WATER PURIFICATION PLANT

PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the
Requirements for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in
(Civil Engineering)
Submitted By
Name: Bal Bahadur Kawor
University Roll No: 1321356
Submitted to
Prof. D.K. Dua
November 2016

PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

JALANDHAR, INDIA
Department of Civil Engineering
RIMT Maharaja Aggrasen Engineering College
Mandi Gobindgarh (Punjab)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to place own record my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. D.K.Dua. Department of
Civil Engineering RIMT MAEC, Mandi Gobindgarh, India for his generous guidance, help,
useful suggestions and providing me infrastructural facilities of to work in, without which
this work would not have been possible.

Name of Student,
Bal Bahadur Kawor
Roll no: 1321356
Branch: Civil
Semester: 7th

CONTENTS

S.No.
1.
2.
Chapter 1
1.1.

Title
Problem
Introduction

Page No.
1-8
9-10
11-13

Estimation of Demand.

Chapter 2
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.

Treatment Proposed.
Requirements of chemicals.
Requirement of Chlorine.
Requirement of Alum.
Lime Soda Requirements.
Bleaching powder for Emergency need.

14-23

Chapter 3
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.

Filter Sand Analysis.

Uniformity Coefficient.
Over flow rate of washer to remove too fine sand.
Loss of head during filtration.
Head loss by Willem Formula.
Head loss in Back wash water.
Expansion of bed.

24-33

Chapter 4
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.

Design of spray Aerator.

Chemistry involved in aeration
Nozzle velocity.
Arrangement of Nozzle.
Uniformity of Distribution.
Design of out let.
Design of Chemical from Aerator.

34-40

Chapter 5
5.1.
5.2.
5.3
5.4.
5.5.
5.6.
5.7.

41-46
Design of Distributor Chamber.
Design of Distributor Chamber after Hardness treatment.
Design of Flash mixer.
Design of Impeller.
Design of Flash mixer for Industrial water supply 6MLD.
Design of Impeller.
Design of pipes from flash mixer to flocculator.

Chapter 6
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.

Design Parameters.
Design of flocculator of capacity 24.5 MLD.
Requirement of power.
Clarifier Basin.

47-56

Chapter 7
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
7.5.
7.6.
7.7.

Design of Sludge Blanket Clarifier.

Design parameter.
Reaction and quality of precipitation.
Design of Basin Volume.
Effluent collecting channel.
Design of slurry weir.
Design of Concentrator.

57-61

Chapter 8
8.1.
8.2.
8.3.

Design of Settled water channel.

Channel Section with Discharge.
Combined Channel up to filtration plant.

Chapter 9
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.4.
9.5.

Design of rapid gravity filter.

Filter inlet pipe.
Under drainage system.
Design of manifold.
Check for velocity of flow During Back washing.

62-64

65-77

9.6.
9.7.
9.8.
9.9.
9.10.
9.11.
9.12.
9.13.
9.14.
9.15.
9.16.

Check for Variation in head.

Wash water system.
Wash water outlet main.
Wash water inlet main.
Design of Wash water channel.
Over size of filter box.
Design of wash water.
Wash water pumping plant.
Design of clear water channel to CWR.
Total loss of head in filtration.
Total Head loss in Back Washing.

Chapter 10
10.1.
10.2.

Design of Clear water Reservoir

Design.

78-79

WATER PURIFICATION PLANT

PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfilment of
the
Requirements for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Civil Engineering

Submitted By
Name: Bal Bahadur Kawor
University Roll No: 132156
Submitted to: Prof. DK Dua
Department of Civil Engineering
RIMT Maharaja Aggrasen Engineering College
Mandi Gobindgarh (Punjab).

RIMT MAHARAJA AGGRASEN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

MANDI GOBINDGARH
CANDIDATES DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the project report entitled
WATER PURIFICATION PLANT by BAL BAHADUR KAWOR in partial fulfillment
of requirements for the award of degree of B.Tech Civil Engineering submitted in the
Department of Civil Engineering at RIMT MAEC, Mandi Gobindgarh under PUNJAB
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR is an authentic record of my own work carried
out during a period from August 2016 to November 2016, under the supervision of Prof.
D.K.Dua.
BAL BAHADUR KAWOR
This is to certify that the above statement made by candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.

SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR

The B.Tech Viva- Voice Examination of BAL BAHADUR KAWOR has been held on
10/11/2016 and accepted.

Signature of Supervisor (s) Signature of External Examiner

Signature of H.O.D

PROJECT- WATER PURIFICATION PLANT:TITLE:- It is required to supply treated water to a town having a designed population of
2lacs and an Industry having a daily water requirement of 5MLD .It is desired that the
hardness of industrial water shall be 50mg/l as CaCO 3 and Lime-Soda softening is suggested
with the provision of Sludge Blanket Clarifier for industrial water conditioning.
The source of water is from an impounding reservoir
containing organic matter to some extent. The repeat of the row water analysis is as follows:1. Turbidity

50 to 700 mg/l

2.

Color

3.

PH

8.0

4.

Alkalinity

370 mg/l as CaCO3

5.

Hardness

510 mg/l as CaCO3

30 mg/l as Mg

6. Mg
7.

Fe

8. Cl

30unit.

0.3 mg/l
:

9. So4

25 mg/l
:

140 mg/l

10. Na+

11. D.O.

0.5 mg/l

12. Temperature

25

13. BOD

3.0mg/l

14. Chloroform

66 mg/l

(average)

4000 MPN/ 100ml.

a. Assume wind velocity as 15 Km/hr and saturated conc. of dissolved oxygen at 25

8.4mg/l

is

b. Coagulant dose as per Jar Test is 20 to 40ppm.

c. The mechanical analysis result of stock sand available in the vicinity are as follows.

10

Sieve No.
Size in mm
% retained
4
1.76
0.2
12
1.68
7.4
16
1.19
16.4
20
0.84
22.6
30
0.59
29.8
40
0.42
16.4
60
0.22
7.0
PAN
0.2
The effective size of desired sand is 0.45mm and the uniformity coefficient is 1.60.
Calculate:1.

Chemical required in various processes (quantity)

2.

Effective Size and Uniformity Coefficient of stock sand.

3.
Quantity of stock sand required to produce one ton of filter sand of desired
specification and weight of stock sand to be discarded per ton of finished sand.
4
5
bed of

The overflow rate an ideal washer to the move stock sand fine.
The total ton of head during filtration and back washer for a stratified filter
80cm, in depth, rate of filtration is 100lpm/m 2 and rate of back washing is
60cm/min/m2.

Design the following equipments in detail:1) Spray Type Aerator.

2) Chemical House including storage and handling of dry chemicals, feeding of
chemical used for softening and coagulation.
3) Mixing and Flocculation unit.
4) Sludge Blanket Clarifier.
5) Rapid Sand Filter, Back Washing and Under Drainage System.

11

INTRODUCTION:The five most essential elements for the existence of human life are air
water, food, heat and light. Out, of which, water is the most important requirement for the
human life to exist. In fact, water is essential not only for human life but also for animals,
plants and all other living beings .The importance of water for the living beings may be
judged from the fact that it is a part of life itself, since the protoplasm of most living cells
contains about 80%water and any substantial reduction in this percentage of water is
disastrous. Most of the biochemical reactions that occurs in the metabolism and growth of
living cells involve water and all take place in water, which has often been referred to as the
universal solvent, Further, it has been estimated that almost 2/3 of the human body is
constituted of water which is required for the satisfactory performance of physiological
organisms, as a circulatory fluid as a carrier of nourishing food and for removal of the waste
products from the body.
However, man uses water not only for drinking and culinary (i.e.
kitchen, cooking) purposes but also for bathing, washing, laundry, heating, air conditioning,
agriculture, live stock etc., for industrial purpose, cooling purposes; for water power and
steam power water generation, for fire protection, for fishing, swimming, and other
recreational purposes.
It is thus evident that every activity of man involves some use of water. Moreover, the
importance of water in human life is so much that the development of any city of the world
has practically taken place near same source of water supply.
Further it is necessary that the water which is supplied that public must be invariably free
from all types of impurities including pathogen and any other contamination which may
cause serious harm to the health of the public. It is therefore imperative to plant and built
such a water supply scheme which would provide potable water free from any kind of
contamination.
The water obtained from any of the surface sources need to be treated and purified before its
consumption by the general public. The most commonly adopted method of purification of
water is filtration. In the process of filtration water is allowed to pass through the beds of
sand and gravel, whereby minutes suspended and dissolved particles are removed. It has been
noticed that the percentage of filtrations is greatly accelerated, if water is pretreated with
certain substances which when added to water forms large masses of precipitates or floc out
of the impurities present which in the process settle down and are ultimately removed. The
water having undergone through the process of filtration is still found to contain some
harmful disease producing bacteria which are minutely-sized living organisms not visible to

12

naked eye. As such, in order is ensure protected supplies of water free from any health
hazard, it is necessary to kill these bacteria by disinfection of water with chlorine.
Water supply system should be such that it is able to provide an adequate and reliable supply
of water confirming to the prescribed BIS to the public, industrial and is fully protected
against any infection which might pollute water during transmission etc. and become the
source of epidemics

ABSTRACT
The source of raw water supply is from an Impounding Reservoir which contain organic
matter, Turbidity, Alkalinity, Hardness and pathogens therefore extensive treatment has been
proposed to make it fit for Drinking and Industrial purposes. Pre-chlorination, Spray Aerator,
Flash mixer, Clari-flocculation and Rapid sand filtration along with disinfection was adopted
to ensure the portability of water.
Water demand and quantity of chemicals have been calculated. Design
parameters and explanation wherever required have been given and required equipments have
been design to make the construction feasible.

13

CHAPTER NO.1

1.ESTIMATION OF DEMEND:Design population

2 Lacs

Assuming per capita water supply as 200 Lpcd

Average domestic demand

Industrial demand

105

/106

40 MLD

5 mld (given)

That purification plant has to be designed for 1.5 times the average daily flow
and chemical required on the bases of average flow.
Peak domestic water supply

= 40

1.5 =60 MLD

Assuming 10% losses during treatment and distribution = 6 MLD

Total water demand

66MLD

Industrial demand is assuming to be constant therefore no peaking factor has been

considered but there is a loss due to treatment and distribution.
Hence, the industrial demand is = 5+10% of 5MLD =
Fire demand

= 100p

5.5MLD

where p is in thousand population.

= 100200 =1414.2KLD=1.4142MLD
Table no. 1.1
S. No.

Particular

1
2
3
4
5

Domestic
Losses 10%
Industrial
Loss 10%
Fire demand
Total

Average
MLD
40
4
5
0.5
1.4142
50.9142

Demand Peak Demand

MLD
60
6
5
0.5
1.4142
72.914

1.1. HARDNESS REMOVEL:14

Total hardness of water is given as 510mg/l as CaCO 3. For the

domestic, water supply, the hardness is to be reduced to the acceptable limit of 200mg/l as
CaCO3 and for industrial supply, it is 50mg/l.
Hence, split treatment is necessary and is adopted too. For
economy, a portion of the total water demand (peak) is taken for hardness removal by excess
Lime-Soda process. After this, the required quantity of Industrial demand is separated and the
balance is mixed with untreated water to get 200mg/l as CaCO3/ hardness in the mixture.
Let x be the amount of domestic water after reduction of
hardness up to a level of 50mg/l and mixed with the balance portion to get an average
hardness of 200mg/l
of the mixture.
(67.5-x)510+50x =67.5 200
344325-510x+50x = 13500
34425-13500 =
x

460x

20925/460

Total amount of water to be treated for hardness

= 45.5+5.5 = 51MLD.
Including loss of water in treatment, provide treatment for =51+10% approx of 51 = 55MLD
This will also ensure that the resultant water quality hardness in water less then 200mg/l.
CHECK
1.1.1. APPLY MASS BALANCE WE HAVE:-

Or,
Or,
Or,

x =172.66mg/l
Which is less then 200mg/l (Hence safe)

For Average demand

Let x be the amount of water to be treated for hardness 50mg/l.
1.1.2.APPLY MASS BALENCE:(
Or,
15

Or,

Say 34MLD including 10% excess to maintain hardness less then 200mg/l to ensure water
quality.

CHECK,
1.1.3. APPLY MASS BALANCE:-

Or,
Or,

< 200mg/lit
( Hence, safe)

ABSTRACT OF HARDNESS REMOVAL

Table no.1.2
S. No

Particulars

1
2

Domestic
Industrial
Total

Average
MLD.
34
6
40

demand Peak demand

MLD.
49
6
55

16

CHAPTER NO. 2
2.1.TREATMENT PROPOSED:On the basis of the analysis report of the raw water of the Impounding Reservoir,
the following line treatment is proposed to meet with the required water standards:1.

Pre chlorination

2. Spray Aeration
3. Flash mixing of chemical.
4. Clari-flocculation
5. Rapid Sand Gravity Filtration
6. Post-chlorination.
7. Sludge Blanket Clarifier.
Among the above processes, item no. (1) to (6) are meant for domestic water
supply whereas no. (7) is meant for Industrial supply only. During the flash mixing of
chemical, Alum will be fed uniformity to the whole amount i.e73MLD Whereas,
Lime-Soda will be added only to 55MLD. After that, 6MLD of water will be
separately treated to meet with the industrial requirement and the rest 49MLD will be
mixed with the remaining 18MLD of untreated water to get a mixture of 170mg/l of
hardness.

17

LAYOUT PLAN OF WATER TREATMENTPLANT:-

RAW WATER (73MLD)

Prechlorination
Spray
Aerator
Chemical
house

Alum @30mg/l

Distribution
chamber

55MLD
Distribution chamber

18MLD

Lime 311mg/l
Soda 148mg/l

24.5MLD
F. M
1111
C.
FF
FF

6MLD
24.5 MLD
F.M 3

F.M.2

C.F

C.
F

F.M 4

S.B.
C

Industrial Supply

Rapid
Sand

C. W.
R.

Filter

Domesti

18

2.2. REQUIRMENT OF CHEMICAL:The following chemicals are required for the treatment of
water.
I)

Chlorine for pre and post chlorination

II)

Alum

III)

Lime and soda

IV)

Bleaching power (in emergency and when chlorine supply is insufficient),

Requirement or chemical is made based on the average demand. However
water

supply provision for excess amount during rainy season can

be made suitably.
2.3. REQUIREMEANT OF CHLORINE:a.)

Pre chlorination @ 2mg/l

=

2mg/l

51 MLD

=102kg/day
b.)

Post chlorination

The dose of chlorination is that which level a residual chlorine of 0-0.5ppm

after 30min.of contact time which depend upon the organic and inorganic material in the
treated water PH and temperature. Usually chlorine does of 1-2mg/l gives a residual chlorine
of 0.3-0.5mg/l. Requirement of chlorine with respect to PH of water is as follows:TABLE 2.1
PH

10

Cl2

1.0

1.09

1.30

1.30

2.13

1.40

Assuming a dose of 1.5mg/l, the chlorine required for post chlorination of the domestic
supply is as following:i)

For average flow

ii)

For peak flow

45
=

Total quantity of chlorine required:

19

a)
b)

For average flow =

/day

For peak flow

/day

Chlorine cylinders are available in different capacities, however,

for container having 1 Tones capacity the discharge rate is recommended to be approximately
6.5-7.5kg/hr. For small cylinder (100kg) it may be taken as 0.8kg/hr.

Pre-chlorination:For average demand, Cl2 required for pre-chlorination = 102 kg/day

Rate of discharge =102/24

4.25 kg/hr.

2.3.1. CHLORINATION SET:6-100kg cylinder of discharge rate =0.8kg/hr.

No of chlorination sets =4.25/0.8 =6
No. of containers or cylinders per month = 3060/100

= 30.6

(say 31)

2.3.2. POST- CHLORINATION:Chlorine required for post chlorination

= 67.5kg/day.

Hourly requirement

= 67.5/24
= 2.8125 kg/ hr.

6-100kg capacity cylinder of discharge rate = 0.8kg/hr.

No. of chlorination sets

= 2.8125/0.8 = 4

Monthly requirement

=67.530= 2025 kg

No of cylinders of 100kg capacity

= 2025/100 = 21 say

Total monthly requirement of chlorine

= 31+21 = 52 cylinder.

For average supply

52cylinder of 100kg each.

2.4. REQUIREMENT OF ALUM:Alum dose as per Jar Test

= 20-40mg/l

Let us assume average dose

= 30mg/l

Quantity of water to be treated with Alum

= 51MLD = 5130
20

Monthly requirement of Alum

= 45900kg/month
= 45.9MT/month

For peak flow consideration:Monthly requirement is:

=733030 = 65.70MT/month

2.5. LIME-SODA REQUIREMENT:The hardness of water for industry demand is to be reduced form 510mg/l to
50mg/l as CaCO3.The PH is given as 8 of the raw water in this range only bicarbonate are
existing.
Total hardness

Equivalent weight of CaCO3

= 50

Hardness

= 510/50meq/l as CaCO3

Given, Alkalinity

Mg++

Ca++

10.2meq/l as

CaCO3

370mg/l as CaCO3

370/50 = 7.4meq/lit

30mg/l as Mg+

30/12.2

10.2- 2.46 =

2.46Me
7.74Meq/lit

Table no. 2.2

Sr.no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Ion

Mg/lit.

Equivalent
wt.

Ca++
Mg++
Fe++
Na++
Alkalinity
SO4-ClOthers

30.0
0.30
66
370
140
2.5

12.2
28.0
23.0
50(CaCO3)
48
35

Meq/l
7.74
2.46
0.01
2.87
7.40
2.92
0.70
2.06

21

2.5.1. BAR DIAGRAM:7.74

10.2

13.07

No

Ca++

Mg++

CO2

HCO3-

SO4- 7.4

Na+
Cl10.32

Fe++
Others

11.02

13.08

2.5.2. CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVED:Ca(HCO3)2+Ca(OH)2

2CaCO3 +2H2O .1

MgSO4 + Ca(OH)2

Mg(OH)2 + CaSO4

CaSO4+Na2CO3

CaCO3 + Na2SO4

Total,
MgSO4+Ca(OH)2+Na2CO3
CaSO4+Na2CO3

Mg(OH)2 + CaCO3 + NaSO4 ..............2

Na2SO4 + CaCO3 .. 3

The other ions and radicals present in the raw water will not contribute to hardness. The
following points are noted in connection with the chemical reactions.
I)

Lime react with bicarbonates of Calcium and Sulphates of Calcium and

Magnesium to from Sulphates of Calcium. Na2Co3 (Soda Ash) is necessary to
remove the Sulphate hardness of water.

II)

CaCO3 and Mg (OH)2 which are formed during the chemical reaction can be
removed by precipitation and filtration as they are insoluble in water.
Consumption of Lime and Soda Ash.

Lime

22

Table no. 2.3

Component Quality
Sr. no.

meq /l

Dose

of Dose

of Equation

Lime

Soda

Involved

meq/l

meq/l

1.

HCO3-

9.4

7.40

2.

Ca++

0.34

0.34

3.

Mg++

2.46

2.46

2.46

9.86

2.80

Soda Ash required

However, commercial lime and soda are not found in it full strength. Generally
the strength of the commercial lime is about 90% while the soda ash strength is 99%.
Lime required
Similarly, Soda Ash required

Daily requirement of lime for average consumption

=
Daily requirement of Soda Ash for average consumption

Commercially Lime is cheaper then Soda-Ash so, while using

Soda Ash treatment of hardness, first the Lime is added to reduce the hardness and then add
the Soda-Ash to remove the remaining hardness.
However, in Lime Soda process, zero hardness is never achieved.
Theoretically, a hardness of 30mg/l remains always in water after the most efficient
treatment. In view of the other uncontrolled factor, we may assume a residual hardness of
50mg/l. Therefore, in the above processes a removal up to 170mg/l has been proposed
irrespective to the standard of 200mg/l

23

2.6. BLEACHING POWDER FOR EMERGENCY NEED:Bleaching powder is to be stored in the chemical house for use in the emergency. Since, it is
an unstable compound and loss in available chlorine on storage, so, only 7days storage is
recommended.
Assuming 30% available chlorine in the commercial bleaching powder, the amount of
bleaching powder has been calculated as following:
Total quantity of chlorine required for average demand condition = 169.5kg.
Peak demand period
Bleaching powder requirement for average demand condition

= 246.5kg/day
=169.5

7days requirement of bleaching powder

= 3.955

4MT

Bleaching powder for Pre-chlorination (7days requirement)

=2.38
MT
Bleaching powder for post chlorination ( 7 days requirement)

=1.575
MT
2.6.1.PEAK FLOW REQUIREMENT:Total requirement of bleaching powder for 7 days

Bleaching powder for pre-chlorination 7 days

=3.4MT

24

Bleaching powder requirement for 7days post chlorination on.

=2.35MT

2.6.2. SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL REQUIRMENT:Chlorine

i)

Prechlorination

ii)

Post chlorination

67.5kg/day

Total requirement

169.5kg/day

Equivalent bleaching powder (30% available chlorine)

102kg/day

565kg/day

Alum

1530kg/day

Lime

13825.6kg/day.

Soda

5996kg

25

Chapter no. 3
26

3.FILTER SAND ANALYSIS

3.1.EFFECTIVE SIZE OF SAND:It may be defined as the size of sand or the sieve size which corresponds to 10%
cumulative passing of sand grains by weight of the total (10 percentile)

3.2.UNIFORMITY CO-EFFICENT:It may be defined as the ratio of 60 percentile to 10 percentile or the effective size (D60 /D10)
The result of the mechanical analysis of stock sand has been tabulated in table as below:Table no.3.1
Sr. no.

Sieve size Sieve size

no.

Percentage

Cumulative Cumulative

retained

% retained

% passing
through

1.76

0.20

0.20

99.80

12

1.68

7.40

7.60

92.40

16

1.19

16.40

24.00

76.00

20

0.84

22.60

46.60

53.40

30

0.59

29.80

76.40

23.60

40

0.42

16.40

92.80

7.20

60

0.22

7.00

99.80

0.20

PAN

0.20

100.00

From the tabulated values, a graph has been plotted on log probability paper between
cumulative percentages passing against sieve size.
Effective size,

D10 = 0.46mm

Effective size,

D60 = 0.935mm.

and

Uniformity co-efficient Uc =D60/D10 = 0.935/0.46

= 2.03
For the stock sand:Effective size

=D10 =0.46mm.
27

Uniformity coefficient =Uc = 2.03

Given, for desired sand
Effective size D10 =0.45mm.
Uniformity coefficient =1.6
D60 = 1.6
On the probability plot, line passing through D10 = 0.45mm and D60= 0.72mm is drawn.
The too coarse and too fine sand from the stock sand must be separated out and that is as
under ..
Let P1 = % of stock sand that is smaller than the desired effective size (d1).
P2 = % of stock sand is smaller than 60 percentile size (

P3 = % of usable stock sand.

= 2(P1-P2) because sand laying between d1and d2 will constitute 50% of the
specified sand.
P4 = % below which the stock sand is too fine =

-0.1

-0.1

=1.2

2(

-0.2

P5= % above which the stock sand is too coarse to use for the filter use.
=

+ 0.4P3

+0.4

= 1.8

From graph

= 9.3 %

And

= 38.6%
3

= 2(p2-p1)

-0.8

= 2(38.6-9.3)

= 58.6 %
4

= 1.2(

= 1.2

) (0.2

9.3- 0.2

= 3.44%
5

= 1.8 (

-.8

= 1.8

28

= 62.04%
Form the graph,

and

corresponding to size 0.355mm and 0.975mm respectively.

Now, weight of the stock sand required to produce one MT of desired sand
= 1/.586 = 1.706 MT
Weight of sand to be discarded per ton of sand = 1.7-1

= 0.7MT

3.3. OVER FLOW RATE OF WASHER TO REMOVE TOO FINE SAND:The diameter of the fine sand to be removed is .358mm. This unwanted sand is separated by
sand washer. Washer is essentially an upward flow settling, tank therefore, over flow rate
shall not exceed the settling velocity of the smallest particle to be retained. This permits the
settling velocity of the largest particle to be removed. which is calculated as follows:Since the particle size to be removed is greater than 0.1mm, therefore, settling velocity does
not obey stokes law.
Assumed density of sand = 2.65gm/cm3
Porosity of sand (f)

= 40% = 0.4

Ambient temperature

= 25

Density of water at 25

= 0.997

Kinematic viscosity

= 0.898 centistokes.

Again, from graph of fig.25.3 from the reference no 2,

As mentioned for a diameter term.
= [g (Ss-1)/

2 1/3

] d (Ss-1) =f1/f

= 981(2.65-0.997)/0.997]1/3/(0.898/100)2.355/10 (fine sand)

= [9.66 the setting velocity is read out to be 3.75cm/sec.
= [Vs/g(Ss-1) ]1/3 = 3.75
1/3

Vs =
= 9.17cm/sec

Over flow velocity of ideal sand washer to remove stock sand fines should not be more
than 9.17cm/sec.

Reynolds number, R= Vsd/

Hence, the assumption that settlement takes place in transition zone is correct.
Hindered settling of sand particles. Vh=

fe= porosity
29

= 9.17(0.4) = 0.235cm/sec.
= 2.3510-360 1000 = 14 L/min/m2.

Overflow rate

3.4. LOSS OF HEAD DURING FILTRATION:Given, bed condition is stratified. For such a sand bed of 80cm depth with rate of filter =
100L/min/m2

The loss of head is given by Kozenys equation:2-n

S=H/L =
For Laminar flow

{(

}3-nvn( )3-n

n=1

Kozenys equation reduced to:S= h/L =

k/g ( /

)2-n {(1-f)/f 3}3-nv(A/v)2

(1-f)2/f 3v(A/V)2

Where:
S= Total head loss /total head depth (UN expended)
k = Kozenys constant.
=

kinematic viscosity

= 0.8984centistoke at 25
F = porosity of filter bed.
V = Velocity of approach to filter in cm/sec. or rate of filtration.
A = Total surface area.
V=

Total vol. of sand grains.

Absolute viscosity

= 0.8954centipoise at 25
F = density or water in gm/cm3.
30

= 0.997gm/cm3 at 25
In case of non-uniform stratified bed
A/v =

(1/

-p/d2)1/2

Where

Sieves.
d = Geometric mean diameter of particles.(d1d2
d1= upper sieve size,

d2=Lower sieve size

(1-f)2/f3)v
Now from the analysis of stock sand, it is seen that the size of sand above 0.975mm and
above are too coarse and of size less then .355mm is too fine to be removed.
These sizes are about 62.04%and 3.44% of the total stock sieve sand respectively. The size of
.975mm lies between sieve size 16 and 20. Hence all the sand above or retained on sieve
16are discarded. Similarly, sand size 0.355mm lies between sieve size 40 and 60. Hence all
the sand passing through sieve number are also discarded.
Now, from the table, total 40% cumulative % of sand retained up to sieve 20 is
equal to 46.6%.
stock sand to be discarded being too coarse to be used = 100-62
= 38%
Now, % of which sand to be accepted for filter sand between sieve size 16 and 20.
= 48.60-38.00
= 8.60%
Similarly % of sand passing through sieve no.60 is totally to be discarded which is equal to
0.2% of the total amount of stock sand.
Now, % of stock sand to be discarded due to fineness = 3.44%
of stock sand which is to be discarded due to and less between sieves number 40 and
60.
= (3.44-0.2) %
= 3.24%
31

%of sand retained in between sieve number 40and 60=7.0%

% to be retained from amount
= 7.0-3.24
= 3.76%

Table no. 3.2

Sieve Sieve Range
no.
size. sand
d1

of Geometric %of % of stock

mean
stock
Demand
d2
d = (d1d2) sand
32

0.975 0.975 0.840 0.09

8.64

(8.6458.6)100

1819.75

=14.71%
20

0.840 0.840 0.590 0.07

29.80

50.86%

10379.6

30

0.590 0.590 0.420 0.05

16.40

28.00%

11194.5

40

0.420 0.420 0.355 0.038

3.76

6.41%

4443.5

0.355 0.355 -

Total

58.6

W=100%

2783.4

Assuming,
0.5

A/v = 6.0[
=
= 100%
Assume,

F = 0.4
10-2cm2/sec
V

= Rate of filtration
=

100lpm/m2

0.1

10/60 = 1/6 =

0.167cm/sec.

)2/f3}v(A/V)2/g
=

10-2 (1-0.4)2

-2

(0.6)2/0.43

= 0.55cm per cm depth of filter.

But depth of filter

= 80cm (given)

Total head loss through the filter = 0.55

=

44cm

33

3.5.HEAD LOSS BY HAZEN-WILLIAM FORMULA:Hazen-William formula for head loss is expressed as:V = Cd2 (T+10)/6
V = velocity/day
=

0.167cm/sec

=
= 144.29m/day
C = co-efficient of compaction range 600-1200 (assume C=900).
D = diameter of sand grain.=effective size of sand gray.
= 0-45 mm.
T = Temperature of water in
= 25
= 77%
/ Unit depth.
144.29= 900(0.45)2
=

(77+10)/60

0.5436

Head loss =

(say 44)

(L = Depth of filter sand =80cm)

3.6. HEAD LOSS IN BACK WASH WATER:The rate of back wash water is made high enough to
fluidise the active part of the bed and to open the voids in sand bed wide enough to allow floc
and other residue deposited in the bed during filtration to escape with wash water over flow.
For calculations of loss of head in back washing percentage expansion of bed during back
has to be calculated first. For calculation of percentage expansion FAIR & HATCH equations
are used which are as follows:34

Le/L=

p/(1-fe)

( i)

fe3

3/2

(ii)

And Fair and Hatch equation is:

fe3/(1-fe)

3/2

(iii)

Where Le,

fe= porosity of expanded bed.

f = porosity of unexpanded sand = 0.4

= Weight of sand of diameter. d

-2

cm2/sec

Now, Let the back wash rate V= 60cm/min.

=1cm/sec
Frorm eq.(iii).
(fe)3 =

3/2

=0.000471

From eq.(i).
Or,

Le/L

Or,

Le/L

Expanded depth =1.416

Or,

i.e. Expansion is about 41.60%

80 =113.3cm

35

And

Or,
=
Hence, head loss in back washing is given by

Or,

or,

113.3(2.65-0.997)(1-0.58)/0.997

Or,
Or,

78.9cm/Unit area
80cm.

3.7.) EXPENSION OF BED:During back wash,the volume of sand bed increases due to increase of pore spaces in
sand volume.
Percentage expansion of sand bed =
Where,

Le= Expanded bed depth.

L= Original bed depth.

TABLE 3.3.
Sr.no

Particulars

Result

1.

Loss head during filtration

44cm

2.

Loss of head during backwash

80cm

3.

% Expansion of bed

41.6%

36

CHAPTER NO. 4
4.1. DESIGN OF SPRAY AERATOR:1) Nozzle diameter normally 10mm to 40mm spaced in the pipe at intervals of 0.5m to 1.0m.
2) Nozzles are normally tilted
water.

to the vertical to avoid interference due to falling

3) Nozzles discharge should be uniform as far as possible. Variation in no cases should be

greater than 5% i.e., discharge ratio between the 1 st and last nozzle should not be less than .
95(a variation of 2-5% may be allowed).
4) Velocity of water in the aerator pipes should be between 1.0 to 1.5 mps.
5) Pressure required at the nozzle various form 2-9m of water (usual 7.00m)
6) Discharge rating per nozzle vary from 300-600lpm.
37

7) Aerator area should be 1.2510-3to 3.7510-3m2/per. KLD of design flow.

4.1.1. DESIGN:
Average flow = 51mld.
Peak flow

= 73mld

Spray aerator are designed for peak flow. Hence, proposed 3nos. of aerator unit each of
capacity 25MLD, so that, during average hours, two units sufficient the requirement.
Capacity of the three aerator unit =253=75mld.
Iron present in water

= 0.3mg/lit.

It is seen that the iron content Fe++in raw water is not high but it is well beyond the
permissible limit of 0.1mg/lit.
Iron to be removed =0.3-0.1=0.2mg/l
4.2.CHEMISTRY INVOLVED IN AERATION:4Fe+++3O2
2Fe 2O3, 4 iron in ferrous state present in water
oxidized to oxides which are insoluble in water and hence can be separated in the settling
tank
Amount of oxygen required:456 parts of iron require = 616 parts of oxygen
224 parts of iron require

= 96 parts of oxygen

1 part of iron required

= 96/224 part of oxygen

= 0.4285 parts of oxygen

0.2 mg/lit parts of iron required

= 0.42850.2 mg /l of oxygen
= 0.0857 mg/l of oxygen

4.2.1.TIME OF EXPOSURE:By applying Gas absorption Equation in the form of:

Log10=

Where,
Cs = 8.4 mg/l 25
C0 = Concentration of gas initially present in water
Ct = Actual concentration of gas in the water after given period of time t
K = Gas transfer coefficient (having dimension of velocity)
A/V = ratio of exposed area to the percentage of volume of water
38

t = Aeration period .
Now,
Cs = 8.4 mg/lit. at 25
C0 = 0.0mg/lit.
K = 65 cm/hr. (assumed)
Ct = 0.857 mg/lit (calculated)
2

/5d3/6= 6/d

Assuming 35mm dia. of the nozzle with an inclination to the vertical of 3 degree
d = 35 cm
A/V=6/3.5 =1.74 per cm.
10

= (Cs-C0)/(Cs-Ct) = K. A. t/V

Or, Log10 =
Or,

t =0.144sec.

Assume time of exposure =0.5sec (inlet pipe)

Design inlet pipe flow=25000m3= 17.36m3/min. Using B class C1 pipe of C=100. From
Hazen and William chart for velocity of 1.25mps of water through the aerator pipes.
Pipe diameter to be used =500mm.
Slope

=6.242m/Km

4.3.NOZZLE VELOCITY:Time of Exposure

Time of rise

0.5sec.

0.25sec.

If v the velocity of flow through the nozzle

Angle of inclinations to the horizontal = 87
2Vsin
V = 9.810.5/(2sin87)
= 2.456 mps.
No. of nozzles:39

q =Cd a = 0.92.456(0.4)2
= 2.77810-3m3/sec
= 2.7Llps.
No. of nozzles =
Let, 6 pipes be used discharge through each pipe = 25000/6
=4166.7m3/day
Velocity through the nozzle is given by.
Where,

h= Head loss

v2= 2Cv22gh

h = v2/(2Cv2g)
h=
Assuming, variation of head = 5%
m1=
Head loss in the pipe for gradually demand channel flow
H=h(1-m12)
= 0.03(1-0.952)
= 0.037m
Correspond head loss for uniform flow
Hu =3H = 30.037
= 0.111m (per. aerator pipe length)
Head loss /1000m = (0.111/11) 1000
=10.09m.
Providing 2.00m in between space and all around, 1.5m between rows and 2.0m between
two longitudinal rows as shown in fig. Overall size = 277m. Checking for aerator area/KAD
Design how.
Design flow = 25MLD.
= 25103KLD.
Aerator pipe encloses on area of

2113 = 66m3

Area provided/KLD = 66/(25103)

= 2.6410-3m2.
40

Which is between1.2510-3to 3.7510-3m-3of designed flow Spacing of aerator pipe

Radian of spray =v Cos
=2.456 Cos870.5
=0.064m
=6.4cm.
Wind velocity Vw= 15km/hr.
= (151000)/3600
=4.165mps.
Wind drag
Where,

=Cd Vw t

Cd= Co-efficient of wind drag

= 0.6 4.165 0.5
= 1.25m.

Minimum spacing of aerator pipes.

=0.084+1.25
=1.314m (say 1.50m)

4.4. ARRANGEMENT OF NOZZLES:Nozzles are arranged in 6 rows.

No. of nozzles in each pipe =105/6=18nos.
Providing a spacing of 0.55mc/c of nozzles and 1.5m spacing in two a adjacent rows and in
staggered position, Length of each pipe.
=18 0.55+ 0.552=9.91.1=11m.
Provide, aerator pipe spacing =1.50m.
Side spacing =2.00m
Gap between two rows of pipes longitudinally =2.0m
Overall size of aerator spray

(each)

=247m.
4.5. UNIFORMITY OF DISTRIBUTION:The uniformity of distribution of water is maintained by arrangement of aerator pipe as
shown in fig.
Table no. 4.1
41

Pipe

Design Length Diameter velocity hf.

section flow

Total head loss.

In mm

KLD
AB

12500

6.5

350

1.5

9.81

0.064

BC

12500

2.00

350

1.5

9.81

0.0196

C1C2

4167

11

200

1.5

18

0.198

CD

8333

1.5

300

1.36

9.7

0.01455

D1D2

4167

11

200

1.5

18

0.198

DE

4166

1.5

200

1.5

18

0.027

E1 E2

4166

11

200

1.5

18

0.198
H=0.719

Total head loss =0.719+10% for valves and spirals= 0.791.

Minimum head at A = Terminal head + Total head loss
Minimum load + total head loss

= 0.38+0.791
= 1.17m.

4.5. DESIGN OF OUTLET:In order to avoid stagnant pool of water in the Aerator tray, the smaller side of the tray viz.
6.5m. is slightly depressed than the other to act as an weir to discharge the water into a
channel or a chamber from which it carries to parshal fume.
Q=3.33bh3/2
Where,

Q =discharge
b = width of the weir
h =head over the weir
Q = 25000m3/day = 0.28935cum.
Q = 0.28935 =

3.33, 6.5(h)2/3

h= 0.064m
= 6.4cm

42

Head over the weir (smaller side)=6.4cm

= 7cm (say).
4.6. DESIGN OF CHANNEL FROM AERATOR:Design flow =73MLD
=73000m3/day
=.844cumic.
Let, the velocity of flow in the channel=L mps.
Required cross-sectional area = 0.845m3.
Provide a cannel width of 1m.
Depth = 0.845/1 =0.845
provide the free board in 30cm.
Total depth of the channel=0.85+0.30=1.15m.
Provide overall channel size.
=1.001.15m.
4.6.1 SLOPE OF CHANNEL:Hydraulic mean depth (R) =A/P
n= 0.015.

= 0.845/2.30 = .369m using mannings formula taking

V= 1/nR2/3S1/2
Or,
Or,

1 = 1/0.015(0.369)2/3S1/2
S=0.00085=.85%
Provide slope of 8.5m in 10000m to the channel.

43

Chapter no.5
5.1.DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTOR CHAMBER (1).:GENERAL PLAN:The tail end of the channel leading from the Aerator after the measurement unit is
enlarged to from a distribution channel or box from which one part viz 18MLD will be
separated from the total flow of 73MLD and the rest 55MLD will go for treatment of the
hardness. The channels are seperated inside the Distribution box by means of partition having
pair shaped end projection.
Design of channel separating 18MLD of design flow = 18MLD
= .20833m3/sec
Assuming velocity = 1mps
Crossectional area required = 0.208833m2
Proved the cannel of width =40cm.
Design of the canal separate 55MLD = 55000/86400
44

Design of flow = 0.6366m2/sec.

Width of the cannel cross section = 0.6366/1 = 0.6366m2
Depth of flow = 52cm
Width of the channel= .6366/.52=1.22m
The total discharge width of the distribution chamber including thickness of wall
25cm
= 0.4+1.23+.25+.25+.25

2.38m.

Provide free board =0.48m

Overall depth of chamber = 0.52+0.48 =1m
5.2.DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTOR CHAMBER AFTER HARDNESS TREATMENT (2):GENERAL:After the addition of Lime and Soda ash to the 55MLD of raw water. The
industrial part of water viz. 6MLD will be separated for separated for treatment in Sludge
Blanket Clarifier. The remaining 49MLD will for clarification /flash mixing Hence, another
distribution chamber has been proposed.
Design of the channel separating 6MLD Design flow=6MLD
= 6000/86400 =0.069m3/sec
Assume velocity =1m/sec
Cross-sectional area required =0.069/1=0.069m2.
Providing width of channel =30cm.
Depth of flow

= 0.069/0.3=0.23m.

Design of channel separating =49MLD

Design flow =49MLD

= 49000/86400

=0.567m3/sec
Cross-sectional area =0.567/1=0.567m2
Width of the section =0.567/0.23=2.466m
Total width of the distribution chamber
=2.5+0.3+0.25+0.25+0.25
=3.55m
Provide a free board of 0.27m.
Overall depth of the chamber =0.23+0.27 =0.50m
Chamber size is =3.550.50m
45

5.2.1.SLOPE OF CHANNEL:Slope for 6MLD channel:Hydraulic mean radius =R=A/P=0.069/(0.3+20.23)

=0.09
Apply Mannings formulae = 1/n(R)2/3 (S)1/2
1= 1/0.015 (0.09)2/3s1/2

Or,
Or,

s =0.0056 slope =.56%

Slope for 49MLD channel:Hydraulic mean radius R=A/P=0.567/(2.5+20.23)

=0.567/2.96
=0.1916

From mannings formula:V=1/n(R)2/3s1/2

1=1/0.015(0.1916)2/3s1/2
S=0.00204
Slope=.204%
Slope for 18MLD channel:Hydraulic radius = 0.20833/(0.4 + 2.52) = 0.1447
Using mannings formula
n =0.15 assume
V= 1/n R2/3S1/2 = 1/0.15(.144)2/3 S1/2, S = 0.0296 = 0.03%
Slope for 55 MLD channel:R= 0.6366/(1.23+2.52) =0.28m
V= (1/0.015)0.282/3S1/2 , S =0.000524m.

46

5.3.DESIGN OF FLASH MIXER:5.3.1. DESIGN PARAMETERS:i) Detention time varies from 20, 40, 60 sec. but <100sec.
ii) Induced the velocity in water may vary from 1.5 to 1.8mps.
i.e. 1/3to1/4 the peripheral velocity.
iii) Preparation tank =1-3m.
Ratio of depth to diameter =1.1to1.2.
Paddle revolution 60to 120rpm.
Velocity at exit equal to inlet velocity to the flocculator
Ratio of basin diameter to impeller diameter 3:1to3.5:1.
Power requirement =(1/4)H.P/ mld (1-3watt/m3/hour)
5.3.2. DESIGN OF FLASH MIXTURE:Let, us design the flash mixer for the following design flows.
Flash mixer no.1to2

24.5MLD each.

Flash mixture no. 3

18MLD.

Flash mixture no.4

6MLD.

5.3.3. DESIGN OF FLASH MIXER OF CAPASITY 24.5MLD.

Let, us design the flash mixer for the following design flow:
Design flow =24.5mld.
=.283565m3/sec.
Assume detention time =40sec.
Capacity of flash mixer tank =.28356540
=11.3426m3
Keeping depth to diameter ratio =1:1.2.
Capacity =(/4) d21.2d = 11.3426
Or,

d3=12.04097
= 2.292 (say 2.30)

Diameters of the tank =2.30m.

Keeping the free board of 25cm, total depth of the tank =2.301.2
=2.75+0.25
=3m.
47

5.4.DESIGN OF IMPELLER:Assuming diameter of impeller =1/3 (basin dia.)

Impeller diameter =1/32.30
=75cm.
Keeping Induced Velocity in water @1.5mps.
Peripheral velocity

= 1.53=4.5mps.

No. of revolution minute (N)

50.75N=4.560=270
N= 270/0.75 = 114.59 say 115rpm<120rpm. (Hence, ok)
Adopt 0.75m diameter impeller rotating of the rate of 115rpm.
5.5. DESIGN OF FLASH MIXER FOR INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY 6mld:Design flow =6mld.

=0.069m3/sec

Assume detention time =100sec.

Capacity of lash mixer =0.069100
=6.9m3
Keeping depth/diameter =1.2
Capacity =(/4)d21.2d =6.9
Or,

d3 =(6.94)/1.2=7023.

Or,

d=1.94m (diameter=1.94m)

Providing a free board of 0.47m, the total height of the flash mixer tank=
1.2 1.94+0.47 =2.80m.

5.6. DESIGN OF IMPELLER:Assuming, basin dia. / Impeller dia.=2.75.

Impeller dia. =1/2.751.94
=0.70m
Keeping induced velocity =1.7mpls.
Pheripheral velocity =1.73=5.1mps.
48

Number of revolution/min
5.160 =0.70N
N=5.160/(0.7) =139>120rpm.
So, assume basin dia.
=1.94/2.5=80cm.
N=5.160/(0.8)
121rpm
Hence, ok.
5.7. DESIGN OF PIPES FROM FLASH MIXER TO FLOCCULATOR:- A) Flash
mixer no.1 II to the flocculator (corresponding) =24.5mld.
B) Flash mixer no.III to sludge blanket clarifier =6mld.
Consider (A) Design flow =0.283565m3/sec.
From Hazen William chart
Provide pipe diameter =600mm
Velocity through the pipe =1.00mps
Head loss through of pipe =2.4%
Consider (B) Design flow:=18000m3/day.
=0.2083cum.
From Hazen William chart:
Provided pipe dia. =450mm.
Velocity through the pipe =1.00mpr.
Head loss through the pipe =5.63%
Consider (C) Design flow:
From Hazen William chart;
Providing pipe dia. =300mm.
Velocity through pipe =98.2cm/sec.
Head loss/1000m = 5.35%

49

Chapter no. 6
DESIGN OF CLARIFLOCCULATOR:6.1. DESIGN PARAMETERS:6.1.1 FLOCCULATING ZONE:i)

Detention time

20 to 40 min.

ii)

Induced velocity

0.1 to 1.0mps.

Peripheral velocity of paddle

0.3 to 0.4mps

Paddle area

10 to25% of vertical

Paddle Revolutions

3 to 5 rpm

Inlet velocity
Depth

2, 3 to5m

G.T

2104 to 6104

Value of G

20 to 75sec-1

Dispersion chamber diameter

1 to 1.5m

Power required

0.5 to 1.5 watt/m3/hr.

50

6.1.2 CLARIFICATION ZONE:a. Detention time (HRT)

1.5 to 2.4hrs.

b. Surface loading

40 to 50m3/day/m2

c. Capacity of sludge packet

2, 3 to 4hour.

d. power requirement

0.75Kwh./m2

e. Velocity of scrapper

0.5cm/sec

f. Slope

1:12

g. Weir loading

300m3/day/m

h. Inlet velocity

0.6mps.

i. Depth

S.W.D 2,3-6m at centre

j. Flow through velocity

0.3-1rpm.

k. Diameter of tank

30-60m.

6.2. DESIGN OF FLOCCULATOR OF CAPACITY 24.5mld

6.2.1. DESIGN OF DISPERSION CHAMBER:Assume diameter of the chamber =1m.
Provide 40cm20cm slot for entry of water into the flocculator zone as Assuming, the inlet
velocity in to flocculation zone as 0.30mps.
Area of slot = 0.40.2=0.08m2
Discharge through each slot =0.080.3 =0.024m3/sec
No. of slots

=24500/(864000.024)=11.81 (say 12no)

Velocity through the slots =0.28356/(120.08)

=0.2953m/sec.
<0.30mps

Hence, ok

Provide 12 slots in two rows at a spacing of /6 =52cm c/c with clear Spacing of 32cm. Keep
the total depth of the camber =3m. And spacing vertically between the slots =25m.
Provide clearance of 30cm at the top.
Clearance at the bottom portion =1.67m.

51

52

6.2.2. FLOCULATOR BASIN:-

Assume detention time as 30min or 1800 sec.

Capacity=0.2835x1800=510m3
Provide a depth of 3m.
/4 (d2-22)3=510
Or, d2=651.2/3=217
Or, d=14.73m
Provide flocculation zone as following;
Dia. of flocculation = 14.75m
Depth of the flocculation =3m.

6.2.3 DESIGN OF PADDLES:Vertical cross-sectional area of the flocculator basin=Dx H

= (14.75-1)3 m2

=13.753 m

= 41.25 m2.
Assume paddle area = 20% of the vertical area
= 0.2 41.25
=8.25m2
Provide propellers each writ two paddle as shown in figure.
Total no. of paddles =42=8
Area of each paddle =8.25/8=1.30m2
Provided size of each paddle = 2.60.4
Total paddle area =82.60.4=8.32m2
% of paddle area =8.32/41.25= 20.17%
53

Assume diameter of the propeller = 45m and no. of revolution per min= 3
Peripheral velocity of paddle = 4.53/60
= 0.707m/sec. (0.1 to 1m/sec)
And induced velocity = 0.707/B = 0.236m/sec (check 0.6 to 1m/sec)
Hence ok
Check for G and G.T:We have G2=P/m.v) 106 ______________1)
Where P = Power dissipated in KW.
M = Absolute viscosity in centipoises 0.895
V = Volume of tank
Again, P =1/2 Cd PAV3
Where, Cd = Co-efficient of drag, for flat blade = 1.8
P = Density = 0.997 at 250C
V = Relative density of the impeller.

Substituting in 1) we have
G2 = Cd p A V3 106 M V
= 1/2 1.80.997/3 8.32/0.895 (0.5x0.7)3 106/{(p/4)(14.752-1)}
Or,

G2 = 701

Or,

G = 26.48 which is 20-75

Hence ok
G.T = 26.48 1800 = 4.7 104

Which is within limits of = 2104- 6104

54

6.3.REQUIREMENT OF POWER:Now, we have G=1000(P/mv)0.5

Or, P/mv= G2/106 =701/10
P=701/1060.895510.4=0.320 KW
Assuming, 60% efficiency
Total energy required = 0.32/0.6 = 53.3 watt/m3/hr
Which is limit of (0.50-1.5)

55

6.3.1.DESIGN OF CLARIFER FOR 24.5MLD CAPACITY

56

Assume inlet velocity = 0.60m/mm.

Let, the space required for support = 20% of the circumference
= 0.214.75
=9.27m
Total length available for passage of water = 0.8 14.75
= 37.07m.
Area of opening required = 0.283565/.60/60
= 28.3565m2
Height of the opening required = 0.765
= 76.5cm
6.4 CLARIFIER BASIN:Assume Surface Loading = 40m3/d/m2

Surface area = 24500/40

= 612.5m2

If D is the diameter of the clarifier then

/4(D2-14.752) =612.5
or, D2- 14.752 =780.25
or, D = 31.6m
Total detention time of 1.5 hr (1.5-4 hrs)
Capacity of the clarifier = 0.2835 5400
= 1530.9m3
If H is the SWD of the clarifier at the periphery then /4(31.62-14.752) (H+3)/2 = 1530.9
H= 4.99-3= 2m (SWD)
Bottom slope = (3-2)/(31.6-14.75)
=1/16.8100
= 6% which is less than 8%.
(Hence ok)
Flow through velocity = Q/AV.
= 0.2835//2 (31.62+14.753)
= 10cm/min
6.4.1. DESIGN OF SLUDGE PIT:57

1) Maximum turbidity = 700mg/l

Permissible turbidity after clarification =30mg/l
Removal of turbidity = 700-30

= 670mg/l.

Total turbidity to be removed

= 1641kg.

2) Weight of the Alum to be precipitated

= 3024.5=735kg.

3) Weight of lime precipitated at each basin =19010.224.5/55=8468.2kg.

4) Weight of soda coming as floc in each unit.
= 8244.524.5/55 = 3672.55 kg.
Hence, total solid precipitation coming to each unit
=Turbidity +Alum+ Lime + Soda ash
=16415+735+8468.2+3672.55
= 29290.75 kg.
Keeping the sludge pit capacity for 3 hour, therefore, space to be provided for storage of
sludge
= 29290.75/8 = 3661.35 kg.
Assuming 5% solids by weight in sludge at sp. gravity as 1025 kg/m3
Volume of sludge accumulated =3661.35/0.051025 =71.45m3
The sludge pit shall be provided below the flocculating Zone
Depth of the pit = (71.45//4)(14.752-12) =71.454/(14.752-12)
= 0.42m (say 45 cm)
It is proposed to provide a continuous mechanicals scraper arm for sludge scrapping. The arm
revolving at2-3rph the sludge shall be pumped directly from the sludge pit after every 2.5
hours. The pumping shall be stopped after half an hour.
6.4.2 EFFLUENT WEIR:Weir loading = 24500/ 315 =247.58m3/day/m
Which is less than 300m3/day/m

Hence ok
58

Provide v-notch at 20cm c/c

Therefore no. of notches = 31.5/0.2= 495
Discharge through the each notch = 0.2835/495
= 5.7310-4m3/sec
Head above the notch q = 1.417H5/2 or H = [q/1.417]2/5
H = [5.7310-4/1.417]0.4
H= 4.39cm.
Provide 495 v-notch of 5cm depth with SWD level at 4.4cm at 20cm c/c.

6.4.3 DESIGN OF LAUNDER:The outlet channel is be designed for free discharge and with slope condition for which, H o=
[2(dc) 2+ (dc-SL/3)} 2/3 SL
Where,
Ho is the initial depth of water at stationary point.
Or, dc = 3 (Q2/gb2
dc = critical depth of water at free fall.
q = total rate of discharge
b = width of the channel = 40 cm
dc= 3 (0.14182/9.810.42)
q = half flow on the either side
= 24.43cm

Ho= 1.73dc = 40.5339 cm

Slope = 0.550.2343/49.48 = 2.604 10-3

=0.0026
Now ,

Ho=[2.23432+ (0.2343-1/3 0.0026 49.5-2/3 0.002649.5)]1/2

= (0.30-0.086)1/2
= 0.4619 m
= 46.19cm

Head at the start = 46.19+4.39+10cm (F.B)

= 60.6cm
Path at the outlet = 60.6+12.9= 73.5 cm
Slope of canal = 0.0026
59

Hence, provided laundry of 6040cm. With slope of 0.0026 from central point to the outlet
point

Chapter no. 7
7.1.DESIGN OF SLUDGE BLANKET CLARIFIER:GENERAL:The sludge blanket clarifier is an upward flow device in the slurry or sludge is
suspension in water itself kept in suspension by the up flow velocity of the water. Sludge is
removed through a suitable sludge concentrator of a rate sufficient to prevent excessive
accumulation. Here the treated water is passed through and sieved upward through a
suspended sludge blanket which has already been formed by earlier precipitates. The ultimate
contact of the treated water either large mass of solids which served as nuclei prevent super
saturation, which intern overcome the problem after precipitation. In the sludge blanket
clarifier, the density difference between the slurry zone and clear water over it enhance the
hydraulic stability of the flow through the clear pr fluid settling zone.

7.2) DESIGN PARAMETERS:1) Up flow velocity of sludge blanket = 1/2x setting vol. of floc.
2) Overflow rate = 50-100m3/day/m2
3) Detention time = 60-90 minutes
4) Slope of bottom hopper = 2:1

(V:H)

7.3) REACTION AND QUANTITY OF PRECIPITATES:-

I.
II.
III.

Ca(HCO3)2+ Ca(OH)2

2CaCO3 + 2H2O

MgSO4 +Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3

Mg(OH)2

CaSO4+Na2CO3

CaCO3

+ CaCO3 + 2Na2SO4

+ Na2SO4

As per equation a, b, c , quantity of precipitates produced are:CaCO3 (contributory equation (a+ b+ c)

= (7.42+2.461+0.341) meq/l.
= 17.6meq/l
=17.650 mg/l

=880 mg/l

Mg (OH) 2 quantizing (contributory equation b)

= 2.5x 1meq/l
60

= 2.5x29.1
= 72.75 mg/l
Now, Industrial demand = 6MLD
Therefore Total quality of precipitate produced = (880+72.75)6 kg/day
= 952.756
= 5716.5 kg/day
Or, 952.75 kg/mld.
Assuming specific gravity of suspended solids = 1.005.
And solid concentration in to floc. is 5%.
Therefore, Volume of the
precipitate=952.75/0.051005

slurry

produced

by

952.75

kg

of

= 18.96 m3/MLD
= 0.01896 ml/MLD
Therefore Loss of water = 0.01896x100 = 1.896% which is less than 10%
( Hence ok )
Therefore Quantity of slurry produced/ day = 60.01896 ml
= 0.113761194 ml/day
= 113761.2 lb/day
7.4. DESIGN OF BASIN VOLUME:Design volume of flow

= 6000m

Consider detention period =90 min.

Therefore, Capacity of sedimentations zone =6000/144090= 375m3

Let, h1=Vertical distance flow apex to the bottom of tank.

H2= Vertical distance from apex to the top of tank.
A1= C/s area of the bottom of the tank.
A1= C/s area of the top of the tank.
This is a cone shaped with square section of tank is considered.
Let, the bottom of the tank be 2x2m
Therefore Area = 2x2 = 4m2
Let, h1= 2m
61

Now, A1/ A2 = h12/h22 = A2= A1 (h2/h1)2 = 4h22/h12 = h22

From figure; volume of the trapeziums:( A1 +A2)/2(h2-h1) = V
Or, (4+A2)/2 (2-h1) = V
Or, (4+A2) (2-h1) = 2V
Or, h23-2h22+4h2-8 = 758
Solving 11 by hit and final method we get,
Or, h2= 9.70m
Therefore, The dimensions of the sludge blanket basin are as following.
At top, sizes area = 9.709.70 m
At bottom sizes are = 2.002.00m
Therefore Side slope = 2 vertical to 1 horizontal
7.4.1.SURFACE LOADING:Quantity of flow = 6000m3/day.
Area provided = 9.79.7
Therefore Surface loading = 6000/9.79.7 = 63.77m3/d/m2
Which lies on between 50-100m3/day/m2
Hence ok
7.4.2.UPWARD VELOCITY:Upward velocity Vs= 6000/864009.72
= 7.3810-4m/sec
Let, h be the height of lower surface of sludge blanket from the geometric apex.
Area at height (h) = h2
Also Vp = 2 Vs = 27.38x 10-4m/sec
= 0.148 cm/sec
Hence, area h2= 6000/864000.148x10-2 = 46.92 m2
h = 6.85 m
Therefore Depth of the sludge blanket from the top = 9.7-6.85=2.85m.

7.5. EFFLUENT COLLECTING CHANNEL:-

62

It is proposed to provide two troughs parallel to 9.70m side so as in to divided the basin
in three parts. The sides of the trough will also act as and weir.
Therefore Total length of the weir = 4x9.7 = 38.8 m
C/C distance b/w the adjacent weir = 9.7/3 = 3.233m (say 3.2m)
Height of the weir shall be half this distance. i.e 3.2/2 = 1.6 m
Therefore height of the weir = 1/2x3.2 = 1.6m
Hence, the depth of water weir shall be provided 1.60m above the top of the sludge blanket
for supernatant collection . 900 v- notch be provided for this propose.
Now, for 900v- notch discharge through each v-notch of 5cm head is given.
q = 1.417(h)5/2 for Cd =0.6
= 1.417(0.05)5/2
= 7.9210-4 m3/sec.
Total discharge = 0.069 cumec.
Therefore No. of notches = 0.0697/7.9210-4 = 87.12 nos.

(say 88 no)

C/C spacing of the notches 9.70100/22 =44cm

7.6 DESIGN OF SLURRY WEIR:Quantity of slurry produced = 18960.20 lts/m of water.
Let quantity of slurry produced 7.6% floc. vol. concentration.
Therefore, quantity of slurry = 18960.27.6/5 = 28819.5 lit/ml
Let , hs = Head over the slurry weir.
Now , Using Q= 2/3L {(2g(ps-p)/p)1/2} (hs)3/2
Or , hs3/2 = {(28819.56)/(864001000)}/2/3{(29.81)(1.005-1)/1}1/2
Or , hs3/2= 1.917 or, hs= 1.543

7.7.DESIGN OF CONCENTRATOR:-

Rates of wet solid removal as suspension of7.6% floc volume concentration

=(28819.56)/ (1000x86400)
= 2x10-3 m3/sec
Slurry removed per unit solid fraction is : {ws vs}/(1-S/Se)
63

= (10000.0760.07360)/{1-(0.076/0.3)}
= 4.5 kg/m3
Rate of wet solids in m3/min. of unit fraction
Q= 2.010-3m3/sec
= 0.120m3/min.
P = 0.1200.3
= 0.036m3/min.
Therefore Area of concentrator required = 36/4.5 = 8m2
Concentrator with top dimension of 2.832.83 m is provided with depth of 2m.
Therefore Volume of concentrator = 2.83x2.8322/3
= 10.68 m3
Rate of removal = P/ws = 36/(10000.3) = 0.12 m3/min.
Therefore Detention time = 10.68/0.12 = 89 min

(say 90)
Hence ok.

Chapter no. 8
8.1. DESIGN OF SETTLED WATER CHANNEL:64

8.1.1. CHANNEL FROM CLARIFLOCCULATOR NO. 1,2:-

Design flow = 0.28356m3/sec

Assume velocity = 1m/sec
Provide width of channel = 0.5m
Therefore Depth of water flow = 0.283565/0.51 = 0.567
Provide free board = 28cm
Therefore Total depth of the channel = 0.567+0.28 = 850mm.
Provide channel section of 5085 cm
Slope of the channel;
Hydraulic mean radius R = A/P =0.2835/(20.57+0.5)
= 0.1729m
Assuming, mannings co-efficient = 0.015
Velocity = 1mps = 1/0.015(0.1729)2/3(S)1/2
Therefore S = 0.00234 or, 2.34%
8.2. CHANNEL SECTION WHICH DISCHARGES FROM 1+2
CLARIFLOCCULATOR MEETS UP TO THE JUNCTION POINT OF 1,2 AND 3
CLARIFIER:Total discharge = 20.283565 = 0.56713 m3/sec
Assume velocity = 1mps.
Therefore Area required = 0.5673 = 0.56713 m2
Assuming a width of flow as 1.00m
Therefore Depth of flow = 0.567.
Providing a free board of 0.28 cm total depth of the channel = 0.567+0.28
= 85cm
Slope of the channel:Hydraulic mean radius = 0.567/ (1+2x0.567)
= 0.265
Assuming mannings co-efficient = 0.015
Therefore V= 1/H(R)2/3(s)1/2
1 =1/0.015 (0.265)0.667x (S)1/2
65

S = 1.318x 10-3 or, 1.318 %

Hence, provided 1x0.085m channel at a slope of 0.001318

8.3.COMBINED CHANNEL UP TO FILTRATION PLANT:Design flow = 0.7755m3/sec

Assume velocity = 1mps.
Therefore Sectional area =0.7755/1 = 0.775m2
Assume a width of 1.4m.
Therefore Depth of flow = 0.7755/1.4 = 0.56 cm.
Therefore Provide free board of 0.29m
Therefore Total depth of channel is 0.56+0.29 size of the channel is 1.40.85m =0.85cm
Slope of the channel = S= {0.0.15/R2/3}2
Now,

R = 0.7755/(1.4+20.56) = 0.308
S = [0.015/(0.308)2/3]2 = 1.084 10-3

= 0.001084

8.3.1.DESIGN OF CHANNEL CARRYING 18 MLD DISCHARGE FROM

WATER CLARI FLOCCULATOR NO. 3:Design flow = 0.208m3/sec
Assume velocity through the channel as 1 mps
Therefore X-Sectional area required = 0.208 m2
Provide the width of the channel as 35 cm
Therefore depth of flow = 0.208+0.35 = 0.58m
Provide Free Board of 0.27m, the total depth of the channel is = 0.58+0.27
= 0.85 cm
Therefore provide section of 3585 cm

SLOPE:Hydraulic mean radius R = 0.208/(0.35+20.58) = 0.138 m

Assuming Mannings co-efficient = 0.015
Using Manning equation:V= 1/n (R)2/3(S)1/2
1x0.015 = (0.138)2/3 (S)1/2
66

S = 0.00317 or 3.2 %
8.3.2.DESIGN OF PIPE CONDUIT FROM SLUDGE BLANKET
CLARIFIER TO INDUSTIAL WATER RESERVOIR:Design Flow = 6 MLD
= 0.069
= 4.167 m3/min.

From, Hazen-William chart, provided CI pipe of C = 100

Velocity = 1 mps
Diameter = 300mm
Slope = 5.75 %
( Head loss)

Chapter no. 9

DESIGN OF RAPID GRAVITY FILTER:67

9.1. DESIGN PARAMETERS:9.1.1. BED FILTER:a) No. of beds n= 12(Q)1/2 Where Q is in m3/sec
b) Rate of filtration = 1001pm/m2
c) Length to breadth ratio 1.25:1 to 1.33:1
d) Minimum no. of units = 4
e) Maximum number of units not greater than 40
f) Minimum overall depth = 2.6 m including 0.5m free board.
g) Area of each unit not less than 100 m2
9.1.2 UNDER DRAINAGE SYSTEM:i) Length of the lateral diameter should not greater than 60
ii) Diameter of orifice = 5-12 mm.
iii) Spacing of orifice = 8cm c/c for 5mm orifice and 20 cm c/c for 12 mm

orifice.

iv) Total area of orifice /Total filter area = (0.15-0.5)% Usually 0.3%
v) Spacing of laterals should clearly follow the spacing of orifice. Usually ranges
between(15-30) cm.
vi) Cross-sectional area of the manifold is 3/2-3 times the total area served by it.
vii) The total head loss in drainage should not exceed 25% of the head loss in the
filtration. The general controlling head loss is set between 1- 4.5 m
viii) No. of openings per square meter is generally 25-75 nos.
ix) The filter bed bottom should be provided with orifices such that no point receives
more than 12.5% of the average rate of washing.
x) The orifice should be such that the loss of head will not be affected.

68

9.1.3.RECOMMENDED VELOCITIES OF FLOW:i) Velocity of flow through orifice = 5-6.9 mps.

69

ii) Velocity of flow through lateral = 1.8-3.6 mps.

iii) Velocity of flow through main flow = 1.35-1.8 mps.
iv) Velocity in effluent mains not more than 0.6 m/sec.
v) Velocity of wash water main = 2-2.7 m/sec.
vi) Velocity of water in wash water pipe = 1.5-3.6 mps.
vii) Velocity of water in influent pipe = 0.3-0.6 mps.

9.1.4)WASH WATER GUTTERS:i) Clear distance between adjacent gutters = 1.5 Ls 2.1
head at the top of the weir.
ii) Head caused by the horizontal velocity shall be equal to or greater than the head at the
top of the weir.
iii) Top of the gutter should be at least 35 cm above the expanded sand.
iv) Bottom of the gutter should be 25 cm above the unexpanded bed or 3 to 5cm above
the expanded bed.

9.1.4.RATE OF BACK WASH:i) The rate varies from 40cm to 60cm per minute depending upon the effective size
of the filter sand normally 60 cm/min.
ii) The rate should be such that the expansion is between 30-50% in no.
case it should exceed by 50%.
9.1.5.CAPACITY OF WASH WATER TANK:i) Two units washing requirement i.e. 100% stand by.
ii) Cleaning time 5-6 min.
iii) Pump should be able to fill the tank within half an hour.

9.1.6.DESIGN OF FILTER BED:i) Capacity of filtration plant = 67 MLD.

= 0.7754 m3/sec
Therefore No. of units n = 12 (07754)1/2
= 120.88 = 10.56 nos.
Therefore Provide 10 nos. each of capacity of 6.7 MLD
70

Assume the rate of filtration = 1001 pm/m2

Therefore Area of the filter bed required = 6.7 106/100 1440
= 46.52 m2

Assume the filter run for 23.5 hour & half an hour allowed for back washing.
Therefore Area required = 46.52 24/ 23.5 = 47.51 m3
Provide L/B ratio = 1.3

Therefore 1.3 B2 = 47.51

B = 6.045 m say 6m
Therefore Length = 6.045 1.3 = 7.92 say 8m
Therefore provide 10 beds of 8 6 m each
Therefore Provide capacity of the plant.
= 10 6 8 100 1440
= 69.12 MLD

Hence, ok

Provide 80 cm depth of sand bed.

9.2. FILTER INLET PIPE:
Capacity of each unit = 6.9 MLD = 4.8 m3/min
From the Hazen William chart for 450mm diameter.
C.I. pipe with C = 100, (ranges from 0.3-0.6 cm/ sec )
Therefore Provided 450mm pipe for a discharge of 6.9 MLd.
9.3.UNDER DRAINAGE SYSTEM:Let, the total area of the orifices be 0.20% of the total area of the filter bed.
Therefore total area of orifices required = 0.20 68/100
= 0.096 m2
Provided 10 mm dia. Orifice
Therefore Area of orifice

= p/4(0.01)2 = 7.85 10-5 m2

Therefore No. of orifice required

= 0.096/7.85 10-5
= 1223 nos.

Therefore no. of opening per square meter = 1223 68

= 25.47
71

As per design criteria the ratio of the total area of the orifices to the total area of the
laterals = 0.375
Total area of the laterals = 1223 7.85 10-5 / 0.375
= 0.256 m2
Let, us provide 65.00mm dia laterals
Therefore Length of the laterals dia. of the laterals = L/D = 40
L = 40 0.065
Length of laterals = 2.6 m
Sectional area of each pipe = 0.785(0.065)2
= 0.003318 m2
Therefore No. of laterals = (Total area of lateral)/(Area of each lateral)
= 0.056/0.003318
= 77.16

(say 78)

No. of laterals on each side of the fold = 78/2

= 39
Therefore Spacing of the laterals = 8/(39+1) = 800/40 = 20 cm
(15-30 cm c/c)
Hence ok
No .of orifice in each lateral = 1223/ 78 = 16 no.
Therefore Spacing between the orifices = 2.6 100/ (16+1)
= 260/17 = 15.29 cm = 15 cm.
Hence, provide 39 lateral of 65 mm dia. CI pipe on each side of central manifold
Length of lateral = 2.6 m.
No .of orifices on each lateral = 16 m
Diameter of orifice = 10 mm
Diameters of the lateral = 65 mm
Spacing of the orifices = 15 cm c/c
Spacing of the lateral = 20cm c/c
Orifices should be arranged in the laterals in staggered position.

9.4.DESIGN OF MANIFOLD:72

Let, the c/s area of the manifold

= 2 total area of laterals
= 2 78 3.318 10-3
= 0.5176 m2
Therefore Diameter of the circular manifold = (0.5176/0.785)1/2
= 0.8120 m
Therefore Provide 800mm dia manifold:Therefore, Area of manifold/Total lateral area
= 0.785 0.82/ 78 3.318 10-3
= 1.94

( b/w 1.5 to 2 )
Hence ok

9.5. CHECK FOR VELOCITY OF FLOW DURING BACK WASHING:Let, the rate of back washing = 60 cm/min.
= 1 cm/sec
= 0.01 m/sec
= 0.01 m3/sec/m2.
Therefore Total flow = 0.01 6 8 = 0.48 m3/sec
Therefore Velocity in the manifold = Q/A = 0.48/p/4(0.8)2
= 0.95 m/sec
Provided manifold of 700mm diameter = (Area of manifold)/(Area of lateral)
= 1.49 = 1.5
Velocity in manifold = 0.48/0.785 (0.70)2
= 1.26 m/sec
(Between 1.25 3.6 m/sec)
Hence ok

9.5.1.VELOCITY IN LATERALS:Velocity = 0.48/(78 0.003318) = 1.8 m/sec

Volume in orifice = Q/ total area of the orifices
= 0.48/ 1223 7.85 x 10-5 = 5 m/sec
(Between 5-7 m/sec)
73

Hence ok

9.6.CHECK FOR VARIATION IN HEAD B/W THE NEAREST AND THE

FARTHEST ORIFICE:Back wash through the manifold = 0.48 m3/sec, from Hazen William chart, loss of head
per 1000m. for 700 mm of pipe C = 100
= 3.1 m / 1000m
Therefore Loss of head in uniformly diminishing flow = 1/3 3.1
= 1.032 m / 1000m
Length of the manifold = 8 m
Therefore Total loss of head in manifold = 0.00826 m
Similarly flow through each lateral = 0.48/78 = 6.154 10-3 m3/sec.
Dia. of lateral = 65 mm
Corresponding head loss from Hazen- William chart = 103m/1000m.
Length of lateral = 2.6
Therefore Head loss for uniformly diminishing flow=1/3 102.99= 34.33m/1000
Therefore Total head loss in the lateral = 2.6 x 34.33/1000
= 0.089 m
Therefore Total head loss in the manifold and the lateral = 0.089+0.00826
= 0.0975 m
Assuming co-efficient of velocity of orifices Cv= 0.9
Therefore required head at the farthest orifice h = V2/Cv22g = 52/0.92 2 9.81
= 1.573 m
Therefore Required head at inlet at the manifold = h+ loss of head in manifold and laterals
= 1.573+ 0.0975
= 1.6705m
Therefore Difference of head b/w the first and last orifice = 0.0975/1.6705100
= 5.83% = 6% of the maximum head loss which is less than 12 %
Hence, ok
9.7. WASH WATER SYSTEMS:9.7.1 PROPOSED ARRANGEMENT:74

It is proposed to arrange two units is such a way that they are washed simultaneously.
The arrangement shown in figure (for gutter and gullets)

9.7.2. DESIGN OF GUTTERS:Rate of back wash = 60 cm/ min

Total flow in gutters = 0.48 m3/sec
Therefore Discharge in each gutter = 0.48/4 = 2.12 m3/sec
c/c spacing between gutter = 2 m
Providing 30 cm wide gutter clear spacing between gutters is < 1.5 to 2.1m
Hence , ok
Assuming free discharge:-

75

Critical depth of flow dc = (Q2/gb2)1/3 = [(0.12)2/9.81 0.32]1/3

= (0.0163)1/3 = 25.36 cm
For economic design slope of the gutter is given by S = 0.55dc / L
= 0.55 0.2536/6 = 0.02325.
Heat at start (assuming free flow) dc= dl
Ho = {2dc2+ (dc 1/3 S.L)}1/3- 2SL/3
H0 = {(2 0.25362 + (0.2536- 0.002325 6/3)}1/2 2/3 0.02325 x 6
= 0.5794 0.093
= 0.4864 m
Depth at the other end = 0.48 + S.L.
= 0.48 + 0.02325 6 = 0.48 + 0.1395
= 0.6195
Dimension of the gutter at the start = 30 cm 50cm (2 cm free board)
Providing gutter as shown in figure
Head over the Gutter Tip
Discharge entering the gutter from each side per meter length of the gutter.
Or, q = (Discharge / gutter) /2
= 0.48 / 4 2 6 = 0.04 m3/sec/m
If H is the head over the gutter tip, Then q = b h (2gh)1/2
0.04 = 4.429(h)3/2 or , h = 0.017 m
h= 1.171 cm
Sectional area of flow over tip per meter length a = 0.171 x 1.00 = 0.171 m2
Therefore Horizontal velocity = 0.01/0.0171 = 0.582 m/sec
Head caused by horizontal velocity = (0.582)2/2 9.81
0.0171 m.

= 0.0173 m which is more than

9.7.3 DESIGN OF GULLET:The gullet should be capable of carrying back water from two beds simultaneously.
The discharge through each gutter = 2 0.48 = 0.96 m3/sec
Assuming velocity of flow = 2.4 m/sec
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Sectional area of flow = 0.96/2.4 = 0.4 m2

Assuming as overall width of 0.60 m
Depth of flow = 0.4/0.6 = 0.666m
Provide an overall depth of 80 cm including of free board of 0.14 m.
Therefore

Gutter section = 60 80 cm.

Hydraulic mean depth, R = A/P = 0.6 0.66/(0.6+0.66+0.66)

= 0.4/1.92

= 0.208 m

If s is the slope of the gutter, applying Mannings formula with n = 0.015

V = (0.208)2/3(S)1/2 1/0.015
2.4 = (1/0.015) (0.208)2/3(S)1/2
Length of gutter = 8m
Therefore S1/2 = 0.10259 or S = 0.015
Therefore Total drop = 8 0.015 = 0.084 m.

9.8. WASTE WATER OUTLET MAIN:The waste water from the gutter shall be carried to reach wash water drainage through
CI main.
Therefore Flow through the CI pipe mains =

0.48 2

892.44 m3/day

57.6 m3/min

0.96 m3/sec

Provide 750 mm dia CI pipe at a slope of head loss of 8.08 m/1000m and min maintain a
velocity of 2.2 m/sec.

9.9. WASH WATER INLET MAIN:The velocity of flow in the wash water inlet main should be 2 m to 2.75 m/sec
Therefore providing a velocity of 2.75 m/sec,
Provide 750mm dia CI pipe as in case of outlet system.

9.10. DESIGN OF WASH WATER CHANNEL:-

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A R.C.C. rectangular channel is proposed in which the waste water outlet main will
discharge. Since only two beds will be washed due to the interconnection between the beds
discharge through the waste water main will be equal to 0.96m3/sec.
Assume a velocity of 1.5 mps
Therefore Area required = 0.96/1.5 = 0.64 m2
Therefore provide 1.00m wide channel
Therefore Depth of flow = 0.64/1.00 = 0.64m. Provide the overall depth of 80 cm including a
free board of 0.16 m. Therefore, the final channel size is 10080 cm.
Slope = [1.5 0.015/0.282/3]

(R =0.46/ (1+1.28) = 0.28

= 0.05252 = 2.757 10-3 = 0.002757 m

9.11. OVER SIZE OF THE FILTER BOX:Gravel bed usually (0.45-0.5 m).

Say 50 cm

Second layer (usually 0.6-0.8 m )

Say 80 cm

Raw water height.

Say 1.50m

Free board.

Say 3.30 m
Total 3.30 m

Provide overall depth of 3.30 m of filter box, overall size, 8 6 3.30 m

9.12. DESIGN OF WASH WATER:9.12.1. STORAGE TANK:The capacity of wash water storage tank should be sufficient for the
requirement of washing of 2 unit pulse 100 % stand by.
Assuming washing time = 6 min @0.60cm/min.
Therefore Quantity of water required for washing 2 units = 20.60866
= 345.6 m3

say 346 m3

Considering 100% sand by, required capacity of wash water tank = 2346
= 692 m3
Head required for back wash of the start of the manifold = 1.67m
Assume head loss in the back wash pipes and valves = 2.33 m
Required staging ht. of waste water tank = 1.67+2.33 = 4.00m
Provide a tank of 672 m3 capacity with its staging height of 4.00m
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9.13. WASH WATER PUMPING PLANT:The pump should be able to fill the tank with hour.
Hence, the capacity of the pump = 692/0.5 m3/hour
= 69200 /(3060) = 384Lt/sec. which is too much
Hence, provide 2 pumps discharge of each pump = 192 Lps
Therefore H.P required to raise the water against the head of 9m = 0.1921000.9/ (750.70)
= 33 H.P.
Provide 2 pumps of discharge 11520Lpm with 35 H.P
9.14. DESIGN OF CLEAR WATER CHANNEL TO CWR:A R.C.C. rectangular tank is proposed which will be covered from top and lined with
grazed tile. The channel will ultimately carry entire effluent from the Rapid Gravity Filter i,
e 67MLD.
Assume a volume of flow = 1 MPS
Therefore Area of flow required = 0.7755/1 = 0.7755 m2
Provide channel width = 1.20 m
Depth of flow = 0.7755/1.20 = 0.65
Therefore Provide channel section of 120 100 cm including a free board of 35cm
Slope:Hydraulic mean depth = R= 0.7755/2.5 = 0.3102
Applying, Manning formula with n =0.011
V= 1/n(R)2/3(S)1/2
1 = 1/0.011 (0.31)2/3 (S)1/2 or , S = 0.000576
Final sizes are 120 100cm with S= 0.576%
9.15. TOTAL LOSS OF HEAD IN FILTRATION:The total loss in calculated for 67MLD flow through each bed = 67/10 = 6.7MLD
= 0.07754 m3/sec
a) Now , loss of head in sand bed = 44.80 cm 45cm
b) Loss of head in gravel = 5cm (say )
c) Loss of head in orifice = Cv2gh

Assuming the co-efficient of velocity as 0.95

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Therefore Loss of head = h = V2/ (Cv22g)

Now, velocity = Q/A = 0.0775462/ (/4 (0.01)2 78 16
= 0.79 m

Or, h = 0.792/0.952 2 9.81 = 0.0354 m = 3.5 cm

Loss of head is lateral:Volume is lateral = 0.0775462/(7 0.785 0.0682)

V = (2gh) 1/2 = 0.3817 m/sec
Therefore
Loss of head = (0.3817)2/2 9.81

= 7.42 mm

Loss of head in manifold

V = 0.0775462//4 0.82 = 0.1543
= 15.43 cm/sec
Loss of head h= V2/2g = (0.1543)2/ (2 9.81) = 0.001215 m = 1.21 mm
Therefore total head loss in filtration = [45+5+3.6+ (7.42+1.21)/10 3]/10
= 53.6 + 0.288 = 53.9 cm 54 cm
9.16.TOTAL HEAD LOSS IN BACK WASHING:Loss of head in sand

80 cm

Loss of head in gravel

5 cm

Loss of head on orifice

1.60 m

Loss of head in lateral

1 cm (approx)

Loss of head in manifold

9 cm (approx)

Loss of head in back washing

1.45 m

Inlets mains bends etc

Total head loss

Assumed
400 cm = 4m
Chapter no.10

10.1. DESIGN OF CLEAR WATER RESERVOIR:GENERAL:-

80

It is assumed that the distribution system is having its own balancing storage
reservoir fed by feeder main for each zone. The pumping shall be done for 20 hours for each
zone and hence C.W.R. is designed for 24 hours input and 20 hours draw off. i,e. 4 hours
storage only .
The reservoir shall be rectangular in plan with two compartment one for
domestic supply and the other for industrial supply.
10.2. DESIGN:-

The total daily peak supply (peak day supply) = 73MLD

Therefore Combined capacity of the C.W.R = 73/6 = 12.16MLD
Capacity for the domestic supply = 11.1666MLD
Capacity for industrial supply = (6/73) 12.166 = 1MLD
Providing working depth of 5 m with free board of 0.30 m
Therefore Over depth = 5.30 m
Plan area of C.W.R. = 12166/5 = 2433.2 m2
L x B = 2433 m2
Provide C.W.R of dimension 100 24.5 5 m
The length of the industrial storage compartment = x 524.5 = 1000
Or, x = 8.1632

say 8.2 m

Providing 50 cm thick wall (partition) in b/w the two component and 1m for the peripheral
wall
Therefore Total length = (91.8 + 8.2 + 0.5 + 2)
Total width = (24.5 + 2) = 26.5 m
Thus the overall size of C.W.R is 102.5 26.5 5.3 m
The clean water reservoir (C.W.R) will be covered at the top and necessary provision for
ventilation may be provided. The top of the tank should be at least 60 cm above the ground
level. An appropriate plan of the C.W.R is as shown.
It may be designed as completely full inside i,e for no empty condition. Capacity
for domestic supply may be bifurcated into two parts to attain the flexibility and proper
control.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
82

1) Water and waste water engineering , 1968, Vol- I, water supply and waste water removal,
vol- II water purification and waste water treatment and disposal , fair, G.M, Geyer, J.C and
Oakum D.A, Wiley and Toppan , New York .
2) Manual on water supply and treatments may 99, Central Public Health and Environmental
Engineering Organization, Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi.

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