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Summer Training Report on GSM

Summer Training Report


At
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)

Place of Training

Jaunpur

Period of Training

20th June, 2016 to 16th July, 2016

Submitted to:
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Training In-charge

Mr. Johnny Dogra


Asst. Professor (ECE)

Date of Submission April 12th, 2016


By
TUSHAR AGARWAL
(Batch 2013-2017)

Branch: Electronics and Communication Engineering


Roll No.: 1313231166
Greater Noida Institute of Technology
Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam Technical University,

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Summer Training Report on GSM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I myself in immense pleasure in penning down these lines to express my sincere thanks
to our Director Dr. ROHIT GARG , Dr. DEEPAK KUMAR (H.O.D, ECE Deptt.) and to
my training and placement officer Mr. BANKHE LAL YADAV , who gave me this
opportunity of industrial training of four weeks to enhance my professional practice and
to get the preliminary industrial exposure in the concerned discipline.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to members of B.S.N.L for giving me knowledge
about the working of GSM exchange which enhanced my knowledge to a great extent.
The four weeks at B.S.N.L gave me intense understanding of working of GSM apart
from it gave me a practical outlook of the functioning involving both technical and
personal communication skills thus enriching my knowledge in various aspects.
My deepest gratitude is to my teachers & all the members of S.P.C.E.T, for always
boosting my morale & providing me encouraging environment.
Last but not the least, I thank my parents for giving me life in the first place, for
educating me with aspects from both arts and sciences, for unconditional support and
encouragement to pursue my interests, even when the interests went beyond boundaries
of language, field and geography without grace of whom nothing was possible.

Tushar Agarwal

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Summer Training Report on GSM

PREFACE

Summer training is an important part of the Engineering Curriculum. The B.Tech. course
summer training helps a student in getting acquired with the manner in which his/her
knowledge is being practically used outside his/her institute and this is normally different
from books.
Hence, when the student switches from the process of learning to that of implementing
his/her knowledge he/she needs an abrupt change. This is exactly why summer training
session during the B.Tech. curriculum becomes all the more important.
Difference in the academic life and practical life is revealed when one enter the real life
and competitive world of industries, when there is cut throat competition and one has to
forcefully follow the theory of Charles Darwin SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST.
To accomplished this aspect in our Engineering Curriculum of Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam
Technical University, provision of 30 days Industrial Training Programe is provided.
I have undergone my training in BSNL Ltd., Udaipur, from 20 th June, 2016 to 16th July,
2016. Succeeding contents gives details about what I have learnt in this training.

Tushar Agarwal

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Summer Training Report on GSM


INDEX

Global System for Mobile co mmunicat ions (GSM)


Introduction...5
History...6
GSM Specifications..7
GSM Phases..8
GSM Frequency Bands10
GSM Architecture & Network Components11
Mobile Station..22

GSM Geographical Network Structure


Cell
Planning27
Traffic
Cases30
Roaming...32
Time Division Multiple Acess.36
Frequency Division Multiple Acess37
Signaling Systems...38

Bibliography
References.39

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Global System for Mobile communications (GSM)


INTRODUCTION
Global System for Mobile communications (GSM originally from Groupe
Special Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Its
promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 82% of the global mobile market
uses the standard. GSM is used by over 3 billion people across more than 212
countries and territories. Its ubiquity makes international roaming very common
between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in
many parts of the world. GSM differs from its predecessors in that both signaling
and speech channels are digital, and thus is considered a second generation (2G)
mobile phone system. This has also meant that data communication was easy to
build into the system.

GSM Worldwide (dark shaded region


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The ubiquity of the GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers (who
benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without switching phones) and
also to network operators (who can choose equipment from any of the many vendors
implementing GSM. Because GSM provides a common standard, cellular subscribers
can use their telephones over the entire GSM service area, which includes all the
countries around the world where the GSM system is used.
GSM also pioneered a low-cost alternative to voice calls, the Short Message Service
(SMS, also called "text messaging"), which is now supported on other mobile
standards as well. Another advantage is that the standard includes one worldwide
Emergency telephone number, 112. This makes it easier for international travelers to
connect to emergency services without knowing the local emergency number. The
GSM technical specifications are also designed to work with other standards as it
guarantees standard interfaces. Finally, a key aspect of GSM is that the specifications
are open-ended and can be built upon to meet future requirements.

HISTORY
In

1982,

the

European

Conference

of

Postal

and

Telecommunications

Administrations (ECPT) created the Groupe Spcial Mobile (GSM) to develop a


standard for a mobile telephone system that could be used across Europe. In 1987,
a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed by 13 countries to develop a
common cellular telephone system across Europe.
In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI) and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in
1990. The first GSM network was launched in 1991 by Radiolinja in Finland with
joint technical infrastructure maintenance from Ericsson. By the end of 1993, over a

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million subscribers were using GSM phone networks being operated by 70 carriers
across 48 countries.

GSM Specifications
GSM was designed to be platform-independent. The GSM specifications do
not specify the

actual hardware requirements, but instead specify the network

functions and interfaces in detail. This allows hardware designers to be creative in


how they provide the actual functionality, but at the same time makes it possible for
operators to buy equipment from different suppliers.
The GSM recommendations consist of twelve series, which are listed, in the table
below. Different working parties and a number of expert groups wrote these series. A
permanent nucleus was established in order to coordinate the working parties and to
manage the editing of the recommendations. All these groups were organized by
ETSI.
Series

Content

01

General

02

Service Aspects

The GSM 1800 section is

03

Network Aspects

written as a delta part within

04

MS BSS interface and protocol

05

Physical layer on the radio path

06

Speech coding specification

07

Terminal adaptor for MS

08

BSS MSS interface

09

Network internetworking

10

Service internetworking

11

Equipment and type approval specifications

12

Operations and maintenance

the

GSM

describing

recommendations,
only

those

differences between GSM 900


and GSM 1800. GSM 1900 is
based on GSM 1800 and has
been adapted to

meet the

American National Standards

Institute (ANSI) standard.

GSM Phase
In the late 1980s, the groups involved in developing the GSM standard
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realized that within the given time frame they could not complete the
specifications for the entire range of GSM services and features as originally
planned. Because of this, it was decided that GSM would be released in phases
with phase 1 consisting of a limited set of services and features. Each new
phase builds on the services offered by existing phases.

Phase 1:
Phase 1 contains the most common services including:
Voice Telephony
International roaming
Basic fax/data services (up to 9.6 kbps)
Call Forwarding
Call Barring
Short Message Service (SMS)
Phase 2:
Advice of Charge
Calling Line Identification
Call Waiting
Hold Conference
Additional Data Communication Capabilities
Calling Closed User Groups

Phase 2+

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The standardization groups have already begun to define the next phase, 2+. The
phase 2+ program will cover multiple subscriber numbers and a variety of business
oriented features. Some of the enhancements offered by Phase 2+ include:

Multiple service profiles


Private numbering plans
Access to Centrex services
Interworking with GSM 1800, GSM 1900 and the Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunications (DECT) standard

The phase 2+ includes sophisticated enhancements to the radio interface including:


High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD), a method of delivering higher
data rates per subscriber by allocating an increased number of time-slots per
call.
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), a new method which increases
capacity on the air interface using Packet Switch.
Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution (EDGE), a new modulation method
which increases capacity on the air interface.

Priorities and time schedules for new features and functions depend primarily on
the interest
and

shown

by

manufacturers and

areas.

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operating

companies

technical developments in related

Summer Training Report on GSM


GSM Frequency Bands
As GSM has grown worldwide, it has expanded to operate at four main
frequency bands: 900, 1800, 1900 and 800.

GSM Frequency Band Distribution


GSM 800 - This frequency band was traditionally used by TDMA.
GSM 900 - The original frequency band specified for GSM was 900 MHz. Most
GSM networks worldwide use this band. In some countries and extended version
of GSM 900 can be used, which provides extra network capacity. This extended
version of GSM is called E-GSM, while the primary version is called P-GSM.
GSM 1800 - In 1990, in order to increase competition between operators, the
United Kingdom requested the start of a new version of GSM adapted to the
1800 MHz frequency band. Licenses have been issued in several countries and
networks are in full operation. By granting licenses for GSM 1800 in addition to
GSM 900, a country can increase the number of operators. In this way, due to
increased competition, the service to subscribers is improved.
GSM 1900 - In 1995, the Personal Communications Services (PCS) concept
was specified in the United States. The basic idea is to enable "person to
person" communication rather than "station-to-station". PCS does not
require that such services be implemented using cellular technology, but this has
proven to be the most effective method. The frequencies available for PCS are
around 1900 MHz. As GSM 900 could not be used in North America due to
prior allocation of the 900 MHz frequencies, GSM 1900 MHz is seen as an
opportunity to bridge this gap. The main difference between the American GSM
1900 standard and GSM 900 is that it supports ANSI signaling.
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GSM Architecture and Network Components
The GSM network is divided into two systems. Each of these systems is comprised
of a number of functional units, which are individual components of the mobile
network. The two systems are:
Switching System (SS)
Base

Station

System

(BSS)
In addition, as with all telecommunications networks, GSM networks are
operated, maintained and managed from computerized centers.

GSM Architecture
Apart from these two parts, a third part is also optional in a GSM network
which is rapidly getting widespread approval from all operators and being put
into use
for wireless internet access. It is known as the GPRS Core Network. It is placed
for packet based internet connections.

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GPRS core network allows mobile phones to have access to services such as
WAP, MMS and Internet access.

GSM Architecture (with optional GPRS Core element)


The SS is the component of a GSM system that carries out switching
functions and manages the communications b e t w e e n mobi le p h o n e s
and the P ublic S w i t c h e d Telephone Network. It is owned and deployed by
mobile phone operators and allows mobile phones to communicate with
each other and telephones in the wider telecommunications
The architecture closely resembles

network.

a telephone exchange, but there are

additional functions which are needed because the phones are not fixed in one
location. Thus, The SS is responsible for performing call processing and
subscriber related functions.
It includes the following functional units:
Mobile services Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

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The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) is the section of a traditional cellular telephone
network which is responsible for handling traffic and signaling between a mobile
phone and the Network Switching Subsystem. The BSS carries out transcoding of
speech channels, allocation of radio channels to mobile phones, paging, quality
management of transmission and reception over the Air interface and many other
tasks related to the radio network. The BSS performs all the radio-related functions.
The BSS is comprised of the following functional units:
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
The OMC performs all the operation and maintenance tasks for the network such as
monitoring network traffic and network alarms. The OMC has access to both the SS
and the BSS. MSs do not belong to any of these systems.
Mobile services Switching Center (MSC) - The Mobile services Switching Center
or MSC is the primary service delivery node for GSM, responsible for handling
voice calls and SMS as well as other services (such as conference calls, FAX and
circuit switched data). The MSC sets up and releases the end-to-end connection,
handles mobility and hand-over requirements during the call and takes care of
charging and real time pre-paid account monitoring.
The MSC performs the telephony switching functions for the mobile network. It
controls calls to and from other telephony and data systems, such as the Public
Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN),
public data networks, private networks and other mobile networks.
Major MSC Functions:
Switching and call routing A MSC controls call set-up, supervision and
release, and may interact with other nodes to successfully establish a call. This
includes routing of calls from MSs to other networks such as a PSTN.
Charging An MSC contains functions for charging mobile calls and
information about the particular charge rates to apply to a call at any given

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time or for a given destination. During a call it records this information and
stores it after the call, e.g. for output to a billing center.
Service provisioning Supplementary services are provided and managed by a
MSC. In addition, the SMS service is handled by MSCs.
Communication with HLR The primary occasion on which an MSC and
HLR communicate is during the set-up of a call to an MS, when the HLR
requests some routing information from the MSC.
Communication with the VLR Associated with each MSC is a VLR, with
which it communicates for subscription information, especially during call
set- up and release.
Communication with other MSCs - It may be necessary for two MSCs to
communicate with each other during call set-up or handovers between cells
belonging to different MSCs.
Control of connected BSCs As the BSS acts as the interface between the
MSs and the SS, the MSC has the function of controlling the primary BSS
node: the BSC. Each MSC may control many BSCs, depending on the volume
of traffic in a particular MSC service area. An MSC may communicate with its
BSCs during, for example, call set-up and handovers between two BSCs.
Direct access to Internet services Traditionally, an MSC accessed the
Internet nodes of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) via existing networks such
as the PSTN. However, this function enables an MSC to communicate directly
with Internet nodes, thus reducing call set-up time. Direct access can be
provided by using an access server called Tigris (from Advanced Computer
Communications). This may be integrated in an MSC or stand-alone
connected to an MSC.
ISDN Primary Rate Access (PRA) This function enables an MSC to provide
PRA services

to

subscribers.

One network operator can offer PABX

connection services, through the PLMN. In this way the operator can compete
directly with PSTN operators for ISDN business subscribers.

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Gateway Functionality (GMSC)
Gateway functionality enables an MSC to interrogate a network's HLR in order
to route a call to a Mobile Station (MS). A Gateway MSC is the MSC that
determines which visited MSC the subscriber who is being called is currently
located. It also interfaces with the Public Switched Telephone Network. All
mobile to mobile calls and PSTN to mobile calls are routed through a GMSC.
The term is only valid in the context of one call since any MSC may provide
both the gateway function and the Visited MSC function; however, some
manufacturers design dedicated high capacity MSCs which do not have any
BSSes connected to them. These MSCs will then be the Gateway MSC for
many of the calls they handle.
Home Location Register (HLR) - The 'Home Location Register' or HLR is a
central database that contains details of each mobile phone subscriber that is
authorized to use the GSM core network. This centralized network database that
stores and manages all mobile subscriptions belonging to a specific operator. It
acts as a permanent store for a person's subscription information until that
subscription is canceled. The information stored includes:
Subscriber identity (IMSI, MSISDN etc.)
Subscriber supplementary services
Subscriber location information (MSC service area)
Subscriber authentication information
The HLR can be implemented in the same network node as the MSC or as a
stand- alone database. If the number of subscribers exceeds the capacity
of a HLR, additional HLRs may be added.
The primary functions of the HLR include:
Subscription database management As a database, the HLR must be able to
process data quickly in response to data retrieval and update requests from
other network nodes. For this reason it acts as a database management system.
Each subscriber record contains a substantial amount of parameters.
Communication with MSCs When setting up calls to an MS, it is necessary for

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the HLR to contact the MSC serving the MS for routing information. By
analyzing the MSISDN, MSC knows which HLR to contact worldwide for
that MSs subscription.
Communication with GMSCs During call set-up to an MS, the GMSC
requests MS location information from the HLR, which then provides this in
the form of routing information. Also, if the subscriber is detached the
HLR
will inform the GMSC that there is no need to perform further routing of the
call.
Communication with AUCs Before any activity involving change or use of
subscription information takes place, the HLR

must retrieve new

authentication parameters from an AUC.


Communication with VLRs/ILRs When an MS moves into a new MSC
service area the VLR for that area requests information about the MS from the
HLR of the subscriber. The HLR provides a copy of the subscription details,
updates its MS location information and instructs the old VLR to delete the
information it has about that MS. As the ILR acts as a VLR for AMPS
subscribers, the HLR communicates with it in a similar way.
Visitor Location Register (VLR) - The Visitor Location Register or VLR is a
temporary database of the subscribers who have roamed into the particular area
which it serves. Each Base Station in the network is served by exactly one VLR;
hence a subscriber cannot be present in more than one VLR at a time. The data
stored in the VLR has either been received from the HLR, or collected from the
MS. In practice, for performance reasons, most vendors integrate the VLR directly to
the V-MSC and, where this is not done, the VLR is very tightly linked with the MSC
via a proprietary interface. The VLR database contains information about all the
mobile subscribers currently located in an MSC service area. The VLR temporarily
stores subscription information so that the MSC can service all the subscribers
currently visiting that MSC service area. The VLR can be regarded as a distributed
HLR as it holds a copy of the HLR information stored about the subscriber.

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The following occurs when MSs move into a new service area:
1. The VLR checks its database to determine whether or not it has a record for the MS
(based on the subscribers IMSI).
2. When the VLR finds no record for the MS, it sends a request to the subscribers
HLR for a copy of the MSs subscription.
3. The HLR passes the information to the VLR and updates its location
information for the subscriber. The HLR instructs the old VLR to delete the
information it has on the MS.
4. The VLR stores its subscription information for the MS, including the latest
location and status (idle).
While the MS is within one MSC service area, the VLR contains a complete copy of
the necessary subscription details, including the following information:
Identity numbers for the subscriber
Supplementary service information (e.g. whether the subscriber has call
forwarding on busy activated or not)
Activity of MS (e.g. idle)
Current LA of MS
The primary functions of the VLR are:
To inform the HLR that a subscriber has arrived in the particular area covered
by the VLR.
To track where the subscriber is within the VLR area (location area) when no
call is ongoing.
To allow or disallow which services the subscriber may use.
To allocate roaming numbers during the processing of incoming calls.
To purge the subscriber record if a subscriber becomes inactive whilst in the
area of a VLR. The VLR deletes the subscriber's data after a fixed time period
of inactivity and informs the HLR (e.g. when the phone has been switched off
and left off or when the subscriber has moved to an area with no coverage for
a long time).

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To delete the subscriber record when a subscriber explicitly moves to another,
as instructed by the HLR.
Authentication Center (AUC) - The 'Authentication Centre' or AUC is a function
to authenticate each SIM card that attempts to connect to the GSM core network
(typically when the phone is powered on). Once the authentication is successful,
the HLR is allowed to manage the SIM and services described above. An
encryption key is also generated that is subsequently used to encrypt all wireless
communications (voice, SMS, etc.) between the mobile phone and the GSM core
network.
The main function of the AUC is to authenticate the subscribers attempting to use a
network. In this way, it is used to protect network operators against fraud. If the
authentication fails, then no services are possible from that particular combination
of SIM card and mobile phone operator attempted. There is an additional form
of identification check performed on the serial number of the mobile phone
described in the EIR section below, but this is not relevant to the AUC
processing. Proper implementation of security in and around the AUC is a key
part of an operator's strategy to avoid SIM cloning.
The primary function of an AUC is to provide information, which is then used by an
MSC/VLR to perform subscriber authentication and to establish ciphering procedures
on the radio link between the network and MSs.
Equipment Identity Register (EIR) - The EIR (Equipment Identity Register) is
often integrated to the HLR. The EIR keeps a list of mobile phones (identified by
their IMEI) which are to be banned from the network or monitored. This is
designed to allow tracking of stolen mobile phones. In theory all data about all
stolen mobile phones should be distributed to all EIRs in the world through a
Central EIR. It is clear, however, that there are some countries where this is not in
operation.

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The EIR is a database containing mobile equipment identity information, which


helps to block calls from stolen, unauthorized, or defective MSs. It should be noted
that due
to subscriber-equipment separation in GSM, the barring of MS equipment does not
result in automatic barring of a subscriber.

Base Station System (BSS) Components


Base Station Controller - The BSC manages all the radio-related functions of a
GSM network. It is a high capacity switch that provides functions such as MS
handover, radio channel assignment and the collection of cell configuration data.
A number of BSCs may be controlled by each MSC. The BSC controls a major
part of the radio network. Its most important task is to ensure the highest possible
utilization of the radio resources.
The main functional areas of the BSC are:
Radio Network Management
RBS Management
Multi Band Support
TRC Handling
Transmission Network Management
Internal BSC Operation and Maintenance
Positioning Services
Handling of MS connections
GSM-UMTS Cell Reselection and Handover
Radio Base Station (RBS) RBS acts as the interface between MSs and the network,
by providing radio coverage functions from their antennae.
Transcoder Controller (TRC) - the TRC provides the BSS with rate adaptation
capabilities. This is necessary because the rate used over the air interface and that

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used by MSC/VLRs are different - 33.8 kbps and 64 kbps respectively. A device,
which performs rate adaptation, is called a transcoder.

The BSC is the central node within a BSS and co-ordinates the actions of TRCs and
RBSs.
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) - The BTS controls the radio interface to the
MS. The BTS comprises the radio equipment such as transceivers and antennas,
which are needed to serve each cell in the network. A group of BTSs are
controlled by a BSC.
A BTS forms part of the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) developments for system
management. It may also have equipments for encrypting and decrypting
communications, spectrum filtering tools (band pass filters) etc. Antennas may also
be considered as components of BTS in general sense as they facilitate the
functioning of BTS. Typically a BTS will have several transceivers (TRXs) which
allow it to serve several different frequencies and different sectors of the cell (in the
case of sectorised base stations). A BTS is controlled by a parent Base Station
Controller via the Base station Control Function (BCF). The BCF is implemented
as a discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX in compact base stations. The BCF
provides an Operations and Maintenance (O&M) connection to the Network
management system (NMS), and manages operational states of each TRX, as well
as software handling and alarm collection. The basic structure and functions of the
BTS remains the same regardless of the wireless technologies.
A BTS in general has the following units:
TRX (Transceiver)
o

Quite widely referred to as DRX (Driver Receiver).

Basically does transmission and reception of signals.

Also does sending and reception of signals to/from higher network


entities (like Base Station Controller in mobile telephony).

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PA (Power Amplifier)
o

Amplifies the signal from DRX for transmission through antenna.

May be integrated with DRX.

Combiner
o

Combines feeds from several DRXs so that they could be sent out
through a single antenna

For reduction of number of antenna used

Duplexer
o

For separating sending and receiving signals to/from antenna.

Does sending and receiving signals through the same antenna ports
(cables to antenna).

Antenna
o

Antenna is also considered a part of BTS.

Alarm Extension System


o

Collects working status alarms of various units in BTS and extends


them to Operations and Maintenance (O&M) monitoring stations.

Control Function
o

Does the control of BTS.

Manages the various units of BTS.

Has the software for functioning of BTS.

On-the-spot configurations, status changes, software upgrades etc.


done through the control function.

Baseband Receiver Unit (BBxx)


o

Frequency hopping, signal DSP.

Networking Monitoring Centers


Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC) - An OMC is a computerized
monitoring center, which is connected to other network components such as
MSCs and BSCs via X.25 data network links. In the OMC, staff is presented with

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information about the status of the network and can monitor and control a
variety of system parameters. There may be one or several OMCs within a
network depending on the network size.
Network Management Center (NMC) - Centralized control of a network is done at
a Network Management Center (NMC). Only one NMC is required for a network
and this controls the subordinate OMCs. The advantage of this hierarchical
approach is that staff at the NMC can concentrate on long term system-wide
issues, whereas local personnel at each OMC can concentrate on short term,
regional issues.
OMC and NMC functionality can be combined in the same physical network node or
implemented at different locations.
Mobile Station (MS)
The MS is the equipment used to access the network. It is not considered a component
of SS or BSS but still is an integral part of the GSM system. The MS consists of two
independent parts:
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card
Mobile Equipment (ME)
A SIM card is an electronic smart card which stores information about the
subscription. The ME is the actual telephone terminal.

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Transmission and Receipt


process in a Mobile Station
Subscriber Identity Module(SIM)
A key feature of the GSM standard is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card.
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A SIM card contains information about the subscriber and must be plugged into the
ME to enable the subscriber to use the network.
With the exception of emergency calls, MSs can only be operated if a valid SIM
is present.
The SIM stores
information:

three

types

of

subscriber

related

Fixed data stored before the subscription is sold. e.g. IMSI, authentication
key and security algorithms.
Temporary network data. e.g. the location area of the subscriber and forbidden
PLMNs.
Service data. e.g. language preference, advice of charge.
GSM phase 1 SIMs contain all necessary network control information, while phase
2
SIMs include a large number of extra features such as a language identifier and
a preferred language option.
A SIM contains information for GSM network operations. This information can be
related to the mobile subscriber, GSM services or PLMN. A SIM must provide
storage capability for the following:
Administrative information Describes the SIMs mode of operation. e.g.
normal or type approval.
IC card identification Unique information identifying the SIM and the card
issuer.
SIM service table Indicates which optional services are provided by the SIM
(e.g. last numbers dialed, call length indication, PLMN selection, etc.)
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) An identity-number used by
the network to identify the subscription.
Location information - Comprising LAI, current value of periodic location
updating timer and location update status.
Ciphering key (Kc) and ciphering key sequence number.
List of carrier frequencies to be used for cell selection.
Forbidden PLMNs.
Language preference Subscribers preferred languages
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The location information, Kc and the Kc sequence number may be updated at each
call termination.
In addition the SIM must be able to manage and provide storage in accordance
with the security requirements:
Personal Identification Number (PIN)
PIN enabled / disabled indicator
PIN error counter
PIN Unlock Key (PUK)
PUK error counter
Subscriber authentication key (Ki)
Types of MS features
Basic Basic MS features are directly related to the operation of basic
telecommunication services. Each feature is classed as being mandatory or
optional.
Supplementary A supplementary MS feature is directly related to the
operation of the supplementary service (e.g. display of Calling Line Number).
All supplementary MS features are optional.
Additional Additional features are neither basic nor supplementary. All
additional MS features are optional.
Basic Mobile Station Features (Mandatory):
Display of called number This feature enables the caller to check that the
selected number is correct before call set-up.
Indication of call progress signals Indications are given such as tones,
recorded messages or a visual display based on signaling information returned
from the PLMN. On data calls, this information may be signaled to the Data
Terminating Equipment (DTE).
Country/PLMN indication The country/PLMN indicator shows in which

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GSM/PLMN the MS is currently registered.
Country/PLMN selection If more than one GSM/PLMN is available, the
user must have the ability to select their preferred choice.
Service indicator The user is informed that there is adequate signal strength
(as far as can be judged from the received signal) to allow a call to be made
and that the MS has successfully registered on the selected PLMN.
Short message indication and acknowledgment This feature allows delivery
of short messages to a MS from a service center. The MS must provide an
indication to the user that a message has been received from the service center
and must also send an acknowledgment signal to the PLMN, to show that this
indication has been activated.
Short message overflow indication An MS user using the short message
service will be informed when an incoming message cannot be received due to
insufficient memory.
Emergency call capabilities It must be possible to make an emergency call
even without a valid SIM.
Basic Mobile Station Features (Optional):
On/Off switch The MS can be equipped with the means of switching its
power supply on and off.
Keypad A physical means of entering numbers.
Supplementary Mobile Station Features:
Charge indication This feature enables the display of charging information
provided by the PLMN on a per call basis.
Control of Supplementary Services It is mandatory that Supplementary
Services can be controlled from the MS.

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GSM Geographical Network Structure (Cell Planning and
Various Traffic Cases)
Cell Planning
Every telephone network needs a specific structure to route incoming
calls to the correct exchange and then on to the subscriber. In a mobile
network, this structure is very important because the subscribers are mobile.
As subscribers move through the network, these structures are used to monitor
their location.
Let us see the basic geographical entities in a GSM
network.

Cell - A cell is the basic unit of a cellular system and is defined as the area of
radio coverage given by one BTS antenna system. It is the smallest building
block in a mobile network and is the reason why mobile networks are
often referred to as cellular networks. Each cell is assigned a unique number
called Cell Global Identity (CGI). In a complete network covering an entire
country, the number of cells can be quite high.
There are two types of Cells Omni Directional and Sector Cell. An
Omni Directional cell (or Omnicell) is served by a BTS with an antenna
which transmits equally in all directions (360 degrees). A sector cell is the
area of coverage from an antenna, which transmits, in a given direction only.

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Border between Omni directional Cells
If six BTSs are placed around an original BTS, the coverage area, that is, the
cell takes on a hexagonal shape. One BTS can serve one of these sector cells
with a collection of BTSs at a site serving more than one, leading to terms
such as two- sectored sites and more commonly, three-sectored sites.

Cell Planning Cycle


Step 1 The planning cycle starts Traffic and Coverage analysis. The analysis
should produce information about the geographical area and the expected
capacity (traffic load). Another parameter is the traffic demand, i.e. how
many subscribers use the network and how much traffic they generate. The
Erlang (E) is a unit of measurement of traffic intensity.

Step 2 A nominal cell plan can be produced from the data compiled from traffic and
coverage analysis. The nominal cell plan is a graphical representation of the network
and looks like a cell pattern on a map. Nominal cell plans are the first cell plans and

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form the basis for further planning. Successive planning must take into account the
radio propagation properties of the actual environment because radio propagation is
highly dependent on terrain and other factors.
Step 3 After nominal planning, site surveys are done for all proposed locations. The
exact location, space for equipments, cable runs, power facilities etc are all checked.
Surrounding radio environment is checked. Radio measurements are performed to
adjust the parameters used in the planning tool to reality. That is, adjustments are
made to meet the specific site climate and terrain requirements.
Step 4 For designing, once the planning parameters have been adjusted to match the
actual measurements, dimensioning of the BSC, TRC and MSC/VLR can be adjusted
and the final cell plan produced. As the name implies, this plan can then be used for
system installation. New coverage and interference predictions are run at this stage,
resulting in Cell Design Data (CDD) documents containing cell parameters for each
cell.
Step 5 and 6 Once the system has been installed, it is continuously monitored to
determine how well it meets demand. This is called system tuning. Tuning involves
checking whether final cell plan was installed successfully, checking acceptability of
network performance, checking other parameters and evaluating customer complaints.
Step 7 Usually when the system is successfully implemented and tuned from time to
time, theres always scope for growth and up gradation. If the network needs to be
expanded because of an increase in traffic or because of a change in the environment
(e.g. a new building), then the operator must perform the cell planning process again,
starting with a new traffic and coverage analysis.
We have seen the basic unit in a GSM geographical structure cell. There are bigger
units as well made up from cells.

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Location Area (LA) - A Location Area (LA) is defined as a group of cells.
Within the network, a subscribers location is known by the LA, which they
are in. The identity of the LA in which an MS is currently located is stored in
the VLR. When an MS crosses the boundary between two cells belonging to
different LAs, it must report its new Location Area to the network (This only
occurs when the MS is idle. The location is not updated during a call; instead
the updating takes place after the release). If it crosses a cell boundary within a
LA, it does not report k, its new cell location to the network.

MSC Service Area - An MSC service area is made up of a number of LAs


and represents the geographical part of the network controlled by one MSC. In
order to be able to route a call to an MS, the subscriber's MSC service area is
also recorded and monitored. The subscriber's MSC service area is stored in
the HLR.

TRAFFIC CASES
During the development of mobile systems, many terms arose which are used to
describe the call cases and situations involving MSs. The primary terms used are
described below.

An MS can have one of the following states:


Idle The MS is ON but a call is not in progress.
Active The MS is ON and a call is in progress.
Detached The MS is OFF.

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The following table defines the key terms used to describe GSM mobile traffic cases.
(There are no traffic cases in detached mode):
Mode

Term
Registration

Idle

Roaming

International Roaming

Description
This is the process in which an MS informs a
network that it is attached.
When an MS moves around a network in
idle mode, it is referred to as roaming.
When an MS move into a network, which is not
its

home

network,

it

is

referred

to

as

international roaming. MSs can only roam into


networks with which the home network has a
roaming agreement.

Location Updating

An MS roaming around the network must inform


the network when it enters a new LA. This is
called location updating.

Paging

This is the process whereby a network attempts to


contact a particular MS. This is achieved by
broadcasting a paging message containing the
identity of that MS.
This is the process, where a call path is

Active

Handover

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Roaming
Roaming is a general term in wireless telecommunication that refers to the
extending connectivity service in a location that is different from the home location
where the service was registered. Roaming occurs when a subscriber of one wireless
service provider uses the facilities of another wirelesss service provider. A device will
usually indicate when it is roaming. In some cases roaming occurs in a phones
designated home area when it transmits via a different providers tower (sometimes at
a higher price). This is likely to occur when the service providers signal is too weak
or if the volume of callers is too high. In order for a mobile device to use a different
carriers service, the phones service provider must have a roaming agreement with
that carrier.
The details of the roaming process differ among types of cellular networks, but in
general, the process resembles the following:
When the mobile device is turned on or is transferred via a handover to the network,
this new visited network sees the device, notices that it is not registered with
its own system & attempts to identify its home network. If there is no roaming
agreement between the two networks, maintainenece of service is impossible, and the
visited network denies service.
The

visited

network

contacts

the

home

network

and

requests

service

information (including whether or not the mobile should be allowed to roam) about
the roaming device using the IMSI no. If successful, the visited network begins to
maintain a temporary subscriber record for the device. Likewise, the home network
updates its information to indicate that the mobile is on the host network so that any
information sent to that device can be correctly routed.
If a call is made to a roaming mobile, the public telephones network routes the calls to
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the phones registered service provider, who then must route it to the visited network.
That network must then provide an internal temporary phone no. to the mobile. Once
this no. is defined, the home network forwards the incoming call to the temporary
phone no., which terminates at the host network & is forwarded to the mobile.
In order that a subscriber is able to latch on to a visited network, a roaming
agreement needs to be in place between the visited network & the home network.
This agreement is established after a series of tesing processes called IREG &TADIG.
While the IREG testing

is to test the proper functioning of the

established

communication Links, the TADIG testing is to check the billability of the calls.

Roaming Process

Roaming Tariffs
Roaming fees are traditionally charged on a per-minute basis and they are
typically determined by the service providers pricing plan. Several carriers in USA
have eliminated these fees in their nationwide pricing plans. All of the major
carriers now offer pricing plans that allow consumers to purchase nationwide
roaming-free
minutes. However, carriers define nationwide in different ways.

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An operator intending to provide roaming services to visitors publishes the tariffs
that

would be charged in his network at least sixty days prior to its

implementation under normal situations. The visted operators tariffs may include
tax, discounts, etc. and would be based on duration in case of voice calls. For data
calls, the charging may be based on the data volume sent & recieved. Some
operators also charge a separate fee for call setup i.e. for the establishment of a call.
This charge is called a Flag fall charge.

Types of Roaming
Regional Roaming - This type of roaming refers to the ability of moving from one
region to another region inside national coverage of the mobile operator.
National Roaming - This type of roaming refers to the ability to move from one
mobile operator to another in the same country.
International Roaming - This type of roaming refers to the ability to move to a
Foreign

Service providers network. It is consequently, of particular interest of

international tourists & business travellers.

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CONCEPTS
Wireless Concepts
Frequency Concepts The following table summarizes the frequency-related
specifications of each of the GSM systems.

GSM Transmission Process

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Frequency Spectrum for GSM and other system specifications


Feature
Frequency Band

Details
Uplink 890 MHz to 915 MHz
Downlink 935 MHz to 960 MHz

Duplex Distance

45 MHz

Carrier Separation

200 KHz (1 Carrier 890.2/935.2)

No. of Carriers

124

Modulation

GMSK

Transmission Rate

270 Kbps

Access Method

TDMA

Time Slots

8 per carrier

Speech Coding

RPE-LTP-LPC

st

Channel Coding
Diversity

Interleaving Adaptive
Equalization
Frequency Hopping

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Extended GSM Band
GSM 1800

Uplink 880 MHz to 915 MHz


Downlink 925 MHz to 960 MHz
Uplink 1710 MHZ to 1785 MHz
Downlink 1805 MHz to 1880 MHz

Time Division Multiple Access method (TDMA)


GSM uses the technique of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to transmit and
receive speech signals. With TDMA, one carrier is used to carry a number of calls,
each call using that carrier at designated periods in time. These periods of time are
referred to as time slots. Each MS on a call is assigned one time slot on the uplink
frequency and one on the downlink frequency. Information sent during one time
slot is called a burst. In GSM, a TDMA frame consists of 8 time slots. This means
that a
GSM radio carrier can carry 8calls.

TDMA ANALOGY
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA):
FDMA is a familiar method of allocating bandwidth, where a base station is allowed to
transmit on one or more number of preassigned carrier frequencies and a mobile unit
transmits on corresponding reverse channels. No other base station within range of the
mobile will be transmitting on the same forward channel, and no other mobile within
range of the base station should be transmitting on the same reverse channel. Both the
base and the mobile usually transmit continuously during a conversation, and fully

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occupy their assigned forward and reverse channels. No other conversation can take
place

on

these

channels

until

the

first

conversation

is

completed.

Signaling Systems
The term signaling is used in many contexts. In technical systems it very often refers
to the control of procedures. The basic purpose of signaling in telecom traffic
systems is to deliver control information to different applications in order to influence
procedures.
The main purpose of using signaling in modern telecom networks where different
network nodes must cooperate and communicate with each other is to enable
transfer of control information between nodes in connection with:
Traffic controlprocedure as set-up, supervision, andrelease of telecommunication
Communication services.
Database communication, for example, database queries concerning specific services,
roaming in cellular networks, etc.
Network management procedures, for example, blocking or deblocking trunks.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
References:

www.google.com

www.bsnl.co.in

CD for TTA 73_74

www.wikipedia.org

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