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INTRODUCTION
Steel has been known since 3000 BC. The Ashoka Pillar made with steel and the iron
joints used in Puri temples are more than 1500 years old. The iron pillar made in the 5 th
century standing till today in Mehrauli village, Delhi, within a few yards from Kutub Minar
evokes the interest and excitement of all the enlightened visitors. Scientists describe this as a
Rustless Wonder[23]. Another example in south India is the iron post in Kodachadri
village in Karnataka, which is 14 meter tall, Dwaja Stamba has reported to have remained
1
without rusting for nearly 1 2 millennium. The exciting aspects of these structure is not
Above statement proves that steel as a structural material was been adopted since the
early beginning of its development than how come its use as a structural material is limited in
JOURNAL OF INDIAN SOCIETY OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
India. Following are the reasons
VOLUME 8-4, OCT-NOV-DEC 2006
a) As compared to countries where Figure1.3 Gantry girder for the erection of piles supporting a
steel is used widely as structural
jetty at Dahej designed by Er.A.B.Karnik [11]
element for buildings, the cost (of
steel) in India is more.
b) The old concept of design i.e: working stress method has always proved uneconomical
than conventional concrete design.
Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 1
Developing a Computational Tool
Title
Design
requirements
Method
structural
analysis
Limit
State IS800-1984 was based on the working stress method where the
Design
IS800-2007 is based on the limit state design method. The section
defines the partial safety factor for loads, partial safety factor for
materials, deflection limits for various member based on the loading
acting upon it.
Design
and This section consist of detailing to meet the ductility requirements
Detailing
for for a earthquake resisting structure. Unlike concrete structure there
Earthquake
is no separate IS code for detailing for steel structures, hence it is
included in the same code which was not present in IS800-1984
Fatigue
Structures like bridges, gantry girders, cranes, slender tower-like
(open) structures (subject to wind oscillations), offshore platforms
(subject to wave load), and structures supporting large rotating
equipment are prone to fatigue, under this section the design
provision are given for such structures to resist fatigue.
Design Assisted This section is special provision where the design is done by testing
by Testing
the individual member or the prototype of the structure.
Durability
The most important factor affecting the durability of steel is
corrosion. This section provides some surface protection guide for
structural steel element.
12
13
14
15
Comments
The design philosophy has changed for WSM to LSM, which has
resulted in a change in the basic design requirement for eg. Section
classification to assure that no buckling occurs before the section has
reached the plastic stage.
of This section describes various analysis methods that could be
adopted for the steel structural analysis.
16
Fire resistance
Ultimate limit states are conditions to be avoided and serviceability limit state are
condition that are undesirable. Hence it is clear that any realistic, rational and quantitative
representation of safety must be based on statistical and probilistic analysis, which caters for
both overload and under strength. Design for the ultimate limit state may be conveniently
explained by figure2.1. This figure shows the hypothetical frequency distribution curves for
the effect of loads on the structural element and the resistance of the structural element.
When the two curves overlap shown by the shaded area, the effect of the loads is greater than
the resistance of the element and the element fails.
Frequency
Q
R
Qm
Rm
There exist a number of levels of reliability analysis. However for the code the
method is simplified by using deterministic data rather than parabolic data, called as level I
reliability method.
DL+LL+CL
DL+LL+CL+
WL/EL
DL
1.5
1.5
1.05
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.05
0.53
0.6
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
DL+WL/EL
1.5
(0.9)*
1.5
1.0
1.0
DL+ER
1.2
(0.9)
1.2
DL+LL+AL
1.0
0.35
0.35
1.0
This value is to be considered when the dead load contributes to stability against overturning is critical or
the dead load causes reduction in stress due to other loads.
When action of different live loads is simultaneously considered, the leading live load is whichever one
causes the higher load effects in the member/section.
Abbreviations: DL= Dead Load,LL= Imposed Load (Live Loads) WL= Wind Load,
CL= Crane Load (Vertical/horizontal), AL=Accidental Load,
Definition
1.10
1.10
Resistance of connection m1
Bolts-Friction Type, mf
Bolts-Bearing Type, mb
(iii)
Rivets, mr
(iv)
Welds, mw
Shop
Fabrications
Field
Fabrications
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.50
f = fy
f = fy
f = fy
PLASTIC
STRAIN
HARDENING
ELASTIC
ENTIRELY
PLASTIC
PLASTIC
M < My
(a)
M = My
(b)
My < M < Mp
(c)
M = Mp
(d)
(e)
True stress-strain
curve
Upper yield stress
Engg. stress-strain
curve
fu
Stress, MPa
fy
Yield
Plateau
ey
Strain-hardenign region
esh
Strain, mm/mm
eu = 0.23
Clause
10.2.3
10.2.3.
2
d) For any two consecutive fasteners in a line adjacent and parallel to an edge of
an outside plate
10.2.3.
3
2) Minimum Pitch
Clause
2.5 times nominal diameter of the bolt
10.2.2
3) Edge distance
Minimum Edge distance = 1.7 times hole diameter for shear or hand flame cut
edges
= 1.5 times hole diameter for hot rolled, machine flame
cut edges
Maximum Edge distance = 12t
250 fy
()
Where =
Clause
10.2.4.
2
10.2.4.
3
Clause
10.3.3
where
Vnsb = nominal shear capacity of a bolt, calculated as follows:
Vnsb
fu
nn Anb ns Asb lj lg pkg
3
where
fu = ultimate tensile strength of a bolt
Clause
10.3.3.
1
Anb = net tensile area at threads, may be taken as the area corresponding to root
diameter at the thread
Reduction factor for long joint for distance between first and last row
of bolt more than 15d
lj = 1.075 lj / (200 d)
Where,
d= nominal diameter of the fastener
Reduction factor for large grip length is to be considered when total thickness of the
connected plates exceeds 5 times the diameter, d, of the bolts.
lg = 8 d /(3 d+lg)
10.3.3.
2
10.3.3.
3
lg < lj
Reduction factor for bolts carrying calculate shear through a packing plate in excess of 6 mm
Clause
10.3.5
where,
Tnb = nominal tensile capacity of the bolt, calculated as follows:
Tnb = 0.90 fub An
where,
fub = ultimate tensile stress of the bolt
fyb = yield stress of the bolt
An = net tensile stress area as specified in the appropriate Indian Standard. For bolts
where the tensile stress area is not defined, An shall be taken as the area at the
Clause
10.3.4
Vdpb = Vnpb / mb
Where
Vnpb = 2.5 kb d tp fu
where, kb is smaller of [ e/(3do) , (p/3do) - 0.25 , fub/fu , 1.0 ]
e ,p
=
end and pitch distances of fastener along bearing direction,
do
=
diameter of the bolt hole ,
d
=
nominal diameter of the bolt ,
fub
=
ultimate tensile stress of bolt ,
fu
=
ultimate tensile stress of plate ,
tp
=
thickness of connected plates experiencing bearing stress
in the same direction
For countersunk bolt t = thickness of plate - 1/2 x depth of countersinking
Tb < Tnb / mb
Tdn
where ,
Clause
10.3.5
0.9 fu An / m1
m1
An
An
An
dh
g
Tdb = ( Avg fy /(
or
Tdb = (0.9Avn fu /(
Clause
6.4
where
Avg and Avn = minimum gross and net area in shear along a line of transmitted force
respectively.
60-90
91-100
101-106
107-113
114-120
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.5
3) Effective length
Effective length shall not be less than 4times the size of weld.
Table no 3.4 IS800:2007 Provision for Strength of Welded Connection
1) Design stress in weld
a) Shop weld
Fwd = fwn / mw = fu/(3mw)
Clause
10.5.3.2
Clause
10.5.4.1
Clause
10.5.7.1.
1
b) Site weld
Fwd = fwn / 1.5mw
2) Reduction in design capacity
a) for long joints
Lw
= 1.2 - 0.2 Lj / (150 x tt ) <= 1.0
Where,
tt
Lj
= thickness of throat
= Length of joint in the direction of force transfer
=
=
=
=
10.5.7.1.
Clause
10.5.7.2
Clause
10.5.9
Clause
3.7.2
3.7.4
Where b = Clear outstanding length of the flange from the web to the end of flange
tf = Thickness of flange
d = Clear depth of web
tw = thickness of web
d
tw
Clause
8.2.1.1
and
web must be designed to resist shear. In this case the moment capacity of
the section shall be calculated as shown in step 7
Step 4: Calculation for moment capacity of the section:
b Z p f y
1.2 Ze f y
Md =
<
m0
m0
Clause
8.2.1.2
Clause
8.4.1
Clause
8.2.1.2
If V> 0.6Vd than the moment capacity of the section shall be calculated
as shown in step 7
1.2 Ze f y
m0
(2 V /V d1)
d
tw
>
Clause
9.2.2
Mfd = Plastic design strength fo the area of the cross section excluding
the shear area, considering partial safety factor m0
2
p d t w
f yw
1.2 Ze f y
m0
Clause
8.7.3.1
Where
Awb = (b1+ n1)tw
b1 = stiff bearing on the flange
n1 = (d/2)-tf
tw = thickness of web
tf = thickness of flange
fcd can be directly calculated
from table 9c page no 42
Figure no 4.1 Web Buckling
IS800-2007 if the KL/r ratio is known.
Where L = d = clear depth of web, K = 0.7
Table 11 page no 45 IS800-2007 give the value of KL based on various support
Condition and r=
I / A wb1
b 13 t w /12
b1 t w
7.1.2.1
tw
2 3
Clause
8.7.4
Clause
8.2.1.4
Clause
8.2.1.5
Clause
8.2.2.1
Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 13
Developing a Computational Tool
Mcr =
2 0.5
[ ( )]
2 EI y hf
1 L / r y
1+
2
20 hf /t f
2L
section)
Where Iy,ry = moment of inertia and radius of gyration respectively about the weaker axis.
LLT = effective length for lateral torsional buckling as per clause 8.3
hf = center to center distance between the flange
tf = thickness of flange
2) Calculate LT
LT = b Z p f y / M cr <
8.2.2
1.2 Z e f y /M cr
3) Calculate fbd
If LT < 0.4 the design moment shall be calculate as done in laterally supported
beams
Or else following steps shall be followed
Calculate effective length KL from table 15 page 58 IS800-2007
Based on this value determine slenderness ratio KL/r
Calculate hf/tf, based on the value of Kl/r and hf/tf one can determine the value of
fcr,b from table 14 page no 57 IS800:2007
8.2.2.1
8.2.2
From the value of fcr,b and the value of imperfection parameter LT the value of fbd
can be determined using table 13(a)/(b) page 55/56 IS800:2007
Other steps are similar to that of laterally restrained beam
Sheet no:-1 of 3
Date:- 15
December, 2009
Trial section:
Factored moment = 528 KNm
Factored shear force = 176 KN
M m0
Zp =
= 232320 mm3
fy
2
2)
3)
Classification of Section
b
d
t f = 8.5 , t w = 47.535
Clear outstanding length of the flange from the web to the end
of flange b = 120.05 mm
Clear depth of web d = 470.6 mm
The section is plastic
Check for Shear Buckling
d
tw
IS 800:2007
Clause
10.3.3
Clause 5.4.1
Table 5
IS 800:2007
Clause 3.7.2
Clause 3.7.4
Table 2
Page no 18
IS 800:2007
Clause
8.2.1.2
Sheet no:-2 of 3
Date:- 15 December,
2009
IS 800:2007
Clause 8.2.1.2
6)
7)
3 = 2.85 mm
K = 0.7, L = 470.6 ie d
KL/r = 115.58
From fig and assuming a
seat angle
ISA 120x120x6 used for
connection
b1= 120 mm
n1= 235.3 mm
tw = 9.9 mm
Awb = 3517.47 mm2
fcd = 89.15 N/mm2 base on value of KL/r from table 9c
Strength of Web = Awbfcd = 313.582 KN > 176 KN
IS 800:2007
Clause 8.4.1
IS 800:2007
Clause 8.2.1.2
IS 800:2007
Clause 8.7.1.5
IS 800:2007
Clause 7.1.2.1
Clause 8.7.3.1
8)
Sheet no:-3 of 3
ISWB500@95.2
ISWB600@133.7
Date:- 15
December, 2009
IS 800:2007
Clause
8.7.4
IS 800:2007
Clause
8.2.1.5
% Difference in
weight/meter
40.44 %
Clause
7.2.2
7.1.2.2
bf = width of flange
tf = thickness of flange
Now determine the design compressive stress fcd form table no 9 a/b/c/d
page no 40/41/42/43.
Thus the design compressive strength Pd = Aefcd
Where Ae = effective sectional area as defined in 7.3.2
Pd > P, where P is the factored axial load
Step3: Classification of section
Once the section is selected it is to be classified asper table 2 page 18
IS800-2007
b
d
For that one has to calculate t f , t w
7.1.2.1
7.1.2
Clause
3.7.2
3.7.4
Where b = Clear outstanding length of the flange from the web to the end of flange
tf = Thickness of flange
d = Clear depth of web
tw = thickness of web
My
Mz
+
<1
M ndy
M ndz
( ) ( )
1
Clause
9.3.1.1.
And
N M y Mz
+
+
N d M dy M dz
<1
Clause
9.3.1.3
Clause
9.3.2.2
<1
Where
P = Applied axial load
Cmy,cmz CmLT = Equivalent uniform moment factor obtained from table 18
page no72 IS 800:2007, which depends on the shape of the bending
moment diagram between lateral bracing points in the appropriate
plane of bending.
Pdy, Pdz = design strength under axial compression as governed by buckling
about minor(y) and major (z) axis respectively.
Mdy, Mdz = design bending strength about y(minor) and z (major axis respectively
considering laterally unsupported length of cross section Caluse 8.2.2
y = LT = Non- dimensional slenderness ratio for lateral buckling about minor axis
z = Non- dimensional slenderness ration for lateral buckling about major axis
Ky = 1 + (y-0.2)ny < 1+0.8ny
Kz = 1 + (z-0.2)nz < 1+0.8nz
KLT =
0.1 n y
CmLT 0.25
0.1 n y
> 1 CmLT 0.25
ny,nz = ratio of actual applied axial force to the design axial strength for
buckling about the y and z axis respectively.
Sheet no:-1 of 3
Date:- 15
December, 2009
Trial section:
Factored axial force = 975 KN
Assuming fcd = 120 N/mm2
Area of section required = 8125 mm2
Select ISHB400 @ 77.4 Kg/m
Depth of Section h
400 mm
Width of Flange bf
250 mm
Thickness of flange tf
12.7 mm
Thickness of web tw
9.1 mm
Plastic section modulus Zpz 2351350 mm3
Elastic section modulus ZEz 2091600 mm3
Plastic section modulus Zpy 202315.078 mm3
Elastic section modulus ZEy 218300 mm3
Radius of gyration about zz rz = 168.7mm
Radius of gyration about yy ry = 52.6
IS 800:2007
Clause 7.2.2
2)
IS 800:2007
Clause
7.1.2.2
Table 10
Page no 44
Clause
7.1.2.1
Table 9b
page no 41
3)
Sheet no:-2 of 3
4)
Mz
+
M ndz
5)
IS 800:2007
Clause
9.3.1.1
Table no 17
Page 71
( ) ( )
IS 800:2007
Clause
9.3.1.1
= 0.1138< 1
IS 800:2007
Clause
7.1.2.2
Table 10
Page no 44
Clause
7.1.2.1
Table 9b
page no 41
Sheet no:-3 of 3
Date:- 15 December,
2009
KL/rz = 23.71
And
h/tf = 30.49
IS 800:2007
Clause
8.2.2.1
Table 14
Page no 57
LT = 0.21
fbdy = 185.802 N/mm2
Mdy = Zpfcdy
= 37.59 KNm
= = f y / f cr ,by
y
LT
= 0.756
Ky = 1 + (y-0.2)ny < 1+0.8ny = 1.504
Kz = 1 + (z-0.2)nz < 1+0.8nz = 1.017
0.1 n y
1
KLT =
CmLT 0.25
Clause 8.2.2.
Table 13a
page no 55
>
= 0.239
0.1 n y
CmLT 0.25
= 0.908
Cmy = Cmz = 1
C M
M
P
+ K y my y + K z
P dy
M dy
M dz
= 0.853 < 1
C M
C M
P
+0.6 K y my y + K z mz z
P dz
M dy
M dz
= 0.621 < 1
IS 800:2007
Clause
subjected to high bending moments. However in this section we will discus the design
procedure for the simple column base only and the gusseted plate will be considered in the
future scope of the study.
6.1 Design of Simple Column Base Plate:
Table No 6.1Detail Procedure for Design of Simple Column Base Plate[8]
Step1: Calculation bearing strength of concrete
Bearing strength of concrete = 0.45fck as per clause 34.4 IS 456-2000
Step2: Calculation of area of base plate
Area of base plate A = Pu/ bearing strength of concrete.
Try to have a equal projection of base plate.
Thus A = (D+2b) (bf+2a)
Where D = depth of column section
bf = with of flange of column section
a,b = larger and smaller projection of the base plate beyond column
Clause
7.4.3.1
Sheet no:-1 of 1
Date:- 15
December, 2009
2)
4 a2 +750 a193750=0
3)
4)
a = 150
Area provided A1 LxB = 550 x 425 = 233750
Calculation of Intensity of Pressure w acting below the base
plate
w= Pu/A1
w = 3.85 n/mm2
Calculate the minimum Thickness of the base Plate
ts =
2.5 w ( a 0.3 b )
2
m0
/f y
> tf = 25.82mm
IS800:2007
Clause
7.4.3.1
Provide 32mm thick 550 x 425 Plate or provide two 16mm 550
x 425 and connect the plates by fillet weld at the perifery
6.2 Illustration of Design of Column Base Plate:
In order to develop a computational tool (MS Excel program with Visual Basic
Application on the front hand, as proposed) for design of steel building structural element as
per the revise IS800-2007 the first and most important requirement was to understand and get
familiar with the design concepts and procedure of IS800:2007.
In this report the design clauses for connection, design procedure for flexure member,
beam-column and simple column base plate are discussed.
The future scope of the dissertation is listed in a tabular form as follows.
Table 7.1 List of future scope of the dissertation
Sr.no Task
1
Understanding the design concept and procedure for gusseted base plate asper
IS800:2007.
2
Understanding the design concept and procedure for bracing systems asper
IS800:2007.
3
Learning Visual Basic programming language.
4
Developing a design tool in form of spreadsheet for design of individual steel
building structural element.
REFERENCES
[1]
Awari, U. R., Design of Compression member (Part II-Built up column, lacing and
Battening), In proceeding of National Workshop on Design of Steel Structures using
[2]
[3]
[4]
on Design of Steel Structures using Revised IS800:2007, Pune, July 2009, 105-124.
Dugal, S. K., Design of Steel Structures, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publication
[5]
[6]
[7]
Design of Steel Structures using Revised IS800:2007, Pune, July 2009, 23-42.
Guha, A., and Bandyopadhyay, T. K., Innovation Structural Design of Tension
Members, Compression Member, Members Subjected to Flexure And Combined
Bending and Axial Force Based on IS:800:2007, Insdags Steel in Construction,
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
182-187.
Kulkarni, P., Combined Stresses: Beam Column axial with Biaxial Bending, In
proceeding of National Workshop on Design of Steel Structures using Revised
IS800:2007, Pune, July 2009,187-200.
Design of Steel Building Structural Element AsPer IS800:2007: 27
Developing a Computational Tool
[15]
Negi, L. S., Design of Steel Structures, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publication
[16]
[17]
[18]
July 2009,251-274.
Shah, V. L., Limit State Design of Steel Structures IS800:2007, Structures
[19]
Publications, 2009.
Shah, V. L., Design of Bolted Connections, In proceeding of National Workshop on
[20]
[21]
Design of Steel Structures using Revised IS800:2007, Pune, July 2009, 94-104.
Shiyekar, M. R., Design of Flexural Member, Laterally Supported, In proceeding of
National Workshop on Design of Steel Structures using Revised IS800:2007, Pune,
[22]
[23]