grounds
becoming
contracted,
farmer cannot
cannot afford
afford to
keep old
worn
old and worn
the farmer
to keep
contracted, and the
out
which
can
bs
readily
disposed
of
to
traders.
to
can
be
of
traders.
which
The
out stock,
stock,
readily disposed
of
adjusting
supply
and
demand
will
be
greatly
bciliproblem
of
be
will
faciliadjusting supply
greatly
problem
tatoo,
use of
of labour-saving
seems probable,
the use
as seems
tated, if,
if, as
labour-saving machinery
probable, the
machinery
of bullocks
bullocks required
is
The number of
can be
be
is widely
widely adopted.
required can
adopted.
reduced
by
more
efficient
ploughs,
cultivations
and
harrows.
and
more
efficient
cultivations
harrows.
reduced by
ploughs,
Improvements
well machinery,
machinery, which
be resonably
resonably
in
well
which may
Improvements in
may be
also
a
considerable
saving
of
bullock
power.
e"pected,
would
a
also
mean
considerable
of
would
bullock
expected,
saving
power.

>

Prices have
practically doubled
doubled in
the last
20 years
ye"rs
in the
last 15
15 or
or 20
Prices
have practically
partly
owing
to
the
increased
demand
and
partly
to
the
success'
demand
to
the
to
the
increased
successpartly
partly owing
bad years
between
1896
and
.
1906
which
depleted
the
ion
and
1896
1906
which
ion of
of bad
between
the
years
depleted
sonrces
(Chapter XVI).
Nevertheless the
profits of
of
the profits
of supply
sources of
XVI). Nevertheless
supply (Chapter
so
great
that
the
zamindar
of
the
highly
oultingriculture
are
zamindar
of
the
are
that
the
so
cultiagriculture
highly
great
to pay
pay aa long
price for
stock
vated
nistricts prefers
for imported
vated districts
long price
imported stock
prefers to
of
conserving
rather
than face
the very
considerable
difficulty
of
rather than
considerable
face the
very
difficulty
conserving
his own stock
grazing grounds
breeding his
VIII). In
and breeding
stock (Chapter
In
grounds .nd
grazing
(Chapter VIII).
a
of
highly
cultivated
diatricts
cattle
of
a
kind
continue
to
be
bred
kind
districts
continue
cultivated
cattle
to
be
bred
highly
b"t the
sources of
the breeding
breeding centres
centres
locally,
the main
of supply
main sources
are the
supply are
locally, but
01
flarian., the
tract and
VI).
and Sind
of Hariana,
Dhanni tract
Sind (Chpter
the Potwar
Potwar Dh.nni
Of (Chapter VI). Of
liable to
to suffer
and
the
,/ )
these
is liable
suffer from
and
these centres
the first
first is
the
centres the
from drought,
drought,
is threatened
depletion
owing
to
reckless
export.
second
second is
to
threatened with
reckless
with depletion owing
export.
the quality
If
qnant.ity of
01 the
centres can
can
If the
the stock
bred in
in the.,
and quantity
stock bred
these centres
quality aud
be
rise
in
prices
may
possibly
be
prevented.
in
be
be maintained
maintained a further
rise
further
prevented.
prices may possibly
two essential
points to
wbich attention
The two
should be
directed are:are:
essential points
to which
attention shf,uld
be directed
(1)
of special
officers to
Hal'iana and the
the
the appointment
to Hariana
(1) the
special officers
appointment of
Potwar Dhanni
Dhanni tract
traot to
obtain information
the
to obtain
to the
information as
as to
villages
in
which
the
best
cattlo
are
bred;
to
direct
cattle
io
direct
in
the
best
are
which
bredj
villages
breeding
and assist
the people
people with
expert
assist the
with expert
operations, and
breeding operation"
XXI
advice.
(Chapters
XIII
and
(i),
and
advice.
(Chapters
(i),
"

(2)
BeaBOnS so
so as
in bad
fodder in
and import
bad seasons
as
of fodder
the storage
import of
(2) the
storage and
sal.
prevent
the
los.
of
valuable
stock
by
forced
in
prevent the loss of valuable stock by forced sale in
drought. (Chapter
time
of drought.
time of
XIII).
(Chapter XIII).
in highly
It
breed more animals in
highly
to breed
is probably
It is
impossible to
probably impossible
the
cultivated
under
present
oonditions.
But
the
quality
under
conditions.
of
cultivated districts
districts
quality of
present

64
64

the stock
be improved
bythe
judicions distl'ihntion
good
can be
the judicious
stock can
distribution of
the
of good
improved by
be
enoq)lraged
to
bulls by
district
boards.
The
people
should
district
boards.
should
be
bulls
people
by
encouraged to
the
bear
of
the
cost
of
the
animals
provided.
The
experimf3nt
of
the
of
cost
animals
bear some part
part
provided.
experiment
of
attaching aa number
numbsr ot
at bulls
hulls to
as regard,
to villages
well situated
situated as
of attaching
villages well
regards
climate
c
esflrves
attention.
The
most
satisfactory
deserves
attention.
most
climate and grazing
grazing
satisfactory
system
bulls is
that they
should be
be owned
stud bulls
is that
of maintaining"
owned
maintaining stud
they should
system of
either
co~operative
societies
or
by
individuals,
Bnd
that
fees
societies
or
and
either by
that
fees
by co-operative
by individuals,
their
should be
for
their
service.
sucb
a
system
tbe
for
service.
Under
be charged
such
a
should
charged
system the

of maintenance
maintenance will
disappear (Cbapter
ii) .
pressnt
difficulties of
will disappear
(Chapter XXI ii).
present difficulties
at present
present
The
of bulls
bulls provided
provided by
class of
The class
individuals at
private individuals
by private
is
of
improvement.
Villages
should
be
encouraged.
of
much
should
be
is capable
improvement. Villages
capable
encouraged,
to reach
roach aa propel'
to
of bulls
bulls which
which fail
fail to
refuse gifts
to refuse
standard
gifts of
proper standard
given
to
individuals
who
Rewards
ads should
sanads
should be
be freely
to
Rewards and san
individuals
who .
freely given
good bulls
bulls for
use of
of the
public. Efforts
Efforts should
should
. present
present really
really good
for the
the use
the public.
be made to
worn out
unsuitable sires
which should
should
eliminate worn
out and unsuitable
to eliminate
sires which
be
either be
be castrated
over to
Ipcal gaushala.
Tb~"
or made over
castrated or
to the
either
the local
The
gaushala.
distribution and management
of
tbe
bulls
of
a
district
should
be
of
the
bulls
a
distribution
of
district
should be
management
entrusted
aa strong
subcommittee
of
the
District
Board
to
sub-committee
entrusted to
of
the District Board
strong
and Hi).
ii~).
, (Chapter
ii and
(Chapter XXI ii
(ii)-'::Oows
(ii)Gows and Boffaloes.
Buffaloes.

In
districts the
the number of
cows is
is satisfaotory
of cows
In breeding
and
breeding districts
satisfactory and,
be
to
increase
largely
with
a
succession
of
good
increase
with
to
of
succession
be expected
largely
expected
good
are made for
years. If
for fodder
fodder supply
If adequate
in
arrangements are
adequate arrangements
supply in
years.
be
years
of
drought,
it
may
be
hoped
that
the
numbers
will
Ilot
in.
that
it
the
will
of
not
in
hoped
may
drought,
years
be subject
the sudden fluctuations
fluctuatioo. wbicb
have been
been so
so
future
which have
to the
future be
subject to
unortunate
feature of
of the
the recent
a feature
recent droughts.
unfortunate a
droughts.
In
cultivated
districts
breeding
little attenattendistricts
receives little
cultivated
In highly
breeding receives
highly

may
may

tion,
tion,

and,
buffalo 1S
is more
as tbe
the buffalo
and, as

profitabl~
a dairy
as a
profitable as
dairy

animal,
animal,

the
the

number
tends to
to decrease
XI).
decrease (Chapler
cows tends
of cows
number of
(Chapter XI).
in Montgomery
The
breed of
is drawn
drawn
milch cattle
cattle in
of milch
The valuable
valuable breed
Montgomery is
upon.,
sucb
an
extent
that
it
danger
of
extinction.
In
it is
of
that
in
extent
is in
an
extinction.
In
such
to
danger
upon
of
distribnting
land
on
the
new
canal
tbe
question
of
providing
fully
the
on
the
canal
land
question
providing fully
distributing

as well
adequate
well as the
the ad'_
should be considered,
adreserves shoald
considered, as
grazing reserves
adequate grazing
are
visability
of
special
rates
for
irrigating
.lands
which
are
inteGd.
e
d
as
for
intended
rates
lands
as
of
irrigating
special
visability
permanent
pasture.
In
view
of
the
experiment
recently
undertaken
of
the
In
undertaken
experiment recently
permanent pasture.

by
the Deputy
as
in leMing
land as
of Montgomery
Commissioner of
leasing land
Montgomery in
Deputy Commissioner
by the
of
tbe
lands
aa breeding
dep6t
for
cows
of
tbe
Sa,hiwal
type
tbe
grant
of
lands
the
of
Sahiwal
for
cows
grant
type
breeding dep6t
on
terms for this puropose sbould be considered in
in disdison special
special terms for this puropose should be considered
ii and XIII).
be
irrigated
by
new
canals.
(XI
ii
tributing
tbe
area
to
canals.
to
area
be
the
(XI
XIII).
irrigated by
tributing
Tbe
of Deputy
Commi,si~ners
sbouldbe
directed
to
be
directed
to
Commissioners
should
The attention
attention of
Deputy
to
the efforts
being made in
Lyallpur to
to induce
induce cow.keepers
in Lyallpur
to
efforts now being
the
cow-keepers
, pay
young stock
to their
their young
stock (XXI
attention to
more attention
(XXI iv).
iv).
pay more
The
in the
the
of buffaloes
buffaloes throughout
the number of
increase in
The increase
throughout the
province
is
one
of
tbe
features
of
agricultural
conditions.
of present
features
the
of
conditions.
is one
present agricultural
province

65
65

This
thrives and
breeds for
in traots
the oow
for the
tracts where
and breeds
where grazing
cow in
animal thrives
This animal
grazing
be
resorted
to.
The
dairying _
is
has
to
to
be
has
resorted
to.
The dairying
stall feeding
and stall
scarce and
is scarce
feeding
profits
buffalo are
are much
muoh greater
cow (XI
than those
of a
a buffalo
those of
a cow
of a
ii
greater than
(XI ii
profits of
and
and XVI).
XVI).
be prooeeding
Buffalo
to be
on sound
Buffalo breeding
sound lines,
breeding appears
appears to
proceeding on
lines,
but
attention from
from District
the Civil
Civil
District Boards,
receive attention
and the
but may
Boards, and
may receive
Veterinary
Department
(IX
and
XXIV).
and
XXIV)
Veterinary Department (IX

(iii).-Dairying.
(Hi).
Dairying.
The
development
of
dairies
for
the supply
dairies
for the
of
of civil
civil stations
The development
stations
supply of
os
Military
Dairy
Farms
may be
be left
conduoted
on
the
same
lines
as
conducted on the same lines
left _
Military Dairy Farms may
to
to private
enterprise.
private enterprise.

There is,
however, evidently
for aa
is, however,
evidently room for

Government
farm in
the Railway
Oolony, or
to supply
Lahore to
in Lahore
or
Government dairy
supply the
dairy farm
Railway Colony,
the
wants
of
the
hospitals
and
jails.
provide
for
of
the
the
wants
for
hospitals
jails.
provide
The
to the
population of
Indian population
the Indian
of towns and
and cities
The milk
milk supply
cities
supply to
is
highly
unsatisfactory.
conditions
under
which
milch
animals
The
conditions
under
which
milch animals
is highly unsatisfactory.
afe
both inside
most in
the cities
inside and outside
outside the
cities are
fed both
are most
housed and fed
in-..
are housed
sanitary.
Efforts
should
be
made
to
remove
the
cow-keepers
from
to remove the cow-keepers from
Efforts should be
sanitary.
cities.
These efforts
efforts must,
of course,
be very
to
so as
as not
not to
cities.
course, be
must, of
very gradual
gradual so
arouse
Owing
the difficulty
of transport
to the
from a
a disarouse opposition.
disdifficulty of
transport from
Owing to
opposition.
of not
not more
more
tauce
from a
a radius
radius of
must be
be drawn from
tnilk supply
the milk
tance the
supply mest
limits the
th.n 10
miles. Within
Within these
th.se limits
the production
production of
milk under
of milk
10 miles.
than
under
sanitary
can be
be managed
managed by
and _
__
remissions of
of octroi
conditions can
octroi and
by remissions
sanitary conditions
such
dairymen whose
are
considel'ed
are
to dairymen
like concessions
concessions to
whose premises
such like
considered
premises
sanitary.
sanitary.
streets
Tbe
whicb milk
under which
milk is
conditions under
is hawked
about the
the streets
The conditions
hawked about
be
and
unsatisfactory. Model
in shops
is also
also unsatisfactory.
Model shops
sold in
and sold
should be
shops is
shops should
all tbe
encouraged
by guaranteeing
gD'l'anteeing all
custom which
Government
the custom
which Government
encouraged by
to start
start the
the undertaking
vii).
can
in order
order to
them in
can give
undertaking (XXI
(XXI vii).
give tbem
Some assilltance
may
be
expected
from
co-operative
~
assistance may be expected from
effort ^
co-operative effort
(XVI
snd
XXI
viii).
.
viii).
(XVI and
The manufacture
manufacture of
is an
an established
whicb _
established Lome industry
of ghi
ghi is
industry which
to disturh
disturb by
it
be inadvis.ble
any
further
organization.
further
inadvisable to
it would
would be
by any
organization.
ghi trade
are very
very considerable.
considerable. Oo.operative
trade are
The profits
the ghi
of tbe
Co-operative
profits of
in order
aotion
may be
be recommended in
to ensnre
order to
ensure the
the zatnindars
action may
zamindars
receiving their
share of
profits from thei
(XV
of the
due share
the profits
theirr produce
their due
receiving
produce
(XV
ii
and
XXI
vii
and
viii).
vii
ii and
viii)*
(ivl.-The
cattle trad
.
The cattle
trade.
(iv).
The cattle
trade i8
and
need of
asin need
is fully
and in
The
cattle trade
of no
no asdeveloped
fully developed;
sistance
Government. 'fhe
trade
in
The demand of
the export
of the
trade
in
from Government.
sistance frl)m
export
bides
numbers
of
useless
and
worn
out
cattle
and
-of
out
hides clears
off large
numbers
useless
and
cattle
clears off
large
take a
beginning to
a sbare
H
the zamindar
to lake
the
is beginning
share of
these profits.
of these
If
zamindar is
profits.
bowever the
zamindar kept
more
of
his
young
stock
he
would
be
his
of
he
stock
however
be
the zamindar
would
kept
young
less
on import,
diminisbing grazing
this deless dependent
but with
with diminishing
de- _
import, but
dependent on
grazing this
to
to
take
place
(XIV,
XVII,
XVIII).
velopment
is
not
likely
take
is
not
velopment
likely
place (XIV, XVII, XVIII).
-

66
66

(v).-The
Departmenf.
The Oivii
Civil Veterinary
Veterinary Department.
(v).
are obviously
The superior
obviously understaffed,
understaffed"and
and .two
two
grades are
superior grades
more
are
urgently
required,
one
for
the
.North
are
for
the
one
more Superintendents
North
required,
urgently
Superintendents
given to
/ Punjab,
Punjab, to
to enable
enable special
to be
attention to
be given
the Potwar
to thelPotwar
special attention
be
stationed
at
Dhanni
tract, and
one lor
to
South Punjab,
at
and one
for the
the South
stationed
Dhanni tract,
to
be
Punjab,
, Rissar
to devote
grounds
attention to
the Rariana
devote similar
similar attention
to the
Hissar to
Hariana breeding
breeding grounds
(XIII and
XXI.).
and XXI
i).
(XIII
(vi).-The
co-operative movement.
The co-operative
movement.
(vi).
Existing
be encouraged
credit societies
societies should
should be
encouraged
Existing co-operative
co-operative credit
to
their
bullocks
direct
from
breeders
and
not
from
dealers,
from
their
breeders
direct
and
from
to buy
bullocks
not
dealers,
buy
the
01
purchase
by
instalments
and
the
and
the system
aud
of
thus save
save the
and thus
instalments
purchase by
system
in
lieu
of
interest
(XIV
ii).
in
- very
large
prices
charged
lieu
of
interest
(XIV it).
very large prices charged
They
be encouraged
and take
take
to buy
of their
their own and
should be
bulls 01
encouraged to
buy bulls
They should
up breeding
themselves (XXI
ii).
(XXI ii).
breeding themselves
up
Their
be directed
to the
profits likely
likely
should also
also be
attention should
Their attention
directed to
the profits
to be
co-operative dealing
in
ghi.
Co-operative
obtained from co-operative
in
be obtained
to
dealing
ghi* Co-operative
societies
supply of
milk might
b" lormed
for the
the supply
of milk
societies for
in the
the neighbourformed in
might be
neighbourhood
of
large
towns
(XXI
viii).
hood of large towns (XXI viii).
((vii).
vii).-Miscellaneous.
Miscellaneous.
Attention
be paid
paid to
to sheep
the a'!limal
being
Attention should
should be
animal being
sheep breeding,
breeding, the
for both
valuable
wool and ghi.
ghi. Goats
are less
important but
should
both wool
but should
valuable for
Goats are
less important
(XIX). New cattle
cattle fairs
fairs are
required in
in certain
not
not be
be neglected
certain
are required
neglected (XIX).
localities: at
trade is
important !sheep
at centres
centres where the
the wool
wool trade
is important
sheep

localities

lairs
be started
or combined
with existing
cattle fair
.
should be
fairs should
started or
fairs.
combined with
existing cattle
XXIII. CONCLUSION.
XXIII.-CONCLUSION.
Deputy Commissioners
throughout
and Settlement
Commissioners lind
Settlement Officers
Officers throughout
Deputy

the
the

Province
evinced great
in the
the enquiry,
Province have evinced
interest in
great interest
enquiry, and

in every
have
the officer
officer deputed
write the
the report
assisted the
to write
have assisted
every
deputed to
report in
good
reports
were
received
ft-om
Ly~llpur,
possible
way.
Specially
Aom
were
received
good
Specially
Lyallpur,
reports
possible way.

also
Hissar,
Delhi, Ludhiana,
Hissar, GurgaoD,
Ludhiana, Gurdaspur,
Gurgaon, Delhi,
Gurdaspur, Montgomery;
Montgomery !also
;

___ from
Amrits.., Rawalpindi,
Attock and
from Amritsar,
and Multau.
Multan.
Rawalpindi, Attock

Ahnost
every
Almost every
of value outside
and
matter
suggestion of
outside the
district reports
,eeven
ven
or suggestion
the district
matter or
reports
to
many
points
in
district
reports,
must
be
attributed
to
Major
in
district
attributed
be
Major
reports,
many points
Walker,
the Civil
Veteriuary Department
Chief Superintendent
of the
Civil Veterinary
Walker, Chief
Department
Superintendent 01
01
to Major
01 the
of the
the Province
Province and to
Cattle Farm.
the Rissar
Hissar Cattle
Major Farmer of
These
These officers
officers have placed
their
placed their

experience unreservedly
the
unreservedly at the
experience

dispcsal
writer, and have
helped him
with
the writer,
of tbe
have helped
him throughout
disposal 01
throughout with
criticism
report on
this subject
should
naturally
and instruction.
instruction. A report
criticism and
on this
should
naturally
subject
have
been written
by an officer
Civil Veterinary
written by
officer 01
have been
of the
the Civil
Department,
Veterinary Department,
officers are
busy to
to undertake
and the
these officers
undertake
and
the fact
that these
are far
fact that
far "too
'too busy

such
one more argument
in support
such work forms
forms one
the necessity
of the
necessity
argument in
support of
for
the
Veterinary
staff
of
'
the
Province.
lIThe
'l'be
for augmenting
the
staff
Province.
of
the
augmenting
Veterinary

Director
enquiry given
the
Director of
of Agriculture
has throughout
the enquiry
given ' the
Agriculture has
throughout the
his
othiB
ad
vice
and
criticism.
writer, the
the benent
of
writer
benefit
advice and criticism.
STOW.
M. ;.;'row.
A .111.
A.
October
October 1910.
:

APPENDICES.
APPENDICES,

&
PU

APPENDIX No.1.
g

P
O

AGRICULTURAL STOOK AOOORDING TO THE QUINQUENNIAL OENSUS TAKEN IN 1909.

10

12

11

.8~<G

rH

r-

05

3,757

co

131
eo

13,562

2,119

50,870

CO
CD
rH

3,164-

1311
co

]0,302

2,361

40,008

<#

i-i

42,326 152,764

7,738

62

14.251

1.924

57,301

2,435 . 71,468 162,lHl

4,5,121

231,313

CO

9,523

157

;3,637

92,917

33,048

71.191

5,031

707

10,781

109,493

CO

5,645

5.,

10,408

CO
O5
CM

10,388

196

fr-

""

o"

CM
rH

csT

CO
"3

r-<

3*

Ig

37,456

15,889

<7

CO
co
O5

1,650

TH

73,974

1&100

CM
CM

in"

'13,614

16,92'1

o"

*"

1,591

r-i

O
^

'i86

00

38,661

649

CO
CO

r*

r*

14,9'19

CO

^H

C3
CO

1i,147

1O

*<=

I1

52,535

CO**

*(

CO

9,610

]l

2,426

co

:*
Oi
rH

I I

277,8101 82,904 139,'139

14,826

--.
...

12.693

19,833
1
815 17,22'1

1,

16.676

CO

CO

-'

161,910

8f

1O,5oi.7

92,500 100.238

,3

4,521 151,768 211.870

35,218

CO
0^

&

113,266

T"H

-^

r-T

t>

CO

56,197

2,140

O
O

CM

-rM

un
co

1,237 53,385

CO

CO
O

*>

co"

TH
O

cS

00

CX>

^H

CJ

co"

rH

138,225

CM

i/3

CM
CM

177,486

1904-

O5
10
rH

_~. 1909 189.536 119,159

8?

63,063

5 Ka.rnal

92,376

60,555
**

1904

86,307

"*.

1909

". i
i

115,198 100,470

tC

s
05

4 Delhi

1904,

65,!42 134.069

106,655
t02
\0

1.921

*~*

98.m

23,502

CO"
O

113,279

126,667

1 S

ua

a Gurgaon _.. 1909

53,848

to

1,27l:!

86.712

11,196
(

00
U3

63,256

05

87,'795

ifiT

1904

57,093 140,851

-31,721

r-T

rH
rH

170,688

73,509

132,:!96

co

^r

31,037

CO

13,882

CO
CO
-M

3"

CM"

4,614

t
\O

IlSO,256

58,989

4,85

C3J

] .8

1l,~59

i-^

89.401

960

rf

00

.:i

43,686

8'2,113

909

,;

18,135

95,119

. _

351

78,908

2 Rohtak

,;

7,855

85,182

1904

o"""'~

219.521

TH

00

1-1^
ifiT

.,
8 --'"
85,55 o 197,577 227,540

LO
OC

..

TH
iO
TH

1 Hisaar

""

g. -

.'

ii

~
---------" --3- -1909 115,161 132,988 7,,375
0

..., ~ "

~
;\l A I 1i Ol
'" -'""- -- - - - - --- --- 0

^og

.
0
~ 0<:>
" 0

dagqg

~
p

90*

,;

.~~" ~

,;

"a&

g'g.~

pUB S9X9S

"~

~
""

J^e

,;

,;
~

IB

soraod pue

jo

District.

'E~~
,!4:ag

I.

-"- - - -I -

13

", '~

g smnnjoo UT

,
--- - .fi

89SSp

'1

.a

[Figures ofpreviou~ Census, Hl04, are given in ordinary type "nd those for 1909 in antiqne type.]

!I

83

840

79,121

28,105

77

983

87,297

27.593

81

2,400

50,S97

20.790

2,185

52,934-

CO

S
\o

CO

TH

TH
CO

20,505

r-

-H
US

co

125

3,914 109,251

16514

187

112,190

14,690

19'

603

69,30~

8,~02

CO

108

75,809

8,090

CO

4,289

18,789

CO

32,648

1,968

O)
OS

160419

J,416

CO

CO

67,9~6

24,191

33,865

16,458

">

1,047

12,722

1,037

0^

OO
1O
CO

oo

TjT

177,157

54,804 179,481

8,760

150

92,180

7,725

155

1
The figures do not contain the figurea of lAhoul and SpUi trocts where the enumerl!.tion is n~ complete.

''''

86,238

CO

<D
GO

i>

13,531

6'1,105

u>-

j>%

881

76,742 158,600

C>-

2*

12,73

CO

CO

1,626

t-

37.35~ 119,481

15,749

rH
rH
ia

833

co

^T

21,419

CD

t>.

1,5013

t-

\O

co"

15,614

138,511 &::,073

70,628
6,1,,843

263,699

'"
2.515

128,581

oo
co

104,704

26,409
<*{

CO
CVJ
CD
os
TH

CD

114,006 119,026

260,0:>8
OO

175,918

CO^
"

00
rH

01

118,006

48,438

~M05

S-

59,950

27,607

OJ

113

26,761

co
O

03

CO

31,411

101,513

*-!O

27,123 112,306

cS

62,607 111,286 176,836 209,200 103,151

14,132

.8

CO

Oi^

Of

307,77

Ttl

O
O

ci

00

163,601

174,563 166,911

244,.1,12

1
^

Hf

Oi

89,517

05

OO

79,880

0)

-*

,0

Cd"

00*
O

125,9~8

CO
CO

H/t

O)

t-

CD
CO

121,89~

153,642

23,204

21,021

99,100

HI

1.086

9,989

CO
A

19,371

22,659 137,979 188,277 213.550 142,338

O^

307

oo

4,740

TO

30,8'fO 121,562

OS
iH
03

54,59ti

s:

Ill

13,506

2,686

17,780

77

11,318

92,254

S3

18,240

278

94,813

C0~

m8

91,672

5,078

54,742

938

S3

**

7~

1,G64

00

CO~

8,801

6,582

<M

75.121

23

20,925

18,671

130

02,~57

65,833

30,102 ,64,016 114.631

189 126,218
1,724

1,395

.. .

6,~29

j>

8,232

113,390

oo

209,'/69

2,599

116

1,274

Od

29,411

08

91

<M

S 3 B
S S Sf

1.393

110

, ...

2,790
CVZ

1,09

1,101

r-T

3 3

2,87~

...
...

23,941

irt

IT*

10,683

'>
-

2U63 176,564

-1<

8,254

CO

TH

151,311

CO

It*

a>

80,415

oo

id

CO

0^

91.630 153,589

00

rH
CO

>

TH
TH
CO

OO^

28,626

551,981

308,050

49

34,179

C^

r-T
CO

156'50~

1904

358,~91

lti3

62,263 101.228

t-

CD
03

OS

) 1900

101,161 214,833

163

2,~82

O-

132,057

8,171

3,363

22,019

59,929

OS

1904

555,672

5,466

12,62

05

115,899

1,260

8,157

68,961

6"

230,377 109,749

~ 1909

.65

3,m

66726

6,730

1909

194,315

802

5,060

5,707

1.311

617

124,661

54,,591

_1904

4.51

45,692

9,280

24,863

131,on

185.701

1,995

112,194

190J.

." j1900

3,88E

9,285

31,199

77,219

120,OSI

203,157

10.487

126,986

143,118

93,424 240,125

26,1'n

53,567 112,898

80,372

16,976

CO
OO
OJ

rf

128,524

OS^
co"

CO

ci

xrt

180,141

oo"

201,161

rH

vO
TH
^H
co

201.800 134.156

TH

238,298

"
17,377
CO
1>

287,723

'15,892

CD
0>

CD
TH

296,015 238,967

190-l

15 Gurdaspur

'1,12

6,501

194.,128

11 Ludhiana ... l1909

14 Amritsar _'"

05

f1900

OS

84

8,109

1909

1904

12 Fer ozepore

-rH

6,865

xo^
co"

1190.
19O.

10 Jnllundur

**

3,071

CO
OO

99,590

co"

9 Hoshiarpur

1000

<M
Oi

oo"
CO

8 KaDgra ",

90.459 1,95

168,921

.. f 1000
100.

13 Lahore

7 Simla

1904OS

Amballi '"

2,8~8

fl000 114,684 111.460

1
OS

5
z
I

APPENDIX No. J-coodUlkd.

--

--- -'"

190'

95,098

5,88

25,002

74,737

100

60,53

8,628

11,971

7,893

22,560

s-

18,721

co

oS
ocT

',616

S H

O3

o"

8,705

^"
rH

s
O

J>

160,326

310

8.711

65.63

6,285

of

GO

24.,771

in

1,766

Of

CO

-6T

-7L

5,878

179,435

CO

rH
CO

Of

1,861

CO

Of

63,733

-*

CO"

S S 5 S S

<M

erf

f ^"cf

107,561

5.198

6,819

03
03

53

cf

eo

*O

81,837

82,015

15,7'14

27,67'

2,131

8,'00

61,697

217

233

18.

00
iH

t<

81,989 12a593 151.48

2,06

1,317

0*

31,789

'13,163

13,822

166,H2

202
*H

2,305

3,87

100

OJ

93.465 99,715

84.825

16,360

111

ri

1909

36,629

97

rH
rH

160,547

<6'

CO

78,582

75,619

S3

20,611 .

2,586

H9

3,923

19,845

^T

79,112

61B

GO
c5

85, ,102

Of

g2

1904

80,24

g
oo

86,728 190,856 !li5,9BB

2,545

co"

26.957

CO

4.946

273,260

^T

98,140 102.666

134,191

~1909

CO

25,156

136,4.18

26,635

3,165

s
s

27,032

93,292 166.087 316,73B 132,949

5, 229 1

CO.,

57'

co

CO

!:l,079

104,680

98,001

68,907 116,972

CO
C>

32,Hl2

C3>

833

2,668

120
05

of

13,50B

5,713

03

24,~82

88,966

B8

rH

co"

i*

<55

2.178

3,021

90

CO

82
rH
03

6,'54

3,754

S
SCDOtr-fQOJ*-CQ<
O O N

CO

23,810

i
^

OD

514

rfl

18,359

SB

62,222

00

"*

rH

of

2., 105,132

43.247

~0

<.>

15,35{

46.818
74,325

907

96.332 124.000

53,713

i ,;
-"- - -"'

12,494.

29,636

148,6!';

- '"

88,947

170,853 16B.573

1904

104,072

909

'll

.;

15

5:),069

O5
-rfi
rH

82,335

O)
-H

132,067

.,;

15

17,174

119,.51 165,022 179,748 133,760

33,269

&
03
S

93,593

10

-- -- -

2,528

39,914

rH

O
-*

tf

ig

13

15,106

32,m

S
S

-j.
GO
O3
rH

oi

"

lM,7ge

BawaIpinlli

:n

...

65,367

g S s

20 Jhelum

117,125

tf

.d

69.273 132,486 149,574 149,391

145,07

\CD

19 Shahpur ...

r-H^

19<,.

O5

... {1909

l/^

18 GUjrat

S
S

1'- Gnjranwala ~ 1909

125.897 110,916

s s s

58,2' 5 112,145 IMl,bOl

CD

134,2Zg 113,579

S 2

1m
.J(,1904.
~904

.;

ti

61.529 127,332 12a398

S1IB3

o",~.s

S9TUOd pTIB S9SIOH

tiAioqs

- ..'" - ..8

'"'"

..

~g.o

129.013 120.635

16 Sialkot

12

'tl'1:l a
~ ;f

.d

- ------ --" -8

Jl

g ennrnpo nt

pus

..

11

.~

0';18

siocns

_.a

s..

..;

'll

:;I

10

.d.~

83[00ipiq

,g

'1 \
8
9
--------.

.8'~

i]

Di!trict.

_.

18

Ij"

00"

00
CM

*T

47,262

69

63

Wi

ocT

ua

:26

17,515

25

307

a s

20,589

31,555

16.46!

7S{

210

19,392

<M

57,059

2 3

CO

265,718

QO

10,022

rH

26,6-11
1-1

rH

CO

37,848 143,138 213,030 162,693

85,090

26.490

1.493

CO
05
TH

19,016

co

11.135

91,170

"1
29,2[,!

93,092

16,552

642

17,213

co

18,798

s"

21,197

SS"

14,39!

141

23,402

12,699

14

6,337

71

15,927

57,104 146,060 281,095 325,966

13,804
co

542

38,767

23,165

369,109

11,622

rH

00,952

23,390

CO
CM

85,173

1,390

111,113 334,263 238,615

IO
iHI
CD

10,818

""
171

F:
TH

23,055

33,445

CO

79,169
CO
TH

87

236

235.365

10,668

177

rH

J:

28,081

31,510

rH
CO

76,498

O5

79

97,037 234.383 234,429

16,708

407

-^M

26,381

24,148
CO

57,850

15,871

.90

24.,951

21,'146

CO

56,567

340

**
O5

50,186

00
1

CO
5
C^

2,

O
*3

CO

287,688 2,
260,541

CO

Ift^

"I

C*

529

rH

vQ
00

' ',' '0/,,063,35'

TT

Tf^

502,285

<*T

15,502

1,4.B

CM
CM

38,822 582,576 270,522 2,169,08

| I

97,921
rH^

512

^tfl

ccr

00

00
CM

283,686

s*

IS
Od

rH

j>

O5
TM

in

t-

CO**

Jg

r^L

CO
CO

579,6571,867,5'16 3,652,886 4,059,032 5,4.69,685

*?

CO

2
OO
co

CM

00

O>
CO
CO

**!

CM
oa

624,965 2,241,371 3,819,915 U9fi,4{2 4.179,232 358,244

f-H

co^

CO
Oi

oi
rH

252,021

^
CO

OS
CM

i>
rH
^
^ OrH

216,795

6l,468

83,226

s?

CO
rH

rH
CO
rH

91,319

I,m) 25,89'

CO

s
CM

CD

^1
TH

28,940

293,310

6,869

I s i

CO

O3

iH~

1,420

III

^4<

4,0'1',574 i,038,968

rH
00
CO

11

U47,4g4 a18M45
f 1909
190'

CO

131,671

CD

141,%72

M^

144,928 137,769

107,640

40,239

CM

a,81C

180,24'1

146,871

1904

CO

~993

oo
00

3,830

184,95

244,443

CO

U9,012

1909

130,019

CO

45,998

co-

6,500

195,496

OS
CO

152,300

190.

Tii

9.661

232 ,2~

tfi

182,691

1909

77,989 170,848 139,51

U3

34,619

co"

15,738

t>

93,78B

109,:'.25

CO
TH

73,339 121,971 242,282 128,886

o"

51

00
rH

r-^

O*

co

co

22,167

85,393

l>

c2

t-

tfS

CO

<>3.

CD

IS

co

13],541 124,725

THrHtHiHrHrH

90,991 173,429

1904-

5( 1909

CO"

'

i S
S of

116,139

38,678

180,385

s?

227,463

80,118

14,722

OD

O>

45,056

223,462

oT

co
TH

26,176

MOW

OO
CO
-*

97,187

50,561

-d?

110,477

I sO QO
i 3tO
O
S

I?

1904

13,638

1-1

CO
S

O"

S.

'13,193

J>

CO

63,139 102,587 250,772 147,697

67,916

o"

WD

rH

4.,747

362,]69

QO
W3

JB*

CD
rH

1,438

165,128

^i'

00

U>
rH

21,682

rH

O>
TH

.
co

20,218

<.
O"

eo

vO

*tf

CO

1,155

CD
CO
CM

~~,180

HI

00

7,092

216,492

43,373

1904

...

23,572

4,93

^H
OO

Total

656

70,800

139,049 127,6:11

I i I

Khan.

4.,",05

15,176

1909

29 Dera Ghazi

lo4.67

53,144 402,381 208,597

{1909

garh.

68,069

16,067

16 Jht.ng

Musaffar_

8,691

1,346

f 190'

~8

30,173

80,806

Iii LyaUpur ...

,{

61l!

100,531

198,525 132,759

117 Multl\D

5,755

3,015

87,970

1909

."

82,661 249,700 171,604

42,656

190~

2:4. Montgomery {

19,212

99,471

123,657

f 1909

18 Mianwali ...

;2

3,751

74,773

00,08

ss,

.. {1909
19040

^"

112 AUock

Vi

No.2.
2.
APPENDIX No.
SYNOPSIS OF DISTRICT REPORTS ON THE CATTLE TRADE OF THE

PUNJAB.
BULLOCKS, Cows
OOWS ANI>
AND BUFBALOES.
BUFFALOES.
BULLOCKS,
in which
(a)
E01:pOTtir.g tracts.
tracts.-Tracts
By
Tracts in
which oattle
are bred
cattle are
bred for
for !!lale.
sale.
(a) Exporting
By
what classes
breedin~ is
carried on.
on. Status
professional
is carried
classes breeding
Status and condition
condition of
of professional
graziers.
Breeds of
of cattle.
cattle. Arrangt'ruents
for bulls.
bulls. Arrangements
Breeds
for
graziers.
Arrangements for
Arrangements for
of disposal
gra.zing
Method of
Range
of stock
stock and destination.
destination.
feeding.
disposal of
grazing and feeding.
Range
Present prices
prices compared
years. Profits
Profits of
of
of
of prices.
Present
with prices
in past
compared with
prices.
prices in
past years.
or
in
breeding.
Increase
or
decrease
in
breeding
in
recent
years
and
causes.
Increase
decrease
in
recent
and
causes.
breeding.
breeding
years

(b)
Importing tracts.
tracts.-Tracts
into which cattle
cattlo are
are imported.
imported. Tracts
Tracts into
Tracts
(6) Importing
from
by which
(itinerant
and breeds.
breeds.
from which obtaillP,d
obtained f'"ud
Means by
which imported
(itinerant
imported
of prices.
traders
Range
prices. Present
Present prices
with prices
prices
or fairs).
traders or
fairs).
Range of
prices compared
compared with
in
recent years.
years. Are purchases
from
cattle
dealers
generally
for
cash
or
from
in recent
cattle
dealers
for
cash
or
purchases
generally
on
are the
usua.l terms?
]f a
is held
held in
in the
the
If on credit,
credit ? If
the usual
on credit?
terms ? If
a fair
fair is
credit, what are
should be given
showing the
cattle are
rlistrict
statistics should
the trActs
tracts from
from which
are
which cattle
district,J statistics
given showing
brought,
tile
approximate
number,
the
sales
under
each
head.
the
and
the
sales
under
each
head.
number,
approximate
brought,
NOTE.-(i)
Bullocks and cows
cows and (ii)
and cow
cow buffaloes
buffaloes should
with 8eparately
male and
NOTE
be dealt
dealt with
should be
() Bullocks
(u) male
separately

a.s
and (b),
in \a)
as in
(6).
a) and
^

(e)
Home breeaing.-Any
extension of
the practice
practice by
of
of the
"breeding.
Any extension
by agriculturists
(c)
agriculturists of
breeding
their own use.
use. Probability
Probability of
of further
further extension
WIth ruling
for their
cattle for
extension with
ruling
breeding cattle
of grazing
high
prices. Sufficiency
Possibility
ot expansion
of
facilities.
Sufficiency of
grazing facilities.
Possibility of
high prices.
expansion of
grazing
or of
more extenhive
production of
fodder crops
if grazing
of more
extentsive production
of fodder
grounds or
grazing
crops if
grazing grounds
of the
the cattle
facilities
Quality of
cattle locally
locally bred
compared with
are inadequate.
with
bred as
as compared
facilities are
inadequate.
Quality
cattle
from
graziers.
Local
aITangements
for
bulls
and
suggestions
Local
for
and
cattle bought
bulls
graziers.
bought
arrangements
suggestions
for
for improvement.
improvement.

(d)
Dairyiny.-Localities
in which
which dairying
and to
what
Localities in
is earned
carried on and
to what
(d) Dairying.
dairying is
extent.
Clas~
of dairy
In
produce is
animals.
is marketed,
Cattle
Class of
In what form produce
marketed. Cattle
extent.
dairy animals.
foods.
Yield of
milk. Profits
of dairying.
Recent increase
prices of
Profits of
of milk.
in prices
of
Yield
Recent
increase in
foods.
dairying.
if any of
dairy
produce. Expansion
Expansion if
dairying in
years and causes.
in recent
causes.
recent years
any of dairying
dairy produce.
(6)
Supply oj farm cattle,-Adequacy
of cattle
for agricultural
agricultural
of supply
cattle for
cattle,
Adequacy of
supply of
(e) Supply of farm
has .~een
been any
it considered
co~si~ered that
that there h.as
improvement or
or
purposes .. Is.
Is it
any improvement
purposes.
in
?
d!teriorahon
III
recent
years
Smtability
of
the
male
srock
of
the
recent
of
the
of
the
stock
in qualIty
male
deterioration III
quality
years
Suitability
for agricultural
best
milch cattle
agricultural purposes.
cattle for
best milch
purposes.

and the
(f)
Grazing grounds.-The
character of
of the
the grazing
The extent
extent a.nd
the character
grazing
(f) Grazing grounds.
grounds
to Government and (iil
to private
To
to
individuals.
to
(i)
(ii)
private individuals.
belonging (i)
grounds belonging
what
what extent
are they
utilised
and
developments
if
any
a.re
possible
utilised
if
are
extent are
what
they
developments
any
possible
to maintain
maintain 01'
tho cattle-breeding
cattlebreeding industry,
or to
to make the
extend the
the maximum
or extend
to
industry, or
for scarcity years??
provision
provision for scarcity years

(g)
Fodder.-Methods
of conserving
Their cost
cost and efficacy
Methods of
fodder. Their
efficacy
conserving fodder.
(g) Fodder.
Md
how far
rewrted to.
to. Is
Is fodder
fodder generally
!sufficient
in
seasons
of short
in
short
seasons of
'sufficient
far resorted
and how
generally
the
is
rainfa.ll?
tracts is
the
is there
serious deficiency,
in what tracts
there a serious
If not,
rainfall ? If
deficiency, and how is
rot, in
shortage
met?? What
lessen the
the shortage
shortage
to lessen
\Vhat steps
practicable to
appear practicable
usually met
steps appear
shortage usually
n bad
?
seasons ?
bad seasons

(h)
The trade
in hides
bone8.-DescriptioD.
hides and "bones.
trade in
Description.
(h)

of
the sale
hides and bones.
bones.
of hides
sale of
of the

Receipts on account
Receipts

Vll

GOATS.
IrOATS.
GOATS.

(i)
Tracts in
in whioh
which goats
are kept
what extent.
to wha.t
and to
extent. Recent
Recent iocrea.ee
increase
(t) Tracts
goats aro
kept and
of goats
or
cilties for
in tho
or decrease
decrease in
the number
number of
and ca.uses.
for ~at
causes. Fa
Facilties
goats and
goat keeping.
keeping.
what purp~s
For what
For
Present receipts
and pro6ts
with thalie
those
kept. Present
purposes kept.
profits compared
receipts and
compared with
in previolls
in
previous years.
years.

Ssup,
SHEEP.
for goats.
As for
(i)
(7) A.
goats.

APPENDIX NO.

~.
3.

AGIHOOLTURAL
1.
AGRICULTURAL CIRCULAR No. I.
STUD CATTLE.
for each
].
A working
be framed for
1.
each district
district fixing
the type
plan should bo
working plan
fixing the
type
su PP lied the
to be
be supplied,
tne uurooor
of bull
bul1 to
number
to be purchased
A
workin
plan
to
of
to
purchased
to
A working plan
the
be
anoually
e standard scale
scale to
to be
be maintalned,
the
for the
and
framed gfor
be frarned
annually and th
maintained, and
>

of
01
this
should be carefully
this programme
adhered to,
to, subject
carefully adhered
programme should
subject
bulls.
to snch
as may
revision as
to
dictated by
such revision
may be dictated
by experience.
experience.
stock will
Soccess
the improvement
of agricultural
agricultural stock
will depend
in the
on
Success in
improvement of
depend largely
largely on
In deCIding
action.
eyliteroatic
,In
the type
needed,
sustained ~.ction.
of bull
bull needed,
and sustaine~
deciding on the
type of
systematic and
the Superintendent,
CIvIl Vetermary
Department, should
consulted.
should be
be consulted.
the
Veterinary Department,
Superintendent, Civil
merits
its me
in some cases,
Each
muS~ be
be taken
ta.ken on its
rits and,
local~
district must
certain localEach distriet
and, in
cases, certain
ities within
wi~bin districts
require different
different breeds.
breeds. In framing
a programme,
districts require
ities
framing a
programme,
be assumed
a bull
the efficient
life of
of a.
bull may
may bo
8-1iBUmed to
to be 77 or 8 years.
years.
efficient life
the
2. Stud-bred
Stud-bred bulls
bulls for
for breeding
breod ing can be obtained by
by District
Dll:ltrict Officers
Officers
2.
irom the
the Government
GoverDlnent Cattle
Cattle Farm
Fanu at
at Hissar
Rissar on
On annual
annual
from
8
pply
Sonrce of ssupply
indent. I|
I~ may
may be
be accepted
accepted that
thllt bulls
bulls from
from Hissar
Hiasar are
are
indent.
a ?*? ? ?v n
ot stud.bred bulla.
b1e for
f or the
he Bouthern
horn districts
suitable
generally
suitD.
t
flout
districts
of
the
of
the
generally
Province.
Province.
3. Indents
Indents for
for bulls
buns supplied
supplied by
by the
thfl Hissar
Hissa.r Cattle
Cattle Farm must
must be
be in
in
3.
Pad'
b form
form A
A annexed.
t\cnexed. They
They should
should be
be submitted
submitted to
to the
the
6
lll
taini:
f~~ Superintendent,
Superintendent, Civil
Civil Veterinary
Veterinary Department,
Department, by
by the
the
taining bulls^from
the Hissar
fussar Cattle
Cattle 1st
bt of
of September
September in
in each
each year,
year, and,
and, except
except in
in special
special
the
Farm,
Fum.
cases, no
no attention
attention will
will be
be paid
paid to
to indents
indents received
received late.
late.
cases,
The Superintendent,
Superintendent, Civil
Civil Veterinary
Veterinary Department,
Department, will
will forward
forward aa. consoliconsolida.ted indent
indent to
to the
the officer
officer in
in charge
charge of
of the
the Hissar
Rissar Cattle
Ca.ttle Farm.
Fa.rm. He
Be will
will
dated
al80 proceed
proceed in
in due
due course
course to
to the
th e cattle
cattle farm,
farm, inspect
inspect the
the bulls
bulls available,
tIovsilable,
also
a.nd allot
allot. them
them to
to the
t.he various
varioD s districts.
districts. A
A copy
copy of
o( the
the consolidated
consolidated indent
indent
and
will be
be sent
sent to
to the
the Director
Director of
of Agriculture,
Agri culture, with
with aa. note
note as
as to
to the
the number
number
will
of bulls
bulls actually
actually supplied
supplied to
to each
each district.
district.
of
4. Bulls
Bulls will
will be
ho supplied
supplied by
by the
th e Hissar
Ilissar Cattle
Cattle Farm
Farm at
at aa fixed
fixed rate
rate
4.
eaclL
should
be
20
made
to
Payment
for
bulls
of
He.
200
each.
Payment
I:
!
honld
be
made
to
the
of
KB
the
Payment
for
bulls
Payment
the
farm
of
IItipplicd
from
the
Superintendent
of
the
farm
immediately
on
the
receipt
on
the
from
the
immediately
supplied
Superintendent
receipt
Hissar
Bissar farm.
farm.
n \hill.
{\]
f a
oof
5. Where
'Vhere Hissar
ilissar bulls
bulls are
are not
not suitable,
suitable, or
or are
are not
not available
ava.i1able in
in
5.
sufficient numbers,
numbers, Local
Local Bodies
Bodies should
should make
make their
their own
own
sufficient
8
chase of
Purchase
of I*bulls
a.rrangements for
for purchase.
purchase. It
It should
should be
be easy
easy to
to obtain
obtain
?
arrangements
i
in the open market.
f b u11 s required a~nually
...
the small
small number
number of
0 bulls
by purchase
purchase N~
the
required annually by
in the
~he villages
villa.ges or
or at
,at fairs
!e.i~s through
thro~gh aa. select
select committee
commltt.eo of
of experienced
e:tperienced
in
that
the
advisable
agticulturiBte,
of
whIch
It
IS
adVl!able
tha.t
the
Voterlnary
IDspector
of
it
is
of
which
Veterinary Inspector of
agriculturists,

legWar
supply
regular 6upply
bulls '

bclIs

--...

Tiii

\t

the
Division should
be aa member.
member. Bulls
obtained in
in this
way will
not
should be
Bulls obtained
this way
will not
the Division
the ordinary
be
as good
as stud-bred
bulls, but
will be
far abovo
stud-bred bulls,
be 801'
above the
but they
be quite
good as
they wiU
quite as
ordinary
be of
of immense benefit
benefit to
to the
class
of sirs,
will be
the agricultural
class of
sire, and will
agricultural community.
community.
The Superintendent,
CIvil
Veterinary
Department,
to
Civil
will be
The
be prepared
Veterinary
Superintendent,
Department, will
prepared to
but if
is asked
asked to
to mako
purchases
render any
his power,
power, but
in his
assistance in
if he
he is
make purchases
render
any assistance
he
be given
ample notice
notice and
furni~ed with
as to
to the
the
should be
and furnished
information as
he should
with information
given ample
kind of
prics, as
as with
of animal
animal required,
and the
as well
with funds.
the price,
well as
funds. Where
kind
required, and
that is,
young
not old
bulls purchased
are not
for stud
old enough
stud work,
is,
work, that
purchased locally
locally are
young bulls
enough for
under 3t
Deputy
Commissioners
can
doubtless
arrange
when they
they are
are under
doubtless
can
Commissioners
3J years,
arrange
years, Deputy
upkeep for
for a.a year
for
their oare
care and upkeep
or two.
two.
for their
year or
6.
6.
The arrangement!i1
required
for
the management
care of
of bulls
for
the
and care
bulls
arrangements required
management and
differ according
to localities
Arrangements
lor
diffor
to
Generally,
the
localities concerned.
concerned.
for
according
Generally, the
Arrangements
the care
~re of
system
a bull
bul1 loose
certain tract
under
bulls for
of bulls
for
of letting
the
loose in
in a certain
tract under
system or
letting a
breeding.
breeding.
the
person answers
the supervision
of some
some trostworLhy
answers
supervision or
trustworthy person
this system
injury to
to
very
Where this
objected to
to on the
is objected
the ground
well.
of injury
system is
ground or
very well.
it shonld
possible to
to
the crops
to severe
of exposure
or or
cold in
in 'Winter,
should be
severe cold
the
be possible
winter, it
exposure to
crops or
arrange
to keep
animal under
under some
the village
the animal
restraint in
in the
some restraint
at the
the
keep the
arrange to
village at
common expense
time as
his services
to Rend
for such
such time
as his
are required,
services are
send
expense for
required, and to
him
to village.
village. The
The question
manageme1!t is
is one
of management
one which
him on
on from village
which
village to
question or
In all
all cases,
cases, however,
however, aa. bull
bull
each
District Board must settle
settle for
for itself.
In
each District
itself.
of some responsible
person who should
underta.ke to
to
should
in oha.rge
be in
should undertake
should be
charge of
responsible person
the anilJ1ai
is kept
in
good
condition
and
has
regular
exercise,
see
aniinal is
in
is
that the
and
condition
see that
has
good
kept
regular exercise, is
to cover
of cows,
at the
the
not allowed
cover an excessive
excessive number of
is placed
not
allowed to
cows, and is
placed at
disposal
the public
for their
their cows
charge. The
of placing
of the
cows free
free of
of charge.
The practice
public for
placing
practice of
disposal of
is
objectionable.
Bulls
should
be
branded,
- stud-bulls
of
syces
in charge
of
is
be
Bulls
should
stud-bulls in
branded, and
charge
syces
objectionable.
to other
should
transferred to
parts of
the district
district every
every two years.
years.
other parts
of the
be transferred
should be
7.
A register
register should
be maintained
in the
Board
should be
B. in
7.
maintained in
in form
form B.
District Board
the District
all District
District Board bulls
Ragister
of
bulls.
Office,
of
all
bulls
serving
in
the
district,
Office,
district,
serving
Re *ster of bulls
dat~ or
showiug
the date
of reception,
the lJreed,
breed, age,
showing the
age, physical
physical
reception, the
and
general
arrangements.
marks, place
of
standing,
person
in
charge
in
of
and
marks,
standing, person
general arrangements.
place
charge
change of
of stand,
stand,
The reg-ister
written up
up whenever there
is a9. change
there is
should be written
register should
be made from
from time
time to
time as
as to
to the
resulta
and
should also
also be
the general
to time
notes should
brief notes
and brwf
general results
communi~
of
Any
or transfers
transfers should
be communietc.
should be
casualties or
of coverings,
additions, casualties
Any additions,
coverings, etc.
caled
Veterinary Department.
to the
the Superintendent,
Civil Veterinary
without dela.y
cated without
delay to
Department.
Superintendent, Civil
S.
UnserTiceable bulls
bulls from age
otherwise
8.
or otherwise
Unserviceable
age or
Di
f UnSer
08
Dispo8alof
tIMer. 8hould
Bhould be
be sold
by auction
the orders
the
sold bv
auction under
under the
of the
orders of
S
h
S
vice a ble bull..
bulls.
r\
it
,; Ticeable
Collector.
Collector.
'

9.
All
will be
be inspeoted
the officers
All bulls
bulls will
officers and sub~
sub9.
regularly by
by the
inspected regula.rly
ordinates off the Civil
Inspection by
the
ordinates
Civil
Veterinary
Department.
The
Veterinary
Department.
the
Inspection by
of
officers
the Civil
SuperIntendent,
Civil
Veterinary
Depa.rtment,
of
the
Civil
the
of the
Civil
officers of
Veterinary
Superintendent,
Department,
Veterina.ry Depart.
Circle will
will forward
forward such
reports and recommendations
such reports
recommendations
Circle
Veterinary
Department<
ment
.
as
he may
as he
to the
the Deputy
Commisconsider necessary
may consider
necessary to
Deputy Commisshould be
sioner.
He haB
to condemn bulls,
they should
be disposed
has power
sioner.
bulls, when they
disposed
power to
of
preceding paragraph.
paragraph. Veterinary
Veterinary Assistants
required
Assistants may
be required
in the
the preceding
of as
aa in
may be
treat any
stud.
bull
that
may
be
sick.
to treat
that
sick.
stud-bull
to
may
any
been accorded
accorded to
the establishestablish..
10.
has been
of Government bas
to the
The sanction
sanction of
10. The
of
farm
at Sargodha,
and
it is
ment
E
f4bli
hme
t oIa
of
a
bull-breeding
at
it
is
p
w
v
.
bull-breeding
Sargodha,
Establishment of a
the
Salt Range
bull~breeding
n
farm
proposed
to
the
Salt
breed
(Dhani),
to take up
breed
farm
(Dhani),
up
Range
proposed
bull-breeding
for the
at
the which
which is
for the
But it
it
at Sargodha
the ~orthern
is suitable
suitable for
districts.
Sargodha for
Northern districts.
Northern
Northern Punjab.
Punjab.
will not
not be
be poss
possible
begin issues
the Sa.rgodha.
to begin
will
ibl e to
issues from the
Sargodha
1912.
farm
or 1912.
until 191 lor
farm Iln1il1911
+

/vf

.,

'\

Distriot.
Form A.
A.
Form
Distriot.
INDENT FOR
FOB STUU.BRED
STUD-BRED BULLS REQUIRED FROM THE
HISSAR CATTLE FARM.
1

3
Remark

Number of Hiesar bulls at

present in the district.

----

Number now indented

for.

Note '\\jhether any local prejudices exist

in regard to colour, special marking,
etc., and if the local breed is large,
medium or small.

-----

-------

.
N.B.-This
should reach
reach the
the Superintendent,
Veterinary DepartDepart.
indent should
the office
of the
office of
Civil Veterinary
N.B. This indent
Superintendent, Civil
ment,
later than
than the
the 1st
each year.
year.
in each
not later
1st September
ment, not
September in

Form B.
FonnB.
REGISTER OF STUD-BULLS MAINTAINED IN THE---DISTRICT.
DISTRICT.

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Descriptive
marks.

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Name of
place where
located and
person in
charge. with
date of
arrival.

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APPENDIX No.4.
No, 4.
FROM
FfiOM

C. S.,
W. O.
0. RENOUF,
KENOUF, J<]SQUIRE,
ESQUIRB, C.
S.,
Director of
Agriculture, Punjab,
Puniab,
Director
of Agriculture,

To
To
ALL
Aix

COMMISSIONERS,
COMMISSIONERS, DEPUTY COMMISSIONERS AND
SET'LEMENT
PUNJAB.
SETTLEMENT OFFICERS IN
IN THE PUNJAB.
Dated
Dated.

LYALLPUR, the
September 1910.
the 4th
4th September
1910.
LYALLPUE,

SIS,
SIE,
II have
to address
in continuation
of my
Circular No.1
continuation cf
address you
honour to
No. 1
the honour
you in
my Circular
have the
to
decision
of the Provincial
of
1906
and
with
reference
to
the
decision of
Government in
Provincial Government
reference
in
of 1906 and with
to continue the
their
grant of
a.
the annual
23rd June,
annual grant
dated :l3rd
of a
June, 1910,
1910, to
No. 10845,
their No.
1084-5, dated
for another
another five
five years
from the
}akh
for
veterinary
objects
for
years
1st of
the 1st
of
for
objects
of rupees
veterinary
lakh of
rupees
to b~
be made
April,
1911. As ~efor~,
the allotments by
districts are
ar~ to
~ade by
by Commisby districts
before, the
April, 1911.
I
to reView
review
five years.
the
sioners
of
five
I
propose
to.
brIefly
t.he
progress
of
the penod
propose
for the
years.
briefly
sioners for
progress
period
to offer
offer suggestIOns
made in
four years
for the
the utilisation
the
utilisation of
of the
last four
the Jasti
suggestions for
in the
made
years and to

grant.
grant.
to my
2. II would
would first
invite a ' reference
reference to
my Circular
No.11 of
Circular No.
of 1906
1906 in
first invite
in
2.
that time was summarised and in
which the
in which
which various
at .that
variou s
the position
which
position at
As regards
we are
general
quesbions were
were dlscussed.
working up
up to
to aa
are working
discussed. .As
staff, wo
regards staff,
general questions
in each tahsil,
strength of
veterina.ry .asSjS~~lDt,
tahsil, and
and
one veterinary
of one
assistant, mainly
mainly stationary,
stationary, in

strength

leave reserve.
per dlstrlCt
With a 55 per
per cent,
cent. leave
reserve. The 14
one
district with
14
one itmerating
itinerating man per
will
be
this
cadre
to
complete
this
cadre
will
be
recruited
by April,
men
still
needed
recruited
to
1912.
needed
by
complete
men still
April, 1912.
veterinary inspectors
in place
of 9.
There
The number of
9.
12 veterinary
of
now 12
are noW
inspectors in
place of
There are
at
3.
at
3.
Superintendents
remains
unchanged
remains unchanged
Superintendents
in 1907,
was introduced in
3.
The
which 'vas
a system
under
The change
1907, from a
system under
3.
change which
were
to
one
which
veterinar!
assistants
~ere
lli.ainly
it~erating
to
under
which they
assistants
mainly
itinerating
which veterinary
they
their hospitals,
tour only
are
statIonary at thelr
hospltals, gomg
summoned
going on tour
only when summoned
are mainly
mainly stationary at
to outbreaks
has entailed
entailed much heavier expenditure
expenditure on buildings
buildings
of disease,
disease, has
outbreaks of
to
than
was
originally
contemplated.
Complete
veterinary
hospitals
are
needed
are
needed
Complete
was
veterinary
hospitals
contemplated.
than
originally
excellent progress
,- almost
been made with the
the
Nevertheless, ex.cellent
progress has been
almost everywhere.
everywhere. Nevertheless,
or
~ow 59 hospitals
hospItals on the
the standard plan
?r
affording
programme. There
are now
There are,
plan
affording
programme.
uuder construction.
constructIOn.
satisfactory
accommodation and many
many more are under
satisfactory accommodation

that the
the most imporIt
in any
No.11 of
of 1906 that
4.
Circular No.
stated in
was stated
It was
4.
any Circular
imporwas
the
f
or
tant
feature
of
the
scheme
f
or
veterinary
development
the systematio
the
of
veterinary development
systematic
tant feature
to the
of agricultural
the improvement
agricultural
and
supply of
bulls with a view to
of bulls
improvement of
and regula.r
regular supply
bulls per
ca.ttle.
A scale
of 77 or
or 88 good
good Government bulls
tahsil was aimed at
at or,
scale of
or,
per tahsil
cattle.
There
are
now
472
Province.
bulls
~he
Province.
.There
~re
Government
bulls
say,
800
or
900
for
the
for
900
say 800 or
to the fact
fact that a
Bavmg regard
a. number
Dumber of
of
a.gainst a.bout
200
1906.
in 1906.
200 III
regard to
Having
against about
casualties have been made good,
that cllsualties
old
replaced and that
been replaced
have been
good,
animals have
old animals
tahsil per
ODe bull
bull per
or
the scheme
supplying one
of supplying
per annum has been more or
per tahsil
scheme of
the
The standard
in some districts,
districts, while,
while,
less
standard has been exceeded in
to.
adhered to.
less adhered
done. The matter has received careful
in
others, very
very little
little has
has been
been done.
careful
in others,
to special
often
deficiencies
in
every
district,
and
deficiencies
are
often
due
to
special
circonsideration
cirin
district,
consideration
every

cumsta.uoos.
cumstances.

xi
ti
,5.
The annual
been increased
theIr 'equip5.
to hospitals
annual grants
have been
and their
increased and
hospitals have
grants to
equipbeen placed
on an excellent
of borse
and
ment h68
has been
excellent basis.
A certain
certain number
basis.
number of
horse and
placed on
donkey
stallions have
been purchased.
purohased.
have been
donkey stallions

6.
There
that the
Department has
6.
There is
is ample
evidence that
the Department
has made
made great
ample evidence
great
ri'be success
inoculation
The
of inoculation
success of
against
this end.
the profeshas contributed
contributed most towards
towards this
But the
end. But
rinderpest has
against rinderpE'st
professional
efficiency of
veterinary assistant
of the
assistant has
sional efficiency
the veterinary
has also
increased and
and agriculturists
also increased
agriculturists
to
reside within
within aa reasonable
distance of
of aa hospital
who reside
reasonable distance
are very
hospital are
very willing
willing to
bring
treatment. The
as well
in their
animals for
for medicinal
well as
their animals
medicinal as
for surgical
as for
The
bring in
surgical treatment.
Btrides in
the people.
people.
of the
in securing
strides
confidence of
the confidence
securing the

services of
were in
in extraordinary
extraordinary demand last
last year
year
of veterinary
services
assistants were
veterinary assistants
during
the outbreak
foot and
mouth disease.
greatly enhanced
prices
of foot
The greatly
outbreak of
and mouth
disease.
enhanced prices
during the
all agricultural
of
making cattle-owners
cattle-owners give
of all
stock are
are making
agricultural stock
give much more thought
thought
than before
to their
their breeding
breeding and
management. The agriculturist's
cattle
before to
and management.
agriculturist's cattle
are of
of the
the very
very first
to him,
him, and tht're
every indication
indication that
are
first importance
is every
there is
that
importance to

nothing will
will be
population than
than well
well
be more appreciated
the agricultural
nothing
by the
agricultural population
appreciated by
considered
considered measures
for the
of their
their stock.
measures for
the benefit
benefit of
stock.

7. The followir:g
the application
7.
are now made as
as regards
followirg Buggestions
regards the
suggestions are
application
of
the new grant
of the
:- grant ;
(i).
The improvement
breed of
of cattle,-I
that this
the breed
cattle. -I consider
consider that
thia
of the
(i).
improvement of
place in
of veterinary
veterinary
should
still have
first place
in the
the first
should still
the programme
have the
programme of
improvement.
last four
has shown
of the
the last
four years
shown
years has
improvement. The experience
experience of
that circumstances
circumstances vary
in
different
tracts
and
that
there
are
in
different
that
tracts
that
and
there
are
vary
Dumber of
of
often
for the
the smRll
account for
often special
reasons which account
small number
special reasons
In
the Central
bulls
some districts.
in some
In the
bulls issUild
districts.
Central and
issued in
and East
East
bull loose
in a.a certain
certain
Punjab,
is generally
to let
let a bull
it is
loose in
easy to
generally easy
Punjab, it
area
the supervision
supervision of
trustworthy agriculturists.
of some trustworthy
area nnder
under the
agriculturists.
the cultivators,
kind
The bull
bull is
maintained by
is maintained
receives kind
cultivators, and receives
by the
and considerate
treatment. But the
in the
the
the case
case is
is different
considerate treatment.
different in
South-West and
and North-West
North-West where
is re
where grazing ou
on crops
South-West
recrops is
grazing
is difficult
it is
to get
sented
where it
kept free
of cost.
difficult to
bull kept
sented and where
free of
cost.
get a bull
It
the whole
whole question
will be
be
that the
It is
of breeding
is anticipated
question of
breeding will
anticipated that
of the
report on
on
taken
up shortly
on the
the appearance
taken up
the Provincial
Provincial report
shortly ou
appearance of
the Province,
materials of
were
tho cattle
of the
of which were
the
cattle industry
Province, materials
industry of
in my
ins~ruction8 issued
Circular No.5,
collected
under instructions
issued in
No. 5/
collected under
my Circular
o!
(
of 1909.
1909.
a systElm!!tic
of a.
In
the meantime,
meantime, the
the policy
policy of
of
In the
systematic and regular
supply of
regular supply
to wherever
be adhered
wherever this
is practicable.
II
bulls
this is
adhered to
should be
bulls I!hould
practicable.
claims tha.t
Distric~ Boards
consider,
however, that
that District
that claims
Boards should
should
consider, however,
of bulls
should be resisted.
If
of the
upekeep of
bulls shonld
If
meet the
the cost
cost of
the up-keep
resisted.
meet
the people
or
a
given
tract
really
desire
to
have
a.
good
bull,
desire
a
a
tract
to
have
of
the
really
good bull,
given
people
they
be prepared
prepared to
or to
for ita
at least
least feed
feed it
to at
it or
to pay
ita
should be
pay for
they I!hould
future where free
services.
The policy
policy of
of the
the future
free up-keep
cannot
services.
up-keep cannot
encourage private
be obtained,
should probably
probably be
be to
to encourage
be
persons
obtained, should
private persons
to keep
keep good
at stud
to charge
for their
their services.
stud and to
services. bulls at
to
charge for
good bulls
At
the outset,
might be
to assist
movement by
by
assist the
the movement
be necessary
it might
At the
necessary to
outset, it
of
providing
a
part
of
the
cost
of
such
bulls
from
Local
Funds.
bulls
the
of
cost
Funds.
a
part
providing
The present
(it).
The
of So
cost of
a
construction o/veterinary
The cOllstruction
present cost
hospitals.
of veterinary h08pitals.-The
(tt).
the
is Ks.
compll3te
veterinary
hospital
on
the
standard
plan
is
Us.
6,634.
6,634.
plan
veterinary
hospital
complete
The
importance of
of good
buildings cannot be exaggerated.
The importance
good buildings
exaggerated.
and
be expected
expected
They
inspire
confidence,
agriculturists
confidence,
agriculturists cannot be
They inspire
,

..

xu
Xll

is
their
animals from
a distance
unless there
there is
distance unless
their animals
from a
should
proper accommodation
accommodation for
stables should
for them.
them. The hospital
hospital stables
proper
an object
It
is hoped
hoped that
that the
the
furnish
It is
lesson in
in fSanitation.
furnish an
sanitation.
object lesson
In many
building programme
persevered with
In
many
will be
with steadily.
be persevered
steadily.
building
programme will
hea.vy demands
the grant
two
districts this
for two
districts
this will
will make heavy
demands on the
grant for
or three
three years
years more.
or
more.

to bring
bring in
in
to

(iii).
(wi).
u

Equipment and annual

of hospitals*
hosfJilals.-These
ma.tters
annual up-keep
These matters
Equipment
up-keep of
have been
been placed
placed on
footing.
on a
a routine
have
routine footing.

(it!)
Any other
other suitable
suitable 'Veterinary
objects.-These
These
(iv)..
Any
veterinary objects.
.expansion
the scale
of stallions.
of the
scale of
stallions.
expansion of

include
include

the
the

Summing
up, the
the grant
which is
is now continued
is uurgently
rgently needed
needed in
in
continued is
Summing up,
grant which
most districts
the completion
completion of
of the
building programme,
and,
by the
the
for the
the building
districts for
most
programme, and, by
will doubtless
time this
has been
been finished,
finished, it
it will
doubtless be
to embark on
on a
this has
time
be desirable
desirable to
comprehensive
for the
the improvement
improvement of
cattle.
of cattle.
comprehensive scheme for
8.
8.

It
unnecessary to
to continue
to send
excontinue to
is unnecessary
send me a.nnual
It is
of exaccounts of
annual accounts

penditure. The
Civil Veterinary
will, as
as
The Superintendents,
Superintendents, Civil
Veterinary Department,
penditure.
Department, will,
before, discuss
the arrangements
the utilisation
of the
with the
the
for the
utilisation of
the grant
discuss the
before,
arrangements for
grant with
Deputy Commissioners
the course
course of
of their
their tours.
The Superintendents
in the
Commissioners in
tours.
Deputy
Superintendents
ma.intain rough
check
accounts
and
will
draw
my
attention
to cases
cases in
which
will
accounts
check
in which
maintain
to
attention
rough
my
there are
which are
are not
not likely
to be
be utilised.
utilised.
there
are bala.nces
balances which
likely to

to in
t-ara. 15
my Circular
Circular 11 of
of 1906
9. The annual
report referred
referred to
in para.
1 5 of
1 906
annual report
of my
9.
should
be discontinued
as the
information is
through the
the
discontinued as
the information
also be
is obtained
obtained through
should also
Superintendents,
Civil
Vet6rinary
Department.
Civil
Veterinary Department.
Superintendents,
I have,
have, &c.,
I
&o.,

W. O.
S.,
C. RENOUF,
C. S.,
EENOUP, O.
Director
of Agriculture,
Punjab,
Director of
Agriculture, Punjab,

.,.

,.

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