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Final
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Question
1
Sammy Likes Challenges
Sammy has been presented in lab with a mystery circuit. He notes that the voltage at the output terminals is
a sinusoid having a frequency of

. Wanting a challenge, he decides to make more complicated

measurements than necessary to solve the mystery. When he attaches a F capacitor, he finds the
capacitor voltage to be

When he attaches a

H inductor, he measures an inductor voltage of

Case 1

Case 2

Now, can he face the challenge and solve the mystery?

When the capacitor was attached, what was the current

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Question
2
Solve the mystery and characterize the circuit.
First, type the equivalent impedance as a complex number.

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Explanation
For the first test circuit we can find a relationship for

in terms of

. We write

. Therefore, using KVL to express the complex amplitude of the output voltage in
terms of the complex amplitude of the Thvenin source,

For the second test circuit, we use the same approach. We write

. Note that

since we chose to use the real-part above, we must make the same choice here. Using KVL in the same
way,

Combining results (1) and (2), then solving for

So the equivalent impedance is a

we find

resistor.

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Question
3

Second, type the Thvenin equivalent voltage source as a real-valued quantity. For example, if you found
and expressed

, your answer should be

, typed as -sin(t).

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Explanation
Using the equivalent impedance and plugging back into one the relationship defined by the first test case
we find that the magnitude of
is

Therefore, the voltage source is

Question
4
A digital filter, having

as its input and

What is the unit sample response

Provide the first five values for

as its output, is governed by the difference equation

of this filter?
as numeric values separated by spaces. For example, if

, you would type 1 .5 .25 .125 .0625.

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Question
Explanation
Set up the table.
0 1

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5
Yes, the filter is FIR!!!

Question
5
What is this filters transfer function?

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Using the difference equation, we find that

. Alternative forms derived from this one

are

Question
6
Alfred, a student in FEE, measures the output of this filter to be
He knows that the input was zero for
Type an expression for the input

for some input

. What was the input?

,

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Question
Explanation
Use the frequency domain. We know that the DTFT of the output is given by
Consequently,

Rather than try to derive the inverse DTFT for this expression, lets pretend that this is the transfer function
of a filter. To find the input, we need only find the unit-sample response. Letting
correspond to the
input of our pretend filter and
the output, the difference equation is

Using the table approach to find the output

for
, we find that, for
,
. This numerical result can be concisely expressed as

Question
7
Private Communications
Because seemingly everyone is concerned about privacy, Private Communications, Inc., advertises its
secure analog communications system. The claim is that radios cannot be tuned to receive transmission
made by PCI systems unless they know the secret, which can only be purchased from PCI.
The base-level (cheapest) PCI system sends message signals having a
modulating a half-wave-rectified-sinusoid carrier signal having a frequency of

bandwidth by amplitude
. Can a commercial AM

radio listen-in on transmissions made with this system?

Your
Answer

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Explanation

No. Communications are indeed secret from commercial receivers.

Yes, if the radio is tuned to
Yes, if the radio is tuned to

.
.

Only if the coherent receiver uses a half-wave rectified sinusoid instead

of the usual sinusoid.
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Question
Explanation
Yes. The transmitted signal has the message signals spectrum centered at
, the fundamental
frequency and all even harmonics. Since the transmitted signal has the message spectrum centered at the
fundamental frequency, here
, a radio tuned to this frequency (and the even harmonics as well) can
easily receive the transmissions.

Question
8
A more expensive system from PCI uses a complicated square-wave-like signal as its carrier.

What are the Fourier series coefficients?

Type your answer as a complex-valued expression that depends on .

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Question
Explanation
Let
write

represent a periodic pulse signal having period with each pulse having duration . We can
. The Fourier series coefficients
for
are given by
. The Fourier series coefficients

for the carrier signal

are related to the coefficients

by

Question
9
PCI sells several receivers that work with this expensive modulation scheme. Which one yields the largest
signal-to-noise ratio for the demodulated message? Here, assume

. The channel attenuates and add

white noise.
Your
Answer

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Explanation

Summing the output of two receivers, one tuned to

tuned to
.

and the other

A simple commercial radio receiver tuned to

A receiver that uses

, the square-wave-like carrier, in a coherent

demodulator.
A simple commercial radio receiver tuned to

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Question
Explanation
The front-end for the receiver must have bandpass filters centered at all the harmonics of the signal used
in the receiver. Using the square-wave-like signal in the receiver demands an infinite number of bandpass
filters, which will pass an infinite amount of noise. Best is focussing on the harmonic(s) having the largest
magnitude. Here,
,
,
,
, and higher harmonics are all smaller than these.
A receiver that only exploits the first and second harmonics yields the largest signal-to-noise ratio.

Question
10
Transmitting DNA Sequences
The three-billion base-pair DNA sequence of an ancient human has just been determined. The project
director wants to use the latest technology to transmit the result to the entire world at once via satellite. He
assigns a digital communication specialist to the job.

The frequency of occurrence of DNA base pair letters was found to be

Letter Probability
A

1/3

1/3

1/4

1/12

How many bits/letter, on average, are required to represent the data accurately?
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Question
Explanation
One variation of the Huffman coding tree is the following.

The average number of bits required by this code to represent the letters of a DNA sequence is

A dumb code works just as well and can be seen as another Huffman code! Consider the following, equally
valid tree.

Question
11
The satellite channel has a bandwidth of

MHz and a signal-to-noise ration of

dB. How long (in seconds)

will it take to broadcast the entire sequence?

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Explanation
First we find the capacity of the channel,
.
The total number of bits is the average bit length needed per symbol multiplied by the number of symbols;
bits.
Therefore, the total time required is the total number of bits divided by the capacity. The total transfer time
is then

seconds.

Question
12
The project director decides that this communication scheme takes too long. At extra cost, he can purchase
use of an additional channel that has the same bandwidth but is twice as noisy as the first. A complication is
that the satellite cannot increase its transmitter power; it will need to split the single-channel power
between the two channels. What is the optimal allocation of power
noisier channel) between the two channels so that

NOTE: Express

in terms of ,

and

and

the power used for the

. To enter

type P, to enter

type N0, to enter

W.
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Explanation
First we must find the capacity of the channel.

Maximizing the capacity is done by setting the derivative equal to 0

Rearranging the argument in the square brackets yields

Finally, solving for

gives

type

Question
13
How much faster (or slower) is the transmission time for the DNA sequence if two channels are used?

Datarate two channels = ____

Datarate one channel?

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Explanation
We want to rewrite the capacity equation to be in terms of the known SNR of

Therefore the transmission is faster by a factor of 1.7 when using two channels.

Question
14
Communications System Design
You are the Chief Technical Officer of a start-up communications company. The company's CEO has told
you to explore bidding for a contract to construct a simple system according to the following specifications.
Message: an analog signal having bandwidth
Channel: bandwidth of
least
dB

kHz

kHz centered at the frequency

GHz and a received signal-to-noise ratio of at

Receiver requirements: message must be received with a signal-to-noise ratio of

dB
Limitations: A/D converters are available at sampling frequencies up to
kHz and word lengths of
and

bits

For an analog system sending one transmission, what is the SNR of the receiver (in dB) and the SNR after

demoduation (in dB)?

NOTE: Enter your answer as a list, for example if the receiver SNR was 20 dB and the SNR after
demodulation was 21 dB enter 20 21.
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Explanation
For an analog system, the
kHz bandwidth is generous and not necessary. If only half of the band is
used, noise power drops by a factor of two (SNR increases by dB). Therefore, using the same signal
power, the SNR of the receiver is
dB. After demodulation, the SNR doubles again and increases to
dB.

Question
15
Which system provides better performance?
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Digital
Analog
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Question
Explanation
The digital system clearly outperforms the analog system. For the digital system, the capacity is much
larger than the data rate
, so a second message can be sent within the same band without
penalty.