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The 3D Distribution of

Interstellar Gas and Dust in the Galaxy:


Gaia-Related Preparatory Work
PhD Defense October 24th 2014
Lucky Puspitarini
Supervised by Rosine Lallement

Outline

Outline
Introduction
3D distribution of Interstellar Medium (ISM) and Gaia
Spectral Analysis Tools
Features in a Stellar Spectrum
Early- and Late-Type Star spectrum Fitting Tools, Global Analysis
Fitting Examples
Applications of the Tools (Data Analysis)
Distance to the High Latitude HI Shells
DIB-E(B-V) Relationships
Tracing Interstellar (IS) Structures and Kinematics using DIBs
Latest 3D ISM Map & Comparison with ROSAT Soft X-ray Map
Conclusions and Perspectives

Introduction: 3D Distribution of ISM

3D Interstellar Medium (ISM) Map


Multi-wavelength observations
of ISM in emission (2D maps)
are providing increasingly
detailed maps (e.g., results of
the Planck).

GC

But, precise information on


distances to the emitting
clouds is still lacking.

Planck (dust map), all sky map


Aitoff proj.

What we want is 3D Information

GC
Sun

Illustration of the Galaxy (face on) by R. Hurt

Introduction: Line-of-Sight (LOS) Data

Line-of-Sight (LOS) Data


Extinction data

Dust

LOS
data

Gas
Absorption data
Abundance + kinematic infomation emission data

v1

Extinction

IS
CLOUD
v2

Spectroscopic data from proposed observations,


archive, and various surveys:
-TBL/NARVAL
-ESO 2.2m/FEROS
-OHP 1.93m/ELODIE
-GOSSS (Galactic O Stars Spectroscopic Survey) Project
-VLT FLAMES Gaia ESO Suvey (GES) data

Observed spectrum
intensity

IS CLOUD

v1
v2

Wavelength/
Radial velocity

Introduction: Inversion

3D ISM Map using Inversion


q To obtain 3D ISM map, we use inversion.
q Gathering IS line-of-sight (LOS) data toward target stars at various known
and widely distributed distances.

column
LOS data

Spatial Distribution

q Inverting LOS data into spatial distribution (Vergely et al. 2001, 2010).
q For a precise 3D ISM map, a huge number of LOS data is needed
to provide radial and angular information

Introduction: Current and Future Condition

3D ISM Map using Inversion

LOS data

Spatial Distribution

L very limited data: absorption data only based on early type star spectra
L Imprecise stellar distances
J

Gaia & Massive spectrophotometric surveys

Introduction: Interstellar Tracers

CaII line

5780 DIB

Interstellar Tracers
IS tracers we used:
Color Excess (E(B-V)) / Extinction (A0)
NaI (5890-5896 ), CaII (3934-3968 ), diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs)
What are DIBs ?
A number of mysterious broad weak absorptions
Still unclear origins (macro-molecules?)
Maybe the largest reservoir of organic matter in galaxies

Numerous (Optical to IR) > 400 DIBs found


Good correlation with E(B-V) and HI

Spectral Analysis Tools: Features in a Stellar Spectrum

Features in a Stellar Spectrum


Spectral radiance (Arbitrary Unit)

4x10

-36

12
2

0
2000

!"#$%

4000

6000

8000

10000

Wavelength

Arbitrary Unit

10

stellar lines

continuum

4
2

!"#$$%&'%"()!*+#&#'

0
3800

4000

4200

4400

4600

4800

5000

Wavelength

!"&''#$%!(&)"$*+%,)-./.**+%0%!"&''#$%'1.&!2%%
1.3
1.2
Arbitrary Unit

1.1

,-"#&!"#$$%&'.$)/0'

1.0

stellar line

0.9
0.8

interstellar line

0.7
5894

5895

5896

5897

5898

5899

Wavelength

!"&''#$%!(&)"$*+%0%1."&$!"&''#$%'1.&!%
Arbitrary Unit

1.2

Arbitrary Unit

1.00

0.99

1.0
0.8

telluric

stellar lines

0.98

0.6

interstellar

0.97

5885

5890

5895
Wavelength

5900

5905

1%&"+2!'%"()!*+#&#'

588.5

589.0

589.5

590.0

Wavelength

!"&''#$%!(&)"$*+%0%1."&$!"&''#$%'1.&!%0%"&''*$1)%'1.&!%

Continuum &
stellar lines
IS lines

Telluric
lines

Observed spectrum

Spectral Analysis Tools: Early and Late-Type Star Spectrum

Extraction of the IS Absorption

Stellar

Early-type star spectrum


Late-type star spectrum

stellar
IS

IS

IS

IS

Tools
Early-type star spectrum
Polynomial function (continuum) x
IS profile(s) x telluric lines model

Late-type star spectrum


Stellar model (continuum) x
IS profile(s) x telluric lines model

Spectral Analysis Tools

What has been improved?


Before
Classical (semi automated) IS
profile fitting

Early type star spectrum


IS lines (e.g., NaI or CaII) only
Manual (interactive) fitting
guesses

Continuum
Number of IS component
RVs of each IS component
One fitting function
In case of doublet lines

fitting, 2 parts are joined

After
Automatization
Automated telluric line correction
Automated fitting guess
Automated tools for late-type star
spectra
Using a stellar synthetic
spectrum calculated using
ATLAS-SYNTHE suite (Kurucz
2005) based on stellar
parameters
More IS tracers: NaI, CaII, Diffuse
Interstellar Bands
Global Analysis
Multi-tracer (dataset) analysis
Multi fitting function

Spectral Analysis Tools

What has been improved?


Before
Classical (semi automated) IS
profile fitting

Early type star spectrum


IS lines (e.g., NaI or CaII) only
Manual (interactive) fitting
guesses

Continuum
Number of IS component
RVs of each IS component
One fitting function
In case of doublet lines

fitting, 2 parts are joined

After
Automatization
Automated telluric line correction
Automated fitting guess
Automated tools for late-type star
spectra
Using a stellar synthetic
spectrum calculated using
ATLAS-SYNTHE suite (Kurucz
2005) based on stellar
parameters
More IS tracers: NaI, CaII, Diffuse
Interstellar Bands
Global Analysis
Multi-tracer (dataset) analysis
Multi fitting function

Spectral Analysis Tools: Telluric Line Correction


Different strategies of fitting
Early-type
star
spectrum

Preliminary
Telluric Line
Correction

Polynomial function
(continuum) x IS profile(s)

Total length
method

Polynomial function (continuum) x


IS profile(s) x telluric lines model

Preliminary Telluric Line Correction


Telluric Transmission Model
LBLRTM + HITRAN

(Clough et al. 2005; Rothman et al.2009)

Model & data in different frame Offset


#
!
!0

T = T (! + "! )

Best estimate of minimum tot. length

Spectral Analysis Tools: IS profile


IS Line

Voigt function

IS profile
DIB

IS line
Voigt profile

Empirical Model

DIB
Empirical profiles from nearby stars
1 IS component

! [" , vr ,T ]
:optical depth
vr: radial velocity
T: apparent Temperature
DIB : DIB strength

DIB[! DIB , vr ]

Spectral Analysis Tools: Initial Guesses of the Fitting

Automated Initial Guesses


Good initial guesses leads to a fast
successful fitting

Providing automated initial guesses


is challenging

Number of IS component
Location/Radial velocity
Searching for a minimum by

analyzing the smoothed first and


second derivatives of the spectrum

In the case of single broad line, the

number of IS component are added


and distributed regularly

The final estimate comes from the


fitting: coefficients are free to vary to
adjust the spectrum

Spectral Analysis Tools: Global Analysis

Global Analysis
Lines from different

transisitions or tracers share


some similar properties: radial
velocity, etc.

Global analysis

simultaneous fitting of
multiple dataset with multifunction. For Example:
Simultaneous fitting NaI
and CaII lines
Simultaneous fitting CaII
lines and DIB
Simultaneous fitting NaI
lines and DIB (late-type
star spectrum)

D2-D1-K-H in Early-Type Star Spectrum

D2

D1

-data
-fit

Colors show the linkage


CaII K-H-5780 DIB, single component

-data
-fit

Spectral Analysis Tools: Global Analysis

Global Analysis
Lines from different

transisitions or tracers share


some similar properties: radial
velocity, etc.

Global analysis

simultaneous fitting of
multiple dataset with multifunction. For Example:
Simultaneous fitting NaI
and CaII lines
Simultaneous fitting CaII
lines and DIB
Simultaneous fitting NaI
lines and DIB (late-type
star spectrum)

Global Fit for late-type star spectrum


D2-D1-K-H in Early-Type Star Spectrum

D2

D1
IS NaI
stellar

Stellar NaI
K

-data-data
-fit -fit

Colors show the linkage


CaII K-H-5780 DIB, single component
DIB
stellar

Global analysis is particularly useful for DIB study: to find number -data
of
IS component & location of the DIB guided by known gaseous lines.
-fit

Spectral Analysis Tools: Examples

Examples: Early-type Star Spectra


Automated D2 Fitting
(FEROS)

Automated CaII K-H


Global Fit (FEROS)

Automated DIB Fitting


(FEROS)

6196

5780
_ Data
_ Fit

Automated D2-D1-K-H Global Fit


(FEROS)

Spectral Analysis Tools: Examples

Examples: Late-type Star Spectra


Automated D2-D1 Fitting (GES Data)
data
fit
IS

telluric

Spectral Analysis Tools: Examples

Examples: Late-type Star Spectra


IS Lines-DIB Global Fitting
GES Data (UVES)

D2

D1

6614 DIB

Spectral Analysis Tools: Examples

Examples: Late-type Star Spectra


Multi-Component DIB Fitting using Hierarchical DIB Fitting
HI velocity Structures
at the same direction
of the target star
(Kalberla et al 2005)

VDIB: 33 km/s

VDIB: 22; 42 km/s


GES Data (GIRAFFE)

Spectral Analysis Tools: Examples

Examples: DIB-DIB Global Fitting

Small DIB
detection

Spectral Analysis Tools

Problem Related to Stellar Model

DIB

This problem is subject of current and future work (Monreal Ibero, in prep)

Spectral Analysis Tools: Resume

List of Tools
Early-type star

Late-type star

Tools

Tracers

IS Lines Fitting (semi-auto)

NaI D2,D1; CaII K,H

IS Lines Fitting

D2

DIB Fitting

DIB

Global Fitting IS Lines

D2-D1; K-H

Global Fitting IS Lines-DIB

D2-D1-DIB, K-H-DIB

IS Lines Fitting

D2-D1

DIB Fitting

DIB

Global Fitting IS Lines-DIB(s)

D2-D1-DIB(s)

Global Fitting DIB-DIB

DIB-DIB

Applications of the tools: Distance to the High Latitude HI Shells

Distance to northern high-latitude HI


shells

HI map

Target stars
ROSAT 0.75 keV

GC

Applications of the tools: Distance to the High Latitude HI Shells

Distribution of the Target Stars

TBL/Narval Data

Applications of the tools: Distance to the High Latitude HI Shells

Distribution of the Target Stars

Stellar distance (pc)

Distance estimate:
b > 70 98+/-6 pc
55<b<70 95-157 pc

25

26
30

20
27
29
28

22
21
24

19

23

8
1

12
18
17

13

3
11
15 16
10 14
4

longitude
See Puspitarini & Lallement 2012

Applications of the tools: Distance to the High Latitude HI Shells

High-latitude HI shells in
the 3D ISM Map
Slice of 3D ISM Map

HI Shell

L=-2

Distance estimate: ~100 pc


Lallement et al 2014

The HI shells are extension of the local chimney wall

Applications of the tools: DIB-E(B-V) Relationships

Diffuse Interstellar Bands:


Measurement and Correlation with E(B-V)

Early-Type
Star
Spectra
DIB Study

ESO 2.2m
FEROS
dataset
GOSSS
Project
Data

16 DIBs

Empirical
Model & DIB-E
(B-V) correlation

4430 DIB Gaussian


Fitting
DIB-A0
correlation

Late-type
Star
Spectra

ESO VLT
FLAMES
GES Data

16 DIBS:
4726.8, 4762.6, 4963.9, 5780.4,
5797.1, 5849.8, 6089.8, 6196.0,
6203.0-6204.5, 6269.8, 6283.8, 6379.3,
6445.3, 6613.6, 6660.7, and 6699.3 .

1-4 DIBs
(including
Gaia DIB)

DIB vs
distance

Applications of the tools: DIB-E(B-V) Relationships

Diffuse Interstellar Bands:


Measurement and Correlation with E(B-V)
Steps in DIB Study
DIB Study based on Early-Type Stars
Spectra

DIB profile + polynomial func. + telluric


transmission model

Spectrum with DIB

Empirical DIB profile

DIB Study based on Late-Type Stars

DIB profile +stellar model +


telluric transmission model
DIB Fitting: DIB profile + poly. func.

Correlation with E(B-V)

Applications of the tools: DIB-E(B-V) Relationships

E(B-V) vs DIB
E(B-V)

First relationships based on Feros dataset


4726

4762

EW DIB

4953

5780

5797

5849

6090

6196

See Puspitarini et al 2013

Applications of the tools: DIB-E(B-V) Relationships


6204

6269

6283

6379

6 new DIB-E(B-V) relationships


6445

6614

6660

6699

See Puspitarini et al 2013

Applications of the tools: DIB-E(B-V) Relationships

Diffuse Interstellar Bands:


Correlation with E(B-V)

Relationships from late-type Star Spectra, Gaia-ESO Survey (GES) data


Correlation from
late-type star GES spectra
Correlation from
early star spectra

6283

6614

Correlation from
nearby early-type star
FEROS spectra

A0 of GES data by A0
Babusiaux (priv. comm.)

A0
DIBs are sensitive to stellar radiation field

Applications of the Tools: Tracing ISM Distribution and Kinematic with DIB

Tracing IS Structures and Kinematics with


DIBs: Gaia ESO Survey (GES) data

NGC4815
Open cluster
(l,b)=(303,-2)

CoRoT anti center field


(l,b)=(212,-2)

Applications of the Tools:Tracing IS Structures and Kinematics using DIBs

TRACING IS STRUCTURES USING DIBS


CoRoT AC direction (l,b)=(212,-2)
0-7 kpc
gap
arm

EXTINCTION

DIB 2

DIB 1

arm

Perseus Arm

A0 & Dstar from


Babusiaux (priv. comm.)

See Puspitarini et al 2014

Applications of the Tools:Tracing IS Structures and Kinematics using DIBs

TRACING IS STRUCTURES AND KINEMATICS


USING DIBS
CoRoT AC direction (l,b)=(212,-2)

Stellar Distances

HI observation
at the same direction

2comp

DIB radial velocity in agreement with


HI and NaI
A0 & Dstar from
Babusiaux (priv. comm.)

vel

See Puspitarini et al 2014

Applications of the Tools:Tracing IS Structures and Kinematics using DIBs

TRACING IS KINEMATICS USING DIBS


NGC4815 direction (l,b=303,-2)
NaI-DIB Global FIT

NaI

HI observation
at the same direction

THI

EW DIB

Close to
Coalsack
complex

vel
See Puspitarini et al 2014

Latest 3D ISM Map

Recent 3D Local ISM Distribution


3D IS dust distribution (see Lallement et al 2014)
Horizontal Slice of the 3D maps
Distribution in the Galactic Plane
Res. 10-100 pc

GC
GC

L=180

L=270

~2kpc wide

Interactive 3D map available


in the pdf and online (sketchfab)
https://skfb.ly/y9Y6

Latest 3D ISM Map: Inversion Test with Simulated Distribution

Inversion Test

Horizontal Slice of Simulated Distribution

With more LOS data

Latest 3D ISM Map & Comparison with ROSAT soft X-ray map (Local Bubble)

3D ISM distribution:
Comparison with Ultra Soft X-ray 0.25 keV
Distribution in Galactic Plane
Simplified radiative transfer
assuming that
low density region emits in X-ray

ROSAT 0.25 keV


Emission
from
Local
Bubble

P=2neT = 8400-10200 K cm-3


Angular Pattern of ROSAT 0.25 keV
R.T. Model based on 3D ISM Map

Puspitarini et al 2014

See Puspitarini et al 2014

Latest 3D ISM Map & Comparison with ROSAT soft X-ray map (Local Bubble)

3D ISM distribution:
Comparison with Soft X-ray 0.75 keV
Vertical Slices of the 3D map
in the X-ray bright region direction
ROSAT 0.75 keV Higher energy

L=-30

L=-18

L=5

L=-8

4
3
See Puspitarini et al 2014

Latest 3D ISM Map & Comparison with ROSAT soft X-ray map (Local Bubble)

3D ISM distribution:
Comparison with Soft X-ray 0.75 keV
ROSAT 0.75

Vertical Slice of the 3D map


in the NPS direction

North Polar Spur (NPS)

See Puspitarini et al 2014

Conclusions and Perspectives

Main Conclusions
It is possible to have automated spectral analysis tools to exploit
massive spectroscopic data.
It is possible now to use late-type star spectra.
It is possible to use DIBs as well as identified gaseous lines.
DIB has the advantage of tracing distant clouds.
It is possible to fit simultaneously lines and DIBs

Except in the strong radiation field region, DIBs are found to follow

extinction.
The 3D ISM map and 2D soft X-ray emission map are found to be in
well agreement.
It is possible to derive IS property (Local Bubble Pressure) from
the comparison of the two maps.

Conclusions and Perspectives

Perspectives
The road to a detailed 3D ISM Map is wide open now
By gathering more interstellar measurements and precise stellar
distances from Gaia, a better 3D ISM description in the Galaxy will
be possible in the near future.
The future description, will not only give the locations of
interstellar clouds, but also their kinematics as derived from
spectroscopic data.

See Lallement et al 2014


https://sketchfab.com/lucky.puspitarini

In Cit de Science now

Thank you very much


Merci beaucoup
Terima Kasih Banyak

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