CHAPTER 5 - MOMENTUM EQUATION

fluid mechanics

OBJECTIVE

Identify the various kinds of forces and moments

acting on a control volume
Use control volume analysis to determine the
forces associated with fluid flow

LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this chapter, student are able to
Various kinds of forces acting on fluid flow
and control volume are identified.
Solve the basic engineering problem via
momentum equation.

5.1 NEWTONS LAW

Newtons laws: Relations between motions of bodies and the
forces acting on them.
Newtons first law: A body at rest remains at rest, and a body in
motion remains in motion at the same velocity in a straight path
when the net force acting on it is zero.

Therefore, a body tends to preserve its state of inertia.

Newtons second law: The acceleration of a body is proportional
to the net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass.
Newtons third law: When a body exerts a force on a second body,
the second body exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.

5.1 NEWTONS LAW (CONT.)

Therefore, the direction of an exposed reaction force depends
on the body taken as the system.

Newtons second law is usually referred to

as the Linear momentum equation
Linear momentum or just the momentum of the
body: The product of the mass and the velocity
of a body.
Linear momentum is the product of mass and
velocity, and its direction is the direction of velocity.

5.1 NEWTONS LAW (CONT.)

Newtons second law is also expressed as the rate of change of
the momentum of a body is equal to the net force acting on it.

Conservation of momentum principle: The momentum of a system

remains constant only when the net force acting on it is zero.

5.1 NEWTONS LAW (CONT.)

The conservation of angular momentum

Principle: The total angular momentum of a
rotating body remains constant when the net
torque acting on it is zero, and thus the
angular momentum of such systems is
conserved.
The rate of change of the angular momentum of
a body is equal to the net torque acting on it.

5.2 CHOOSING A CONTROL VOLUME

A control volume can be selected as any arbitrary region in space through which
fluid flows, and its bounding control surface can be fixed, moving, and even
deforming during flow.

Many flow systems involve stationary hardware firmly fixed to a stationary

surface, and such systems are best analyzed using fixed control volumes.

When analyzing flow systems that are moving or deforming, it is usually

more convenient to allow the control volume to move or deform.

In deforming control volume, part of the control surface moves

relative to other parts.

5.2 CHOOSING A CONTROL VOLUME (CONT)

Examples of
(a) fixed,
(b) moving, and
(c) deforming control
volumes.

5.3 FORCES ACTING ON CONTROL VOLUME

The forces acting on a control volume consist of :
Body forces that act throughout the entire body of the control
volume (such as gravity, electric, and magnetic forces) and
Surface forces that act on the control surface (such as pressure
and viscous forces and reaction forces at points of contact).
Only external forces are considered in the analysis.

Total force acting on control volume:

EXAMPLE 5.1

Fgravity = W
Fpressure = p1A1 p2 A2
Freaction =FR + FR
1

5.4 THE LINEAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

5.5 APPLICATION OF MOMENTUM EQUATION

In the following sec/ons we will see how momentum equa/on

applied in the following applica/on :
Flow at the pipe nozzle
Flow in pipe bendsWater jet on vane
Water jet impact on at plate
(ver/cal sta/onary plate, ver/cal moving plate,
inclined sta/onary plate and inclined moving plate)

CHAPTER 5
-ACTIVITY-

EXAMPLE 5.2
Flow at the pipe nozzle

A reducing elbow is used to deect water ow at a rate of 14 kg/s in

a horizontal pipe upward 30 while accelera/ng it. The elbow
discharges water into the atmosphere. The cross-sec/onal area of
the elbow is 113 cm2 at the inlet and 7 cm2 at the outlet. The
eleva/on dierence between the centers of the outlet and the inlet
is 30 cm. The weight of the elbow and the water in it is considered
to be negligible. Determine (a) the gage pressure at the center of
the inlet of the elbow and (b) the anchoring force needed to hold
the elbow in place.

EXAMPLE 5.3
Flow at the pipe nozzle

A nozzle is aSached to a ver/cal pipe

and di scharges water i nto the
atmosphere as shown in Fig. When the
discharge is 0.1 m 3 /s the gauge
pressure at the ange is 40 kPa.
Determine the ver/cal component of
the anchoring force required to hold
the nozzle in place. The nozzle has a
weight of 200 N, and the volume of
water in the nozzle is 0.012 m3. Is the
anchoring force directed upward or
downward?

EXAMPLE 5.4
Flow at the pipe nozzle

Fireghters are holding a nozzle at the

end of a hose while trying to
ex/nguish a re. If the nozzle exit
diameter is 8 cm and the water ow
rate is 12 m3/min, determine (a) the
average water exit velocity and (b) the
horizontal resistance force required of
the reghters to hold the nozzle.
Answers: (a) 39.8 m/s, (b) 7958 N

EXAMPLE 5.5
Flow in pipe bends

A reversing elbow as shown in gure

below makes the uid a 180 U-turn
before it is discharged water at ow rate
of 14 kg/s into the atmosphere. The crosssec/onal area of the elbow is 113 cm2 at
the inlet and 7 cm2 at the outlet. The
eleva/on dierence between the centers
of the outlet and the inlet is 30 cm. The
weight of the elbow and the water in it is
considered to be neglected. Determine (a)
the gauge pressure at the center of the
inlet and (b) the anchoring force needed
to hold the elbow in place.

EXAMPLE 5.6
Flow in pipe bends

Water ows through the ver/cal

elbow in the following gure and exits
to atmosphere. The pipe diameter d1
= 10 cm while d2 = 3 cm. At ow rate
of 0.0153 m3/s the pressure at sec/on
1 is 2.33 bar. If the weight of water
and elbow is 30 kg, determine the
magnitude and direc/on of force to
hold the pipe in place.

EXAMPLE 5.7
Flow in pipe bends

A 90 elbow is used to direct water ow at a

rate of 40 kg/s in a horizontal pipe upward.
The diameter of the en/re elbow is 10 cm.
The elbow discharges water into the
atmosphere, and thus the pressure at the exit
is the local atmospheric pressure. The
eleva/on dierence between the centers of
the exit and the inlet of the elbow is 50 cm.
The weight of the elbow and the water in it is
considered to be negligible.
Determine (a) the gage pressure at the center
of the inlet of the elbow and (b) the
anchoring force needed to hold the elbow in
place.

50cm

50cm

EXAMPLE 5.8
Water jet on vane

A horizontal jet of water exits a nozzle with a uniform speed of V1 = 3

m/s strikes a vane, and is turned through an angle . Determine the
anchoring force needed to hold the vane sta/onary. Neglect gravity and
viscous eects. Theta = 60 .

EXAMPLE 5.9

Impact of water jet on a ver9cal sta9onary plate

Water is accelerated by a nozzle to an average speed of 20 m/s, and

strikes a sta/onary ver/cal plate at a rate of 10 kg/s with a normal
velocity of 20 m/s. Determine the force needed to prevent the plate
from moving horizontally due to the water stream.

EXAMPLE 5.10

Impact of water jet on a ver9cal sta9onary plate

Air ows into the atmosphere from a nozzle and strikes a ver/cal plate as
shown in gure below. A horizontal force of 12 N is required to hold the
plate in place. Determine the reading on the pressure gage. Assume the ow
to be incompressible and fric/onless.

EXAMPLE 5.11

Impact of water jet on a ver9cal moving plate

Water accelerated by a nozzle to 35 m/s strikes the ver/cal back surface of a cart
moving horizontally at a constant velocity of 10 m/s in the ow direc/on. The
mass ow rate of water is 30 kg/s. Determine the force that needs to be applied
on the brakes of the cart to prevent it from accelera/ng.
Ans: -532.6 N

EXAMPLE 5.12

Impact of water jet on a ver9cal moving plate

A horizontal water jet of constant velocity V impinges normally on a ver/cal

at plate and splashes o the sides in the ver/cal plane. The plate is moving
toward the oncoming water jet with velocity V/2. If a force F is required to
maintain the plate sta/onary, how much force is required to move the plate
toward the water jet?

EXAMPLE 5.13

Impact of water jet on inclined plate

A water jet impinged on a piece of the

inclined plate as shown in Figure. The jet
velocity is 40 m/ s and has a diameter of 30
mm. If force FA is applied at the boSom of
the plate in the direc/on as shown,
determine the amount of force the FA to be
imposed on the plate to keep the
inclina/on, how much force must be
applied to move the plate in same jet
direc/on with a speed of 10 m/s.

Thank you

- Dr Shahrul Azmir Osman -