a.

Describe briefly the basic operations of hydraulic system and how the system pressure is regulated
and controlled.
Hydraulic system operates by transmitting force through an compressible fluid.Pascals principle is
used in this system.The fluid in the enclosed container is trasmitted equally and undiminished to
all part of the containers.The system pressure is regulated and controlled by the force applied and
the piston area. Pressure = F/A , so different force applied on the piston area can change the
pressure value.

b. Discuss briefly the various type, physical characteristics and standard identification designation
of aviation hydraulic fluids and where each type of fluid is likely to be found. Specify the essential
properties of hydraulic fluid used in aircraft systems.

There are three types of hydraulic fluids used in the aircraft systems, vegetable base, mineral base, and
synthetic base. Vegetable base type of hydraulic fluid is made by alchohol and castor. It is gold or
blue colour , non flammable, attack synthetic rubber ,toxic fine in spray mist, natural rubber seal
and and be flushed with alchohol. For example, MIL H-7644/DTD900/4081B. For mineral base
type of hydraulic fluid, it is hydrocarbon/petroluem based. It is red colour and less denser than
vegetable and ester base. It has good lubricating properties and chemically stable with variation of
temperature. It also attack natural rubber and seal and hose by synthetic rubbere. Can be flushed
with naptha, vassol or stoddard solvent. The density and lubricating properties vary with
temperature. The Last one is synthetic base hydraulic fluid. Made by phosphate ester. Colour of
the hydraulic fluid is varios by the type of fluid. Skydrol 7000 is light green colour, Skydrol 500 is
blue and Skydrol 500 A and 500 B is light purple colour. It is synthethic seal and flushed with
trichloroethylene. It has wide range of temperature (-54 to 110c) , fire resistance, low friction and
compatible with epoxy and polyurethane paint. Hydraulic fluid must be incompressible, low to
medium vicosity, reasonable density with little variation of temperature, wide working
temperature, low rate of change of temperatre with temperature changes, low co-efficient of
expansion, good lubrication properties, low freezing point and high freezing point, non flammable,
non corrosive, non detrimetals to seals, minimum of toxicity, chemical stable with change of
temperature, maximum resistance to oxidation and has good storage life.