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CFD modeling of laminar forced convection on Al2O3 nanouid with size particles equal to 33 nm and particle
concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 6 wt.% within 130 b Re b 1600 in mini-channel heat sink is executed by four individual models (single phase, VOF, mixture, Eulerian). Three-dimensional steady-state governing partial differential equations was discretized using nite volume method.
Inuences of some important parameters such as nanoparticle concentration and Reynolds number on the
enhancement of nanouid heat transfer have been investigated. The difference between the two-phase
models results was marginal, and they were more precise by comparison with experimental reference data
than single phase model. Besides with regard to the most precise and less CPU usage and run time, mixture
model was chosen to obtain a correlation based on dimensionless numbers for the Nusselt number and
friction factor estimation.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Along with the decreasing of electronic component dimensions
and increasing of heat generation by these devices, the problem of removing heat from them and achieving a successful design for maximum cooling has become drastically important. Then, in order to
overcome the challenge of keeping electronic equipment at their
best performance, nding new ways of thermal load managing and
performing optimization processes is inevitable [1].
Many innovative ideas have been proposed for cooling the electronic devices. Water as the working uid inside a microchannel
heat sink was used by Tuckerman and Pease [2].
Incapability of conventional uids such as water in critical heat
ux situations was compensated with the creation of Nanouid
conception. The innovative idea of adding metallic and non-metallic
nano powders to a base uid was proposed rst by Choi, showing a
number of potential advantages, such as increase in heat transfer
and reduction of heat transfer system size [1].
To explore the fundamental physical mechanisms of uid ow and
heat transfer in micro tube, many effects, including the size effect, rarefaction effect, surface roughness, viscous effect, axial heat conduction in the channel wall, surface geometry, the measurement errors,
etc. should be taken into account [3].
Many different types of nanoparticles have been used for nanouid preparation such as Sic, Tic, Ag, Au, Cu, Al2O3, CuO, and TiO2.
Communicated by Dr. W.J. Minkowycz.
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: m-moraveji@araku.ac.ir (M.K. Moraveji).
0735-1933/$ see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2013.02.012
158
M.K. Moraveji, R.M. Ardehali / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2013) 157164
Nomenclature
A
a
Cp
Cd
dp
Dh
F
Fcol
Fd
Fvm
f
fdrag
G
g
hv
hp
h
k
l
Nu
P
Pr
Re
T
V
Greek letters
thermal diffusivity, m 2 s 1
friction coefcient, kg m 3 s 1
viscosity, Pa s
uid density, kg m 3
volume fraction
Subscripts
b
bulk
dr
drift
eff
effective
f
base uid
m
mixture
nf
nanouid
p
solid particle
w
wall
Momentum equation:
:nf :V m :V M P : nf :V m :
Thermally isolated
1 mm
50 mm
Flow inlet
1.5 mm
Y
Wall subjected to constant heat flux q
X
Flow outlet
M.K. Moraveji, R.M. Ardehali / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2013) 157164
Energy equation:
:nf :C:V m :T :knf :T :
In this model, suitable denitions of thermo physical property relations for nanouid have great signicance. The following formulas are
used to calculate the thermal and physical properties of the nanouid
[10]:
nf 1f Cuo
C nf 1C f C Cuo
nf f
knf
1
1 0:25
Momentum equation:
kp n1kf n1 kf kp
kf
kp n1kf kf kp
159
:m :V m :V M P : m :V m
n
: k k V dr;k V dr;k m;i m g TT i
k1
10
11
12
nk1 k k V k
:
m
13
Vdr,k is the drift velocity for the secondary phase k, i.e. the nanoparticles in the present study. This is related to the relative velocity:
n
V dr;k V pf
i1
k k
V :
m fk
14
The slip velocity (relative velocity) is dened as the velocity of a secondary phase (nanoparticle, p) relative to the velocity of the primary
phase (water, f):
V pf V p V f
V pf
15
2
p m
p dp
a
18 f f drag
p
(
f drag f x
1 0:15Re0:687
; Rep 1000
p
:
0:0183Rep ; Rep > 1000
16
17
18
160
M.K. Moraveji, R.M. Ardehali / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2013) 157164
2.2.2.2. Eulerian model. In the Eulerian model there are different kinds
of coupling between phases. The pressure is shared by all the phases,
while separate continuity, momentum, and energy equations are
employed for different phases including primary and secondary
phases. The volume of each phase is calculated by integrating its
volume fraction throughout the domain, while the summation of all
the volume fractions is equal to unity [14].
The governing mass, momentum and energy equations for the
particle and base liquid phases can be written as follows [15]:
: l l V l 0
19
keff;l
kb;l
l
32
: p p V p 0
20
keff;p
kb;p
p
33
l p 1
21
where:
F d F vm
: l l V l V l l p : l l V l V l T
22
kb;l
q
1 1l kl
34
kb;p
q
1l A 1 kl
35
: p p V p V p p p : p p V p V p T F d
F Vm F col :
23
Nup
and
hp dp
0:6
1=3
2 1:1Rep Pr :
kl
(
)
2
BA1
A
B1 B 1
ln
B
2
1 AB A 1 AB 2
1 AB
Due to the very small size of the particles, the lift force is neglected
in our study. Only the drag force between the phases is considered.
The drag force between the phases is calculated as:
F d V l V p :
1l 10=9
:
B 1:25
l
24
25
Eq. (25) is valid for two-phase ows with l > 0.8 and Cd is the
drag coefcient and its magnitude depends on the particle Reynolds
number:
8
< 24 1 0:15Re0:687
p
C d Rep
:
0:44
Rep b1000
Rep 1000
26
where
Rep
l l V l V p dp
l
27
Considering the base liquid and the nanoparticle phases as incompressible uids, and neglecting the viscous dissipation and radiation,
the energy equations are written as:
: l l C pl T l V l : l keff;l T l hv T l T p
: p p C pp T p V p : p keff;p T p hv T l T p :
28
31
36
with
37
kp
3
and 7:26 10 :
kl
38
2.2.2.3. VOF model. The VOF model solves a single set of momentum
equations for all the phases and tracks their volume fraction all over
the domain of study by solving a continuity equation for the secondary
phases. The total summation of the volume fractions for all the phases
is equal to unity. Therefore, the magnitude of the primary phase
volume fraction is calculated. With this method all of the physical
properties are calculated by taking a weighted average of different
phases based on their volume fraction throughout each control volume.
The single set of momentum equations is solved to nd the velocity
components which are shared by all the phases. In the same manner,
a shared temperature is calculated from a single energy equation.
Specically, mass conservation is expressed as [11]:
: q q V q 0
39
q1
q1
29
Non-linear governing equations have been subjected to the following boundary conditions:
61l
hp
dp
30
2.3.1. Inlet
At the entrance of the mini-channel heat sink assembly velocity
inlet boundary condition depending on the value of Reynolds number,
M.K. Moraveji, R.M. Ardehali / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2013) 157164
161
Fig. 2. Model grid independency test, the average Nusselt number versus Reynolds number for pure water with single phase and two-phase approaches ((a) single phase, (b) mixture
model, (c) Eulerian model, d: VOF model).
V x V y 0; V z V 0 T T 0 36:2 C:
40
2.3.2. Outlet
At the mini-channel outlet plain, the static pressure with no viscous
stress has been assumed (z= Lch):
P atmospheric pressure:
41
2.3.3. Walls
The no-slip boundary condition was enforced on all solid walls:
V x Vy Vz 0:
42
First heat was removed by conduction through the solid and then
dissipated away by force convection of the cooling uid in the minichannel. The bottom surface was uniformly heated with constant heat
ux and adiabatic boundary conditions were applied at all other sides
of the mini-channel:
}
43
44
Dh
Pr
4W ch H ch
2W ch H ch
C p :
k
45
46
nf
162
M.K. Moraveji, R.M. Ardehali / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2013) 157164
Fig. 3. Nu deviation from experimental in different Re for (a) = 0.139, (b) = 0.278
and (c) = 1.734%.
Re
nf :U m :Dh
nf
47
48
P p:Q_
49
qf :Q_ :C p T out T in
50
qf
q}
or h itd
T w T in Abase
T w T in
h itd;m
FOMitd
P
2:Dh :P
f
nf Lch u2
h itd
Fig. 4. Average heat transfer coefcient versus nanoparticle volume fraction in three
Reynolds number ((a) Re = 133, (b) Re = 650 and (c) Re = 1520) with four models.
51
52
h itd;bf
1
53
P bf
where Dh, Wch, Hch, Lch, Q_ , p, P, h itd , Nu itd and FOMitd are hydraulic
diameter, mini-channel width, height, length, volume ow rate,
total pressure drop, pumping power, average heat transfer coefcient,
average Nusselt number based on the temperature difference between the average base wall and the inlet uid and gure of merit,
respectively.
3. Code validation, results and discussion
Mentioned geometry conguration and boundary conditions are
same as experimental work reported by C.J. Ho [8].
M.K. Moraveji, R.M. Ardehali / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2013) 157164
Nu 0:290263Re:Pr
19:8223
54
163
f 34:81713Re
0:066694
55
This correlation can be used for laminar ow of al2o3/water nanouid in mentioned mini-channel heat sink.
Fig. 7. Comparison FOMitd with experimental in different Re for =1.734% with four models.
164
M.K. Moraveji, R.M. Ardehali / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2013) 157164
References
4. Conclusion
A 3D laminar forced convection of Al2O3water nanouids inside
the mini-channel heat sink was studied using CFD tool. Four individual
computer codes (single phase, VOF, mixture, Eulerian) were developed.
Based on experimental data the validity of each model was investigated.
The following conclusions can be drawn from the present assessment:
- When we look at the two-phase model results, they are very close
to each other by contrast (in both aspect: hydrodynamic and heat
transfer).
- The two phase models represented a better approximation of the
experimental data comparing to the single phase model.
- Increase in the Reynolds number (Re) and nanoparticle concentration
led to Nusselt number enhancement.
- Regarding less run time and CPU usage the mixture model is a good
recommendation for this modeling.
- Based on mixture model results veriable correlations for Nusselt
number and friction factor were obtained.
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