Introduction

Findingofbiomarkertounderstandbiologicprocessinvolvedinorthodontic
treatment refer to expression related to dentocraniofacial variation and different
responseoforthodontictreatmentbasedonethnic,gender,malocclusioncomplexity,
andothers.Identificationofgeneticfactorssusceptibletocraniofacialphenotypecan
aid in making diagnosis, prognosis and orthodontic treatment of growing and
developingpatient.(Tomoyasu,etal.,2011)
BasedonWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)datain1995aboutprevalenceof
orthodontictreatmentneedin10developingcountries,2164%ofvariousagegroup
have orthodontic treatment need. Moreover, there is an increase of orthodontic
treatment need in cities starting from pubertal age. Malocclusion and postural
problemsusuallyoccuratthesametimeastheoccurrenceoffunctionandesthetic
problems of stomatognathic system and body posture. A research by Bassat on
adolescentinMiddleEast,reportedthatmalocclusionwithasymmetryisanindication
oforthopedicproblems.Inadequatetreatmentwilldisruptpatientsqualityoflifeand
eventually surgery is unavoidable. These conditions are the focus of WHO Oral
HealthSurveysBasicMethodsinanefforttofindpredictingfactors,whichcanaffect
thesuccessoforthodontictreatmentandoptimizeadolescentqualityoflife.
Geneticorthodonticresearchhasbeenfocusingonthecauseofexternalapical
root resorption and mandibular morphology of orthodontic patients, despite
environmental factors is considered related to variation of craniofacial growth.
Identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) is common method in
accessing genetic variation of every malocclusion characteristic (Ghergie, et al.,
2011).
Identificationofcorrelationbetweenmalocclusiongenotypeandphenotype
factors has the potential to find various orthodontic treatment approaches. For
example:carriersofriskallelescanbescreenedforprevention,andriskallelescanbe
targeted for pharmaceutical interventions that may increase the efficiency of
orthopedic appliances in patients with maxillomandibular discrepancies (Moreno
Uribe&Miller,2015).Inthiscase,hostfactorsaffectedbygeneticaspectisbelieved
astheconsideredfactorsbesidesmechanicfactorsoforthodontictreatment(Luizaet
al.,2014).

Lowbonemassinadolescentageisriskfactorindevelopingosteoporosis.
Vitamin D deficiency has negative effect on bone remodeling and mineralization
(Pekkinen et al., 2012; Lamberg and Heli, 2007). Generally, bone formation and
accelerationoccurduringadolescentandyoungadult,withmaximumaccumulationat
theageof18.Factorsaffectingbonemassare:genetic,gender,race,endocrineand
mechanicfactors,pharmacologicagentsandnutrition,especiallycalciumandvitamin
D.(Pekkinenetal.,2014).EthnicvarietiesalsoaffectvitaminDintakeandbone
remodeling.Thisconditionisessentialinbonemetabolismtogethealthyskeletal
bone(Redmondetal.,2014).
Orthodontic tooth movement in malocclusion treatment is the result of
mechanicstimulusfromorthodontictreatmentfollowedbyperiodontalandalveolar
boneremodeling.Inboneremodeling,resorptioninthepressuresideandapposition
inthetensionsidehappensimultaneously.Orthodonticmovementcanbecontrolled
bytheforcegivenandbiologicresponseofperiodontium,asthehostfactor.Cellular
and molecular changes in periodontium will cause secretion of various protein
inflammatorymediators,suchasneurotransmitter,cytokine,growthfactor,colony
stimulating factor (cytokine involved in forming leucocyte, macrophage, and
monocyte),andarachydonicacidmetabolite(Arifinetal.,2011;Nimerietal.,2013).

Abstract
Identification of various genetic factors susceptible to certain craniofacial
phenotype can aid in making diagnosis, prognosis and orthodontic treatment of
growinganddevelopingpatient.VitaminDisoneoftheessentialbindingproteinsin
thegrowthanddevelopmentofboneinchildrenandadolescents.Adolescentisa
crucial phase for the growth of all bone components, including tooth and
periodontium tissue. Vitamin D deficiency will cause disturbance of bone
metabolism, osteoblast activity, bone matrix ossification, remodeling and bone
mineraldensity.VitaminDdeficiencycandecreasebonemineraldensityintheageof
10 to 18. Numerous reports about function and esthetic problems found at the
adolescent age encourage patients to seek orthodontic and orthopedic treatment.
Variousbiomarkerresponsesareseeninthemandibulargrowthandorthodontictooth
movement,especiallyinadolescent.Theaimofthisstudyistoreviewmalocclusion
problems in relation to vitamin D metabolism. Malocclusion associated with
mandibular asymmetry and postural disturbance, such as scoliosis idiopathic in
growinganddevelopingperiodisanissuethatneedsfurtherstudy.