VOCABULARY

Observation
Qualitative
Quantitative
Inference

SUMMARY
There are two different kinds of
observations, and one deals w/ # and
measurements, , while the other deals
with physical characteristics. Inferences
can be drawn from observations & data.
QUESTIONS
Does an inference have to be correct in
order for it to be considered an
inference?
Is it possible to make an observation that
is both qualitative and quantitative?

Notes from 1st video

Observation: any information gathered by using your five
senses.
Quantitative observation: Involves numbers and
measurements.
Qualitative observations: physical qualities of an object.
Inference: a conclusion or deduction made based on your
observations or data. These guide you towards your next
step in your scientific navigation.
The green and red footprints started to come closer, and
they eventually collided. I believe that the prints represent
dinosaurs that got into a fight. After the right, the animal
with the green prints is the only one who left, and this is
because he won the fight.
I created this inference by using the data I collected by
looking at the prints, ad determining whether my
observations were qualitative or quantitative.

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Orbit
Positive Charge
Negative Charge
Nucleus

SUMMARY
Scientists from our past have been very
successful when it comes to discovering
information about the atom. The
information they discovered continues to
help us discover more.
QUESTIONS

Democritus: Tightly packed particles of different

shapes. These shapes vary depending on what they
make up.
Dalton: Common substances break down into the
same shape, size, and element. Atoms cannot be
created or destroyed.
Thompson: Uniformly packed spheres filled with
negatively charged atoms.
Rutherford: Particles could pass by the nucleus, but
if they hit it, they would bounce off of it. Most of
the inside consisted of empty space.
Bhor: Electrons orbit the nucleus in a path that is
uniform. Particles could exist on the paths of orbit
but now in between.
All discoveries are right, but each scientists has
built their ideas off of past discoveries, because no
one knows what for sure is in an atom.

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Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Nucleus

SUMMARY
The evolution of the atom has slowly
been improving over time, however, it is
still unknown what lives inside of the
atom, and where things particles are.

QUESTIONS
What led these scientists to their beliefs?
What experiments did they perform to
make these conclusions?

Atomos: a particle that you cannot cut in half anymore.

-Early scientists thought that atoms came in different
shapes and sizes.
-Dalton was the first to think that atoms were just small
little particles, that form together to create an object.
-Thompson in 1904 discovered that atoms consists of
electrons. These electrons would be suck in a positively
charged atom, causing the atom to be charged neutrally.
-This made scientists realize that atoms consisted of even
smaller things, and it could therefore be separated.
-Rutherford discovered that atoms have a nucleus in
1911.
-Bhor in 1913 theorized that the electrons orbited around
the nucleus in an atom.
-Schrodinger discovered that electrons were not orbiting,
but hyperactivity flying around to move around in shapes
besides a circle.
-1919: protons discovered and 1932: neutrons discovered.

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Gold Foil
Nucleus
Led Box
Zinc Sulfide Screen
SUMMARY
Rutherford completed an experiment that
helped him conclude that atoms have a
small dense center called an atom. He
discovered this buy shooting alpha
particles at gold foil, and watched them
bounce back.
QUESTIONS
Did Rutheford base his conclusion about
atoms having a dense center on other
scientists opinion, or did he conclude this
on his own?
Was the gold foil the only expiramnet
Rutheford did to prove atoms have a
nucleus?

Experiment was when Rutheford emitted alpha particles

against gold foil.
He theorized that the particles should pass through the
gold foil, because atoms have a neutral charge.
A lead box shot out the alpha particles against the gold
foil.
The foil box were surrounded by Zinc Sulfide Screens in
order to prevent the particles from leaving the
chamber.
Once the particles were shot out of the box, they began
to ricochet off of the foil once they hit it, and this helped
Rutheford change his theories about the atom.
Rutheford concluded that atoms have a small dense
center called a nucleus.
The nucleus contains most of the mass of the atom, and
it is also positively charged.
The atom is mostly empty space, and the electrons
move around throughout this space.
***Alpha Particle: A particle that is stripped of its electrons***

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Electron shell

SUMMARY
There are a different amount of electrons
that can fit in each rng of the outer shell.

QUESTIONS

Bhor theorized that the area in which electrons orbit

the nucleus is called the electron shell.
Once the shell gets filled, electrons begin to orbit
around the outer ring.
His theory:
1st shell: 2 electrons
2nd and 3rd shells: 8 electrons
4th and 5th shells: 18 electrons
6th and 7th shells: 32 electrons
Atomic # = # of protons
Letter in middle stands for element

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Isotope
Ion

SUMMARY
Ions determine the charge of an atom,
and isotopes determine the number of
particles of in the nucleus.

QUESTIONS

Ions: an atom with a charge

If there are more protons than electrons, the charge
is positive.
If there are more electrons than protons, the charge
is negative.
If there are an equal amount of protons and
electrons, there are no ions, and the charge is
neutral/no charge.
Isotopes: an atom with the same number of protons, but
varying amounts of neutrons.
When the number of particles in the nucleus are
added together, the sum is the stop number.
When the # of neutrons change, do does the isotope
#.