Thiruvananthapuram - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

3/20/2016
ThiruvananthapuramWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Coordinates:082915N76579E
Thiruvananthapuram
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Thiruvananthapuram
(Malayalam:
Tiruvaantapuram,IPA:[t
irunn
t
purm]),
formerlyknownasTrivandrum,isthecapitalcityof
theIndianstateofKerala.[5]Itisonthewestcoastof
Indianeartheextremesouthofthemainland.
ReferredtobyMahatmaGandhiasthe"evergreen
cityofIndia",[6][7]itischaracterisedbyitsundulating
terrainoflowcoastalhillsandbusycommercial
alleys.[8]Withapopulationof957,730inhabitants[9]
Thiruvananthapuramcontributesnearly80%ofthe
state'ssoftwareexportsandisamajorIT
hub.[10][11][12]
Thecityishometocentralandstategovernment
officesandorganisations.Apartfrombeingthe
politicalnervecentreofKerala,itisanacademichub
andishometoseveraleducationalinstitutions
includingtheUniversityofKeralaandthe
Trivandrummedicalcollegeandtomanyscienceand
technologyinstitutions,themostprominentbeingthe
IndianSpaceResearchOrganisation(ISRO),Vikram
SarabhaiSpaceCentre(VSSC),Centrefor
DevelopmentofAdvancedComputing(CDAC),
CollegeofEngineeringThiruvananthapuram(CET),
CollegeofArchitecture(C.A.T),Government
EngineeringCollege,Trivandrum(GECBH),Sree
ChitraThirunalCollegeofEngineering(SCTCE),the
JawaharlalNehruTropicalBotanicGardenand
ResearchInstitute(JNTBGRI),[13]CentralTuber
CropsResearchInstitute,Technopark,theIndian
InstituteofSpaceScienceandTechnology(IIST),[14]
theIndianInstituteofInformationTechnologyand
Management,Kerala,[15]IndianInstituteofScience,
EducationandResearch(IISER),[16]theCentrefor
DevelopmentStudies,theCentreforDevelopmentof
ImagingTechnology(CDIT),theNationalInstitute
forInterdisciplinaryScienceandTechnology,the
InternationalCentreforFreeandOpenSource
Software[17][18](ICFOSS),theCentreforEarth
ScienceStudies,RajivGandhiCentrefor
BiotechnologyandtheSreeChitiraThirunalInstitute
forMedicalScienceandTechnology.[19]
Thiruvananthapuram
:
Trivandrum
Metropolis
Clockwisefromtopright:KovalamBeach,Napier
Museum,TrivandrumCentral,KowdiarPalace,
NiyamasabhaMandiram,InfosysBuilding,TheSculpture
ofJalakanyakaMermaid
Seal
Consideredoneofthe10greenestcitiesinIndia,
ThiruvananthapuramisclassifiedasatierIIIndian
cityalongwithKochiandwasrankedasthebestcity
inKeralatoliveina2012TimesofIndiasurvey.[20]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram
1/19
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ThecitywasalsorankedasthebestcityinIndiafor
HousingandTransportbyasurveyconductedby
IndiaToday.[21][22]
Contents
1 Toponomy
2 History
3 Geographyandclimate
3.1 Climate
4 Economy
5 Administrationandlaw
6 Infrastructure
7 Tourism
8 Transport
8.1 Road
8.2 Rail
8.3 TrivandrumLightMetroRail
8.4 Suburbanrail
8.5 Air
8.6 Sea
9 Demographics
10 CultureandFood
11 Education
11.1 Scienceandtechnology
12 Media
13 Sports
14 Strategicimportance
15 Notablepeople
16 Picturegallery
17 Seealso
18 Notes
19 References
20 Externallinks
Toponomy
ThecitygetsitsnamefromtheMalayalamword
thiruananthapuramIPA:[t
irunn
t
purm],
meaningthe"CityofLordAnanta."[23]Thename
derivesfromthedeityoftheSriPadmanabhaswamy
templeatthecentreofthecity.Ananthaistheserpent
SheshaonwhomPadmanabhaorVishnureclines.
ThistempleofVishnurecliningonAnantharemains
thecity'siconiclandmark.Thiruvananthapuramis
alsoknowninliteratureandpopularreferenceas
"Ananthapuri",theSanskritversionof
Thiruvananthapuram,andas"Syanandurapuri",[24]in
CarnatickirtanascomposedbySwathiThirunal,a
MaharajaofTravancore.
Thiruvananthapuram
Coordinates:082915N76579E
Country
State
District
Foundedby
Government
Body
Mayor
Deputy
Mayor
CityPolice
Commissioner
Memberof
Parliament
Elevation
India
Kerala
Thiruvananthapuram
SwathiThirunal
ThiruvananthapuramCorporation
VKPrasanth
RakhiRavikumar
GSparjanKumarIPS[2]
ShashiTharoor
10m(30ft)
Population(2011)[3]
Metropolis
957,730[1]
Rank
Density
Metro[4]
14
4,454/km2(11,540/sqmi)
1,647,121
Languages
Official
Spoken
languages
MalayalamEnglish
MalayalamEnglishHindiTamil
Timezone
IST(UTC+5:30)
PIN
Telephone
code
Vehicle
registration
Coastline
Sexratio
695XXX
0471
KL01,KL16,KL19,KL20,KL21,
KL22
78kilometres(48mi)
1064[3]/
Literacy
2/19
3/20/2016
Itisestimatedthatthevalueofthemonumentalitems
andassetsofthetemplepartiallyrevealedarecloseto
1000billion(US$15billion),makingittherichest
templeintheworld.[25]
ThecitywasofficiallyreferredtoasTrivandrumuntil
1991,whenthegovernmentdecidedtoreinstatethe
city'soriginalnameThiruvananthapuram.
History
Planning
agency
Civicagency
Distancefrom
Mumbai
Distancefrom
Delhi
Climate
Precipitation
Avg.annual
temperature
Avg.summer
temperature
Avg.winter
temperature
Website
PaintingbyRajaRaviVarma
depictingRichardTempleGrenville,
3rdDukeofBuckinghamand
ChandosbeinggreetedbyVisakham
Thirunal,withAyilyamThirunalof
Travancorelookingon,during
Buckingham'svisitto
Thiruvananthapuram,Travancorein
early1880.
KowdiarPalacebuiltin1915wasthe
officialresidenceoftheTravancore
RoyalFamily. [26]
97.72[3]%
TRIDA
ThiruvananthapuramCorporation
1,543kilometres(959mi)NW(land)
2,814kilometres(1,749mi)N(land)
Am/Aw(Kppen)
1,700millimetres(67in)
27.2C(81.0F)
35C(95F)
24.4C(75.9F)
www.corporationoftrivandrum.in
(http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in)
Thiruvananthapuramisanancientregionwithtradingtraditionsdating
backto1000BCE.[27][28]Thecitywasthetradingpostofspices,
sandalwoodandivory.[29]However,theancientpoliticalandcultural
historywasalmostentirelyindependentfromthatoftherestofKerala.
TheearlyrulersofthecityweretheAys.Withtheirfallinthe10th
century,thecitywastakenoverbytherulersofVenad.[30]
TheriseofmodernThiruvananthapurambeganwithaccessionof
MarthandaVarmain1729asthefoundingruleroftheprincelystateof
Travancore(Thiruvithamkoorinthelocalvernacular).
ThiruvananthapuramwasmadethecapitalofTravancorein1745after
shiftingthecapitalfromPadmanabhapuraminKanyakumaridistrict.[31]
Thecitydevelopedintoamajorintellectualandartisticcentreduring
thisperiod.Thecity'sgoldenageinhistorywasduringthemid19th
centuryunderthereignofMaharajaSwathiThirunalandMaharaja
AyilyamThirunal.ThiserasawtheestablishmentofthefirstEnglish
school(1834),theObservatory(1837),theGeneralHospital(1839),the
OrientalResearchInstitute&ManuscriptsLibraryandtheUniversity
College(1873).Thefirstmentalhospitalinthestatewasstartedduring
thesameperiod.SanskritCollege,AyurvedaCollege,LawCollegeand
asecondgradecollegeforwomenwerestartedbyMoolamThirunal
(18851924).[30]
Theearly20thcenturywasanageoftremendouspoliticalandsocial
changesinthecity.TheSreeMoolamAssembly,establishedin1904,wasthefirstdemocraticallyelected
legislativecouncilinanyIndianstate.[32]DespitenotbeingunderdirectcontroloftheBritishEmpireatany
time,thecityfeaturedprominentlyinIndia'sfreedomstruggle.TheIndianNationalCongresshadaveryactive
presenceinThiruvananthapuram.AmeetingoftheIndianNationalCongresspresidedbyDr.Pattabhi
Sitaramaiahwasheldherein1938.
TheThiruvananthapuramMunicipalitystartedin1920.ThemunicipalitywasconvertedintoaCorporationon
30October1940,duringtheperiodofChitraThirunalBalaRamaVarma,whotookoverin1931.[33]Thecity
witnessedmanysidedprogressduringhisperiod.Thepromulgationof"TempleEntryProclamation"(1936)
wasanactthatunderlinedsocialemancipation.ThiseraalsosawtheestablishmentoftheUniversityof
Travancorein1937,whichlaterbecameKeralaUniversity.[34]
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WiththeendoftheBritishrulein1947,TravancorechosetojointheIndianunion,aftertoyingwiththeideaof
independencetillaslateas1949.Ithaddeclareditselftobeindependenton18June1947.Anassassination
attemptontheDewan,SirCPRamaswamyIyerandhisexitturnedthetablesonthevotariesofan"American
Model"Travancore.ThefirstpopularministryheadedbyPattomThanuPillaiwasinstalledinofficeon24
March1948.In1949,ThiruvananthapurambecamethecapitalofThiruKochi,thestateformedbythe
integrationofTravancorewithitsnorthernneighbourKochi,whichwasthefirstprincelystatetoaccedetothe
IndianUnion.[35]ThekingofTravancore,ChitraThirunalBalaRamaVarma,becametheRajpramukhofthe
TravancoreCochinUnionfrom1July1949until31October1956.WhenthestateofKeralawasformedon1
November1956,Thiruvananthapurambecameitscapital.[36]
WiththeestablishmentofThumbaEquatorialRocketLaunchingStation(TERLS)in1962,
ThiruvananthapurambecamethecradleofIndia'sambitiousspaceprogramme.ThefirstIndianspacerocket
wasdevelopedandlaunchedfromtheVikramSarabhaiSpaceCentre(VSSC)intheoutskirtsofthecityin
1963.SeveralestablishmentsoftheIndianSpaceResearchOrganisation(ISRO)werelaterestablishedin
Thiruvananthapuram.[37]
Amajormilestoneinthecity'srecenthistorywastheestablishmentofTechnoparkIndia'sfirstITparkin
1995.[38]TechnoparkhasdevelopedintothelargestITparkinIndiaingeographicalarea,[39]employingaround
48,000peoplein300companies.[40]ThisplacedThiruvananthapuramontheITmapofIndia.[41]
Geographyandclimate
Thiruvananthapuramisbuiltonsevenhills[42]bytheseashoreandisat8.5N76.9Eonthewestcoast,near
thesoutherntipofmainlandIndia.[5]ThecityisonthewestcoastofIndiaandisboundedbyLaccadiveSeato
itswestandtheWesternGhatstoitseast.Thecityspansanareaof214.86km2(82.96sqmi)[43]andthegreater
metropolitanareaspansanareaof250km2(96.53sqmi).Theaverageelevationis16ft(4.9m)abovesea
level.[44]
TheGeologicalSurveyofIndiahasidentifiedThiruvananthapuramasamoderatelyearthquakeproneurban
centreandcategoriseditintheSeismicIIIZone.[45]
ThiruvananthapuramliesontheshoresofKaramanaandKillirivers.Vellayani,ThiruvallamandAkkulam
backwatersliesinthecity.[46]
Climate
Thecityhasaclimatethatbordersbetweenatropicalsavannaclimateandatropicalmonsoonclimate.Asa
result,itdoesnotexperiencedistinctseasons.Themeanmaximumtemperature34Candthemeanminimum
temperatureis21C.Thehumidityishighandrisestoabout90%duringthemonsoonseason.[47]
Thiruvananthapuramisthefirstcityalongthepathofthesouthwestmonsoonsandgetsitsfirstshowersin
earlyJune.Thecitygetsheavyrainfallofaround1700mmperyear.Italsogetsrainfromtherecedingnorth
eastmonsoonswhichhitthecitybyOctober.ThedryseasonsetsinbyDecember.December,Januaryand
FebruaryarethecoldestmonthswhileMarch,AprilandMayarethehottest.Thelowesttemperatureinthecity
corerecordedduringwinterwas16.4Con,andthehighesttemperaturerecordedinsummeris38.0C.[48]
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ClimatedataforThiruvananthapuramCity(19712000)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Dec
Year
Recordhigh 35.5
36.3
37.7
38.0
35.8
C(F)
(95.9) (97.3) (99.9) (100.4) (96.4)
35.8
(96.4)
33.7
34.0
35.4
(92.7) (93.2) (95.7)
Averagehigh 32.0
32.3
33.2
33.1
32.3
C(F)
(89.6) (90.1) (91.8) (91.6) (90.1)
30.1
(86.2)
29.8
29.8
30.6
30.4
30.6 31.6
(85.6) (85.6) (87.1) (86.7) (87.1) (88.9)
31.3
(88.3)
Averagelow 22.1
C(F)
(71.8)
23.7
(74.7)
23.2
23.2
23.5
23.3
23.2 22.7
(73.8) (73.8) (74.3) (73.9) (73.8) (72.9)
23.5
(74.3)
20.2
18.2
20.8
20.1
(68.4) (64.8) (69.4) (68.2)
16.4
(61.5)
22.8
(73)
24.1
25.1
(75.4) (77.2)
25.0
(77)
Recordlow 16.4
18.1
20.2
20.3
20.1
C(F)
(61.5) (64.6) (68.4) (68.5) (68.2)
20.0
(68)
35.0
(95)
Nov
34.3 35.5 38.0

(93.7) (95.9) (100.4)
18.9 18.2
(66) (64.8)
Average
15.9
22.7
27.8 118.8 198.6 330.4 188.1 152.3 169.1 254.5 211.9 64.0 1,754.2
precipitation
(0.626) (0.894) (1.094) (4.677) (7.819) (13.008) (7.406) (5.996) (6.657) (10.02) (8.343) (2.52) (69.063)
mm(inches)
Average
precipitation
days
1.0
1.7
2.3
6.5
9.7
16.6
13.4
10.3
8.7
11.7
9.2
4.2
95.4
Average
relative
humidity
(%)
69
70
72
77
79
85
84
83
82
83
82
74
78
Mean
monthly
sunshine
hours
262.8
242.3
250.7
214.0
197.3
133.5
149.7
166.6
173.4
170.8
166.3 216.6
2,344
Source#1:IndiaMeteorologicalDepartment(recordhighandlowupto2010) [48][49]
Source#2:NOAA(sunandhumidity,19711990) [50]
Economy
TheeconomyofThiruvananthapuramcitywasearlierbasedonthetertiary
sectorwithabout60%oftheworkforcebeingemployedasgovernment
servants.Largescaleindustrialestablishmentsarelowcomparedtoother
southIndianstatecapitalslikeBangalore,HyderabadandChennai.
Thiruvananthapuramwaslistedasoneofthetop10citesinIndiaon
VibrancyIndexandConsumptionIndexbyastudyconductedbyglobal
financialservicesfirmMorganStanley.[51]Theopeningofmanyprivate
televisionchannelsinthestatemadeThiruvananthapuramthehomeof
studiosandrelatedindustries.India'sfirstanimationpark,KinfraFilmand
VideoPark,ishere.[52][53]
TechnoparkishometoseveralcompaniesincludingOracleCorporation,
Infosys,TCS,VisualGraphicsComputingServices,Ernst&Young
GlobalSharedServicesCenter,AllianzCornhill,RRDonnelley,UST
Global,TataElxsi,IBSSoftwareServices,NeSTSoftware,SunTec
BusinessSolutionsetc.[54]Theparkhasaround285companies
employingover40,000professionals.[40]ThisisthefirstCMMILevel4
assessedTechnologyParkwhichspreadsover330acreswithabout
4,000,000sqft(370,000m2)ofbuiltupspace[55]AsPhaseIV
expansion,Technoparkisdeveloping450acresoflandinPallippuram,
5kmnorthfromthemaincampusasTechnocity.[56]
Professionalsatworkinthe
Technoparkcampus
AbuildingintheInfosys
Thiruvananthapuramcampus
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TourismhascontributedheavilytotheeconomyofThiruvananthapuram.[57][58]Alargenumberofforeign
touristsvisiteveryyear.[59]
Therearearound20governmentownedand60privatelyownedmediumandlargescaleindustrialunitsin
Thiruvananthapuram.ThemajoremployersaretheKSIDC,Milma,Keltron,VSSC,ISROLPSC,Travancore
TitaniumandHindustanLatex,allgovernmentowned.Therearealsoabout30,000smallscaleindustrialunits
employingaround115,000people.Traditionalindustriesincludehandloomandcoir.[60]
Commercialactivityislowmainlyduetotheunderdevelopmentofports.However,thisisexpectedtochange
withtheconstructionoftheDeepWaterContainerTransshipmentPortatVizhinjam.[61]Situatedclosetothe
city,Vizhinjamisveryclosetointernationalshippingroutesandtheeastwestshippingaxisandhardlyrequire
maintenancedredging.[62]OthermajororganisationsofeconomicinterestaretheBrahMosAerospace,
ChithranjaliFilmComplex,KinfraApparelPark,KinfraFilmandVideoPark,KeralaHitechIndustries
(KELTECH),KeralaAutomobilesLimitedandtheEnglishIndianClaysLtd.
Administrationandlaw
ThestatelegislativeassemblyandSecretariatarehereas
ThiruvananthapuramisthecapitalofKerala.Thecityisthe
headquartersoftheThiruvananthapuramdistrict.Theforeignmissions
inthecityaretheConsulateofMaldives[63]andHonoraryConsulateof
Russia.[64]
Thereisa2008pleatoreinstateabenchoftheKeralaHighCourtinthe
citywhichwasearliercancelledin1957duetosettingupoftheHigh
CourtofKeralaatErnakulam.[65]
ThecityisadministeredbytheThiruvananthapuramCorporationwhich
headedbythemayorandisresponsiblefortheoverallsupervisionand
controloftheadministrativefunctionsoftheMunicipalCorporation.[66]
Thecitycouncilisdemocraticallyelectedandcomprises100members
representingthewards.Severalagenciesworkunderorinpartnership
withtheCorporationincludingtheThiruvananthapuramDevelopment
Authority(TRIDA)andThiruvananthapuramRoadDevelopment
CompanyLimited(TRDCL).[67]
TheCorporationofTrivandrum
(http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in)ranked2ndoutof21citiesfor
bestgovernanceandadministrativepracticesinIndiain2014.Itscored
3.9on10comparedtothenationalaverageof3.3.Itistheonlycityin
Indiawithalocalombudsman.[68]
ThecitycomesundertheThiruvananthapuramLokSabha
constituency.Thecitycorporationareacontributestofourlegislative
assemblyseats:Kazhakuttam,Vattiyoorkavu,Thiruvananthapuram,
andNemom.[72]ThepoliceisheadedbyaPoliceCommissioner,an
officerofDeputyInspectorGeneralrankintheIndianPoliceService.
KeralaLegislativeAssemblyBuilding
SecretariatoftheGovernmentof
Kerala
ThiruvananthapuramCityofficials
Mayor
DeputyMayor
CorporationSecretary
V.K.Prasanth[69]
RakhiRavikumar[70]
BijuKIAS[71]
CommissionerofPolice G.SparjanKumarIPS[2]
ThecityisdividedintothreepolicesubdivisionsheadedbyAssistantCommissioners.Therearetwotraffic
subdivisions.Awomen'scellandanarcoticscontrolcelloperateinthecity.Theotherunitsof
ThiruvananthapuramCityPoliceincludeCrimeDetachment,CitySpecialBranch,DogSquad,MountedPolice,
DistrictCrimeRecordsBureau,ForeignersRegistrationOffice(FRO),TouristPoliceandDistrictArmed
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Reserve.[73]TherearetwostateArmedPoliceBattalionsandaunitoftheCentralReservePoliceForce(CRPF)
basedinThiruvananthapuram.TheCRPFhasaGroupHeadquartersatPallipuram.Thereisalargearmy
cantonmentinPangodewheresomeregimentsoftheIndianArmyarebased.
Infrastructure
ThecityisfullyelectrifiedbyKeralaStateElectricityBoard(KSEB).Thedistrictisdividedintothreecircles:
Transmissioncircle,ThiruvananthapuramcityandKattakkada.Domesticconsumersaccountfor43%ofthe
totalpowerconsumption,or90millionunitspermonth.Thiruvananthapuramdistricthasone220kV,nine
110kVandsix66kVelectricalsubstations.A400kVsubstationhasjustbeencommissionedbythePower
GridCorporationandwillensurehighqualitypowersupplytothecity.[74]
Thewatersupplyschemescover100%inthecitylimits.Itis84%oftheurbanand69%oftheruralpopulation,
whenthedistrictisconsidered.PepparaandAruvikkaradamsarethemainsourcesofwaterfordistribution.
ThenewprojectplanforimprovingthewatersupplywithJapaneseaidcoversThiruvananthapuramcityandsix
suburbanpanchayatshavingurbancharacteristics.[74]Thiruvananthapuramistheonlycityinthestatetohavea
scientificsewagetreatmentfacility.TheentiresewageisdisposedoffattheMuttatharaSewageTreatment
Plant,whichcanhandle107millionlitresaday(mld).However,only32mldofsewageiscurrentlydisposed
ofattheplant.ThissewageplantisIndiaslargestandKeralasfirstmodernsewagetreatmentplant.
TheseweragesysteminthecitywasimplementedatthetimeoftheTravancoreKingdomandmodernisedin
1938.Thisschemeforthedisposalofsullageandsewageisanundergroundsystem.Thewholesystemis
controlledbyKeralaWaterAuthoritynow.Thecityareaisdividedintosevenblocksfortheexecutionofthe
seweragesystem,twocommissionedinthe1990sandtwoafter2000.Theseweragewaspumpedtoastilling
chamberattheSewerageTreatmentPlant(STP)atValiyathuraandwasdisposedthroughsewagefarming.The
DairyDevelopmentDepartmentmaintainsthissewagefarm,andfoddercultivationisdonehere.Thereisno
revenuegenerationfromthisscheme,andtheseweragesysteminthecityisaserviceprovidedtotheresidents.
NowthesewageistreatedattheMuttatharaSTP.[75]
Tourism
Thiruvananthapuramisadestinationfordomesticandinternational
tourists.Therearemanytouristdestinationsinornearthecityincluding
Kovalambeach,SanghumukhamBeach,NapiermuseumandZoo(Yann
MartelwrotehisbookLifeofPiafterstudyingadisabledlion,Simba,
formonthshere),Agasthyarkoodampeak,NeyyarWildlifeSanctuary
andNeyyarDam,KuthiraMalikapalace,SreePadmanabhaSwamy
temple,Ponmudi,Poovar,VarkalaCliffsandbeachesandmanyothers.
Kanyakumari,Thiruvattar,PadmanabhapuramPalaceandTirpparappu
waterfalls,arenearthecity,intheadjoiningKanyakumariDistrict
(Nagercoil),inthestateofTamilNadu.
KovalamBeachwithKovalam
lighthouseinthebackground
TheeponymousSreePadmanabhaswamyTemplecircledbytheEastFortisatthecenterofabusyshopping
hub.Thetempleattractsmillionsofvisitorseveryyear.Visitorsarerequiredtoadheretospecialdresscode
beforeentering.RecentcourtbattlechallengesthecustodianshipoftheRoyalfamilyoverthetemple.The
controversycentresontheestimatedpropertiesofover$20billion[76]housedinthevaultsofthetemple.
Transport
Road
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TheNH47,whichrunsfromSalemtoKanyakumari,connectsthecity
toKollam,Kochi,ThrissurandPalakkad.TheMainCentralRoad(MC
Road)whichisanarterialStateHighwayinKeralaanddesignatedas
SH1startsfromKesavadasapuraminthecity.
TheThiruvananthpuramRoadDevelopmentCompanyLimitedisan
SPVtodeveloptheroadnetworkinThiruvananthapuramcity.[77]Itis
thefirstintracityprojectinthecountry.[78]
Kowdiarroad,alsoknownasthe
royalroador"RajaVeedhi",asit
leadstotheKowdiarPalaceofthe
RoyalfamilyofTravancore
NationalHighwayNH66in
Kesavadasapuram,
Thiruvananthapuram
Theintracitypublictransportisdominatedbythestateowned
KSRTC,[79]thoughtherearesignificantnumbersofprivatebusesplying
withinthecitylimits.
Withinthecity,citybuses,taxisandautorickshawsprovide
transportation.Scooters,motorcyclesandcarsarethefavouredmeansof
personaltransportation.
Therearebusservicesoperatedbyprivateoperatorsthatprovideaccess
withincitylimitsandbeyond.ThecityservicesofKSRTCoperatefrom
sevendepots:Citydepot,VikasBhavan,Peroorkada,Pappanamcode,
Pothencode,KaniyapuramandVellanad.[80]Theseserviceswere
revampedin2005withtheintroductionofmodernbusesandelectronic
ticketingmechanisms.ThecentralbusstationisinThampanoor,
oppositeThiruvananthapuramCentralStation.Itconnects
ThiruvananthapuramwithotherpartsofKeralaandotherstates.The
centralbusterminalis1kmawayatEastFort(Kizhakkekotta),nearthe
PadmanabhaSwamytemple.
Interstatebuses:TamilNaduStateTransportCorporationofTirunelveliDivisionplybusesbetweenNagercoil
andThiruvananthpuramandmanyotherpartsofKanyakumaridistrict.IthasadepotofSETCwhichoperates
longdistanceservicestowardsChennaiandBangaloreviaNagercoil,Madurai.Also,KSRTC,privatebus
operatorsandtheKarnatakaSRTCplyservicestodestinationsinTamilNadu,KarnatakaandHyderabad.
Rail
ThiruvananthapuramcomesundertheSouthernRailwayzoneofthe
IndianRailways.KollamThiruvananthapuramtrunklineconnects
TrivandrumwithothermajorcitiesinIndia.Therearefiverailway
stationsinthecitylimitsincludingtheThiruvananthapuramcentral
station.ThiruvananthapuramPettah,KochuveliandVelistationsare
towardsnorthdirectionandThiruvananthapuramNemomisinsouth
directionfromthecentralstation.[81]TheCentralrailwaystationisat
Thampanoorintheheartofthecityandisabout5kmfromthenew
internationalairterminalandnearly8kmfromthedomesticair
terminal.[82]Kochuvelirailwaystationisdevelopedtoeasecongestion
oncentralstationanditactassatellitestationtoThiruvananthapuram
Central.[83]Someofthelongdistancetrainsoperatefromthisstation.
TheThiruvananthapuramRajdhaniExpressconnectsthecitytoNew
Delhi,thecapitalofIndia.
ThiruvananthapuramCentralRailway
Stationisoneofthebusiestrailway
stationsinsouthIndia
ThecityiswellconnectedbyrailtoalmostallmajorcitiesinIndiasuchasNewDelhi,Mumbai,Vellore,
Chennai,Kolkata,Bangalore,TirunelveliandHyderabad.ThiruvananthapuramisthefirstmajorSouthIndian
cityonthelongesttrainrouteinIndia,KanyakumaritoDibrugarh.[84]
8/19
3/20/2016
TrivandrumLightMetroRail
TheGovernmentofKeralaisconsideringaproposaltoconstructtwolightmetrosystemsinthecityof
ThiruvananthapuramandKozhikode.Earlier,theproposalwastoconstructmonorailsystems.[85]Themonorail
proposedwastostartfromPallippuramandterminateatNeyyattinkaracoveringadistanceof41.8kilometres
(26.0mi).Thirtyfivestopswereproposedwithmultistoreyedparkinglotsatthestations.[85]However,the
monorailprojectshavebeendroppedandthegovernmentisconsideringthepossibilityoflightmetrosinthese
corporationareas.ConstructionofTrivandrumLightMetroRailisstillnotyetstartedbecauseoftheprojectis
awaitinganapprovalfromTheministryofurbandevelopment.
Suburbanrail
AnewsuburbancorridorbyRailwaysinThiruvananthapuramKollamHaripad/Chengannurroutesfor
whichMRVCistaskedtoconductstudyandsubmitreport.Tentrains,eachwith7bogieswilltransport
passengersbetweenThiruvananthapuramKollamChengannurHarippadsection.SuburbanCorridoris
modelledonthelinesoftheMumbaiSuburbanRailwherearound3,000suburbantrainsplyeveryday.[86]
Air
ThiruvananthapuramisservedbytheThiruvananthapuramInternational
Airport(IATA:TRV,ICAO:VOTV),thefirstinternationalairportin
Indiaoutsidethefourmetropolitancitiesthenandthirdlargestairportof
keralastate.IthasdirectconnectivitytotheMiddleEast,Singapore,
MaldivesandSriLankaandisoneofthegatewaystothetourismrich
stateofKerala.Theairportisqualifiedforallweatherandnight
operations.Oneofitsmajoradvantageistheprevailingweatherthat
doesnotgotoextremes,allowingflightoperationswithoutdisruption
yearround.[87]Theinternationalterminalisapproximately3.7
kilometres(2.3mi)duewestandthedomesticterminalisapproximately
8.0kilometres(5.0mi)fromthecentralbusinessdistrict.[88]
Terminal3atThiruvananthapuram
InternationalAirport
Theimportanceoftheairportisalsobecauseitisthesouthernmost
airportinIndiaandtheclosestoptionforneighbouringcountrieslikeMaldivesandSriLankaitistheonly
optiontoMaldivesfromIndia.Apartfromtheregularscheduledflights,charterflights,primarilycarrying
tourists,servetheairport.[89]
Sea
TheworkoninfrastructuredevelopmentfortheDeepWaterContainer
TransshipmentPortatVizhinjamisexpectedtobeginin2015.[90]Itis
tobebuiltinthreephasesandexpectedtobeakeycompetitorinthe
portsbusiness(especiallyforcontainertransshipment),withthe
internationalshippinglanesbetweenEuropeandEastAsialyingvery
closeandwithmajorportslikeColombo,KochiandTuticorininclose
proximity.[91]
ThiruvananthapuramVizhinjam
TheexponentialgrowthoftheservicesandITbasedsectorscoupled
withitsprominenceasthestatecapitalandtouristcenterhascausedconsiderablestrainonthetransport
infrastructureofthecity.Toeasethestrain,projectssuchasTCRIPareunderway(firstphaseiscompleted)[92]
includingtheconstructionofflyovers[93]andunderpasses.[94]Inthefirstphase,42kmofsixlaneandfour
lanedualcarriagewaysarebeingbuilt.[95]
9/19
3/20/2016
Demographics
Thecityhasapopulationof7,52,490accordingtothe2011census,[3]
and1,687,406intheUrbanAgglomeration.[4]Inthecity,thedensityof
populationisabout5,284peoplepersquarekilometre.Therearemore
womeninThiruvananthapuramthanmenthesexratiois2,064females
toevery2,000males.[3]
InOctober2010,theareaofthecitywasincreasedfrom86wardsto
100wards[96]byaddingSreekaryam,Vattiyoorkavu,Kudappanakunnu,
VizhinjamandKazhakuttampanchayatsintothecorporation.[97]
Thecityhasnowanareaof214.86kmandapopulationof
2,957,730inhabitantswith867,739malesand889,991females.[98]
Hinduscomprise65%ofthepopulation,Christiansareabout18%
ofthepopulation,andMuslimsareabout12%,NoReligionThe
remains3%,othersremaining2%practiseotherreligions.
GandhiParkinEastFort
ReligionsinThiruvananthapuram
Religion
Hindu
Christians
Muslims
NoReligion
Others
Percentage
65%
18%
14%
2.5%
0.5%
ThemajorlanguagespokenisEnglish,Malayalam&Tamil.Hindi
iswidelyunderstood.Asaresultofthemigrationofpeoplefor
governmentjobs,thepopulationofthecityisaheadymixof
peoplefromallpartsofKerala.ThiruvananthapuramishometoaprominentminorityofTamilspeakers,owing
totheirmigrationfromtheSouthernTravancoreregionandadjoiningdistrictsofTirunelveliandRameshwaram
inthepast.ThecityalsohasafewTulu,Konkani,Dhivehi,Hindi,Telugu,andUrduspeakers.Thereisalsoa
minorityofMaldeviansinthecity.
UnemploymentisaseriousissueinThiruvananthapuram.Theincreaseintheunemploymentratewasfrom
8.8%in1998to34.3%in2003,thusregisteringa25.5%absoluteanda289.7%relativeincreaseinfive
years,butcurrentlyunemploymentisdecreasedinatahighrateof2.3%becauseofincreasedamountofIT
companiesincity.[99]ThiruvananthapuramtalukranksthirdinKeralawith36.3%ofitspopulation
unemployed.Theinmigrationoftheunemployedfromotherdistrictsbooststhishighunemploymentrate.[99]
Evenwithitsunemploymentrate,thecityhasitsfairshareofmigrantlabourersfromotherstates.
Thiruvananthapuramhasahighsuiciderate,whichwentupfrom17.2perlakhin1995to38.5perlakhin
2002.[100]In2004,theratecamedownslightlyto36.6perlakh.[101]
Asper2001census,thepopulacebelowthepovertylineinthecitywas11,667.ABPLsurveyindicatedthe
urbanpoorpopulationas120,367.Majorityofthesepopulacelivesinslumsandcoastalfishingareas.[102]
CultureandFood
TheculturalbackgroundofThiruvananthapuramoriginatesfromthe
effortsoftherulersoferstwhileTravancore,whotookanactiveinterest
inthedevelopmentofartsandculture.Thiruvananthapuramhas
producedseveralgreatartists,themostfamousonesbeingMaharaja
SwathiThirunal,[103]IrayimmanThampiandRajaRaviVarma.
MaharajaSwathiThirunalwasagreatcomposerandplayedavitalrole
inthedevelopmentofCarnaticmusic.[104]Thereisamusiccollegein
hisnameinthecitySwathiThirunalCollegeofMusic.
Kovalampalmgrove
10/19
3/20/2016
RajaRaviVarmawasafamouspainterofinternationalrenown.His
contributionstoIndianartaresubstantial.Mostofhisfamouspaintings
arepreservedattheSreeChithraArtGalleryinthecity.The
PadmanabhaSwamyTempleandthefortsurroundingit,theNapier
MuseumandZoo,theVJThallareamongtheprominentheritage
buildingsinthecity.
Thiruvananthapuramisaunique
Indiancity,wheregreeneryand
modernitycoexistShownhereisthe
aerialviewofKowdiar
TheVelilakeandShankumughambeacharehometosculpturesofthe
notedsculptorKanayiKunhiraman.Manypeople,includingMahatma
Gandhihaveadmiredthecity'sgreenery.[105]
Thiruvananthapuramappearsasalaidbackandquietcitytoacasual
observer.However,thereareconsiderableculturalactivities.Theyare
moreactiveduringthefestivalseasonofOnaminAugust/September
andduringthetouristseasonlaterintheyear.Thestategovernment
organisesthetourismweekcelebrationseveryyearduringtheOnamwithculturaleventsconductedatcentres
inthecity.Theothermajoreventsincludetheannualflowershow,theAttukalPongala,theAaraatof
PadmanabhaSwamyTemple,UrsatBeemapally,etc.[106]
TheCVNKalariatEastFortisawellknowncentrefortraininginKerala'sindigenousmartialartthe
Kalaripayattu.TheMargicentreofferstraininginmanyofKerala'straditionalartsincludingKathakali.
ThegeneralcuisineisKeralitecuisine,whichischaracterisedbyanabundanceofcoconutandspices.This
includespredominantlyvegetarianNaadan(country)andnonvegetarianMalabarandKuttanadrecipes.Other
SouthIndiancuisines,aswellasChineseandNorthIndiancuisinesarepopular.Arabian,Thaicuisineand
BrandedfastfoodDomino'spizza,Pizzahut,KFC,SUBWAYjointsarepatronised.Oneofthepopulareateries
forvegetarianSouthIndianfareisAryaNivasatThampanoor.
Thiruvananthapuramhaslibraries,theprominentonesbeingtheStateCentralLibrary(Thiruvananthapuram
Publiclibrary,Est.1829),[107]theUniversityLibrary,ThiruvananthapuramChildren'sLibrary,Manuscripts
LibraryandtheCentreforDevelopmentStudiesLibrary.TheBritishLibrary(est.1964)[108]wasverynearto
theGovernmentSecretariatadjacenttotheYMCAHostel.TheBritishCouncilcloseditdown,citingfinancial
constraints.
Ashoppingmall,MallofTravancore(MOT),withanareaof600,000plussq.ft.isunderconstructiononthe
ChaakkaBypass.DevelopedbytheMalabarGroup,itwillbethesecondlargestmallinKeralaon
completion.TrivandrumisexpectedtobethegrowingmegacityinIndiaandworld.
Education
Thiruvananthapuramisanacademichub.TheUniversityofKerala
campusishere.TheregionalheadquartersofIndiraGandhiNational
OpenUniversity(IGNOU)isinThiruvananthapuram.Therearemany
professionaleducationcollegesincluding15engineeringcolleges,three
medicalcolleges,threeAyurvedacolleges,twohomeopathycolleges,
sixothermedicalrelatedcolleges,andtwolawcollegesinthecityand
itssuburbs.[109]TheCollegeofEngineering,Thiruvananthapuram,
GovernmentEngineeringCollege,BartonHill,andSreeChitraThirunal
CollegeofEngineeringarethemainengineeringcollegesinthecity.
TheTrivandrummedicalcollegeisthefirstandmostprestigious
medicalcollegeinthestateofKerala.TheAsianSchoolofBusiness
andIIITMKaretwoofthemanagementstudyinstitutionsinthecity,
bothsituatedinsideTechnopark.TheCollegeofArchitecture,
KeralaUniversityAdministrative
Building
11/19
3/20/2016
Trivandrum,V.C.A.T.providesarchitectureeducationinTrivandrum.TheIndianInstituteofSpaceScienceand
Technologyisinthecity.CentreforDevelopmentStudiesandCentreforDevelopmentofImagingTechnology
(CDIT)areincitylimits.
TheschoolsinthecityareclassifiedasAided,UnaidedandGovernmentschools.[110]Thegovernmentschools
arerundirectlybythestategovernmentandfollowthesyllabusprescribedbythestategovernment.Theaided
schoolsalsofollowthestatesyllabus.Inadditiontothis,therearefiveKendriyaVidyalayasrundirectlybythe
Centralgovernment,whichfollowtheCBSEsyllabus,andprivateschoolsrunbyeducationaltrustsorboards
whichfollowCBSEand/orICSEsyllabusand/orNIOSsyllabusand/orstatesyllabus.In1961,thefirstISC
school,LoyolaSchool,wasstartedinthecity.TheschoolisinSreekariyamandisaffiliatedtotheCISCE,
CBSEandSCERTandwasthefirstinthecitytointroducetheISCcoursewithitsBoardinDelhiand
affiliationtoCambridgeUniversity.ThefirstinternationalschoolinKerala,theTrivandrumInternational
School,wasstartedintheoutskirtsofthecityinAugust2003.[111]
TheliteracyrateinThiruvananthapuram,accordingtothe2001census,is89.36percent92.68percentamong
malesand86.26percentamongfemales.[112]
Scienceandtechnology
Thiruvananthapuramisaresearchanddevelopmenthubinspacescience,informationtechnology,bio
technology,andmedicine.ItishometotheIndianInstituteofScienceEducationandResearch,Vikram
SarabhaiSpaceCentre(VSSC),LiquidPropulsionSystemsCentre(LPSC),ThumbaEquatorialRocket
LaunchingStation(TERLS),IndianInstituteofSpaceScienceandTechnology(IIST),RajivGandhiCentrefor
Biotechnology(RGCB),JawaharlalNehruTropicalBotanicalGardenandResearchInstitute(JNTBGRI),
ER&DCCDAC,CSIRNationalInstituteofInterdisciplinaryScienceandTechnology,FreeSoftware
FoundationofIndia(FSFI),RegionalCancerCentre(RCC),SreeChitraThirunalInstituteofMedicalSciences
andTechnology(SCTIMST),CentreforEarthScienceStudies(CESS),CentralTuberCropsResearchInstitute
(CTCRI),KeralaScienceandTechnologyMuseum,PriyadarsiniPlanetarium,TheOrientalResearchInstitute
&ManuscriptsLibrary,KeralaHighwayResearchInstituteandKeralaFisheriesResearchInstitute.Ascientific
institutionnamedNationalcentreformolecularmaterials,fortheresearchanddevelopmentofbiomedical
devicesandspaceelectronicsistobeestablishedinThiruvananthapuram.[113]CollegeofArchitecture
Thiruvananthapuram(CAT),whichspecialisesonlyonthearchitecturecourse,isanotherinstitutionproposedto
setupinthesuburbsofthecity.[114]
Media
DailynewspapersareavailableinEnglish,MalayalamandTamil.TheEnglishnewspaperswitheditionsfrom
ThiruvananthapuramareTheNewIndianExpress,TheHindu,TheDeccanChronicleandTheTimesofIndia.
ThemajorMalayalamnewspapersareMathrubhumi,MalayalaManorama,KeralaKaumudi,Deshabhimani,
Madhyamam,Janmabhumi,Chandrika,Thejas,Siraj,KeralaKaumudiFlash,DeepikaandRashtraDeepika.
MostoftheMalayalamTVchannelsarebasedinThiruvananthapuram.ThegovernmentownedDoordarshan
beganbroadcastingfromherein1981.Asianet,thefirstprivateMalayalamchannel,beganitstelecastsin1991.
TheotherchannelsnowbasedinThiruvananthapuramareAmritaTV,KairaliTV,KairaliWe(Youthchannel
ofKairali),MathrubhumiNews,KaumudyTV,JaiHindTV,AsianetNews,AsianetMovies,AsianetPlus
(YouthchannelofAsianet)andPeople(NewsandcurrentaffairschannelofKairaliTV).Thelocalcable
servicesareprovidedbyAsianetSatelliteCommunicationsLimited,ConnecttelCommunicationsPvtLtd,
TrivandrumCableNetworkPvtLtdandSitiCableandtheyprovideabouquetoflocalchannelsinadditionto
alltheIndianchannels.DTHservicesareavailablethroughDoordarshanDirectPlus,TataSky,SunDirect,Big
TV,AirteldigitalTV,Videocond2handDishTV.
12/19
3/20/2016
AllIndiaRadiohasanAM(1161MHz)andanFM(AnanthapuriFM101.9MHz)stationforthecity.Ithasa
shortwavetransmitterrelayingtheAMprogrammingoverfrequencies,intendedforlistenersinfarflungareas
ofKeralaandbeyond.FMradiochannelsbroadcastfromThiruvananthapuramareAnanthapuriFM(AIR)
101.9MHz,[115]GyanvanifromIGNOU105.6MHz,[116]BigFM92.7MHz,[117]ClubFM94.3MHz,[118]
RadioMirchi98.3MHz,[119]RedFM93.5MHz[120]andRadioDC(LowpowerCRS)90.4MHz.[121]
ThiruvananthapuramcitycontainsthelargestnumberoftheatresinKerala.[122]Thereareover18cinemahalls
whichscreenfilmsinMalayalam,Tamil,EnglishandHindi.Therearetwofilmstudiosinthecity
ChithranjaliandMerryland.TheKinfraFilmandVideoPark,neartheTechnopark,isoneofthemostadvanced
filmandanimationproductioncentresinIndia.LeadingfirmslikePrasadLabshavesetuptheirfacilitieshere.
TheInternationalFilmFestivalofKerala(IFFK)isheldinNovember/Decemberandisacknowledgedasoneof
theleadingeventsofitskindinIndia.
ThewirelinetelephoneservicesareprovidedbyBSNL,Reliance,AirTelandTataIndicom.ThemainGSM
networksoperatinginthecityareBSNLCellOne,Airtel,TataDocomo,IdeaCellular,Vodafone,Relianceand
VirginMobile.ThemainCDMAprovidersareReliance,MTSandTataIndicom.Thenumberofmobilephone
connectionshasincreasedexponentiallysincethelate1990s.
MajorbroadbandinternetservicesareprovidedbyBSNLBroadband,AsianetDatalineandSitiCable.Private
providerslikeReliance,TataCommunications(VSNL),AirtelandSatyamalsohavetheirpresenceinthecity.
ThemajordialupinternetprovidersareBSNLNetOne,KeralaOnlineandKelNetamongothers.
Thiruvananthapuramalsoholdsthedistinctionofhavingbeenthefirst100%DigitalSSA(Secondary
SwitchingArea)inIndia.
Sports
ThemostpopulargamesareFootballandCricket.[123]Basketball,
BadmintonandVolleyballarepopular,mostlyinschools.TheKerala
CricketAssociation(KCA)isheadquarteredinThiruvananthapuram.
TheHQcomplexofKCA,hasadvancefacilitiesincludingtwopractice
turfswithnets,bowlingmachines,gymnasiumwithmultigymand
equipmentforaerobictraining,lecturehallandlibrary,anastroturf
indoorcoachingfacility,fullyfurnishedaccommodationforcoachesand
players,aphysiotherapyclinic,functionalofficefacilitiesandguest
rooms.
Trivandrumhasamultifunctionalcricketcumfootballstadiumat
KazhakkoottamandashootingrangeatVattiyoorkkavu.
ChandrashekaranNairFootball
Stadium
TheTrivandrumInternationalStadiumisamultipurpose(cricket/football)stadiuminThiruvananthapuram.It
isthefirststadiuminthecountrycominguponDBOT(DesignBuildOperateandTransfer)basis.Itisalsothe
firststadiuminthecountrytobedevelopedonannuitymode.Itistheproposedvenuefortheopening/closing
ceremoniesofthe35thNationalGamestobeheldinKerala.[124]Theplayingarenainthestadiumis
constructedinlinewithFIFAregulationsandICCnorms.Itwillhavefacilitiesforindoorsportsliketable
tennis,basketball,badmintonetc.,agymnasiumandspa,aclubhousewithfivestarfacilities,tenniscourt,
Olympicsizeswimmingpool,openconventioncumtradecumexhibitioncentre,retailoutlets,foodcourts,club
facilities,carparking,etc.
TheChandrasekharanNairStadium,intheheartofthecity,isaprominentfootballstadiumandhashostedboth
nationalandinternationallevelmatches.TheUniversityStadiumhashostedtwointernationalcricket
matches.[125]ThisstadiumisundertheUniversityofKeralaandisequippedwithsynthetictracksforathletics
games.[125]TheCentralStadium,whichhasfacilitiesforathletics,football,basketball,volleyballandcricket
13/19
3/20/2016
practicenets,issituatedontheeasternsideoftheGovernmentSecretariat.TheJimmyGeorgeIndoorStadium,
theGVRajaSportsSchoolandLakshmiBhaiNationalCollegeforPhysicalEducation(LNCPE)aretheother
majorsportsestablishmentsinthecity.
ThecityhasagolfcourseknownasThiruvananthapuramGolfClub.Itisoneoftheoldestgolfcoursesin
India,morethan150yearsold.[126]
ThecityhastheThiruvananthapuramTennisClub(TTC)atKowdiar.ThecityfieldstwofootballclubsSBT
ThiruvananthapuramandTitaniumintheseconddivisionoftheNationalFootballLeague.
ThecityhasafullyequippedmodernswimmingpoolneartheJimmyGeorgeSportsComplexat
Vellayambalam.Manystatelevelandnationallevelswimmingcompetitionsareheldinthiscomplex.Italso
holdscoachingcampsforthosewhoareinterestedinlearningswimming.
Strategicimportance
ThiruvananthapuramisastrategicallyimportantcityinSouthernIndia.
BeingthelargestcityinIndia'sdeepsouth,itisimportantformilitary
logisticsandcivilaviationinthesouthernpartofthecountry.Itisthe
headquartersoftheSouthernAirCommand(SAC)oftheIndianAir
Force.[127]
Duetothestrategicimportanceofthecity,theIndianAirForce
authoritieshaveplannedtoestablishanaerospacecommandin
SAC.[128]Theplanforsettingupanew"TriServiceCommand",which
willintegrateallthethreeforcesunderasinglecommand,isalsointhe
pipeline.[129]
[127]
BeingtheIndiancitywiththeclosestairlinktothesmallislandnationofMaldivesandSriLanka,[130]the
city'smedicalandhealthinfrastructurecaterstotheneedsofthepatientsfrombothcountries,especially
Maldives.[131]Thiruvananthapuramprovidesakeylinkinthemovementofgoodsandpassengerstoandfrom
southernpartsofTamilNaduintoKerala,thestateborderbeingjust30kmfromthecitycentre.
Notablepeople
SeeListofpeoplefromThiruvananthapuram
Picturegallery
IndianInstituteof
SpaceScienceand
Technology
Collegeof
Engineering,
Trivandrum
StateCentralLibrary,
Kerala
NapierMuseum
14/19
3/20/2016
KeralaScienceand
TechnologyMuseum
ThampanoorKSRTC
busterminal
Methanmaninear
KuthiraMalika
VettimurichaKotta
Seealso
ListoftwintownsandsistercitiesinIndia
HistoryofThiruvananthapuram
CultureofThiruvananthapuram
TourisminThiruvananthapuram
EconomyofThiruvananthapuram
TransportinThiruvananthapuram
CollegesinThiruvananthapuramandSchoolsinThiruvananthapuram
MediainThiruvananthapuram
Notes
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2."SparjanKumarisnewcommissioner".TimesofIndia.Retrieved24January2016.
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7."EvergreencityofIndia".
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11."Thiruvananthapuramrankedas4thITdestinationinIndia(page4)".India'shottestITdestinations.Rediff.
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13."JNTBGRIThiruvananthapuram".
14."IISTThiruvananthapuram".DepartmentofSpace,GovernmentofIndia.Retrieved7March2011.
15."IndianInstituteofInformationTechnologyandManagementKerala(IIITMK)".AboutIIITMKSectionLocation.
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MalayalamOnlineNews,KeralaPolitics,BusinessNews,MovieNews,MalayalamMovieNews,NewsHeadlines,
MalayalaManoramaNewspaper,BreakingMalayalamNews,".ManoramaOnline.
18.SpecialCorrespondent."AdecadeofFOSSinState".TheHindu.
19."SCIMSTThiruvananthapuram".
20."ThiruvananthapurambestKeralacitytolivein:Timessurvey".TheTimesofIndia.
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3/20/2016
21."India'sBestCities:WinnersandWhytheymadeit".IndiaToday.22February2013.Retrieved27March2013.
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22."ChennaibagstophonouratIndiaTodaybestcityawards".DailyMail.22February2013.Retrieved27March2013.
|first1=missing |last1=inAuthorslist(help)
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24.http://www.thehindu.com/todayspaper/tpnational/tpkerala/swatimanuscriptsfound/article1836941.ece
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27.DeBethHillel,David(1832).Travels(Madraspublication).
28.Lord,JamesHenry(1977).TheJewsinIndiaandtheFarEastGreenwoodPressReprintISBN0837126150.
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32."HistoryoflegislativebodiesinKeralan".HistoryoflegislativebodiesinKeralaSriMulamPopularAssembly.
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34."AboutUniversityofKerala".ABOUTUniversityofKerala.Retrieved6October2010.|first1=missing|last1=in
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35.CriminalJusticeIndiaSeries:Kerala,2001byWestBengalNationalUniversityofJuridicalSciences.Allied
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36."Keralaformation".Keralaataglance.GovtofKerala.Retrieved6October2010.
37."VSSCThiruvananthapuram".IndianSpaceResearchOrganisation.Archivedfromtheoriginalon26April2006.
Retrieved23May2006.
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Categories: Thiruvananthapuram KingdomofTravancore TourisminKerala
PopulatedcoastalplacesinIndia CitiesandtownsinThiruvananthapuramdistrict
FormercapitalcitiesinIndia DistrictsinIndia
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon19March2016,at20:24.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmay
apply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisaregistered
trademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.
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