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Lecture 5
Page 1 of 9
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 5
Page 2 of 9
V z Vo e j z Vo e j z
or
where
V z Vo e j z L e j z
L
Z L Z0
Z L Z0
(2.69),(1)
(2.68),(2)
Well assume that the physical properties of the TL, the source
and the load are known. This leaves the complex constant Vo as
the only unknown quantity in (1).
Generally speaking, we compute Vo by applying the boundary
condition at the TL input. (Recall that we have already applied
boundary conditions at the load.) This is accomplished by
applying voltage division at the input:
Z in
Vin
Vg
(3)
Z in Z g
Observe that Vin is an electrical circuit quantity.
However, at the input to the TL, voltage must be continuous
from the generator to the TL. This implies that Vin must also
equal V ( z l ) on the TL.
Proceeding, then from (1) at the input
V z l Vo e j l L e j l
(4)
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 5
Page 3 of 9
Vo e j l L e j l
or
Vo Vg
Z in
Vg
Z in Z g
1
Z in
j l
j l
[V]
e
e
L
Z in Z g
(2.70),(5)
Maximum Power
Because the TL is lossless, the time average power Pav delivered
to the input of the TL must equal the time average power
delivered to the load. Therefore,
Vin*
1
1
*
Pav e[Vin I in ] e Vin *
2
2
Z in
2
V
1
or
Pav in e * [W]
2
Z in
(Note that there is an error in (2.74) in your text.)
(2.74),(6)
1
Z in
(2.74),(7)
e *
2 Z in Z g
Z in
If we define Z in Rin jX in and Z g Rg jX g , (7) becomes
Pav
Pav
Vg
2
Vg
in
Rin
Rg X in X g
2
(2.75),(8)
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 5
Page 4 of 9
Employing this last result, well consider three special cases for
Pav in an effort to maximize this quantity. We will assume that
Z g is both nonzero and fixed:
(1.) Load is matched to the TL: Z L Z 0 .
From (2), L 0 in this situation, which also implies that
Z in Z 0 . [This should be intuitive. If not, see (2.43).]
Consequently, from (8) with Rin Z 0 and X in 0 :
Pav,1
Vg
Z0
Rg X g
2
(2.76),(9)
or
Vg
2
Pav,2
Rg
Rg X g X g
2
Vg
Rg
8 Rg2 X g2
(2.78),(10)
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 5
Page 5 of 9
or
Vg
2
Rg
Rg X g X g
Pav,3
Vg
8 Rg
(2.81),(12)
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 5
Page 6 of 9
Efficiency
We havent said anything about efficiency yet. That is, what
percentage of the source power is delivered to the load?
With Z g Z L Z 0 , the load and the source are both matched to
the TL. However, only one half of the source power is delivered
to the load so the efficiency is 50%. For a matched line, thats as
good as it gets.
One way to increase efficiency is to decrease Rg (from Z0) and
conjugate match the source to the TL input. The line may no
longer be matched. Nevertheless, the power from multiple
reflections can add in phase to increase the time average signal
power delivered to the load.
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 5
Page 7 of 9
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 5
Page 8 of 9
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 5
Page 9 of 9
Vg
8Z 0
such that
1002 1
Pav
1
8 50 3
as computed above.
22.2 W
(14)