Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 324 (2012) 14731482

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Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jmmm

Analysis of high gradient magnetic eld effects on distribution of

nanoparticles injected into pulsatile blood stream
Mohammad Reza Habibi n, Majid Ghassemi, Mohammad Hossien Hamedi
Mechanical Engineering Department, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o

abstract

Article history:
Received 4 May 2011
Received in revised form
5 September 2011
Available online 4 December 2011

Magnetic nanoparticles are widely used in a wide range of applications including data storage
materials, pharmaceutical industries as magnetic separation tools, anti-cancer drug carriers and micro
valve applications. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the effect of a non-uniform
magnetic eld on bio-uid (blood) with magnetic nanoparticles. The effect of particles as well as mass
fraction on ow eld and volume concentration is investigated. The governing non-linear differential
equations, concentration and Navierstokes are coupled with the magnetic eld. To solve these
equations, a nite volume based code is developed and utilized. A real pulsatile velocity is utilized as
inlet boundary condition. This velocity is extracted from an actual experimental data. Three percent
nanoparticles volume concentration, as drug carrier, is steadily injected in an unsteady, pulsatile and
non-Newtonian ow. A power law model is considered for the blood viscosity. The results show that
during the systole section of the heartbeat when the blood velocity increases, the magnetic
nanoparticles near the magnetic source are washed away. This is due to the sudden increase of the
hydrodynamic force, which overcomes the magnetic force. The probability of vein blockage increases
when the blood velocity reduces during the diastole time. As nanoparticles velocity injection decreases
(longer injection time) the wall shear stress (especially near the injection area) decreases and the
retention time of the magnetic nanoparticles in the blood ow increases.
Crown Copyright & 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
Magnetic nanoparticle
Unsteady biouid
Blood

1. Introduction
Noninvasive properties of the static magnetic eld and the
magnetic materials on the body make them a very good candidate
for wide applications and new treatments. One important application of these materials is in chemotherapy application. In this
application the drug is placed on the magnetic nanoparticles and
is injected near the tumor. The drug is absorbed by the tumor
through a high gradient magnetic eld, which is concentrated
near the tumor center [1]. In fact drug absorption due to high
concentration of magnetic particles increases and magnetic force
prevents uniform drug distribution in circulatory system. This
approach reduces the side effect and allows using high dose of
anti cancer drug. We numerically investigated the magnetic
nanoparticles concentration in biouid (blood) under inuence
of high gradient magnetic eld in previous paper. Although we
considered the effect of particles on ow eld and modeled blood
as a non-Newtonian uid but pulsatile behavior of blood was
neglected [2]. The effect of non-Newtonian characteristics of

n
Correspondence to: Mechanical Engineering Department, K.N.Toosi University
of Technology, P.O.Box 19395-1999, Tehran, Iran. Tel.: 98 21 84063244.
E-mail address: mohammad_habibi_4@yahoo.com (M. Reza Habibi).

blood on magnetic targeting in the impermeable micro-vessel

was numerically investigated by Sachin Shaw and colleagues [3].
In this study Lagrangian approach was considered for particles
trajectory while the effect of particles on ow eld was ignored.
Although the blood was modeled as a non-Newtonian uid, but
the pulsatile behavior of blood in the vein was neglected.
Unsteady response of non-Newtonian blood ow through a
stenosed artery in magnetic eld was investigated by Ikbal
et al. [4]. In their study a uniform magnetic eld was considered
and the blood did not contain magnetic nanoparticles. The control
problem for concentrating chemotherapy-coated magnetic nanoparticles to deep tissue tumors by dynamic actuation of magnetic
elds was developed by Benjamin Shapiro and his colleagues
Benjamin Shapiro, [5]. An engineering approach for optimal drug
delivery to the human brain was investigated numerically by
Somayaji et al. They used commercial software for blood in the
vein and tried to use a real geometry for the brain by MRI image.
They modeled drug penetration in cells and checked the results
with an experimental case. They never considered magnetic
nanoparticles in their study (Somayaji, [6]). Effect of magnetic
eld on heat transfer was investigated numerically by Ganguly
and Sen. Some magnetic properties like magnetic susceptibility
was considered as a function of temperature and some combination of magnetic eld was studied [7]. To date this method has

0304-8853/$ - see front matter Crown Copyright & 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2011.11.022

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M. Reza Habibi et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 324 (2012) 14731482

been mostly applied experimentally to small animals. Recently

some researchers have documented the application of such
method for human therapy where the tumor is near the skin
(Alexiou [8]). It is known that the intensity of the magnetic eld
and the particle size are two factors for delivery of drug to the
tumor. For instance, large particles size as well as strong magnetic
eld intensity may clog up the blood vessel while a weak magnetic
eld may not be able to deliver the drug to the tumor. Tzirtzilakis
numerically presented the effect of the magnetic eld on red blood
cells (RBC) inside a blood vessel [9]. In that study, the RBC particles
were evenly dispersed through the channel while blood viscosity
was assumed to be constant. Jafari numerically investigated the
effect of nanoparticles on heat transfer and ow eld of a nanouid
(nanoparticles mixed with Kerosene) [10]. The study showed
that the temperature gradient and geometry of the channel were
the most important factors. In an experimental study, Gamarra
measured the relaxation time in a mouse and found that after
90 min the particles were removed by the mouse liver [11]. Longest
studied the particles motion in the blood using a commercial
software called CFX [12]. The effect of wall on the ow eld was
considered by Longest while the effect of particles on the ow eld
was neglected. The order of the magnetic force, weight, drag force
and the electrical force were investigated and compared by the
Fridman et al. [13]. Like the rest of the researchers, Fridman also
neglected the wall effect, particles interaction, particles effect on
the ow eld as well as the magnetic eld variation while
particles were in motion. However in the study by Li the effect
of nanoparticles on the ow eld was considered while the blood
viscosity was still assumed to be constant [14]. Ishimoto used the
ferrouids and the magnetic eld intensity to control the cavitations inside a convergentdivergent nozzle [15].
The purpose of the current study is to investigate the effect of
a magnetic eld on the magnetic nanoparticles volume concentration inside of the biouid (blood). The nanoparticles, as drug
carrier, are steadily injected in an unsteady, pulsatile and nonNewtonian ow. The real data for blood velocity is extracted from
the paper that was published by DING Zu-rong et al [16].

2. Equations and mathematical model

Fig. 1 shows the schematic of the ux density distribution
acting on a blood vessel. Width (W) and length (L) of the vessel

are considered 0.001 m and 0.02 m, respectively. The ow is

laminar and 2-dimensional. An external permanent magnet with
4 mm diameter is placed in the center of the vessel (a L/2)
vertically over the top wall of the channel. The center of this
permanent magnet is located at 3 mm from the top wall
(b W0.003) with 106 A/m intensity at its center (see Fig. 1).
Note that a and b are permanent magnet coordinates.
2.1. Governing equations
The governing equations in x and y directions are as follows:
!


@u
@u
@u
@P
@2 u @2 u
u
v

m
r

1
Fx
@t
@x
@y
@x
@x2
@y2
!


@v
@v
@v
@P
@2 v @2 v
u
v

m

Fy
@t
@x
@y
@y
@x2
@y2

Where Fx and Fy represent the component of the magnetic body

force in the x and y directions, respectively. In above equations r
and m are density and viscosity of blood, respectively. Biouid
velocities in the x and y directions are dened by u and v,
respectively. The volume forces (Fx and Fy) are equal to the magnetic
forces on a single particle (FMag x and FMag y) at that location
multiplied by the number of particles per unit volume (Fx nPFMag x
and Fy nPFMag y) and are as follows, respectively [14]:
1
VolumeP m0 wrH2
2


1
@ !!
m0 w H : H C V
Fx
2
@x

F Mag

Fy



1
@ !!
m0 w H : H C V
2
@y

H, m0 and w are external magnetic elds, magnetic permeability of

vacuum and magnetic susceptibility of the particles, respectively. In
all equations, P subtitle refers to particle. CV is volume concentration
(CV nPVolumeP) and is as follows:
C V C V0 C

CV0 is initial volume concentration (initial volume of particles per

unit volume) that is equal to 0.03. In addition the non-dimensional
volume concentration (C) is determined by [17]:
@C
rCvp rDrC
@t

In Eq. (7) D is diffusion coefcient and velocity of particles, vp

is calculated by balancing the hydrodynamic and magnetic forces
and is given by Stokes drag law [17]
vP vf vMag

where
vMag

F Mag
6pmr P

and

vf u^i v^j

rP is particle radius and velocity of the uid (vf) is determined by

Eqs. (1) and (2).
2.2. Blood viscosity

Fig. 1. Magnetic ux density and channel ow.

Normally, the red blood cells occupy 3550% of the blood

[18,19]. Therefore deformability, orientation and aggregation of
the red blood cells result in shear-thinning viscosity of the blood
[20]. Fig. 2 shows the behavior of the blood viscosity as a function
of shear rate for two different models. As shown in Fig. 2 blood
behaves as non-Newtonian and must be treated as such.

M. Reza Habibi et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 324 (2012) 14731482

1475

According to Eq. (13) diffusion coefcient should be calculated

for each computational cell separately due to non-Newtonian
behavior of blood viscosity.
2.4. Effect of particleparticle interaction
If we try N magnetic particles for calculating the effect of N  1
particles on the one we should calculate total magnetic ux
density and then use this total magnetic ux density to obtain

Fig. 2. Blood viscosity as a function of shear rate.

Table 1
Blood thermo physical and magnetic nanoparticles properties ([14]).
Parameters

Value

SI unit

r
w

1010
0.04
(1, 0.1)  10  6
0.012
0.8
4p  10  7
L/2
W 0.003
0.001
0.02

kg/m3

rP
m
n

m0
a
b
W
L

Fig. 3. Total magnetic ux density for combination of external magnet and

particles aggregation.

m
m
m
m

Because the viscosity of non-Newtonian uid (blood) is a

function of shear rate, a relation between the viscosity and the
shear rate is required. The relation between the shear stress t and
the shear rate g_ is as follows:

t mg_ 

10

The shear rate is given by

g_ rV rVtr 

11

and viscosity is given by the power law model as follows [21]:

m mg_ n1

12

Where values of m and n are given in Table 1. In our study if

viscosity that is calculated from power law model (Eq. (12))
becomes greater than mMax(0.02) or smaller than mMin (0.00309),
the calculated values are replaced with maximum or minimum
value. All other parameters are given in Table 1.
2.3. Diffusion coefcient
Diffusion coefcient in concentration equation can be calculated from Aincsteins equation as follows [17]:
D

kB T
6pmRP

13

where T is temperature, kB is dynamic viscosity and RP is particle

radius.

Fig. 4. Flowchart for the overall simulation process.

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M. Reza Habibi et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 324 (2012) 14731482

magnetic force as follows [22]:

Btotal B

N
X

i1

Q mag V inject  Ainject 0:03  0:000234  1 7:01  106

dBi

14

ian

F mmn mn rBtotal

15

In these equations mn is total magnetic moment, Btotal is the

total magnetic ux density acting on the particle n and B is
magnetic ux density due to external magnetic eld.
Initial volume concentration of magnetic particles is considered 0.03 that is a small value and ratio of blood volume ow rate
to injected magnetic particles volume ow rate becomes:
Q blood V inlet Ainlet 0:0281  0:001  1 2:81  105

m3
s

m3
s

Q blood
4
Q mag
Magnetic nanoparticles belong to superparamagnetic materials that have small magnetic susceptibility compared with ferromagnetic materials. As we know magnetic susceptibility of the air
is equal to zero and these materials have 0.04 magnetic susceptibility. To prove that these materials could not change external
magnetic eld we consider the worst case that has been explained
below:
During the diastole time and for 2000 nm magnetic particles
volume concentration increases below the external magnet to this
value (CV 0.03  1) and with going far from the magnet the
volume concentration decreases rapidly. Considering that all

Fig. 5. Real unsteady inlet velocity for 4 cycles.

Fig. 7. Centreline velocity prole for unsteady ow.

Fig. 6. Non-dimensional velocity prole at the center of the vortex (X/H 3.5).

Fig. 8. Grid study for centreline velocity.

M. Reza Habibi et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 324 (2012) 14731482

magnetic particles aggregate below the external magnet (volume

concentration becomes 1 compared to 0.03) and then solving
Maxwell equations we can check if total magnetic ux density
changes or not.
The total magnetic ux density for combination of external
magnet and magnetic particles aggregation is depictured in Fig. 3.
It is clear that external magnetic eld is never changed by
particles aggregation. We expected this behavior because of low
magnetic susceptibility of particles. According to this result and
comparing blood volume ow rate with magnetic particles
volume ow rate we conclude that effect of particleparticle
interaction is not important and can be neglected.

1477

Neumann boundary condition is used for both momentum and

concentration equations at the outlet. Upper and lower walls are
considered insulated except for the injection area where the input
velocity is xed. The injection velocity is equal to the average
blood velocity in one cycle. Furthermore dimensionless concentration at the place of injection is set to 1 for all period of
injection. Time of simulation is considered a few seconds more
than injection time. This is done to investigate the drugs behavior
after discontinuation of injection. Due to severe velocity gradient
at the systole heartbeat, very ne time step is needed to overcome
diverging problem in simulation.
3.1. Code verication

3. Numerical procedure and boundary conditions:

A nite volume code is developed and utilized. The code is
based on SIMPLE algorithm. The owchart for the overall simulation process is shown in Fig. 4. At the vessel inlet, the dimensionless concentration is equal to 0 and magnetic nanoparticles are
injected from the upper wall of the vein with steady velocity (for
3 s). Inlet velocity prole for 4 cycles is depictured in Fig. 5. These
data were extracted from the paper that was published by Ding
Zu-rong et al [16].

Fig. 9. Concentration distribution in the channel for 2000 nm particles diameter:

(a) time 0.595 s and (b) time 3.192 s (average velocity 0.0281 m/s for one
cycle).

For verication purpose the steady state result is compared

with the numerical simulation documented by Loukopoulos and
Tzirtzilakis [9]. Fig. 6 depicts the non-dimensional velocity prole
at the most critical point (center of the vortex). As shown the
steady state result presents the same trend especially in predicting
peak value of the velocity. The slight difference between the two
results is due to the nite volume method (FVM) that is used in
the current study compared with Loukopoulos et al nite difference method (FDM). It is known that FVM generates more physical
results compared to the FDM method. Furthermore, the unsteady
result of the current study is compared with a commercial code.
Here a sinusoidal input velocity is used as inlet boundary

Fig. 10. Velocity contour in the channel for 2000 nm particles diameter:
(a) time 0.595 s and (b) time3.192 s (average velocity 0.0281 m/s for one cycle).

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M. Reza Habibi et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 324 (2012) 14731482

condition. Fig. 7 depicts the centerline velocity of the unsteady

ow at 0.2224 s when inlet velocity is equal to 0.4461 m/s. As
shown the results are identical. After ensuring the accuracy of the

code, the actual inlet velocity that was extracted from the paper
published by Ding Zu-rong et al (experimental study) is utilized.
3.2. Grid study
Three different grids (300 by 30, 400 by 40 and 400 by 60) for
non-dimensional velocity prole are examined, see Fig. 8. In order
to have the highest input velocity gradient, the 0.7 s time is used.
As shown, increasing the number of grids (from 400  40 to
400  60) do not affect the results. Therefore 400 by 40 grids
are used. In order to represent a more accurate result near the
magnetic source, a non uniform grid in x direction is utilized. This
means that near the magnetic source the aspect ratio is about one
while as it moves away from magnetic source the aspect ratio
changes. Therefore computational error increases as ow moves
away from the magnetic source.

4. Results and discussion

4.1. Velocity and concentration eld
Fig. 11. Viscosity contour in the channel for 2000 nm particles diameter:
time 0.595 s and at this time inlet velocity is equal to 0.0211 m/s (average
velocity 0.0281 m/s for one cycle).

Fig. 9 depicts the concentration distribution in the channel for

2 different times. The particles diameter is 2000 nm, susceptibility
(w) is 0.04, and maximum magnetic strength is equal to 0.6 T. The

Fig. 12. Concentration distribution in the channel for 200 nm particles diameter:
(a) time 0.595 s and (b) time 3.192 s (average velocity0.0281 m/s for one
cycle).

Fig. 13. Dimensionless concentration distribution in the channel for 0.0068 m/s
average velocity and 0.3 concentration for injecting particles: (a) 2000 nm
magnetic particles and (b) 200 nm magnetic particles.

M. Reza Habibi et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 324 (2012) 14731482

1479

channel width is 1 mm and the average inlet velocity of one cycle is

assumed to be equal to 0.0281 m/s. When injection begins, it takes
about 0.3 s before the magnetic particles approach the target (tumor
position). When blood velocity decreases (during the diastole time)
the concentration of particles near the magnetic source increases. As
a result the particles create an obstacle in front of the blood ow.
However, during the systole time (when blood velocity increases)
the obstacle is removed due to the magnitude of the hydrodynamic
forces, which overcomes the magnetic forces. Finally when the
injection is ceased, the particles stay near the permanent magnet
for few seconds due to magnetic forces.
The velocity contour for 2 different times is shown in Fig. 10.
Accumulation of particles (during the diastole time) reduces the
diameter of the channel and causes the blood velocity to increase
below the particles. Furthermore due to nanoparticles injection
and the blood ow reduction a distortion near the injection area
takes place, see Fig. 10a. The ow pattern becomes normal a few
seconds after the injection is stopped.
The viscosity contour of the bio-uid (blood) when time is
0.595 s is depicted in Fig. 11. As illustrated a decrease in viscosity
is observed near the solid obstacle, walls and injection area. This
is due to high shear stress at these locations. In the middle of the
channel where the shear stress is low, blood viscosity increases.
This is due to the non-Newtonian behavior of blood.
To investigate the effect of particles size on the ow eld and
magnetic nanoparticles absorption, the diameter of particles is

changed from 2000 nm to 200 nm while other conditions

remained unchanged. Fig. 12 depicts the concentration distribution of the 200 nm particles for 2 different times. Unlike the
steady ow results [2], the particle size (from 2000 nm to
200 nm) does not affect the particle absorption, see Fig. 12. This
happens due to higher average velocity (0.028 m/s) compared
with the steady result (0.001 m/s) as well as change in initial
concentration of particles. The initial concentration of the particles in steady ow (steady state paper) is 0.03 while in unsteady
ow is equal to zero except in the injection area (concentration is
0.03). It is expected to observe higher particle absorption for
larger particles near the tumor. However, low concentration of
magnetic nanoparticles and high blood velocity overcome such
expectation. To investigate the mentioned reasons we increase
the initial concentration to 0.3 (from injecting area) and reduce
the average velocity to 0.0068 m/s. Fig. 13 depicts the concentration distribution for 200 nm and 2000 nm particles. As illustrated,
signicant difference is observed between concentration distribution of 2000 nm and 200 nm particles especially near the magnetic source.
Fig. 14 depicts the velocity contour during 200 nm particles
injection for 2 different times. During the diastole time the ow
velocity is low while the injection velocity is more than the blood
velocity, see Fig. 14a. Also the maximum blood velocity of 200 nm
is less than the maximum velocity of the 2000 nm particles. This
is because channel blockage for 200 nm particles is less than that

Fig. 14. Velocity contour in the channel during 200 nm particles injection:
(a) time 0.595 s and (b) time 3.192 s. (average velocity 0.0281 m/s for one cycle).

Fig. 15. Concentration distribution in the channel for 200 nm particles diameter:
(a) time0.595 s and (b) time 3.192 s. (average velocity 0.0281 m/s for one cycle).

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M. Reza Habibi et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 324 (2012) 14731482

of the 2000 nm particles. Therefore blood ows easier when

200 nm particles are injected.
One of the most effective methods to increase the nanoparticles
absorption in the vessel is by decreasing the distance between
magnetic source and the blood ow. Therefore, for a 200 nm size
particle the distance between magnet center and upper wall is
decreased by 2 mm. Figs. 15 and 16 depict the concentration
distribution and velocity contour of 200 nm particles for 2 different
times while magnetic susceptibility is equal to 0.04. Unlike the steady
ow[2], decreasing the distance between the permanent magnet and
the upper wall (2 mm) do not severely increase the absorption of the
particles. However, distance reduction between the wall and the
magnet affects larger area near the magnet, see Fig. 15b. Again there
exists a distortion in ow ahead of the magnet (Fig. 16a).
To investigate the effect of velocity reduction in particles
absorption, average velocity is decreased from 0.028 to
0.0028 m/s. For better comparison all mentioned items (effect of
particles diameter-reduction of magnet distance to upper wall) are
depictured in Fig. 17. At the time 3.192 s magnetic nanoparticles
rich to magnet and when decreases the magnet distance, vein
cross section slowly clog up. Note that particles can be moved by
blood ow only 2.8 mm/s and it almost takes 3 s for particles to
get close to the magnet. Because of low blood velocity, particles
aggregation near the magnetic source is continued after stopping
injection for 3 s while in the former case (average velocity is equal

Fig. 17. Concentration distribution in the channel for different conditions:

(a) 2000 nm particles, (b) 200 nm particles and (c) 200 nm particles and decreasing magnet distance.

to 0.0281 m/s) particles wash away 0.5 s after stopping injection.

Dimensionless concentration and velocity contour are depictured
in Fig. 18 for the last time step (time 5.957 s).

5. Effect of injecting time

Fig. 16. Velocity contour in the channel during 200 nm particles injection:
(a) time 0.595 s and (b) time 3.192 s. (average velocity 0.0281 m/s for one cycle).

Considering that constant volume of particles must be injected

as a drug we change the injection time from 3 s to 6 s and then
reducing the injecting velocity to keep the total volume constant.
In all previous cases average velocity is equal to 0.0281 m/s and

M. Reza Habibi et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 324 (2012) 14731482

1481

Fig. 18. Concentration and velocity contour for 2000 nm particles 2.957 s after
stopping injection.
Fig. 19. Effect of decreasing injection velocity for 2000 nm particles: (a) dimensionless concentration and (b) velocity contour.

injecting velocity is considered 0.03 m/s for 3 s while in following

gure injecting velocity and time of injection are considered
0.015 m/s and 6 s, respectively. Concentration distribution and
velocity contour for 2000 nm particles (injection velocity
decreases from 0.03 m/s to 0.015 m/s) are depictured in Fig. 19.
Unlike the previous cases a distortion near the injection area
never takes place and as a result gradient of main ow (blood)
velocity reduces before the magnetic source. This reduction in
velocity gradient is due to reduction in injection velocity (increasing injection time). Because shear stress is a function of velocity
gradient, with reduction in velocity gradient, shear stress
decreases and also less variations in viscosity occurs.

are equal to 0.0281 m/s, 200 nm, 0.04, 0.6 T, respectively. As shown,
as injection velocity increases, the shear stress increases especially
after the injection area. This is due to high velocity gradient near the
injection area, which is produced by collision between the main
ow (blood) and particles injection. Near the magnetic source high
shear stress occurs due to reduction in blood velocity.

6. Conclusion
The following conclusions are presented:

5.1. Blood pressure eld and wall shear stress

 In an unsteady blood ow with high average velocity and for

Fig. 20 depicts the 2000 nm magnetic particles blood pressure
contour when the average velocity, magnetic susceptibility and
channel width are equal to 0.0281 m/s, 0.04 and 1 mm, respectively. As shown, when the velocity decreases (during the diastole
time) near the magnetic source the pressure increases due to the
restriction that particles create in front of the blood ow
(Fig. 20a). With increase in the blood velocity (systole section)
particles injection and aggregation near the magnet do not mainly
change the pressure, see Fig. 20b. (Fig. 21)
The upper wall shear stress for two different injection velocities
is depictured in Fig. 18. Average velocity, particles diameters,
magnetic susceptibility and maximum strength of magnetic eld






low initial concentration the particle size does not affect the
particle absorption.
During the systole time magnetic nanoparticles aggregation
were washed away by blood ow and dimensionless concentration decreases.
Increasing injection velocity changes the ow eld before the
magnetic source and increases the shear stress on upper wall.
Unlike the steady ow decreasing the distance between the
permanent magnet and the upper wall (2 mm) do not severely
increase the absorption of the particles.
With decreasing average velocity (from 0.028 m/s to 0.0028 m/s)
magnetic nanoparticles remain in blood ow for a longer time.

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M. Reza Habibi et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 324 (2012) 14731482

 There are main differences between the steady ow (previous

paper) with the real pulsatile ow in velocity, particles absorption and shear stress variation.

References

Fig. 20. Blood pressure contour in the channel for 2000 nm magnetic particles:
(a) time 0.595 s and (b) time 3.192 s.

Fig. 21. Upper wall shear stress for two different injection velocities (average
velocity is equal to 0.0281 m/s).

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