12V Battery Charger for Lead/Acid

The battery charger circuit below is very simple to build requiring only a handful of cheap parts
and an extra winding on your power tranny (or a separate tranny). Since the charger described is
not active during sound reproduction, I have made no criteria on parts quality, so el-cheapo was
the way to go.

There are many circuits available for charging batteries, but many are for NiCd or NiMH
batteries. They will not work for lead/acide batteries, so dont use these!!! The best way to
charge a battery is with a current limited voltage regulator. This sets a maximum current (say
1A) that will flow to charge the battery. If the current rises over this set current, the regulator
will be forced to put out a lower voltage. Since voltage drops, so will the current; hence current
limited. While the battery is charging, the current should decrease slowly while voltage starts to
increase. In the end the current will be next to zero and the voltage will be equal to the set
voltage.

Use the following to design a charger:

1. The charging current should be kept to around 0.1 times the capacity of the battery. So
a 10Ah battery should be charged with 1A of current (10 x 0.1 = 1). The battery will not
be forced (quick charged) this way and assures a longer lifetime.
2. The charging voltage should be set to 2.3 2.4V per 2V cell. So a 12V battery (6 cells of
2V) is charged at 6 x 2.3 = 13.8V.
 3. The transformer winding for the charger supply is chosen at the charging voltage plus
3V regulator drop plus 1.4V rectifier drop (two diodes) plus 10% safety. So for a 2V
battery, the winding (AC) is 2V + 3V + 0.7V + 0.7V = 6.4V + 10% = 7V.
4. The charging current is limited by the small resistor in the common leg of the charger.
The value for this resistor can be calculated with: R = 0.6V / max current. So if I want a
maximum current of 0.5A, I will need 0.6V / 0.5A = 1.2 ohms. The 0.6V is the voltage
required for the transistor to go fully into conduction. Between 0V and 0.6V the transistor
will adjust the regulator to increase or decrease voltage depending on the current it is
passing.
5. The charging voltage can be set using the potentiometer. Just hook up a volt-meter to the
charger (without the battery attached) and adjust the output voltage until it macthes the
charging voltage. Use a 1K pot for 2V batteries, use 5K for 6V and 12V batteries.
6. Use an extra fuse on the charger, about two times the maximum current you are charging
with. Fusing is critical for safety reasons. A battery can deliver 100+ amperes during a
short, so it can cause serious damage or even fires when something goes wrong with the
charger. Put the fuse behind the regulator in the lead going to the battery. This fuse is not
to protect the supply from a short in the charger, but to protect everything else from the
battery in case of a short anywhere. Dont forget to fuse the primary winding of the
charger as well
7. Youre set up to charge

The diode over the regulator in my schematic prevents damage to the regulator when the supply
is turned off. In this situation the battery that is still attached offers a negative voltage over the
regulator, as the voltage on the output is greater than the voltage on the input. The diode shorts
the regulator in this situation and avoids any problems. It is just a safety. Source: Lead/acid
battery charger

See more: Power Adapter for Car